DEPARTMENT: HISTORY – 0470

TOPIC - Germany 1918-1945 –A Depth Study

Section A
Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?
Focus Points
a) How did Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First World War?
b) What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Republic?
c) To what extent did the Republic recover after 1923?
d) What were the achievements of the Weimar period?

How did Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First World War?

Kaiser Wilhelm I
During the First World War of 1914-1918, Germany was run by the Kaiser (King).
 The Kaiser was in charge of the Government and the army.

 The Government decisions were made by the Chancellor – but the Kaiser
chose who the Chancellor was, so he could always pick Chancellors that would
do what he wanted.
 The people could vote, but MPs did not really have any power.

 The Kaiser was obsessed with the military – he spent millions on building up a
strong army for the war, and borrowed millions trying to win it.
 The German people liked this form of Government. They loved their military
tradition, and felt that being told what to do was a sign that the Government
was strong.
 The Kaiser ran away into exile 2 days before the war ended.
 Effects of World War 1 on Germany
Political effects
With the Kaiser running away, all that was left of a government were the Reichstag
parties that had previously had no real power or experience of running the
Government. The Kaiser had even put many of the best opposition leaders in prison
during the war, meaning there were even fewer able men to take power.

Physical and financial effects

Farming had been disrupted during the war, so by 1918 Germany was producing
only half the milk and 60% of the meat it needed. The British Navy was blockading
German ports, meaning they could not get food from other countries. Around
750,000 Germans died from hunger and disease. Also, Germany had borrowed
money to pay for the war, and was now effectively bankrupt.
Psychological effects
Germany had been a proud, ambitious country and had worked extremely hard and
made many sacrifices to win the war. Throughout the war they were assured by their
leaders that Germany would win. Losing was devastating to the pride of most
Germans. They automatically looked for someone to blame, and felt that weak
politicians in the New Weimar Republic had cost them the war.
“The Stab in the Back”
It was actually the army that signed the surrender – but people started saying it was
the new Government, the Weimar Republic, that was to blame. People couldn’t
understand why they had lost the war when Germany had not been invaded – they
assumed the politicians had “stabbed the army in the back” by surrendering when
they could have won. The army were delighted to pretend this was true.
The Weimar Republic’s Constitution
The New German Government was called the Weimar Republic, named after the town
outside Berlin where it was started. The Government started in 1918, two days before
Germany surrendered in WWI. The First President of the Republic was Friedrich Ebert,
and he helped decide what the constitution should be like. The Weimar Constitution
was made law in 1919.
Proportional Representation (PR)
Very modern and fair voting system, where a party gets a number of seats directly
proportional to the % of votes it got. If your party got 12% of all votes in Germany,
they would get 12% of seats in the Reichstag.
But…..
This led to lots of tiny parties getting seats. Because no party ever gets over 50% of
all votes, no government ever had a majority, so decisions needed other parties to
agree – and often they didn’t. Governments had to be coalitions- made up of
members from several parties, who often disagreed.
Article 48 (The suicide clause)
This was the 48th article of the constitution. It allowed the President to rule by decree
in an emergency; this meant that he could make decisions and laws without having to
ask the
Reichstag to vote on it. This was designed to protect Germany in an emergency.
But…..
This meant that the President could rule as a dictator in an emergency – and it was
up to the President to decide what an Emergency was. This clause was open to abuse
and needed the
President to be honest and want to protect the Republic.

Major Strengths and achievements of the Constitution

• All Germans had the right to vote at the age of 20 – few countries in the world
allowed everyone to vote.
• The Proportional Representation voting system was, in theory, fairer. Each party
got a number of seats in proportion to the % of votes they got.
• The President had similar powers to the President of the USA- his power was very
strong, so he could protect the Republic in a crisis.
• Free speech, freedom of newspapers, the freedom to set up trade unions, and
anyone could form a political party – all of these were completely new freedoms for
Germany, and very modern for the time

Major weaknesses of the constitution

• PR meant that whatever government or party was in power, it was always weak.
Governments always had to compromise, and decisions could take a long time. There
were lots of elections because parties refused to agree.
• Article 48 would later be used and abused by Hitler to make himself a dictator
legally
• In 1919 the Republic already had loads of enemies. This constitution was too fair –
it gave these people the vote and the right to create their own parties – like the Nazis.
• Being asked to vote was seen as a sign of weakness by many Germans who were
used to following orders.

The Treaty of Versailles 1919

What it was
Basically, it was the peace agreement that was forced on Germany in 1919 because
they lost World War I. Countries that lose wars usually have to sign agreements with
the winners – they agree to give over certain things in return for not being invaded
or destroyed.
Why did Germany expect a fair treaty?
• Germany was in real trouble. WWI had bankrupted the country, and some were
starving. The Weimar government assumed the treaty would be light so as not to
cost any more German lives.
• The Kaiser was gone, and a new, democratic government was in place, just like the
allies had.
Germans assumed the winning powers would like this and want to help it remain
stable.
• Woodrow Wilson, president of the USA, wanted a fair treaty. He declared “14
points” that would make a better world, and believed the treaty should allow
Germany to recover.
What did the winning Powers want?
France – Georges Clemenceau wanted to crush Germany and forever prevent her
from being a major world power. He wanted Germany to pay massive reparations
and have no army.
Britain – David Lloyd-George wanted to punish Germany harshly and get money
from them; but he wanted Germany to be able to recover.
USA – Woodrow Wilson believed the war was everyone’s fault. He feared that
Germany would one day want revenge if the Treaty was too harsh.
Land
 13% of land and 6 million German people were lost.

 10% of industry and 15% of agriculture taken.

 Alsace and Lorraine to France

 Saar coalfields (most of Germany’s coal production) given to France for 15

years
 West Prussia (called “The Polish Corridor”) given to Poland – this later starts
WWII
Anger and hardship – felt like German land and people were being stolen. Some
Germans now living in other countries like France or Poland. Created huge money
problems – a big portion of industry and agriculture was taken from an already
bankrupt country.

Army
 Army reduced to 100,000 men
 No air force

 Navy limited – 6 battleships, no submarines

 No Poison gas, no tanks

 Area near to France called Rhineland to have French troops for 15 years

Humiliation – Germany was no longer a strong country to be feared, but a weak one
at the mercy of the allies. Germany had a strong military tradition, so losing their
military was very humiliating and caused Germans to lose a lot of pride. Millions of
soldiers were now also out of work, and ended up joining the Freicorps.
Money
 Germany to pay Britain, France and USA £6.6 Billion in reparations
(compensation) in annual installments
Economic Crisis – Germany was already nearly bankrupt from the war. The Weimar
Government believed they had almost no chance of being able to meet the payments.
Loss of land made it even harder. Reparations meant Germany was unlikely to
recover and become an important country again.
Blame
 Germany must accept complete blame for starting World War I

Anger - Germans rightly believed they were not the only ones to blame for the war –
they felt the TOV had been forced on them by evil allies and weak politicians.
Problems caused by the Treaty of Versailles
 The TOV created many problems for Germany – especially it made it weaker
and bankrupt.
 The Weimar Republic was blamed for the Treaty because they signed it –
making the new Government even more hated.
 In fact, Ebert, the president didn’t want to sign it – the army told him to
because they said they would be unable to stop an allied invasion of Germany.
1919 Other Problems – Political extremists.
Because the Weimar Republic was unpopular from the start, lots of groups tried to
overthrow it very early in its life. These were political extremists, groups who had
extreme views and wanted Germany to become a dictatorship again.

