Waste management

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Waste management

WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT ?

A waste management system or waste disposal is a streamlined process that organizations use to
manage and dispose waste. It can be by discarding, destroying, processing, recycling, reusing, or
controlling wastes. The prime objective of waste management is to reduce the amount of unusable
materials and to avert potential health and environmental hazards.

FORMS OF WASTE
Solid wastes
These are the unwanted substances that are discarded by human society. These include urban wastes,
industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, biomedical wastes and radioactive wastes.
Liquid wastes
Wastes generated from washing, flushing or manufacturing processes of industries are called liquid
wastes.
Gaseous wastes
These are the wastes that are released in the form of gases from automobiles, factories or burning of
fossil fuels like petroleum. They get mixed in the other gases atmosphere and occasionally cause
events such as smog and acid rain.

TYPES OF WASTE
# Industrial Waste
# Commercial Waste
# Domestic Waste
# Agricultural waste
# Construction or Demolition waste
# biomedical waste
# municipal waste
# Non-biodegradable waste(dry waste)
# biodegradable waste(green waste, food waste, organic waste, wet waste
# E-waste
# mining waste(mineral waste, inorganic waste
# Plastic waste
# radioactive waste
# metabolic waste(grey waste, slaughterhouse waste, sewage waste
# inert waste

CAUSES OF WASTE IN INDIA

Industrialisation

The major cause of waste production in India is the development of industries. When industries are developed, it
causes land pollution, but the running of industries produces tons of waste that, in turn, causes water pollution.

Inadequate waste treatments

Tons of waste is produced in India, and it is not treated properly. India still adopts open dumping and burning as
the waste treatment method, which results in pollution. According to a Central Pollution Control Board report
published in 2009, only 20% of the waste produced is treated, whereas the rest of the 80% remains untreated.

Household products

Wastes produced from houses are a collection of all types of waste, which include automotive products, skincare
products and many more. This causes waste production in tons.

Food wastes

Food that doesn’t seem fit to eat or has expired is termed as food waste. Even though food waste doesn’t seem to
be harmful, it does cause various harmful effects on the environment.

IMPACT OF WASTE
METHODS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Recovery and Recycling
Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use and
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
Reuse
Reuse is the practice of using a material over and over again in its current form.
Incineration/ combustion
This type of waste management includes the disposal of waste materials by means of burning. The
thermal treatment is another name for this disposal method.
Landfill
Landfills are low-lying areas that are used for the dumping of waste materials. It includes the
collection, transportation, disposal and burying of waste in designated property. A layer of soil is
added after each layer of garbage. However, once this process is complete, the area is declared unfit
for construction of buildings for the next 20 years.
Biological Reprocessing
Chemical waste materials, such as kitchen waste and paper goods, can be reused after a procedure
called biological reprocessing which. Multiple physiological systems, including recycling and
biomass gasification, are used in biological reprocessing.
Waste Compaction
The waste materials such as cans and plastic bottles are compacted into blocks and sent for recycling.
this process prevents the oxidation of metals and reduces airspace need, thus making transportation
and positioning easy.
Animal Feed
Animal feed is food given to domestic animals, especially livestock, in the course of animal
husbandry. Two basic types are- fodder and forage.
Biogas Generation
Biodegradable waste, such as food items, animal waste or organic industrial waste from food
packaging industries are sent to bio-degradation plants. In bio-degradation plants, they are converted
to biogas by degradation with the help of bacteria, fungi, or other microbes
Composting
All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps, yard waste, etc., make up for one of the
major organic wastes we throw every day. The process of composting starts with these organic wastes
being buried under layers of soil and then, are left to decay under the action of microorganisms such
as bacteria and fungi.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the process of using worms for the degradation of organic matter into nutrient-
rich manure. Worms consume and digest the organic matter. The by-products of digestion which are
excreted out by the worms make the soil nutrient-rich.
Biomass gasification
Biomass gasification (BG) is the thermochemical conversion of organic materials in closed,
pressurized vessels at high temperatures. Gasification converts fossil fuel or organic fuel based
materials into carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Plasma Gasification
Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts MSW(municipal solid
waste) matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide.

