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    Dit 0202 - Week One

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    Ali Doyo

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    Dit 0202 - Week One

    Uploaded by

    Ali Doyo
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    Dit 0202_week One

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    23 views20 pages

    Dit 0202 - Week One

    Uploaded by

    Ali Doyo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION

    TECHNOLOGY
    DIT 0202: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING & ALGORITHMS
    WEEEK 1
    INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS
    LECTURER: MR. ALVIN MDACHI
    By the of this lecture you should be able to:
    1. Define a computer system
    2. Know the various components of a computer system and how
    they work
    3. Understand the different classes of computer software
    4. Explain the different types of computing environments
    5. Describe the differences between machine languages, symbolic
    languages and high level languages and state their examples
    COMPUTER SYSTEMS

    • Computer systems comes from two words;


    • Computer: is an electronic device that stores, manipulates and
    retrieves the data.
    • A System: is a group of several objects with a process.
    • Eg. Educational System involves teacher, students (objects).
    Teacher teaches subject to students i.e., teaching (process).
    Similarly a computer system can have objects and process.
    • A computer system has the following objects:
    1. User ( A person who uses the computer)
    2. Hardware
    3. Software
    • Hardware of a computer system can be referred to as anything
    which we can touch and feel. Example : Keyboard and Mouse.
    • The hardware of a computer system can be classified as: Input
    Devices(I/P), Processing Devices (CPU), & Output Devices(O/P)
    COMPUTER SOFTWARE
    • Software of a computer system can be referred as anything which we can
    feel and see. Eg Windows, icons
    • Two broad categories:
    1. system software, and
    2. application software.
    System software manages the computer resources .It provides the interface
    between the hardware and the users. Application software, on the other hand
    is directly responsible for helping users solve their problems.
    System Software
    • Consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a
    computer and perform required information processing tasks
    • Divided into three classes:
    a) the operating system: The primary purpose of this
    software is to keep the system operating in an efficient
    manner while allowing the users access to the system.
    b) System support software: provides system utilities (such as
    sort programs and disk format programs) and other
    operating services (such as programs that provide
    performance statistics for the operational staff and security
    monitors to protect the system and data).
    System Software… cont’d

    c) System development software: includes the language


    translators that convert programs into machine language
    for execution ,debugging tools to ensure that the
    programs are error free and computer –assisted software
    engineering(CASE) systems.
    Application software
    • broken in to two classes:
    1. General purpose software is purchased from a software
    developer and can be used for more than one application. Eg
    word processors, dbms, cad

    2. Application –specific software can be used only for its


    intended purpose. Eg general ledger system used by
    accountants
    The relationship between system and application
    software

    • To work with the system, the typical user uses some form of
    application software. The application software in turn interacts
    with the operating system, which is a part of the system
    software layer.
    • The system software provides the direct interaction with the
    hard ware.
    • The opening at the bottom of the figure is the path followed
    by the user who interacts directly with the operating system
    when necessary.
    COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS

    • The following are the different kinds of computing environments


    available:
    1. Personal Computing Environment: used to satisfy the needs of
    a single user, who uses the computer for the personal tasks. Eg.
    Pc
    2. Time-Sharing Environment:
    • meant to share the processing of the computer basing on the
    criteria time. all the computing must be done by the central
    computer
    • all the computing must be done by the central computer
    • The complete processing is done by the central computer
    • The computer which ask for processing are only dumb
    terminals.
    3. Client/Server Environment:
    • involves the processing between two machines.
    • A client Machine is the one which requests processing.
    • A Server Machine is the one which offers the processing.
    • Hence the client is Capable enough to do processing.
    • A portion of processing is done by client and the
    core(important) processing is done by Server.
    4. Distributed Computing:
    • provides a seamless integration of computing functions
    between different servers and clients.
    • A client is not just a requestor for processing the information
    from the server but the client also has the capability to
    process information.
    • All the machines Clients/Servers share the processing
    task. Eg. Example: Ebay on Internet
    COMPUTER LANGUAGES

    • Are used to write a program (tells a computer what to do) for a


    computer.
    Machine Language
    • They were the only programming languages available in the earliest
    days of computers.
    • Each computer had its own machine language which is made of
    streams of 0‘s and 1‘s.
    • The instructions in machine language must be in binary.
    Advantages: Disadvantages:
    High speed execution Machine dependent
    The computer can understood Programming is very difficult
    instructions immediately
    No translation is needed. Difficult to understand
    Difficult to write bug free programs
    Difficult to isolate an error
    Symbolic Languages
    • aka Assembly Language because it has a special program called an
    Assembler that translates symbolic code into the machine language.
    • First concept developed in early 1950‘s by Admiral Grace Hopper, a
    mathematician and naval officer.
    • It is a special computer program that would convert programs into
    machine language.
    • simply mirrored the machine languages using symbols or mnemonics
    to represent the various language (known as symbolic languages)
    instructions.
    Symbolic Languages…cont’d
    Advantages Disadvantages:
    Easy to understand and use Machine Dependent Language
    Easy to modify and isolate error Requires translator
    High efficiency Difficult to learn and write
    programs
    More control on hardware Slow development time
    Less efficient
    High-Level Languages
    • Developed to improve programmer efficiency and to change the
    focus from the computer to the problems being solved.
    • are portable to many different computer allowing the programmer
    to concentrate on the application problem at hand rather than the
    intricacies of the computer.
    •
    High-Level Languages… CONT’D
    Advantages Disadvantages
    Easy to write and understand Needs translator
    Easy to isolate an error Requires high execution time
    Machine independent language Poor control on hardware
    Easy to maintain Less efficient
    Better readability
    Low Development cost
    Easier to document
    Portable

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