GR

To do coordinate
any
sort
of physics are need a
~ system
1)
Principles of Relativity: Laws
~
of physics
should have the same
form
in all inertial
frames.
Take two
points, (in an inertial
frames A timeshene

I
4, (v, 3,8) Pe Cu.y, 3) a
-

The distance netman

P, 142 s iapeanigime.
⑭
Trane
formation
3 = 4 VI
It
-

Y' =
y
3- 3 =t
2)
Universality of speed of light (2 =3x180m/s approx.)
the

valid.
that Galilean transformations
are not
The
price to he
paids
for this postulate
transformations
as
so, Mr. Einstein choose the coordinate

linear Lorentz transformation

I
I
& : All + Bt They are

is u= U Ke -Ut
S

yEy, g'23 since

space
and
isotropic. y'-y, 81-3
* = Ru + Dt homogenous
(constant velocity in one
frame =07-4)
should not look like acceleration -
8 =

in another) Wra
 an
↳times It:
lela)Sir a at 0

x
=

= 0 ->
->

x
<t

=
=

tc
-(ct)

!
constant

inging
#
at =

fa
in
(since vsc)
->
- It =U
-is
4

two in
points
such
the distance
a
between
want
find
Now, we to out

diagram,
2
↑ s=
(2-411)+(82-3.) "+(2-3))
 Os=i-ui)+Bizil B:-81) +

0 = 0Ks)" (When they are related

by
Galilean
transformation)
Caunts
-
05 =

(c +)" (2-41)+...
=

o=
(t2-tip" (2-ceil
+

o"(z-+)-sluz-c))
e

"kete-Osta-tis)
=

+8
 u") c-+ +taSucbe@pectc (to th
·

(Rec
(tz-t1)-204ez-apz-=)
=
+v
↑

Taking c= 1

02
10t +0u?) (+V2) avouot)
-

However, have
if
we

I
US 0f O42 0S>0
+
(signature) (space like separation)
=
-

>0
8 (s" = 033
(finelike separation)
O
(nul/light like
")
= "
 spacetime coordinate KU ->c :=t

x = 1, Ezy, R= 3

Savity
is
-

range
it
infinite
shielded
->
can not he

of spacetime.
it needs to be
theory
-> a
 211011202£ "
"

notions ualid in
the are
going to
generalize feat space
>
integration of objects will to

of differentiation
and the
Define
we use
notions

write our
theory
_

the restrictive
do not start with set tent with
something more
a .

7 the start with a

differential manifolds
.

Definition
:
May IA & B are sets
)
∅ : A → B
 9 will
Tf meal numbers then
A and B sets be
of
a
hare

function .

Def :
olompositionofttaps
Of : A
B→c
→ B
!
→
Y :
-

Yog : A → a
Yog

Example / : A =
R =
B =
C

G : ✗ → 22 , Y :X → be +3
2
SO V2 +3
4. of =
, 9° Y =
@ + 3)
Example 2 :

9 :
Ma IR) → R2 [? I ] =
lad .
)
he

dimensional material with real entries

Mg ( R) is the two
.

space of
R2 txiy ) H
J
-

4
→
: → IR ,

* determinant MNR )
4 9 MNR) IR gives the
of
.

•
: →

Def Typesoftlaps
:

Injective / one to one : each element in B has at most one element

of
A
it
mapped
on .
Surjective / element
each element in B has at least A
of
onto : one

onto it
mapped
.

injective surjective
hijudine /
hath and
correspondence
:
one to one
.

We to work with sets

going open
are
.

'
continues 9-
Def
is
iff
: A :B → A takes sets B to
map open of
sets in A
open
.

Def : Ahart
/ coordinate system .
 Def : Ahart
/ coordinate system .

M a
A-
pointp-ino.CH
↳ inch / y )
'
"

"

⑤ µ,
00.1M
& :i:&
aioli '→y%•)

¥094M /

OCRDicsanopeninteruat.in/Rnq.q isanopensI-
Misa set
included 'mM
vandumayarmaynotouodap
.

click

a :u→0( Rn )
Def Atlas
:

Indued collection
of
charts ( Usda ) ( All the maps are
bijective
→
Uµ '
should could M

↳
✗

union

→ charts are
smoothly
sewn
together meaning ,

Un Us =
∅ or

(
infinity differentiable)
' '
9 , di
•
◦
or
Gogi are c

Macimalateas
Def :

set
of
all
daonpatitde charts
 Manifold
M with neith maximal atlas
along
a set a .