BENEFITS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Better Environment
Conserves energy
Creates employment
Helps make a difference
DIFFERENT COLOURS OF DUSTBINS IN INIDIA FOR SEGREGATION OF WASTE
Red Dustbin
It is used for waste that is not biodegradable. It is also regarded as rejecting dustbin as these wastes
cannot be recycled. It is usually placed in hospitals and used to collect biomedical wastes, which are
dangerous to deal with and consists of needles, surgical knives, body fluids, cotton dressings, pop
casts, tissues, sanitary napkins, etc., which are to be disposed of carefully. If not disposed of properly,
diseases like HIV, Hepatitis B and C will be transferred through the pricking of infected needles. It
contains both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. As these waste materials cannot be recycled, they
are taken for incineration.
Green Dustbin
It is used for wet and biodegradable wastes. It is also referred to as an organic bin as it contains wastes
from kitchen, plant and animal origin. These wastes comprise rotten eggs, fruits, vegetables and peels,
coconut shells, tea bags, used tea powder, left-over food, garden waste, etc. Organic waste is also used
as manure in the kitchen garden to grow vegetables. Some of these wastes are sterilised and fed to
animals, and farmers use the remaining waste for manure and composting, which helps in improving
the fertility of the soil. This waste is turned to zero waste through composting.
Blue Dustbin
It is used for dry and non-biodegradable wastes. Dry waste means literally dry, i.e., if the paper is dry,
it is thrown in a blue dustbin and thrown in a green dustbin if it is wet. Liquid wastes are removed,
rinsed, and the plastic wrappers and covers are dropped in the dustbin after drying. As
microorganisms cannot break down this waste, it is called as non-biodegradable waste and it is to be
recycled. If not disposed of properly, they cause pollution and harm the environment. Materials like
plastic, aluminium cans, polystyrene, newspapers, paints, aerosol cans, lights, broken bulbs, glass
bottles, plastic bottles, gift wrappers, cards, cardboards, thermal coal, tetra pack packaging etc., are to
be thrown in this dustbin. These wastes are recycled and used again; through this, the garbage to be
dumped in the landfills also decreases, and there will be less impact on the groundwater level.
Other wastes like electronic devices regarding iron boxes, mobiles, TVs, computer systems, led bulbs,
CDs, pen drives etc., should not be dumped into the blue dustbin; instead, they should be handed over
at e-waste collection centres. Thus the work of waste sorters is made easier and more efficient. Thus
the waste can be reused and reduced.

CHALLENGES IN INDIA
India is quickly moving Challenges in India from farming based country to modern and
administrations situated nation. About 31.2% populace is currently living in urban regions. More than
377 million urban individuals are living in 7,935 towns/urban communities. India is a huge nation
partitioned into 28 States and 8 Union Territories (UTs). There are three urban communities—
Greater Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata—having populace of in excess of 10 million, 53 urban
communities have more than 1 million populace, and 415 urban communities having populace at
least 100,000. Strong waste administration (SWM) is a noteworthy issue for some urban
neighbourhood bodies (ULBs) in India, where urbanization, industrialization and financial
development have brought about expanded metropolitan strong waste (MSW) age per individual .
90% of leftover waste right now dumped as opposed to appropriately land filled. There is a
pressing need to move to increasingly feasible SWM, and this requires new administration
frameworks and waste administration offices
GUIDELINES BY INDIAN GOVT. FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
No non-recyclable waste having a calorific value of 1,500 Kcal/kg or more is permitted in landfills.
Urban local bodies have been given a provision to charge bulk generators a user fee to collect and
process their waste
pot fines may be levied on people burning garbage or discarding it in public places.
Proper classification of waste is mandatory - Households are required to separate waste into three
streams – Organic or Biodegradable waste, Dry waste and Domestic Hazardous waste (diapers,
napkins, mosquito repellents, cleaning agents).
Manufacturers of fast-moving consumer goods FMCG that use non-biodegradable packaging are
required to put in place a system to collect the packaging waste generated due to their production
NTPC(national thermal power corporation) shall follow 3R’s (Reduce, Re-use & Recycle) principles
for waste management
Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change shall constitute ‘Central Monitoring Committee’
to monitor and review every year
MOUD (Ministry of Urban Development,) shall frame National Policy and coordinate with
States/UTs, provide technical guidelines, financial support, training to local bodies
Industry (cement, power plant, etc.) shall use Refuse Derived Fuel within 100 km

LAWS AND POLICIES

The Environmental Protection Act, 1986
The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008
The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
The E- Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

Quantity of municipal solid waste generated in India in FY 2021, by state(in metric tons per day)
Number of solid waste treatment plants operational and under construction in India as of FY 2023, by
type

CONCLUSION
The growth of megacities and overpopulation are obstacles to waste management. It happens in India
because of inadequate management systems and improper waste dumping. Another issue is public
participation. The public of the country is irresponsible towards its duties of waste management and
dumping.
There are several rules set for the management of waste, but they are not followed because of the lack
of awareness among the people. Thus, it is quite essential that people are made aware of the harmful
effects of dumping waste or burning it so that people actively participate in waste management.
The fundamental 3Rs should be strictly followed, where the Rs stand for Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Recyclable materials should be used in order to reduce the amount of waste produced per year. People
should strictly avoid plastic bags, which are extremely harmful to our environment. Until these
requirements are met, India will have to suffer from poor waste management.