Communists
Extreme left – they believe that everyone should have equal pay and that no one
should individually own anything – everything should be shared. They believe that all
factories should be owned by the workers, who should share the profits equally.
Fascists
Extreme Right – believe in “survival of the fittest” – the best people, often the rich,
deserve what they have because they are naturally better. Weak people should not
be helped because the country needs only strong people.
January 1919 – The Spartacists
Politics – Communists, extreme left wing
Leaders – Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
Aims – To overthrow the Weimar Republic and create a Communist Government in
Germany What they did – Tried to start a Revolution in Berlin. They took control of
the Government’s newspaper headquarters and the telegraph bureau, but they failed
to capture anything else. They won some support from working class,
What happened – the Weimar Government used the Freikorps (right wing ex-
soldiers) to defeat the Spartacist. They murdered Liebknecht and Luxemburg and
crushed the uprising. Freikorps put down several other Communist risings in 1919 as
well.
March 1920 – The Kapp Putsch
Politics – The Freikorps, extreme right wing
Leaders – Wolfgang Kapp, one of the Freikorps commanders
Aims – To overthrow the Weimar Republic and create a military right-wing
dictatorship; to ignore the TOV.
What they did – Marched into Berlin and took it over. President Ebert and the
Weimar Government were forced to run away. Kapp declared a new right-wing
Government.
What happened – President Ebert appealed to ordinary workers to help – and they
went on strike, refusing to work for Kapp and the Freikorps. The strike was so
successful that Kapp had to pull out of Berlin within days. However, none of the
leaders of this putsch were punished,
as the judges were sympathetic to right wingers.
1923 – The Year of Crisis
Crisis 1 – The French Invade the Ruhr
Why? – In January 1923 Germany couldn’t keep up its Reparations payments to
France, and “defaulted” (didn’t pay)
What? – France decided to teach Germany a lesson by invading its most important
industrial area, the Ruhr. The Ruhr contained over 80% of Germany’s steel production.
The French thought they could take over this valuable steel production to make up
for Reparations Germany had missed.
Effects
 The Weimar Government was outraged. The Workers in the Ruhr refused to
work for the French and went on strike.
 This damaged the economy more, as they then had no money to spend.

 The Weimar Government tried to help them by printing more money for them
to live on.
Crisis 2 – Hyperinflation
Why? – The Weimar Government printed money to help the Ruhr workers carry on
their strike. This meant that with more money around, the value of everyone’s money
went down. When money starts losing its value, we call it Inflation.
What – The Government kept printing money, causing hyperinflation. People’s
money became more and more worthless. In February 1923 you needed 7000 marks
to buy one dollar. By November 1923 you needed 130,000 million marks to buy one
dollar. Billion-mark notes started to be printed, and people stopped using money as
it was all worthless. Prices went up so fast that workers had to rush into shops after
being paid, as prices would go up by the hour. At one point a billion marks was
barely enough for a loaf of bread.
Effects of Hyperinflation
Pensioners- Their pensions and savings became worthless. They could not work, and
were badly affected.
Middle class- Savings were made worthless by inflation. Businessmen could no buy
goods from abroad as German money was worthless. Started supporting extremists
like the Nazis
Workers- Had few savings, so not badly affected. Jobs stayed mostly secure. Lost
faith in Government.

The Rich- Largely unaffected if their money was in property or kept overseas. Rich
people started to see the Government as incompetent
Hatred of Jews- Some Jewish families kept their money in foreign banks, so they
were often unaffected. This led to hatred of Jews that people like Hitler seized on.
Unrest- Munich Putsch People blamed the Weimar Government for these problems.
People like Hitler saw a chance to overthrow it, and he launched the Munich Putsch in
November.
Gustav Stresemann and Recovery from the 1923 crisis.
Gustav Who?
• Gustav Stresemann was made Chancellor (second in charge) of Germany in 1923.
• He was one of the most able politicians of the Weimar Republic.
• He faced several problems – Germany was on the brink of collapse, and groups
like the Nazi’s were seeing a chance to take over.
• People were having to barter and swap things because money was worthless.
• He set out solve Germany’s problems.
Problems
French Invasion of the Ruhr
Stresemann sent the Ruhr workers back to work for the French It meant that the
workers were being paid again, helping the German economy and giving their
families money. But it was seen as a defeat – The government looked like they were
giving in to the French. It also means that Germany lost a huge amount of their steel
production.
Hyperinflation
 Stresemann stopped the Government printing money

He scrapped the old Currency, the mark, and brought in a new one – The Renten
(temporary) mark. It stopped hyperinflation and made German money worth
something again. People were able to buy goods and be properly paid, increasing
confidence. But the damage was already done; groups like the pensioners and
middle class had already lost their life savings. Germans had gone through a year of
misery and blamed the Government for it. The new currency was better, but never
fully stable.
Destroyed German economy
Stresemann took out a huge loan from the USA called the Dawes Plan It gave
Germany an injection of cash to help its people and invest in its industry. The hope
was that the money would help Germany get back on its feet. But Germany started to
recover, and production massively improved. Unemployment always remained a
problem though. Germany also had to pay these loans back, and USA could call them
in at any time,
Massive Reparations
The Dawes plan also restructured the Reparations payments, so that they were more
affordable – less money each year, but paid for longer. This gave Germany a bit more
money to fund its recovery. The Reparations would not be fully paid until the 1980’s.
Germany still could not really afford them.
Other Countries don’t trust Germany
 Stresemann signs the Locarno pact, agreeing never to use violence to settle
disputes again
 The Young Plan (1929) basically agreed to the terms if the TOV in exchange
for another loan. Brings Germany into European politics again. Countries are
willing to talk to Germany and deal with her again. This leads to more trust,
more help and more foreign money coming in. But the Weimar Republic finally
had to give in and accept the TOV. Many Germans hated the French and
British still for the harsh peace terms.
The “Golden Age” 1924-1929
Stresemann’s policies managed to stabilize Germany and save it from the brink of
collapse. As a result, people became happier with the Weimar Republic Government
and less likely to support extreme parties like the Nazis. These years were known as
the “Golden Age”.
Politics in the Golden Age
 The Government started to become more stable, and between 1924 and 1928
there were far fewer elections held because of disagreements.
 People were no longer supporting extreme parties- Votes for Nazi’s and
Communists went down.
But…..
 Hindenburg was elected President in 1925. He was openly against democracy
and the Republic, and his election was seen as people voting for the old
system of the Kaiser.
 No party could get a majority, so all governments were still coalitions, which
 often didn’t agree.
The Economy in the Golden Age
 The Economy started doing well in the Golden age thanks to
Stresemann’s changes and the Dawes plan
 Production went to its highest level in decades.

 Germany became a leading exporter in the world for manufactured

goods.
But…..
 It was all based on American loans…. Which could be recalled at any
time. Oh dear.
 Unemployment was always a serious problem

 Big gap between rich and poor

 Farming and agriculture did very badly

German Culture in the Golden Age

 Culture was a big achievement of the Weimar Golden era.

 Artists began depicting everyday life in a way not seen before.

 German Cinema boomed, and movies like Metropolis became classics all
over the world
 Architecture was admired in this era.

But….
 Berlin became seen as sleazy and sex obsessed.