F- ✗

MM
-
A- c- Ote -

Defining
A
map
the set
from
St → ☒

tiny ER}
-

'
s
,
=

1k4g -

of :S ,
→ IR

R
My
→

the consider two sets µ and Mz

open ,
,
 Mi :( 0,2A ) llj.tn in )
( Yg) -02
'
911mg) tan
/In )=o
'
:
tan
-
-

,
% :

9 ,
:
µ, → IR
dz : U
,
→ R
'
Now ,
qj →
give me two
points
✗
by
\

9,1kg ) O,
-
.

which is 91%-1 For example for

So have
from 02
a → 0,
.

map
we .

02--9-14

fits -9^-14
'
9- E) → '

'

9- f- E) → -1,0
¥
24/1/23 •*• %
a
manifold
z2+y
.

Of

i-+J
,
:
Ky → t
,
=
21
5 :
, 1-
y
92 :X y , → tz= 2k

Oi 9/10,1} 102=9/10 } -1

÷
,

'
.
> qi
•
:-[ , →
my ,
% my
: →
tz

?÷→ti=Y÷=%;§ˢ=%;¥
now .
+ =

1,7g ¥ ctD¥yI. -1%+1 Eg ᵗit÷

→
→
=
= =
=
 ti÷=÷
so

-¥;÷
→ 1- ↳
y
¥ I
= =

%ᵗ÷u {
¥+4
so 2x =
→ " =

-14%1%-4-1
'
so,
a- Hi

%é=%H÷¥:÷/ ?¥¥÷;:÷=÷ =

so ti ¥ ,
Similarly far 91 one home .

"
"

¥;÷"¥¥ "¥→→¥=÷ =

ᵗi;ˢ =

:-,
,
→
"
5-
÷+u→F¥÷ˢ
89
2x 8€
¥¥+y
=
=

tith

:¥i:÷÷)=:÷=¥=ᵗ
••
one : -
-

al .

So ti
¥,
Assignments ,
§ .
1×2+5=1 )
0
, { My)Es /
'
Y> 0 } 9 ,
:
my → n

{ day) / }
'

0, c- s 1<0 % → a
:
say
0
} { Hides /
'
H >0 } % :
ay
→
y

} @ ides / }
'
no :& ,y→y
0h q
Diffeomorphism Ma

a. t t
011PM -
'
01AM
4,0904;
'

9:14 →
M Ital and onto
'
g- 1:14 M Ital , onto
→
7A
diffeomorphism it "

map of such that

4g ◦
9 % is
•
also

' °

4h09 Yj ◦ is c .

☒ diffeomorphic
Tf two
manifolds
then
define them to the
are we

same .

Exempt
M is the upper
half plane < a <
•
>0
g
•
-

;
'
M is a >0 ,
y > 0

C. g) →
( e ? g)
 which will use to write
theory
Define objects
we our .

'
M So
flan f ) 4-
'

=
◦

f : M → IR

fix fail -
-

find/ fly d) only

in the
oaerlap
.

differentiation
Notion
of

!t÷! =

¥1b ◦
¥-1 similarly
Yj÷ # to %-)
" =
 In the
region of overlap

folk )
"

§nµ
'

/ to %-) Jt
'

8- %
¥ :# ÷
=
=
◦
◦

☒ .

This is the chain rule .

Exercise .

1133 twice charts

M= Mid 1143
of, and
92 global
_

are
-
/
,

n' '
sing cosy
_
}
y
=

↓ ↓ 92
22 swig swigs
'

y
=

91

! 23
' 2

! y cosy
=
 f(xn):700) (x() (x2)2 (3)3
=
+
+

So
of ye.
in terms
we need
say get
to to a
similarly expression
mapfrom 0,
first
we 0 to

(0009,4 y,
=
 28/01/2023
P → am

a.
" 2
t.IR f- flan) focli
=
'

% In 910%-1
¥.
-

÷ :÷

xM¥i £011129
×

011 Rn )

Carrie
Definition
:

Currie is 8: ☒ M
from the will talk about 9.8 since
→
map
a .
 talk in terms numbers Now 9.8 → 2%1 )
of
we
.

