MTH165 Unit 1
MTH165 Unit 1
MTH165 Unit 1
References Books:
MATHEMATICS FOR CLASS 12 PART 1-2 BY NCERT
• Double integrals
• Change of order of integration
• Triple integrals
• Change of variables
• Application of double integrals to calculate area and volume
• Application of triple integrals to calculate volume
Unit-6
Fourier Series
• Euler Coefficients
• Fourier Series
• Fourier Series for Even and Odd functions
• Half range Fourier Series
• Parseval’s Formula
• Complex form of Fourier Series
What Do You Think?
What could be considered the greatest achievements of the
human mind ?
It's the Greatest!
• Consider that all these things emerged because of technological
advances
• Those advances relied on CALCULUS !
• Calculus has made it possible to:
• Build giant bridges
• Travel to the moon
• Predict patterns of population change
Use of Matrices:
The key matrix is used to encrypt the messages, and its
inverse is used to decrypt the encoded messages. It is
important that the key matrix be kept secret between the
message senders and intended recipients. If the
key matrix or its inverse is discovered, then all
intercepted messages can be easily decoded.
Matrix Movie
Uses of Matrices in Various Fields:
Encryption
Games especially 3D
Economics and business
Construction
Dance – contra dance
Animation
Physics
Geology
Uses of Calculus:
Sir Isaac Newton used calculus to solve many physics problems such as
the problem of planetary motion, shape of the surface of a rotating fluid
etc. – recorded in Principia Mathematica
Uses of Calculus:
Gottfried Leibniz developed calculus to find area under curves
Rate of change is everywhere….
Rate of change is everywhere….
Rate of change is everywhere….
Differentiation and Integration are Inverse of each other…
Differentiation and Integration are Inverse of each other…
Differentiation and Integration are Inverse of each other…
Differentiation Integration
Derivatives are used to determine the maximum and minimum values of
the functions like cost, strength, amount of material used in a building,
profit loss etc.
The best example of use of chain rule in differentiation, is the working
of pulleys of different sizes with same belt to reduce the effort and
optimize the output.
Calculus and Electronics Engineering
The various kinds of LCR circuits can not be solved without differential
equations and Ohm’s law which is dependent on derivative of voltage.
Development of different kinds of computer languages such as C, C++,
Java, Linux, Python and development of various mobile apps has a great
reliance on Calculus.
Multivariate Calculus
Multivariate Calculus
Major Contributors are:
Leibnitz
Lagrange
Multivariate Calculus
Major Contributors are:
Newton
Leonhard Euler
Difference:
Single variable calculus Multivariable Calculus
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Uses of Multivariate Calculus:
Volume
Uses of Fourier Series:
In Signal Processing
In Image Processing
Matrices - Introduction
Matrix algebra has at least two advantages:
•Reduces complicated systems of equations to simple
expressions
•Adaptable to systematic method of mathematical treatment
and well suited to computers
Definition:
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or
rectangular array enclosed by two brackets
4 2 a b
1 1 3 0 c d
Matrices - Introduction
Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of
columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions
or size of the matrix.
Examples:
3x3 matrix 1 2 4
2x4 matrix
4 1 5 1 1
3 3
1 1
1x2 matrix 3 3 3 0 0 3 2
Matrices - Introduction
A matrix is denoted by a bold capital letter and the elements
within the matrix are denoted by lower case letters
e.g. matrix [A] with elements aij
mA
n
21 a22 ... aij a2 n
am1 am 2 aij amn
i goes from 1 to m
j goes from 1 to n
MCQ
MCQ
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
1 a11
4 1 a21
3
2
am1
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
1 1 6 0 3 5 2
3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns
1 1
3 7 1 1 1 0 0
2 0 3 3 0
7 7
7 6
mn
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns
(a square matrix A has an order of m)
mxm
1 1 1 1 1
9 9 0
3 0
6 6 1
The principal or main diagonal of a square matrix is composed of all
elements aij for which i=j
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on
the main diagonal
3 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
3 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 5 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 9
i.e. aij =0 for all i = j
aij = 0 for some or all i = j
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
1 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 1 0 aij 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
aij
0 0 0 1
i.e. aij =0 for all i = j
aij = 1 for some or all i = j
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
8. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main
diagonal are all zero
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 9
2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 6
5 2 3 5 2 3 0 0 3
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
aij 0 0 1 0 0
2 1 0
aij aij 0
aij aij aij 5 2 3
i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j
Matrices – Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
9. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are
equal to the same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant
aij 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 aij 0 6 0 0
0 aij 0 0 1
0 0 0 6 0
i.e. aij = 0 for all i = j 0 0 0 6
aij = a for all i = j
MCQ
MCQ
Matrices - Operations
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding
elements are equal Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as
well
1 0 0 1 0 0
A= 2 1 0 B= 2 1 0 A=B
5 2 3 5 2 3
Matrices - Operations
Some properties of equality:
A+B=B+A
Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C
7 3 1 1 5 6 8 8 5
2 5 6 4 2 3 2 7 9
A B C
2x3 2x3 2x3
Matrices - Operations
A+0=0+A=A
A + (-A) = 0 (where –A is the matrix composed of –aij as elements)
6 4 2 1 2 0 5 2 2
3 2 7 1 0 8 2 2 1
Matrices - Operations
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Properties:
• k (A + B) = kA + kB
• (k + g)A = kA + gA
• k(AB) = (kA)B = A(k)B
• k(gA) = (kg)A
Matrices - Operations
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
A x B = Not possible!