Achievements of the Weimar Republic

Surviving Political extremists and several uprisings, such as the Spartacists, The
Kapp Putsch and Hitler’s Munich Putsch.
The Weimar Constitution – ideas such as everyone being able to vote, free press and
free speech were new to Germany and very modern
Surviving despite being hated – Weimar Republic had to take the blame for losing
the war and the TOV. It was hated by many, especially the army, but it survived.
Recovering from 1923 – Stresemann’s policies such as the Dawes plan and
Rentenmark managed to help Germany recover from near collapse in 1923
Improved relations with other countries – Locarno pact, the Young Plan and entry to
the League of Nations made Germany more accepted abroad.
The Golden Age – Production increased massively, and people became much happier
with the Weimar Government.
Weimar Culture- Art, cinema and nightlife thrived because the Weimar Constitution
gave people so much freedom.
Freedom – The Weimar Republic allowed ordinary Germans (like Hitler!) to be
involved in politics for the first time.
Section 2
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi
Adolf Hitler
 Born in Austria in 1889

 Father was a civil servant

 Hitler wanted to be an artist.

 Rejected by Vienna art school.

 Lived as a tramp for several years

 Joined the German army in 1914

 Awarded Iron Cross for bravery

The Nazi Party

 Founded in 1919 as the German Workers Party (DAP) and based in Munich.
 Founder was Anton Drexler (right)
 A very small party – only around 50 members in 1920
 Policies included making Bavaria (south Germany) into a separate country.

The Munich Putsch 1923

Why did Hitler decide to launch an uprising in November 1923?
  It is important that you recognise the link here- November 1923 was the
height of the hyperinflation crisis in Germany.
 Hitler believed that the Weimar Government was crumbling and that people
would support a party like his taking over.
 Hitler also believed he had the support of local council in Bavaria. Gustav Kahr,
Bavarian minister had been heard plotting against the Government himself.
 Finally, Hitler thought he had the support of the army. An important ex-
General, Ludendorff, supported Hitler’s plans.
 It was thought that the army would support the Putsch if Ludendorff was
involved.
The plan
 Hitler would go to the Beer Hall where Gustav Kahr (Bavarian minister) was
giving a speech.
 The SA would control the crowd while Hitler took Kahr and the other ministers.
 Hitler would force Kahr to support him at gunpoint.
 They would then go to the town hall and declare a new Government for
Bavaria, separate from Weimar Germany.
 Ludendorff would get the army in Bavaria to support them.
 The Bavarian army would march to Berlin and take over Germany.

What went wrong?

 Hitler never really had enough support to pull it off in the first place! The Nazi
party only had 3000 members – not enough to take over Germany
 Ludendorff was late. Even at gunpoint, Kahr and the ministers wouldn’t
support Hitler because they thought he was lying about Ludendorff
supporting him. This wasted several hours, until Ludendorff finally turned up.
 The SA came under heavy gunfire when they tried to take over the Bavarian
army barracks. This was not expected.
 Ludendorff allowed Kahr and the ministers to go home “to see their wives”. He
assumed that this would be ok.
 The ministers immediately contacted the Weimar Government in Berlin, who
mobilised the army.
 With everything falling apart, Hitler, Ludendorff and the SA decided to march
to the town hall. The army were waiting.
 16 Nazis were killed in the fighting. Hitler was shot and ran away into hiding
 A couple of days later Hitler was arrested for treason while in hiding. Rohm
and Ludendorff were also arrested.
Who were the SA?
 The SA were basically what was left of the old Freikorps which had been
broken up by the Weimar Republic after the Kapp Putsch.
 They were led by Ernst Rohm, a butch ex-army Captain with a dubious
reputation for Violence.
 Hitler met Rohm and persuaded him to join the Freikorps to the Nazi party as a
paramilitary (illegal political army) force. They were called SA (Sturm Abteilung
– Storm Troopers) and wore distinctive brown shirts.
 They had a reputation for Violence.

The successes of the Munich Putsch

The main successes of Hitler’s trial for Treason
 The Judge liked him. He gave Hitler time to answer questions however he
liked and make very long speeches against the Government. During the trial,
Hitler was able to win over the courtroom with his great speeches, his ideas
and his passion for change in Germany.
 Reporters from across Germany were there. This meant that everything Hitler
said was written down in newspapers and read by Germans everywhere. This
was huge publicity for the Nazis – now the whole nation knew who they and
Hitler were for the first time.
 Hitler became seen as a leader of the Right wing. From being a nobody, he
became “that guy who tried to take over Munich”. Lots of right wing
supporters saw him and the Nazis as their natural leader.
 Hitler got a light sentence. The Judge sympathised with Hitler’s ideas and,
despite finding him guilty of treason, sentenced him to only 5 years.
 However, he would be eligible for parole in just 9 months. This is an incredibly
light sentence for treason. Ludendorff and Rohm were released straight away.
 His prison was very cushy Landsburg castle was more of a hotel than a prison.
Hitler could have as many visitors as he wanted, had as dedicated servant and
could walk around whenever he wanted. He ran the Nazi’s from prison.
 Hitler had the time to write Mein Kampf Landsburg gave him time to write his
book, “My Struggle” where he set out all his ideas for the Nazi party and
Germany’s future. The book is very boring, but everything Hitler later did is in
it.
1924-1929 – The Nazi’s change tactics.
Hitler got out of prison late in 1924, and realised that violent methods would no
longer work.
 This was because Stresemann’s economic policies were starting to make
Germany more stable – people didn’t want violent parties like the Nazi’s
anymore.
 Hitler was clever – he realised that the only way to have a government
no one could argue with would be to get into power in a legal way – by
winning elections.
 He started to change the party so they could do well in the Reichstag.
Swastika
Hitler designed the Swastika flag in the early 1920’s. It was designed to give the
Nazi’s a distinctive, recognisable symbol like a logo.
How Hitler did it.
Reorganising the Party
 The party wanted to spread across Germany
 Local party members, called Gauleiters, were created to and advertise
the party in each area.
 Hitler created the 25-point plan to get the party into power.

Mein Kampf
 Written by Hitler in prison, published 1925.
 It was partly the story of his life but mostly Hitler’s ideas for what
Germany would be if he was in power.
 Mein Kampf became a best seller because of Hitler’s new fame.

Reorganising the Party

 The biggest class group in Germany, and the people that worked in all
the factories.
 The working class usually supported the Communists – Hitler needed to
change that,
 He targeted this group for propaganda.

Increasing membership
 There was a drive for new members, and membership increased every year.
 Membership was over 150,000 by 1929 – it had been only 3000 in 1923!
Winning the middle class and business
 Middle class and farmers liked their message about creating a strong Germany.
 Nazi’s struggled with working class, so focused on this group.
 Big business became the main contributor to Nazi party funds.

Public meetings and propaganda

 Nazi members were sent on public speaking courses to learn how to make
great speeches.
 Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda, and lots of posters and films were
used to advertise the party.
 The Nazi’s would drop any ideas that proved unpopular and emphasise ones
that people liked.
Failure?
 The Nazi’s did very badly in elections up until 1929.
 In fact, in 1928 the Nazi’s had their worst election ever, winning just 12 seats.
 Even in their first election after the fame of Hitler’s trial, the Nazi’s never got
more than 50 seats.
 Election-wise, the Nazi’s were miles from taking power

Success?
However, the reorganisation was important for the following reasons
 The party massively increased its membership
 The Nazi’s became one of the best funded parties in Germany due to support
from business.
 The party was now an efficient and professional outfit – if a chance came to be
in power, they would now be ready for it.
Why had the Nazi’s failed to get into power by 1928?
 Hitler failed to win over the working Class
 Most German working class voted for Communist or left-wing parties.
 Hitler’s attempt to win them over had so far failed.

The Weimar Republic was going through its “Golden age”

 Stresemann’s economic policies had helped solve many of Germany’s
problems.
 Things were more stable, so people didn’t want to vote for extreme parties
any more.
People were put off by Nazi’s extreme views
 Views such as hatred of the Jews and re-arming Germany became
embarrassing to people in a Germany that was doing well.
 Many were put off by this.