A is the real line

parameter
a on .

But this is coordinate

A nectar
tangent to Ku is
d¥n dependent
.

↑#☒
Notion : the take the
tangent of as
passing through
the
the
possible
curves

P and that is a nectar

space
.

passing through : we can

find 8 such that 8 has an
image
at
pint P .

Exercise ok ?
2
'

n' cosy
'
y
> }
y sing
-

cosy
x?
sing sings
'

y
The
given curve .

( 9.8) ( swim mk%tudy real numbers )

4%8 → N' fi ) =
cost an (d)

2%11
-
-
Sind

2%1 ) =D

Same curve in a

different
chart Gir →
y %) (0,0%-10%8)
&3)2 Ft
"
'
9209, →
y =
=

: (E)
Y¥
tan tan '
-

y
-
=

And) "
g3= lari '
(g) tan
' =

=
Tangent nectar
vat-E-P.CM .

V :
5- →
IR ;
5- =

Ife -5 :/ If : M→R is a }
the
map satisfy
V should two
properties
.

D) Linearity v( aft hg)

: =
a
v1 f) + a v1 g) a. her fig EF

2) liehnitz rule v( f. g) flp) V1 g)

: =
tglp) v1f) where
PEM (the
-

point at
defined$
which the
tangent nectar was .
 ÷÷÷
"

.
XM

Tp= d-d.it#/p=dd-.ltoEaH/p=J-lio&d&kM/p--Y-eadd-Ylp
4%4%44Fomorians
↳ actual
Yoma
The
informality
aureus
nectar
tangent
.
 % =

ᵈd?T ¥ µ

since
So , we can
say
that the
space of
all the nectar
operators day forms space
(when point PEM )
it is 5- R
from
→
a evaluatedat
map
a .

% =

ᵈ÷↑ * µ
V1 = VMS
Jnu

camp
Es %
31/01/23
Recap:
For o
Vector
space point
at
pCM-Tp any function
F-> R, Tp
-enh Jade
V. vE chang
one
a

In coordinate chart
a
given
v(t) (dxu
=

n) --undou
Basis

jvaxxf V val v
v.t un espe
= =

&
=

AxM
components Basis
 va
vihU-Transformation
e Law

V
vXa NY,
if quantity transforms
so that
=

we
say
= a

in above
the mentioned that itis a vector.
say
we
may

Define: T(M)
NTP(Tangent
=

mector
space)
*
Define:
Deval mector
space Tp

space of all linear

maps from TP-1
me T
and me:
Tp -R
 m() hen (a) a, h-15
Linearity: (av+hV)
a
he
+

V,McTp

m(V) 1;
TP has basis
XM
=

T
* is also a
vectorspace of

&"Xu Sn =

-> me
impose condition
this

V v'e, velz +v31z vMea

=

+
O'2
=

1
=

<
W m, + w,a2 w,03 u,0
0
①"ez
=

0
=

+
=

choose all
coefficients as I
In
tp-e, basis
offiredrenaline.
chart2 with
basis

dead S
->
-

->
S
dyst= /

W W/duk

|a
=

(y)
nn Were
=

M. dxt

'
M M
=

10,03
Exercise:
-

-googh
x
=

y'sinye
-9.00 a d
↳, s't uc =cay y ()()2
=

+ =
+
th
sing
592

fan(z)
=

- -Luc --y'siy, y'casy, e

65 23tr aEys-pyTy-sensor
=

E:E5i ty Eseyn
4y
+ -

zFz
+

u+-
Now, shock
one
transformation of vectors,
 V
vxyb viz
=

1x2

=831 -

by' V1
+
=

VZ'posyth, -eigite)
+
vly'siny, yo
=

(vo'casy v3Fy'sing's, [VI'siny vy'cosy2]

