⋆ ˚｡ ⋆୨୧˚

ℎ ℎ
- understand that every substance consists of chemical components.
- understand what an element is.
- understand how to use the periodic table.
- using the periodic table, write the chemical symbols of elements.

ℎ
introduction
di erent substances have di erent physical characteristics, which serve di erent functions. the
di erent substances have di erent physical properties due to their chemical composition.
chemical composition
chemical composition is the chemical components which make up a substance. hence, matter
can be classi ed as elements and non-elements, based on their chemical composition. non-
elements can be further classi ed into compounds and mixtures.
elements
an element is the simplest form of matter. an element is a substance that cannot be broken down
into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods.
periodic table
an arrangement of all the elements, in accordance with their increasing atomic number (proton
number).

group
a group consists of elements which are found in the same vertical column. Elements which are
arranged in the same column belong to the same group.
Groups start from Group 1 to Group 18.
𝑠
𝑒
𝑐
𝑥
ff
ff
𝑐
𝑝
𝑒
𝑖
𝑚
𝑙
𝑒
𝑜
𝑖
𝑟
𝑛
𝑐
𝑖
𝑎
𝑛
𝑐
𝑙
fi
𝑔
𝑝
𝑒
𝑡
𝑟
𝑜
𝑒
𝑛
𝑝
𝑑
𝑒
𝑜
𝑖
𝑟
𝜐
𝑡
𝑡
𝑖
𝑒
𝑒
𝑒
ff
ff
𝑟
𝑠
𝑠
fi
𝑠
𝑖
𝑜
𝑡
𝑓
𝑦
𝑜
𝑠
𝑢
𝑓
𝑏
𝑚
𝑠
𝑡
𝑎
𝑎
𝑡
𝑛
𝑡
𝑐
𝑒
𝑒
𝑟
𝑠
𝑏
𝑦
𝑖
𝑡
𝑠
𝑐
𝑒
𝑚
𝑖
𝑐
𝑎
ff
𝑙
𝑐
𝑜
𝑚
𝑝
𝑜
𝑠
𝑖
𝑡
𝑖
𝑜
𝑛
Elements which are in the same group have similar chemical properties, as they have the same
number of valence electrons.
period
elements which are arranged in the same row belong to the same period.
moving from the left to the right of a particular period, the properties of elements gradually change
from those of metals to those of non-metals.
metallic and non metallic elements
properties of metals:
- good conductor of heat and electricity
- high melting point and boiling point
- high density
- malleable and ductile
properties of non-metals:
- poor conductor of heat and electricity
- low melting point and boiling point
- dull and brittle

revision qns
Question 2:
Which of the following describes the elements correctly?
1. They can be broken down into simpler forms by chemical means.
2. They are not pure substances.
3. They can be classi ed into two groups, metals and non-metals.
4. There are more non-metallic elements than metallic ones.
Solution:
(C) They can be classi ed into two groups, metals and non-metals.
Explanation:
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by chemical
means. Based on the Periodic Table, there are more metallic elements than non-metallic
elements.

Question 3:
Which of the following correctly classi es the elements that belong to the same column in the
Periodic Table?
1. chemical properties
2. group
3. physical Properties
4. period
Solution:
(B) group
Explanation:
Elements in the same horizontal column belong to the same group.

Question 4:
Which of the following correctly classi es the elements that belong to the same row in the
Periodic Table?
1. chemical Properties
2. group
3. physical Properties
4. period
Solution:
(D) period
Explanation:
Elements in the same row belong to the same period.

Question 5:
Which of the following properties describes the elements that belong to the same group of the
Periodic Table?
fi
fi
fi
fi
1. identical chemical properties
2. identical physical properties
3. similar chemical properties
4. similar physical properties
Solution:
(C) similar chemical properties
Explanation:
Elements that belong to the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties.
The physical properties of elements in the same group change gradually as one moves down the
group.

Question 6:
Using the Periodic Table, which of the following elements is a metal?
1. chlorine
2. nitrogen
3. sodium
4. xenon
Solution:
(C) sodium
Explanation:
Chlorine, nitrogen, and xenon are non-metals.