The Wall Street Crash

 Everything changed for the Nazi Party on October 24th 1929, When the
American Stock Market on Wall Street in New York crashed.
 America became bankrupt, and quickly called all its loans back in.
 Germany suddenly had to pay back both the Dawes Plan and Young Plan loans
– and was bankrupt overnight.
EFFECTS OF THE WALL STREET CRASH – DEPRESSION
 Mass Unemployment
 Loss of confidence in German Goods
 Businesses closed
 Poverty
 Young people first to be made redundant
 Working class and Middle classes most affected
 Farmers slip further into debt
 In the crisis, people start to turn to extreme parties like the Nazi’s
 American loans are called in
 Cannot trade abroad because every country is suffering
 Government cannot afford to give benefits to the millions that need it
 Government appears powerless and incompetent
 Disagreements about what to do
 Several elections

How did this affect Hitler?

 People were hungry and poor. They turned to the extreme parties like The
Nazi’s because they believed the Weimar Republic could not help them.
 Hitler and Goebbles went into propaganda overdrive – thousands of posters,
speeches and films were made to appeal to affected groups.
 The 1929 elections saw the Nazis get 107 seats in the Reichstag – up from 12
the previous year!
 In 1932, The Nazi’s got 230 – making them by far the biggest party in the
Reichstag.
  However, Proportional Representation voting still made it nearly impossible for
them to get a majority.
 Hitler needed to be invited to become Chancellor in order to get into power.

What stood in Hitler’s way?

 Even though The Nazi’s were the biggest party by 1932, they still couldn’t get
a majority of seats to seize power.
 Hitler lost to Hindenburg in the 1930 presidential election by quite a way.
 This meant that the only way to get power was to become Chancellor – the
second job in the country.
 Unfortunately, the president decided who the chancellor would be – and
Hindenburg hated Hitler!
Outside events that helped Hitler become Chancellor in January 1933
Wall Street Crush
 The American stock market crashed in 1929
 America called in all the loans it had given to Germany.
 This made Germany bankrupt again – called “The Depression”
 People became unemployed and poor, so started supporting extreme parties
like the Nazis
Weak opposition
 The Depression made the Weimar Government very weak. They didn’t have
enough money to help everyone.
 Different parties in the Government couldn’t agree.
 They made the Nazi’s look like they would be better at leading the country.

Fear of Communism
 The Wall Street Crash meant that Communists got more votes too.
 Communists wanted everyone to have equal pay and no one to own anything.
 Rich people were frightened of Communists and supported Hitler more
because he was against them.
Political Deals
 By 1933 Nazis had the most MPs in the Reichstag.
 This meant they could outvote the Government and block new laws.
 A man called Von Papen made a deal with President Hindenburg to make
 Hitler Chancellor.
 They thought they could control Hitler better if he was the chancellor.

Hitler’s own actions that helped him become Chancellor in 1933

Hittler’s Leadership
 Hitler was a strong leader.
 He was able to make people believe that only he could solve the problems in
Germany.
 He was one of the best public speakers ever. His speeches convinced people
to vote for him.
Nazi Organization
 The Nazi’s were really good at raising funds from rich people.
 Nazi members worked hard to advertise the party all over Germany.
 The SA (Hitler’s storm troopers) did lots of marches that looked impressive to
people.
Nazi Promises
 The Nazi’s promised to solve the depression crisis that was affecting people.
 They promised to end the Treaty of Versailles.
 They promised to build up the army and make Germany great again.

Propaganda
 Nazis used the latest technology like, slideshows and films to get their
message across.
 They used mass rallies of people to spread their ideas.
 They used lots of advertising with simple messages that people wanted to
hear.
On January 30th 1933 – Hitler was invited by Hindenburg to become Chancellor of
Germany. Hitler was finally in power! While it was the political deal between Hitler
and Von Papen that actually got him the job, all of the above played a role. In an
exam, you need to be able to explain which factors were the most important, and
how these different factors are linked together!
How did Hitler become a dictator?
Hitler became Chancellor on 30th Jan 1933. Within a 18 months he was the Supreme
Dictator of Germany. For the exam, you will need to know about 3 key events – The
Reichstag Fire, The Enabling Act and The Night of the Long Knives. These three
events got rid of the last 3 obstacles to Hitler coming to power.

The Reichstag Fire

 Hitler was lucky – less than a month after he became Chancellor, the Reichstag
was burned down in an arson attack.
 Inside it, police found a young Dutchman called Marinus Van Der Lubbe. Most
importantly, Van der Lubbe had once been a communist.
 Van Der Lubbe confessed and was executed, but Hitler immediately claimed
that he had been part of a huge Communist conspiracy to destroy the German
Government.
 Hitler went to Hindenburg and asked to use Article 48 to deal with the
“emergency”.
 Police were given emergency powers to search houses, confiscate property
and imprison without trial.
  Hitler also brought in censorship, so he could decide what the papers could
and could not print.
 The Communist party was made illegal and the SA went on a spree of violence,
beating up Communists.

The Enabling Act

 Hitler had been allowed to use Article 48 for the first time. But to become a
Dictator, he needed to be able to use it without having to get Hindenburg’s
permission.
 Hitler used the street violence (his own SA men attacking Communists_) as an
excuse for the Enabling Act, which basically gave most of Hindenburg’s power
to Hitler.
 This was a change in the Weimar Constitution (see Weimar section), so it
needed 75% of the Reichstag to vote for it. 30% were already Nazi’s.
 The SA intimidated, threatened and bribed a huge number of politicians.

 The Nazi’s sang the National Anthem when the other parties started arguing
about the new law
 The act was passed- just – and Hitler was almost totally in charge.
The Night of the Long Knives
 This is important as it often comes up in exams on its own. By 1934 Hitler had
almost total power. However, Hindenburg was still alive and he had the
support of the Army; The German army could easily overthrow Hitler if
Hindenburg had wanted them to.
 Hitler also had the problem of Ernst Rohm. The SA had 2.5 million men, while
the army had only 100,000; but the people of Germany loved the army.
 Rohm wanted the SA to become Germany’s official army – but the idea of
Rohm being their leader horrified the Army generals.
 They would not support Hitler if he did this. But Rohm threatened to rebel if he
didn’t!
Why Hitler chose to support the army
1. The army was much better trained and disciplined.
2. The army was the only organisation that could remove Hitler from power.
3. It had the support of big business – the same people that funded the Nazis.
4. Hitler needed a strong army to be able to invade other countries.
The Night of the Long Knives – 30th June 1934
  Hitler wanted Rohm and the SA to break up and join the Army – Rohm wanted
the army to break up and join the SA.
 Rohm threatened to rebel against Hitler if he didn’t get what he wanted.

 Hitler chose to support the army, and sent his SS men (see section on the
terror) to the SA barracks.
 200 SA leaders were arrested, and Rohm was given a pistol to shoot himself
with. He refused and was executed.
Hindenburg’s death
 The army were thankful to Hitler for removing the threat of Rohm.

 When Hindenburg died a month later, all army soldiers took an oath of loyalty
to Hitler.
 Hitler didn’t bother having an election for a new president he just combined
the position of Chancellor and president to call himself “Fuhrer” (leader).