2
-

+ +

so
Is'-Es cays.
Fey'sing/ox-we'sings V3y'cosys
+
Here starts our Tensions
(sorry Tensors)
7p: Tp 0...
@Tp*xTNA..
DTP-

R h

y =

".V.. up,QdxM.D.. d
y

(k,1) (b,1)
of
we tensor rank
define operations
a
on

Contraction:I(k,1) ->
t(k -

1,1-1)

Outer
product:T.ct(k,1) & T(Z)(kz,k)
TTGT(k, + k2,1, + 1c)
Inner product:

I
: VDV ->R.
vatm
·

V =

g Invdudus
=

W =
m1

1 6xV
At g:TpXTp
->

pointp

9dx"DdUvMd wV
=9 <B UNUSSB g<BvWB =

metric to
Use demand the
be
symmetric.
 g(v,Vz) g(Vz,vi)
=

g(V,V,) 0
=
=
-
V, =
0

will have
The elements
diagonal
g
[ ... ...
mine
gomepens some
and ene
=
/02/2023 eap Manifold:
M

Taken a
pointPCM
all co
F is the
of
set
V:F-1and
vep where

function from
M-A.

V
vMXu, Va()
XM=ys Ya and
Mayre
=

Tp -> Dual nectar

space

If
basis
O is the
of we
T demand AndS

ON(U)=zM0(2) and m wnoM

=
where are
TP
Inner
product space of nectors
on the

g:vxv (R
-

Coapewitenintermsofduanedor
basis an
ene

g InvduMdU
=

vage V.
=

If we
feed
vector to we
the
this
getanother dual,

vector).
in two
We can write
g ways
AdviDdl' +Bdsedu' .....
&:
(AB...)
0 R,
g ga
: -
once we have a matrixhas can invertit
(if itis non
singular)
hr and denoted
YurG00 s8 of Inn
= => is the inverse

as
gaw
If
me
feed
a nector
mapgvo
intothe we
get

V grp=v--whatis the
logic?
metric
sparations is
specified using manifod
the M and the
(M. 90)
-In,Mnn /
2001
Notion line
straight
ofdistance between two
Ax

7.
↓ shortest points.
↓
Tangent
nectors are same atall
the
points
IB
·

distance=1=In dual duorep

notation
by abos
of is

3Nfl,dx (It is
actually a

Riemann sum our all

information of
~

This
is written as surv
the
contained
is
the
points
on
curve)
the

dS =
dunda here.
Differentfor
differentcurves)
 as
shortestdistance is obtained
The by extremizing
Nation derimatine
of
↑

Wa(y)
VS(y)
ynvM(x), on War e
=
=

-other derivatives
of functions transformer
sea
- so

dual vector.

Derimatine nectar,
of
zvi /vady: -

vmsyse -Doesnottranoone
-MLUVdy +vS
deVIM by &
 Dorinative
operator
V:t(b,1) -
l(k,1 + 1)
I
Mapping should
satisfy linearity -indices
=. Wi.
V,(A. i BB i) <XcA: +
VB.
=
=

↳
increasing an indu

2.
Lichnitz reabs

Xc(A = .Bii) A..5,Bii.

=
+

[Ncai)B: =

contraction.
with (metric compatibility
3. Commutativity derivative and
Xc(A ( taking
&.... ap... an =
First
↳,...ab...hn
contracting
then
 notion vectors
of tangent
consisten with as
Derivative should he
4.
operator
directional derimative

+(5) =
t
"Vaf (Treatjust as a

map)
For all
function of F
5.

XaVef:VaVaf (Torsion
free)
such It
We treat as
to
maps.
Turn aremany
outthere maps.
the conditions
X and the two such
maps
which
satisfy all

Now, Va(fwa)= [af)ma+tEawa)

 Ea(fma) Evaf)wz
=

+
5( awn)
For
functions Tof=Fof(property). So,

=a (twal-Waltera) =

7 (Faus--awa) -> This

objectdepends
at P
only on
we
point
(Prome ?!)

f(Fa-Va)wa=cau,
so linear combination.
->

Caf denotes

and is nota tensor.