Question 7:
Using the Periodic Table, which of the following elements is a metal?
1. barium
2. bromine
3. phosphorus
4. radon
Solution:
(A) barium
Explanation:
Bromine, phosphorus, and radon are non-metals.

Question 8:
Using the Periodic Table, which of the following elements is a non-metal?
1. aluminium
2. carbon
3. magnesium
4. titanium
Solution:
(B) carbon
Explanation:
Aluminium, magnesium, and titanium are metals.

Question 9:
Using the Periodic Table, which of the following symbols represents copper?
1. Ca
2. Ci
3. Cu
4. Co
Solution:
(C) Cu
Explanation:
Ca is the symbol of calcium.
Ci does not represent any elements on the Periodic Table.
Co is the symbol of cobalt.
 understand that solutions and suspensions are mixtures.
- distinguish between solute, solvent and solution.
- state the factors a ecting solubility.
- state the factors a ecting the rate of dissolving.

types of mixtures
the two types of mixtures are solutions and suspensions.
solutions
are solution is a homogeneous mixture, where the particles are evenly distributed. hence, a
solution has a uniform appearance and composition throughout.
a solution is made up of a solute and a solvent.
properties of solutions
- the solutes in solutions are very small particles.
- solutions are clear and transparent.
- the solute particles in a solution do not settle down to the bottom of the beaker when left
undisturbed.
- no residue is left after ltering a solution.
suspensions
a suspension is a mixture in which insoluble substances are suspended in a liquid or gas. it is a
heterogeneous mixture, where the particles are not evenly distributed. hence, a suspension does
not have a uniform appearance and composition.
properties of suspensions
- the solutes of suspensions are large and insoluble particles.
- suspensions are opaque.
- the solute particles in a suspension settle down after some time when left undisturbed.
- the residue is left on the lter paper after ltering a suspension.
solubility
solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.
factors a ecting solubility:
- nature of solvent
- nature of solute
- temperature
rate of dissolving
the rate of dissolving is the amount of solute that dissolves in a xed amount of solvent, given a
xed amount of time. (di from solubility)
factors a ecting the rate of dissolving:
- size of solute particles
- rate of stirring
- temperature

revision questions
Question 1:
Which of the following explains how suspensions are formed?
1. Compounds that are chemically combined
2. Elements that are chemically combined
3. Substances that dissolve in a liquid
4. Substances that do not dissolve in a liquid
Solution:
(D) Substances that do not dissolve in a liquid
Explanation:
A suspension is a mixture in which insoluble substances are suspended in a liquid or gas.
𝑠
fi
𝑜
𝑙
𝑢
𝑡
𝑖
𝑜
𝑛
𝑠
ff
ff
𝑎
𝑛
ff
ff
𝑑
𝑠
fi
𝑢
ff
fi
𝑠
𝑝
𝑒
𝑛
𝑠
𝑖
𝑜
𝑛
𝑠
fi
fi
 Question 2:
Which of the following explains the rate of dissolving of a solute?
1. How much a solute dissolves in a xed volume of solvent
2. How much a solute dissolves in any volume of solvent
3. How fast a solute dissolves in a xed volume of solvent
4. How fast a solute dissolves in any volume of solvent
Solution:
(C) How fast a solute dissolves in a xed volume of solvent
Explanation:
The rate of dissolving is the amount of solute that dissolves in a xed amount of solvent, given a
xed amount of time.

Question 3:
Which of the following word equations is correct?
1. solute + solute → solution
2. solution + solvent → solute
3. solute + solution → solvent
4. solvent + solute → solution
Solution:
(D) solvent + solute → solution
Explanation:
A solution is where the solute dissolves in a solvent.

Question 4:
Which of the following a ects the solubility of a solute?
1. Nature of solute
2. Rate of stirring
3. Temperature of solvent
Choose the correct option

1. I and II only
2. I and III only
3. II and III only
4. All of the above
Solution:
(B) I and III only
Explanation:
Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.
The factors that a ect the solubility of a solute are:
1. nature of solute;
2. nature of solvent; and
3. temperature.
fi
ff
ff
fi
fi
fi
fi