Section Three – Life in Nazi Germany

This section will deal with what sort of Germany the Nazi’s created, how they dealt
with opposition, how they kept control and how they treated people. You also need
to know how they dealt with the economy and how World War Two affected the
German people. The good thing about this section is that it is really easy and
straightforward – everything links together, there is no confusing politics, and
everything makes sense. However, you need to know that at least one question
comes up from this section EVERY YEAR. Your second essay question is usually about
life in Nazi Germany, and it is also a very popular topic for your source questions as
well.
What sort of Germany did Hitler want to create?
A strong Germany
Strong Government
 no opposition

 Every aspect of life controlled

 Destroy Treaty of Versailles

  Re-build the army
 Prepare to invade Eastern Europe

 Remove “burdens on society”

Supported by…
 Elderly – reminds them of old Germany

 Army – creates strong military

 Middle class – creates stable Germany

Opposed by
 The Young – dislike having lives controlled

 Political opponents and Communists

A Racial Germany
 Eugenics programmes to selectively breed Germans.

 Create a pure “Aryan” race – blonde hair, blue eyes, strong.

 Remove “undesirable” races from Germany.

 Remove Jews from Germany, then Europe.

Supported by….
 Very Young – taught in schools.

 Some “Aryan” looking people.

 Army – creates strong future soldiers.

Opposed by….
 Teenagers – have friends that are now “undesirables”.

 Families – many have Jewish relatives.

Volksgemeinschaft (Peoples Community)

 Volksgemeinschaft was the Nazi idea that every part of German life should
have something to do with the Nazi party.
  No German should have more than a few moments per day when they aren’t
under Nazi influence.
 Clubs, societies, leisure activities and groups were taken over by the Nazi’s.

Supported by:
 The party – increases control Families – they were given more money under
Volksgemeinschaft policies.
Opposed by….
 The church – church activities taken over by Nazis.

 Working class – many traditional societies and clubs were taken over.

So who opposed the Nazi Regime?

The Nazi’s had a lot of support – they had been the biggest party before Hitler
banned all the others – but they still had many opponents. However, opposition
never became an attempt to overthrow Hitler until the very end of the War in 1944.
Until then, opposition was divided and limited to private grumbling or defiance of
Nazi Law. For the exam you need to know who the main groups that defied the
Nazi’s were, why they didn’t like the Nazi lifestyle and how they were dealt with.
More importantly, you need to know why there was so little opposition to the Nazi’s.
The Young
 Young people hate being told what to do or having their lives controlled.

 Though lots of Nazi teenagers fell for the party’s propaganda, some rebelled
and decided to deliberately go against Nazi ideals and Laws.
 Some Groups like the White Rose wanted to spread the truth about what was
happening in the war, especially to minority groups.
The Church
 The Nazi policy of Volksgemeinschaft made the Church’s life very difficult.

 All aspects of people’s lives, including leisure, was to be controlled by the Nazi
party – in theory leaving no room for God.
 All bible and Church groups were to be closed or monitored by Nazis, further
angering the Church. People had to choose between their faith in God or in
Hitler.
Group Why they oppose Nazis How they oppose How the Nazi’s dealt
Nazis (methods) with them
Former Hitler had banned all Leaflets and secret Political opponents
political political parties meaning meetings mostly. were serious because
Opponents. the old Social Democrats, They defied the millions had voted for
Centre Party, etc who had Nazi’s just by these parties before
been in charge during the existing and trying Hitler took power.
Weimar years no longer to appeal to The SS would break up
existed. People wanted an people who used meetings, seize leaflets
alternative to the Nazi’s to to vote for them. and send members to
vote for – these former the camps.
politicians were aiming for
a return to democracy.
The Church Volksgemeinschaft Disobedience Hitler cannot compete
involved the closing down carrying with the promise of God
of Church groups to make out baptisms and and heaven after death
way for Nazi controlled marriages against – especially in war-time.
ones. Hitler wanted Nazism Nazi Hitler has to turn a blind
to be followed like a law, encouraging eye and compromise
religion, making it difficult people to ignore with
for people to support the Volksgemeinschaft the church.
church. and follow the
bible.
Army Officers By 1944 the war was going Several senior The first (and last) time
badly and defeat was army anyone tried to
becoming inevitable. Many leaders tried to overthrow Hitler. The
army officers lost faith in assassinate Hitler leaders were
Hitler’s ability to command with a bomb. They rounded up and
the country and sought to narrowly executed.
remove him and take his failed
power.
Young People Young people who don’t Defiance. Drinking, The Pirates had no
– want their lives mapped smoking, dancing intention of
Edelweiss out by the Nazi’s and in overthrowing Hitler –
Pirates wanted to rebel and live groups, drugs, they were teenagers
their own lives. Many telling who wanted to rebel
opposed the Nazi’s racial anti-Nazi stories against a controlling
policies as well as friends and government. They
 were singled out as jokes, beating up survived until 1944,
“superior” or “Inferior 2. Hitler when the Nazi’s
Youth members, Clamped down and
having sex. arrested many of them.
Young People Sophie Scholl, her brother They distributed a All three members were
– The White Hans and their friend set of leaflets at tried and executed for
Rose formed the White Rose – a the university and printing the leaflets.
Group. group dedicated to printed more to be
showing people the truth sent by post.
about what the Nazi’s were Under
doing in the war and to interrogation
minority groups. They were Sophie
appalled by the Nazi’s refused to pledge
methods and lying allegiance to the
propaganda. Nazi’s.
Why so little opposition?
 People didn’t know what was going on- Many people were ignorant of what
was happening because of the censorship of the media and Nazi propaganda.
Reliable information often only came from foreign radio – which was illegal.
 Divided opposition – There were no legal opponents to the Nazis now, and
the opposition that did exist could not agree on what to do. There was no
single group with a decent plan that people could support
 Fear - People were terrified of the Gestapo, the SS and the Camps. Most
people just wanted to get on with their lives without hassle or having to watch
out – so they just went along with the Nazis.
 Some people genuinely liked what the Nazi’s were doing, such as the elderly
and military. Germany became strong and feared again in Europe, which made
many Germans feel good and happy.
 Quibbles were minor because many people didn’t know the serious things
that were going on (such as extermination of the Jews), many people had only
minor quibbles with the Nazi’s – such as losing their local sports centre. This
was not enough to create opposition.
 Nazis were voted in. Many Germans felt there was nothing they could do
about the Nazis because they had come to power by legal means. They had
 been the biggest party in the Reichstag before it was closed down, with
millions voting for them.
 No organised opposition - The only organised group that people who hated
the Nazis could join was the Church. No single, organised opposition group
existed.
 Effective propaganda- Nazi propaganda was very effective in keeping support
for the party. People were bombarded with stories of how great the Nazis
were every day, and unpopular policies always quickly dropped.
How did the Nazi’s control the German People?
The Nazi’s used a variety of methods to keep control of ordinary Germans. You will
need to know about their main two methods: Fear and Propaganda. Historian’s call
this the “carrot and stick” approach – Propaganda being the “carrot” for people to
chase, giving them reasons to want to follow the party, and the “stick” being fear –
using the stick to force people to do as they were told.

The Nazi’s had 4 aces to help them control by fear.

 Originally Hitler's personal bodyguard.

 Later became enforcers of Hitler's racial policies.

 "Death’s head" SS men organised the holocaust of Jews and the Concentration
camps.
 Waffen SS men were elite soldiers in WWII. Their job was to follow the army
and deal with prisoners and "undesirables".
The Gestapo
 Nazi Secret Police force.

 Agents wore no particular uniform - they were designed to blend in.

  They used informers and spies throughout Germany.
 They had the power to bug telephones, open letters and put people in prison
without trial.
Concentration Camps
 Created straight after Hitler got into power to contain political prisoners and
opponents
 Camps in Germany were basically for slave labour.