so
(a va)m cawc
- =

(a
-

Va)vh -
(Fa Va)(vhea)
- = 0
ma(Xa Va)vk
- vh(Ea Va)wz
+
- 0
=

weFa-valve vacaa, = 0

waa
-
-

Va)vk ca,v,]
+

0
=

term in brackets is
This
any arbitrary
the
is true
for as so

( c Va)vh c,vc
=
=

choose C aa =

t
=

a
-
( Ti =
-
Chrystoffel
symbol
Now,
Valls-Gaula-Fawc
*avh =favh+Tadvc
Conariantderivative
2/2/23 Recap: (M.Jaa) (manifed metric
with g)
Valls-Gaula-Fawc
*avh =favh+ Tabvc
To do calculations are need T, so we need (M. Jah, Th?)
Torsion
free VaVef=VaVaf
condition:

->

Va(2af) Va[haf) =

Jadaf-Tasaf-Indaf-Thedaf
->
 ->
Tai dof: Thabof
we
since are
considering arbitrary functions, we can write

TacTra

In d-dimensions
gab has
all independentcomponents
Man has
axddtl independentcomponents
Minimal
coupling principal
(where
webe partialdeviatinee ein
a

data die
 M connection?
Why
is called a

↓parameter poon
of parallel transport
n
&
curm

m Ava 0
=

-dunave = 0

↑ m
info of change of
curve vector.

have
manifold phvevs
on a we = 0

Thyva
=

0
=
 Evaluation in
particular
a chart.

ThayVa Thp,v +

0
=

->Vector vc related to

-drops in ->
another point av

pointprovided
we
one to another
so we can relate vectors in
point
differential, if
so we
is
This
connection. a

have theheave name

the

point my
at of
the sector

find
can
we
points
then
a vector at
startwith
equation.
soming differential
the
 curve-tangent vector T

Tavava = 0

T"VaWb = 0

We demand thatthe
productdoes notchange along the
inner curve.

T'Va(9ahvawa) = 0

-T
/VsWeVcJah + gahEaVa) Wa+gasVsF,wa) 0
=

T'V,V" =
0 and TOVcWh = 0

so T(va WAVcFa 0
=
 No,
since we and I are
arhitrarily chosen

Metric
compatibility
->
& Jab 0
=

->

JcJah-Jan-tgad =0 -

Q
cyclic permutation, Vagca. Vagac
->
dnEca- Th da-TeJed @
-

= 0

and

0
da9hc -

T89dc -

Taghd =

① -
-

B
 to Jab In Jac -
20 80c + 2
Tagdc 0
=

Jacta =

(bc sah-JnGac-bagac)
contracting with
ge
gegac Tal
Tae=e (Wabac
=

6c9kc
b,fah)
+

(M. Jan)
so my spantime is

Exercise
-

t udys) Gar(50)
ds ->
830
=
 gab
=(z)
x x/=

y uz=

r,, 9" [2,9,c

=

2191
+
-

511]
g" =
fac =1
only

Ig"2,g1 0
=

I 9" (1,8x 6281 degx]

=

-
+

19(9, 22 (3) y E
=

= =
=
 =
1, -g(((d,y, d,5,,
+
-

6,41]
g12 fac = =2
only

r 2 192 (
- -

5y1] E (z) =
-

Vi 1"(629x
=

5,2xz
-

J]

z"(2,2x)
-

0
=

re g(z(229x
=

2.5x
-

z, ]
 gz(2,yzz)
=
0
=

rz zx(612
=

227x
+
-

dce)

2(22) () 1
=

=
=

Parallel
transport Tavavk = 0

"Straight line"
-Tat.Th =0 -geodesic equation
this
in
language straight line is called
geodesic. a

->
T96aTh TafahTc
+
0
=
 To
Ina
=

usth
->
e ↑a c
+

0
=

ac

-
Eth h
=

Jess
->

Fl dudein
+

(12)
For the
metric
gate
 In Tadnaduin
-In)) =0 Ti + - -

dry TERSd
A(y (ft) j()=0rdry
=

y (y)
+ -

+
0
=
Exercise. Show that straighthim
geodesics flatspacetimes
on are

T in
=
0
flatspace.
Exercise:Geodesics
of sphere.
a
11/2/23
How
do the
magnitude of
a nector
change
under
parallel transport?