(6x2) (6x3)
Example
A x B = C
(2x3) (3x2) (2x2)
Matrices - Operations
b11 b12
a11 a12 a13 c11 c12
a b21 b22
21 a22 a23
b31 b32 c21 c22
31 21
63 57
Remember also:
IA = A
1 2
T
5 0
3 4
S
0 2
1 2 3 4 3 8
TS
5 0 0 2 15 20
3 4 1 2 23 6
ST
0 2 5 0 10 0
Matrices - Operations
If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0
1 1 2 3 0 0
0 0 2 3 0 0
Matrices - Operations
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
If :
2 4 7
A 2 A 3
2x3 5 3 1
Then transpose of A, denoted AT is:
2 5
A 2 A
T 3T
4 3
7 1
aij a T
ji For all i and j
Matrices - Operations
To transpose:
Interchange rows and columns
The dimensions of AT are the reverse of the dimensions of A
2 4 7
A 2 A
3
2x3
5 3 1
2 5
A 3 A
T T2
4 3 3x2
7 1
Matrices - Operations
Properties of transposed matrices:
1. (A+B)T = AT + BT
2. (AB)T = BT AT
3. (kA)T = kAT
4. (AT)T = A
Matrices - Operations
1. (A+B)T = AT + BT
7 3 1 1 5 6 8 8 5 8 2
2 5 6 4 2 3 2 7 9 8 7
5 9
7 2 1 4 8 2
3 5 5 2 8 7
1 6 6 3 5 9
Matrices - Operations
(AB)T = BT AT
1
1 1 0 2
0 2 3 1 8 2 8
2
1 0
1 1 21 2 2 8
0 3
Matrices - Operations
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
A Square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its
transpose:
A = AT
a b
A
b d
a b
A
T
b d
SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
A Square matrix is skew symmetric if it is equal
to negative of its transpose:
A = AT
MCQ
MCQ
Matrices - Operations
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Consider a scalar k. The inverse is the reciprocal or division of 1
by the scalar.
Example:
k=7 the inverse of k or k-1 = 1/k = 1/7
Division of matrices is not defined since there may be AB = AC
while B = C
Instead matrix inversion is used.
The inverse of a square matrix, A, if it exists, is the unique matrix
A-1 where:
AA-1 = A-1 A = I
Matrices - Operations
Example:
3 1
A 2 A
2
2 1
1 1 1
A
2 3
Because:
1 1 3 1 1 0
2 3 2 1 0 1
3 1 1 1 1 0
2 1 2 3 0 1
Matrices - Operations
Properties of the inverse:
( AB ) 1 B 1 A1
1 1
(A ) A
( AT ) 1 ( A1 )T
1 1
1
(kA) A
k
A square matrix that has an inverse is called a nonsingular matrix
A matrix that does not have an inverse is called a singular matrix
Square matrices have inverses except when the determinant is zero
When the determinant of a matrix is zero the matrix is singular
Matrices - Operations
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
1 2
If A
6 5
1 2
then A
6 5
Matrices - Operations
If A = [A] is a single element (1x1), then the determinant is
defined as the value of the element
Then |A| =det A = a11
If A is (n x n), its determinant may be defined in terms of order
(n-1) or less.
Matrices - Operations
MINORS
If A is an n x n matrix and one row and one column are deleted,
the resulting matrix is an (n-1) x (n-1) submatrix of A.