 Rumours of shootings, beatings and deaths reached most Germans.

 You had a sentence, but many inmates were never seen again.

Informers and the courts

 Informers were used by the Gestapo to spy on ordinary people and “inform”
on anyone who opposed Hitler.
 Children in the Hitler Youth were encouraged to be informers.

 Courts were designed for televised “show trials”.

 Accused was always found guilty and allowed no defence – was meant to be
an example to others.
Propaganda
The Nazi’s didn’t just use “stick” methods – they also used Propaganda as a means of
making people want to be part of the Nazi Nation. The Nazi propaganda minister was
Josef Goebbels, Hitler’s second in command. He was obsessed with using films, radio
and simple, effective images to spread the Nazi message and brainwash people into
following them. Here are some of the main methods used.
Radio
 Goebbels used Radio extensively to spread Nazi ideas.

 Hitler’s speeches, biased news articles and Nazi music would be played 24/7.

 Goebbels even developed the People’s radio – a cheap receiver that could be
given to people too poor to afford an ordinary radio, and which could not
receive foreign stations like the BBC.
Newspapers
  Nazi’s took over most papers
 Anti-Nazi papers banned.

 Propaganda ministry issued daily orders to papers.

 People encouraged to buy Nazi papers – could be threatened if you cancelled

a subscription.
Posters
 Goebbels a master at posters.

 Thousands of different issues covered, e.g. anti-Jewish, encourage farming.

 Lots of simple, stark words and images.

 Even uneducated people could understand them.

Berlin Olympics
 Decided before Hitler came to power.

 Hitler used it to show superiority of the Aryan Race.

 Lots of Nazi symbols on show and athletes trained.

Films
 Over 1000 films were made by Nazis.

 Mostly love stories, comedies, adventures or political films.

 Some were anti-Jewish, anti-communist or anti-British.

 Goebbels wanted people to be entertained – this was how propaganda

worked best.
Culture and Festivals.
 Only Nazi approved music was allowed – usually German Classical.

 Theatre had to be either German history or pro-Nazi political drama.

 Many books were banned and taken from shelves – there were special
burnings of books
 Many Nazi events were marked with festivals, marches and holidays, eg the
anniversary of the Munich Putsch.
 Terror Propaganda
 Power of rumour is very strong  Helps to “brainwash” people,
 Constant fear of saying the wrong especially young.
thing to the  Gives people entertainment while
 wrong person. spreading the message.
 People who don’t respond to Nazi  Gives people incentives to follow
message are kept in line the Nazis.
 Crushes opposition  Turns people against Nazi
 Faster effect than Propaganda enemies.
 Increases loyalty and obedience

How were groups treated in Nazi Germany?

A very likely topic to come up is how Nazi’s changed the lives of various groups.
There are four main groups to look at:

Minority Groups
A number of minority groups were persecuted by the Nazis for 4 main reasons. Jews,
Gypsies, Homosexuals, prostitutes, criminals, drug addicts and the mentally or
physically disabled were persecuted for these reasons.
Social Darwinism
“Our race is naturally better and stronger than yours. It the natural order of things for
us to crush your race”
 Jews
  Gypsies
 Homosexuals

 Disabled

Economic Jealousy
“You must be removed from your good jobs to give Germans a chance! Your wealth
should also go to “proper” Germans”
 Mainly Jews

Racial Purity
We are the superior race. You must not be allowed to mix with us because it will
dilute our blood and make us weak.
 Jews

 Gypsies

 Disabled

 Habitual Criminals

Economic efficiency
“You are lazy and don’t work hard enough or fit with our ideas. You will stop
Germany from becoming great unless we get rid of you”
 Criminals

 Drug addicts

 Prostitutes

 Disabled

The persecution of Minorities.

The Nazi’s started to persecute minorities from the moment Hitler got into power in
the 1933. This happened in four main stages.
 1933 - Propaganda – Posters and films designed to turn the public against
these minority groups.
 1933 - Sterilisation Law – People with certain hereditary illnesses, eg mental
disability that can be passed to children were sterilized (can’t have children).
 350,000 men were forced to be sterilized by 1945.
 1934 – Concentration Camps – These were used at first to house political
opponents. Hitler then used them to house criminals and drug addicts who
kept reoffending. Anti-social families were also sent to the camps to get them
away from society, as were homosexuals.
 1939 – Euthanasia – The Nazi’s started to secretly exterminate the mentally
handicapped in Euthanasia centres using either a lethal injection or gas vans.
72,000 were murdered this way, including 6000 babies and young children.
The Nazi’s justified this by pointing to how much money the country saved.
The Treatment of Jews
Although the Holocaust does not normally come up, you must be aware of how the
Nazis persecuted the Jews differently to other minorities. As with the persecution of
minorities, there are four recognisable stages:
Stage 1 – Persecution
The Nazi’s started a propaganda campaign against the Jews. Jewish shops were
boycotted, and there were any-Semitic posters and films designed to turn Germans
against Jews
 1933 One day anti-Jewish boycott of Jewish shops

 1934 increased anti-Jewish propaganda

 1934 Germans beaten up for going to Jewish shops

Stage 2 – Restriction
The lives of Jews started to become restricted. Laws stopped them from having
certain jobs, or doing certain activities. This was meant to make life harder for Jews:
 1933 Jewish teachers sacked.

 1935 Jews not allowed to join army.

 1935 Nuremberg Laws – Jews not allowed to marry or have sex with Germans.
Jews lose German citizenship.
 1937 Jewish businesses confiscated.

Stage 3 Segregation
By 1938, the Nazi’s were introducing laws designed to separate Jews from the rest of
 German society. This was to make everyone believe they were not German.
 1938 – Jews have to register all their property

 1938 All Jewish passports stamped with a “J”.

 1939 – Jews have to change middle name to “Israel” or “Sarah”.

 Jews have to wear yellow star.

Stage 4 - Violence
After Krystallnact and the start of World War II, the Nazi’s began a stage of Violence.
The invasion of Poland brought a huge number of Jews under German control.
 1939 All Jews in Poland must register their occupation. Nonessential workers
are taken away.
 1940 Jews put into Ghettos

 1941- “The final solution to the Jewish problem” – Death camps started.

Krystallnacht 1939
 “The Night of the Broken Glass” Ordered by Goebbels because he needed to
get back into Hitler’s good books after an affair with a Czech actress.
 Nazis went through the night smashing Jewish shops and burning Synagogues

 A massive amount of damage was done.

 The event was reported around the world, but nothing was done

 This represented the first move towards violence against Jews.

What was expected of Women?

The “Three K’s” sum up what was expected of women in Nazi Germany.
 They were expected to be mothers to a large family

 They were expected to teach Nazi morals and values to the family

 They were expected to be good housewives to their husbands

Women Men
 Should stay at home and be housewives –  Men are in the Sphere of politics and the Army
they should not work.  Men are expected to be workers or soldiers for
 Were encourage to have as many children as the Nazi army.
possible.  Should Aryan – Blonde Hair and Blue eyes
 Received Iron Cross medals for having  Should be members of the Nazi party.
children – 8 Children = Gold medal.  Should marry and have children with an Aryan
 Should not drink or smoke, as this could harm woman as soon as possible.
the family.  Men’s job was to protect the family, provide
 Should be strong, athletic and healthy, but money and work or fight for the benefit of
have big, child-bearing hips. Germany.
 Be Aryan, with simple, tied back hair  Should be military trained – preparation for
 Should wear simple clothes made from easy- War
to-get materials – preparation for war.  Should know the expectations of the Nazi
 Should be able to cook using leftovers and party and make sure the family knows them.
small amounts – Preparation for war.
 Should teach their family true Nazi values.
How did the Nazi’s encourage women to fit into what they wanted?
Nazis used the carrot and stick (propaganda and terror) approach to getting women
to do what they wanted.
Loans
 Women were given marriage loans of 1000 Reichsmarks. The more children
they had, the less they had to pay back
Medals
 Women were awarded the Iron cross for having Children. They got a bronze
medal for four children, and gold for 8. Women were given high status for
having children
Dress
 High heels and fashionable dress were frowned upon. Propaganda showed
this to be wrong
Sterilisation
 Women with hereditary handicaps were forced to be sterilised.