T'Va(fcpV'VP) T99cp Va(UVP)

=

T(gc,[(V>VaVP) VPVaVc]
=

(aVaVP) 9,pVP* "v,V()

0
=

9cV<
=
+

sens
TSX, VD 0
=

& TSV.V =
0 (Parallel transpart)
Exercise

1010) ds
with
r
=

(do'+ singed at

Jah
roz), gab
)
=
-

5 1g<P(tafad 2nJad-dd7 )
=

since,
gois diagonal,
10 =

70(6 od s0
+

fod
-

As go to
d = 0
for non-zao
 10 =

1900 (60 900) 0

=

T0
=

78 190n(690a
=

670d
+
-

6.70)
I
900 10600 0
=

T00
=

(20100 50Sap-datais
- 0
I
90-od
+

g(2030p) Nop:-cots
+. -socono
=
 22nd plusa
-

0
20 + ccato ,R) (**) 0
=

-
-
20 NoduadoN
+

Initial conditions

8(1 0 (2, 4(X 0)

= =
=
0
=

-OnTMoAl.
j(x 0 0p(0) 1
=

=
=

to some in equationt
Try
 2:
119h yava)"dx =(sandudulo en
to
We
reparametrize
2 =

J'(gasdusua ex
⑨

Se=t)(sa noun)[9, (uldnd Sgd

+

decoyin
↑ 9cd
dledScal = 0
 IBahpualh [23ducasid +ss duet
1st term

'sug)-a(*R'sca)sad(ax
!I
so

I- x (sc axl+Egeducpe] spd

so -

(90ducrgceducethe
 ucdged+Jc -8dSceoce
=)

gedducne+goddess 6d
=
See
decorto

JddeR befeddecue. Add Seduce

I

see
+

900x Efescd
+

raged) R' due JdIce RC

&dom
m
 0 =
22m gdm(befed+dced-ddgne)dncee
+

->
mIIM dudeto
21/02/23
Curnature
Geodesic
- -

/ X

/ 1 initially parates fangent

nector does
shortcut distance lines will not
tangentvector notremain
Letmen 2pts does not change
remain
parallel ~

under I
=
they
Each
as we moon
along Id
iff the
care, =
<
transport along
a closed carve

Vclch =

0 iff Vafuc =

We startwith #
Vava(Genc) Va(6-awc m,vt) FafVne+f Vataec
=

VaMcWuf H,
VaVaf
+

+
Nava Vava)(tm)
-

rae-raFaM+(ata Vavae
=

FM,Tep-wFoy Fraveal.
+
+m,

Fata vata) ac
-
-

->
[aTa-vsVa)e,=Ranadmd
↳
=>
wa/2nmc-rided =d8n)M. Radyfdwic-raGgaea
-

+
FayWed and +
TaPcfamd-da(rawd)
 in is
The yellow
terms are
synumetric a, h so when Laa]

done are
they zoo

-800 Eva) + eNa?)wa +

rae raema-Meraewd

Larn? LeraS H;raR ran d

-

+
-

Was

=
Rauc wid

Rare > Riemann Tensor

Conside around which
pointp
a
take small
loop.
a we

p
·

U"(t) X" Ez
=

(t)
t(<1
0
z"(0) 29(t)
=

v is
parallel transport
a vector. Now me do

javaVh 0
=

V(0)
=

Eva pa yp 0
+
+
=
 dt r
v"(t) -va(0)
1) hpc
= +

Tu
-zh
= =
0(-) term

Na p9(0)
=

0(k)
+

and V((t) V(0)

= O (f)
+

integral for closed over,

we do the

v" (t) -

V90) = -

t*; (0) U((0) db. 0

In OCE),
pS MaY(0)
=
+
rae
 v
=
v90) -

Nav.zk

cfdzidoh[N310l
So
v((t) -

V((0)
- -

+eLarri, e

[V((0) cVejvezt]
-

~
-

zeTAt'dgPf-ra;repVegt V"LoNSBE
o
+

-.
z
jdt' -Nere-LaNa:J3gOAsh dt'
↓
anti-symmetric
hand
in
 term in brackets
the
get
Iare anti-symmetrize
we