The determinant of such a submatrix is called a minor of A and
is designated by mij , where i and j correspond to the deleted
row and column, respectively.
mij is the minor of the element aij in A.
Matrices - Operations
eg.
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Each element in A has a minor
Delete first row and column from A .
The determinant of the remaining 2 x 2 submatrix is the minor
of a11
a22 a23
m11
a32 a33
Matrices - Operations
Therefore the minor of a12 is:
a21 a23
m12
a31 a33
And the minor for a13 is:
a21 a22
m13
a31 a32
Matrices - Operations
COFACTORS
When the sum of a row number i and column j is even, cij = mij and
when i+j is odd, cij =-mij
c11 (i 1, j 1) (1)11 m11 m11
1 2
c12 (i 1, j 2) (1) m12 m12
1 3
c13 (i 1, j 3) (1) m13 m13
Matrices - Operations
DETERMINANTS CONTINUED
A a11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) a12 (a21a33 a23 a31 ) a13 (a21a32 a22 a31 )
Matrices - Operations
Example 2:
1 0 1
A 0 2 3
1 0 1
A a11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) a12 (a21a33 a23 a31 ) a13 (a21a32 a22 a31 )
Example:
1 2
If A
3 4
4 3
The cofactor C of A is C
2 1
Matrices - Operations
The adjoint matrix of A, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of its
cofactor matrix
adjA C T
Example:
1 2
A
3 4
A (1)( 4) (2)( 3) 10
4 2
adjA C T
3 1
Matrices - Operations
1 2 4 2 10 0
A(adjA) 10 I
3 4 3 1 0 10
4 2 1 2 10 0
(adjA) A 10 I
3 1 3 4 0 10
Matrices - Operations
USING THE ADJOINT MATRIX IN MATRIX INVERSION
Since
AA-1 = A-1 A = I
and
A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A| I
then
1adjA
A
A
Matrices - Operations
Example
1 2
A= 3 4
1 1 4 2 0.4 0.2
A
10 3 1 0.3 0.1
so
1 1 1
adjA C T 2 4 2
3 7 5
and
1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
1 adjA 1 1.0 2.0 1.0
A 2 4 2
A 2
3 7 5 1.5 3.5 2.5
Matrices - Operations
The result can be checked using
AA-1 = A-1 A = I
MTH165 2
REVISION MCQ
MTH165 3
MTH165 4
Rank of Matrix Using Elementary
Transformation
• “row-rank of a matrix” counts the max.
number of linearly independent rows.
• “column-rank of a matrix” counts the max.
number of linearly independent columns.
• One application: Given a large system of linear
equations, count the number of essentially
different equations.
– The number of essentially different equations is
just the row-rank of the augmented matrix.
MTH165 5
Evaluating the row-rank by definition
Linearly independent
Linearly independent
Linearly independent
Linearly dependent
Linearly independent
Linearly independent
Linearly dependent Row-Rank = 2
MTH165 6
Calculation of row-rank via RREF
Row reductions
Row-rank = 2
Row-rank = 2
MTH165 7
Calculation of column-rank by
definition
List all combinations Column-Rank = 2
of columns
Linearly independent??
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N
MTH165 8
Theorem
Given any matrix, its row-rank and column-rank are equal.
MTH165 9
Why row-rank = column-rank?
MTH165 10
MTH165 11
MTH165 12
MCQ
MTH165 13
LINEAR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT OF VECTORS
MTH165 14
MTH165 15
MTH165 16
MTH165 17
MTH165 18
MCQ
MTH165 19
MTH165 20
MTH165 21
MTH165 22
MTH165 23
Revision
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) None of these
Revision
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) None of these
Solution of linear system of equations by using
rank of matrix
MCQ
a) Unique Solution
b) No solution
d) None of these
Inverse of Matrix by Gauss Jordan Method
• Not all square matrices have inverses, as you will see later in
this section. When a matrix does have an inverse, however,
that inverse is unique. Example 2 shows how to use systems
of equations to find the inverse of a matrix.
Inverse of Matrix by Gauss Jordan Method
• Not all square matrices have inverses, as you will see later in
this section. When a matrix does have an inverse, however,
that inverse is unique. Example 2 shows how to use systems
of equations to find the inverse of a matrix.
1.In structural engineering eigenvalues are usually used to determine the
response of stuctures under random or stochastic processes. For example
response of a building subjected to earthquake or wind-storm.
2. Eigenvalue analysis is also used in the design of the car stereo systems, where it
helps to reproduce the vibration of the car due to the music.
4.
The Cayley Hamilton Theorem