Sacked
 Women were sacked from all jobs under Government control, such as teachers
 and Civil Servants.
Forced Abortions
 Women were encouraged to abort or euthanize handicapped babies.

How did World War Two Affect Women?

Back to work
 With men going to war, women were suddenly needed in the workplace again

 Women manned the arms factories, industry and farms.

 This was heavy, physical work that women weren’t used to

Lebensborn
 The Nazi’s asked single women to “donate a baby” to Hitler.

 This meant having sex with Aryan SS officers and having their children.

 The Government would give benefits to these Lebensborn babies

Difficult to meet Nazi Ideals

 Having to work meant women could not stay home with their children or teach
them Nazi values
 The stress of war made women start smoking and drinking.

 No men = no children

 Affairs because husbands are away.

Were women better or worse off?

Better off Worse off
 Marriage loans  Educated or career women much
 Women who wanted to stay at worse off
home benefitted.  Sterilisation for women with
 “Motherly” women were given inherited weakness, eg colour
high status. blindness
  Medals for lots of Children.  Encouraged abortion
 Higher rate of marriage.  Fashion and individuality taken
 Looked after by state – if married. away.
 • Seen as “baby factories”
Young People
Young Germans were seen as incredibly important to the future of the Nazi party –
they were its future. The Nazi’s intention was to brainwash the young people of
Germany in order to create a generation of loyal devoted soldiers and mothers. The
Nazi’s did this in two ways – through the Hitler Youth and education.
Hitler Youth
The Hitler youth was founded in 1926 after Hitler got out of prison and started to
reorganise the party. It’s membership was low until 1933 when Hitler became
Chancellor.
Hitler Youth membership
 As you can see on the graph, membership was fairly low until 1933.

 It reached over 1 million in 1932 when the Nazi’s were doing well in elections.

 Membership doubled to 2 million when Hitler became Chancellor.

 By 1934 membership was nearly 6 million as Hitler became Fuhrer and people
were afraid not to join.
Boys
The boys in the Hitler Jugend were being prepared to enter the male sphere – work,
politics and the army.
 They went on camps.

 Basic military training, including close combat competitions.

 Hitler Youth members would get a Nazi badge and HJ knife when they
passed their tests.
 Boys would receive political training and learn about Nazi ideas and sing
songs.
 Bravery tests – including jumping from first floor windows.

 Extreme fitness training and cross country running.

Girls
Girls were being prepared to enter the Women’s sphere – the home and family. The
League of German
Maidens taught:
 Advanced child development training – how to raise a child.
 Sewing
 Washing
 “Domestic science”- science of keeping a house.
 Racial science – how to choose the correct Aryan partner
 Advanced cooking, including competitions using leftovers.
 Camping, hiking and cross country running.
 Political training – oaths of loyalty, singing songs.

But….
 Hitler Youth was not popular with all children. Many only joined because of
threatening letters.
 Some HJ groups had very few children turning up.
 Children liked the fun, physical aspects, but were bored when they were
taught politics.
 Some simply ignored the “brainwashing” side.

Nazi Education
Education was massive to Hitler’s plans. If he could get education right, he would be
bringing up a whole generation of fanatically loyal soldiers and mothers who had
never know anything other than the Nazi way of life. Nothing was more important to
the Nazi future.
Teachers
 As soon as Hitler got into power in 1933, teachers were forced to join the
German Teacher’.
 League and be members of the Nazi party.
 All Jewish teachers were sacked.
 Having good, Nazi teachers was vital to ensure the young were taught
“correctly”.
Sport
 Hitler needed both girls and boys to be extremely fit and healthy so they could
become good soldiers and mothers.
  Both boys and girls did several hours of PE every day.
 Boys started the day with PE, and would do boxing and other combat skills.
 Girls would mostly do Hiking, Athletics and Cross country.
History and Geography
 Only German “Ayran” history was taught – old history books were replaced
with Nazi ones.
 Geography centred on areas Hitler hoped to control
Maths and Citizenship
 Maths to help Girls measure ingredients and boys for practical use.
 Citizenship – both sexes were constantly taught to be good Nazis
Racial Science
 Girls in particular were taught Race science and Eugenics (science of Breeding).
 This was to help them pick out a good racial partner and raise an Aryan Child

Were Women or the Young better off?

Religion
Hitler needed to control the churches in Germany if he wanted total power. The
Church was a huge influence on the people, as it offered a life after death and hope.
At the very least, Hitler had to make sure the Church was on his side.
 Church Opposition – There was also some significant opposition to Hitler from some
important figures in the Church. This was dangerous for the Nazis.
Name Catholic/Protestant Why did they oppose? How were they dealt with?
Martin Niemoller Protestant – former He opposed the Nazi’s Concentration camp
war hero and church ideas and what they had
leader done to the Protestant
Church
by making them “German
Christians”
Paul Schneider Protestant He criticised the Nazi’s, and 2 years in Buchenwald
the work of Goebbels in Concentration Camp
particular
Cardinal Galen Catholic Exposed the Nazi’s No action, as they were
euthanasia programme on frightened of rebellion if he
handicapped children was killed.
Jehovah’s Witnesses Others Wanted to live by religious 1/3 died in the concentration
beliefs – not what the camps
Nazi’s said.
Treatment of the Church
 Hitler treated the Protestant and Catholic Churches very differently. You need
to know how he treated them, and most importantly, why.
 The Catholic Church Hitler did not want a battle with the Catholic Church. They
 are led by the Pope, who lives in his own City in Italy.
 Hitler dared not make an enemy of him, because he could order all Catholics
across the world to oppose the Nazis.
 Hitler made an agreement, called a Concordat in 1935 –Nazi’s would leave all
Catholic Churches, schools and groups alone, in exchange for the Pope staying
out of all politics.
 Hitler and the Pope signed it.

Control?
The Nazi’s never had much control of the Catholics. This was because they had a
central leader, the Pope, who they had to win the support of. Hitler basically left
them alone.
The Protestant Church.
 The Protestant Churches had no leader – they were just individual churches.
 This made it much easier for Hitler to bring them under Nazi control.
 The Department for Church affairs was set up to control Protestant Churches.
 They were brought together as “German Christians” Hitler was able to choose
who the most important Bishops would be.
 Priests wore Nazi robes and badges, with Swastika flags in church. They also
did Nazi salutes and marches.
Control?
Hitler had some control of the Protestants – but not total. He abolished all church
schools in 1939, but was never able to get people to stop going to Church or love
him more than God.
Nazi Faith Movement
Designed by Hitler as an alternative to Christianity Pagan style worship of the sun,
nature, the
seasons and “survival of the fittest”. Never especially popular.

The Nazi Economy

The Wall Street Crash had completely destroyed the German Economy for the second
time in less than 10 years. There was massive unemployment, and Germany relied on
imported goods from other countries that it could not afford. Production was low, so
Germany was struggling to make money by selling its goods to other countries. Hitler
knew little about money, but when he came to power, he had 3 aims to turn the
country around.

