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An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware

resources and provides common services for computer programs. When you start using a
Computer System then it's the Operating System (OS) which acts as an interface between
you and the computer hardware. The operating system is really a low level Software which
is categorised as a System Software and supports a computer's basic functions, such as
memory management, tasks scheduling and controlling peripherals etc.

This simple and easy tutorial will take you through step by step approach while learning
Operating System concepts in detail.

What is Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Generally, a Computer System consists of the following components:

Computer Users are the users who use the overall computer system.
Application Softwares are the softwares which users use directly to perform different
activities. These softwares are simple and easy to use like Browsers, Word, Excel,
different Editors, Games etc. These are usually written in high-level languages, such
as Python, Java and C++.

System Softwares are the softwares which are more complex in nature and they are
more near to computer hardware. These software are usually written in low-level
 languages like assembly language and includes Operating Systems (Microsoft
Windows, macOS, and Linux), Compiler, and Assembler etc.
Computer Hardware includes Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Disks, Memory, etc.

So now let's put it in simple words:

If we consider a Computer Hardware is body of the Computer System, then we

can say an Operating System is its soul which brings it alive ie. operational. We
can never use a Computer System if it does not have an Operating System
installed on it.

Operating System - Examples

There are plenty of Operating Systems available in the market which include paid and
unpaid (Open Source). Following are the examples of the few most popular Operating
Systems:

Windows: This is one of the most popular and commercial operating systems
developed and marketed by Microsoft. It has different versions in the market like
Windows 8, Windows 10 etc and most of them are paid.

Linux This is a Unix based and the most loved operating system first released on
September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Today, it has 30+ variants available like
Fedora, OpenSUSE, CentOS, UBuntu etc. Most of them are available free of charges
though you can have their enterprise versions by paying a nominal license fee.

MacOS This is again a kind of Unix operating system developed and marketed by
Apple Inc. since 2001.
iOS This is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc.
exclusively for its mobile devices like iPhone and iPad etc.
Android This is a mobile Operating System based on a modified version of the Linux
kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Some other old but popular Operating Systems include Solaris, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS,
etc.

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Operating System - Functions

To brief, Following are some of important functions of an operating System which we will
look in more detail in upcoming chapters:

Process Management

I/O Device Management

File Management

Network Management

Main Memory Management

Secondary Storage Management

Security Management

Command Interpreter System

Control over system performance

Job Accounting

Error Detection and Correction

Coordination between other software and users

Many more other important tasks

Operating Systems - History

Operating systems have been evolving through the years. In the 1950s, computers were
limited to running one program at a time like a calculator, but later in the following decades,
computers began to include more and more software programs, sometimes called
libraries, that formed the basis for today’s operating systems.
The first Operating System was created by General Motors in 1956 to run a single IBM
mainframe computer, its name was the IBM 704. IBM was the first computer manufacturer
to develop operating systems and distribute them in its computers in the 1960s.

There are few facts about Operating System evaluation:

Stanford Research Institute developed the oN-Line System (NLS) in the late 1960s,
which was the first operating system that resembled the desktop operating system
we use today.
Microsoft bought QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) in 1981 and branded it as
Microsoft Operating System (MS-DOS). As of 1994, Microsoft had stopped
supporting MS-DOS.
Unix was developed in the mid-1960s by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
AT&T Bell Labs, and General Electric as a joint effort. Initially it was named MULTICS,
which stands for Multiplexed Operating and Computing System.
FreeBSD is also a popular UNIX derivative, originating from the BSD project at
Berkeley. All modern Macintosh computers run a modified version of FreeBSD (OS X).

Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system

built on top of MS-DOS. It was released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft as part of its
Windows 9x family of operating systems.
Solaris is a proprietary Unix operating system originally developed by Sun
Microsystems in 1991. After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in 2010 it was renamed
Oracle Solaris.

Why to Learn Operating System

If you are aspiring to become a Great Computer Programmer then it is highly
recommended to understand how exactly an Operating System works inside out. This gives
opportunity to understand how exactly data is saved in the disk, how different processes
are created and scheduled to run by the CPU, how to interact with different I/O devices and
ports.

There are various low level concepts which help a programmer to Design and Develop
scalable softwares. Bottom line is without a good understanding of Operating System
Concepts, it can't be assumed someone to be a good Computer Application Software
developer, and even it is unimaginable imagine someone to become a System Software
developer without knowing Operating System in-depth.

If you are a fresher and applying for a job in any standard company like Google, Microsoft,
Amazon, IBM etc then it is very much possible that you will be asked questions related to
Operating System concepts.

Target Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the Computer Science Professionals and Students
specially for BCA, MCA, B.Tech, M.Tech Engineering Students to help them understand the
basic to advanced concepts related to an Operating System in general. Operating System is
one of the core concepts in every University teaching Computer Science and this subject
has a lot of weight from exams point of view.

Prerequisites
Before you start learning Operating System using this tutorial, we are making an
assumption that you are already aware of Computer Fundaments like What is Computer
Hardware, CPU, Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, Devices, Files etc. If you are not
already aware of these concepts then it will be difficult to understand various concepts
related to Operating System and so it is highly recommended to go through our Computer
Fundamentals Tutorial before attempting to learn Operating System.

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