Hitler had two Economic ministers in the lead up to the War. These men were in
charge of Germany’s money, imports, exports and production. You will need to know
what both of these men did and how successful they were.
Dr Hjalmar Schacht
1933-1937
Schacht was made president of the Bank and devised the “New Plan” for Germany’s
economy”.
How the New Plan met Hitler’s Economic aims
Reduce Unemployment
 He invented jobs to reduce unemployment, such as getting people to build
new roads and buildings.
 Compulsory Labour service for 18–25-year-olds – 6 months.
 Conscription to the army in 1935.
 Sacked Jews from important jobs

Build up industry for war

 He felt that Germany could not afford to rearm and put money into other
areas.
Make Germany Self Sufficient (Autarky)
 Various trade agreements with other countries to get money into Germany.
 Imports were limited to encourage Germany to produce what it needed itself.
 Raw Materials brought in from abroad.

Success?
Yes.
Schacht’s plan solved the Economic problems and gave Hitler the money to build up
the army. However, Hitler sacked him because he wanted the country to re-arm
faster.
Hermann Goering
1937-41 – TheFour Year Plan
Goering was Hitler’s third in command, and was ordered to find a way to rearm
Germany
quickly.
How the Four-Year Plan met Hitler’s Economic aims
Reduce Unemployment
 He invented new jobs – especially manning arms factories.
 Most men were conscripted in the army by this time.
 Forced Labour groups to build public essentials like roads
Build up industry for war
 Increased production of coal, Iron, oil and Metal – all materials that are needed
for war.
 Built new Industrial plants and armaments factories.
 Massive building of ships, planes and Tanks.
Make Germany Self Sufficient (Autarky)
 Businesses persuaded to produce fake rubber, oil and textiles in case these
things could no longer be imported.
 Imports from other countries were reduced much more.
 Tight controls on workers’ wages.
Success?
No really.
 By 1939 Germany was not self-sufficient and still needed foreign imports that
 it wouldn’t be able to get in wartime.
 Food had to be rationed as the Government spent more money on weapons.

Did the Nazi’s achieve an economic miracle?

 Firstly, don’t feel put off by all the difficult ideas and words to do with the
economy – its not important for you to understand economics at an advanced
level.
 What you do need is to be able to explain how far the Nazi’s managed to
make a success of Germany’s money and whether they achieved their aims.
 This section will look at the Nazi’s successes and failures with the economy.
 Tradition ideas are that the Nazi’s managed to get every German into work,
make everyone better off and create a rich country that could afford the latest
military equipment.
 The truth is that this is not entirely the case.

Government spending
 The Government’s income rose steadily throughout the 1930’s.
 Government spending also increased throughout the 1930’s
Problems
 Expenditure (money going out) was always higher than money going in
(income).
 In 1937 expenditure went up rapidly due to rearmament.
 As a result, Germany’s debt was 4 times higher than in 1932.

Government spending areas

 As you can see on the second bar from the left, rearmament started in 1933.
 By 1938 rearmament was taking up twice as much money as anything else.
 As a result, work creation schemes, which reached a peak in 1934, were
receiving no money by 1936.
 This is because most men had jobs – in the army, in making arms, or in ex-
Jewish businesses.
Wages
 Wages had reached an all-time low in 1932, the last year of the Weimar
Republic.
 They increased immediately when Hitler got into power in 1933.
Problems
 However, many argue that wages would have started to increase anyway.
  Wage levels in 1938 only managed to reach the level they had been in 1928
before the Wall Street Crash.
Investment
 Investment (the Government putting money into industry) was very low in
1932.
 Hitler had millions of Reichsmarks invested in industry – 22 million in 1938,
much more than 10 years ago
Problems
 As you can see from the income graph earlier, the Nazi’s had to borrow a lot of
this money.
 You can also see from the other spending areas graph that most investment
was in rearming -not building up the country,
Industrial Production
 This means how much Iron, steel, coal, textiles and other raw materials
Germany was making.
 As you can see, unemployment fell to almost nothing in 1938, while production
at his best level ever.
 This links to the Nazis investment – lots of money was being pumped into
industry However, most of this industry was for rearmaments – not producing
things that Germans could buy. Unemployment fell because of conscription.
General Production
 Most industries, such as motor vehicles, chemicals, textiles, coal and machinery
had easily overtaken 1928 levels of production by 1934.
 Many reached double 1928 levels
Problems
 The Nazi’s focused on quite a small sector of industry – producing things that
could help with rearmament.
 This meant they didn’t have any decent goods to sell when they needed the
money
Imports and exports.
 The left-hand bar is exports – the right bar is imports from other countries.
 By 1935 the Nazi’s had managed export more goods that they were importing
Problems
 This did not last. By 1938 Germany was again needing to import more goods
from abroad.
  Exports were never even half as in 1928.
Economic Success Economic-Failures
 Imports were lower than exports by 1935  The Nazis failed to achieve Autarky (self-
 Germany successfully rearmed and was sufficiency) – they still needed materials
strong enough to conquer Europe by from abroad.
1939  Decrease in unemployment was mostly
 Unemployment was reduced to almost because of conscription and forced labour
zero groups.
 Industrial production almost doubled.  Investment in industry was centred on
 Government investment in industry was rearmament, neglecting more vital things.
higher than during the “Golden age” of  Wages were only as good as during the
Weimar. Weimar Republic, while people actually had
 Wages started to rise. less food.
Tackling Unemployment
The Nazi’s used four different ideas in order to tackle the issue of unemployment.
DAF – Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German workers front)
 Every German worker and employer had to join the DAF
 Any disputes between employees and their workers were settled by the DAF
 Any German who became unemployed was put to work by the DAF, building
roads, hospitals, or other public buildings.
Strength through Joy – KDF (Kraft Durch Freude)
 Part of Volksgemeinchaft
 The Nazi’s did not want people spending their leisure time outside of Nazi
control.
 KDF arranged holidays, day trips, concerts, sports groups, clubs, etc so
workers could enjoy Nazi approved leisure time.
 Highly successful

Beauty of Labour
 This organisation was aimed at persuading private employers to give workers
better conditions”.
 Nazi’s “looking out for the workers”
  They arranged campaigns such as “good ventilation in the workplace” or “hot
meals at lunch”
RAD – Reich Labour Service
 Basically, forced labour service for all German men.
 Like National service – all men aged between 18-25 had to do 6 months
compulsory state labour.
 Building roads, schools, etc.
 Unpopular as work was very hard and with low pay.

Who was better off under the Nazi’s?

Small businessmen
 Hitler disliked the growth of big department stores, and passed laws to shut
them down and stop their growth.
 This led to people shopping at little stores Closure of Jewish businesses also
reduced competition for the small shopkeeper or businessman
Big businessmen

 Traditional supporters of the Nazis. Big businesses benefitted from massive
rearmament contracts. During the war, slave labour from Jews and Poles was
also available, cutting wage costs. However, The Nazi’s forced business to
produce what they wanted.
Farmers
 Also, traditional Nazi supporters, who gained a lot of good land from
conquered Europe.
 Food prices were increased, giving them more money, and many debts were
written off.
 However, there was lots of Government meddling and loss of farm workers.
Unskilled workers
 Ordinary workers who had lost out the most from the Wall Street Crash
depressions were put to work on Government DAF programmes.
 Though wages were low and they were forced, this allowed many to get back
on the employment ladder.
Older people
 Older people were given generous pensions by the Nazis. Many also loved the
return to the “glory days” of Germany being a strong military power.