Riemann
the tensor.
back

Per-NaNe+GaP-GN Ra, e
:

tc =? To Faygeste ges Rahee

=

Whatis
vVh]
We know,

Vvz](t wc) 0 wc
= =

Valasts to Ranched
+

->
m, Nic Fast AdRand 'Wo 0
+ =
 Vath]t=- Rand Id
->

25/02/23
Tejas=Raled" and
"smooth
We will take one
parameter family of geodesice"

I
TaTh 0
=

T T1
2 5
=

X
=

= +

X 1
=

->

Prame. X *Va*= 4 "Yax"

LIS "
x
(24+ ra,"T)
+

x *2nT +
rEXT:x4d4T"+ ET4X
+
x*LaT T4rX
=

xultital"instateants
Now,

derivatives commute.
assuming the

So ManTa=Ta Waxh
 x *YnT =
T4n Xa

want to see,
Now, we

Prom, T4Vn(TaxY 0
=

LAs
TYTa) x TaaYaY
=

(geodesic
o
TaX* YuTa

=I XhY(T"Ta):IX*Yr(9"Tc) 0
=

V Thtex" something like

velocity
Define
->
=
We wantto
is what
TV"=?

30 + Y, (T* Vax4:T' Y)x*aT4

=

(aX*) Fat
+ Tx4cYuT9
#, x X Th
=

[cia) (VaT4) T'xacTeT"

SQ
x +

Leihnity rule
for 1sttum
 X
Yc(/VaTY) X"TRE, aTa
=

0
(geodosic): -
xhT'YacT"

aT(aYa-YaVe) Ta
SO
T'Y, V x
=

TY, a XT Raad **
=

Riemann Tensor.
the
How much the lines deviate is
given by

Riemann Tensor
 Ricci Tensor-Ranc" qhCGd=Rac
curved
spacetime.
gacRas:RF0
->
Ricci Scala
=

=- -
flat sparetions.

Identity of Riemann tensor

Rah,=-Rhacd
①

indices
② Rahed=-Rahde when all are down.

(aVs-Fava) Ecd=Rarceged+ Raud"Ged=0

0
->
Rahd +Rahdc =
 Rabid-- Rald2
->

③
Rakc] 0
=

-gdeRance=
Gde(Rance- Rhace + Racae-Rhace

+
Raake-Rchae)
=gde (Rance +
Racae+Rcahe)
Rabe" +Rhcad+Raad
-
ran-Latestraterat
-

It start are Water -

We+ Latest ratei

->
Raha]"=O also
Rancid "O

I
Raked" Rcahd-Rhcad
⑭Rahed Redah
-

-> -

Rhacd Rhacd + Rehad + Racha

 We startwith
Rahc]"=0, lowering a

gae Bauc]e= 0

chart, we have,
referring any
we
since are not to

Rahs] d 0
=

->
Rakad + Racad + Mcahd =
0 -

similarly
Radah+ Racdh+ Rdakc 0 -2
Radajh
=

=0 ->
 Rudac+ Rahdc
Rydatic:Bdakz + =

Rydafh Radah+
=

Racdh* Rack = 0

R[hCdJa =

Rhcda+Rduca+ Radha 0
=

Ranc]d=Rakad + Rhcad Mcahd= 0

+

I and I
Adding
and
them
using properties
Rudac: Rahca, Reahd=Racdl
 -> Racdh+ Mhdac = 0

Racdh=Rdhac
-

28/2/23
Bianchi
Identity
85 YGRhad] 0
=

I
Pro:YMMC] d it) Ya Rucd"-VaRchd
+ YcRand1 -

YcRhad
But
RChcd]2 0
=

+ Rad -InReda?)
 -

VaRucd+Y, Rand YRcadY

+

I (Vata - Fat, atTata -

+st,a- Taaf ald

(Y)Tc Yta) Ta+ Yva)
- +

ad

Ranch Vebd+ Rald"VeWs+ Reah Vead +Read'Yaks

R[ahed] 0
=

Alsigment
Rac:Rahed Idgh- Rahch=gheRauce:
ghe Reach
-get Rchae: Rahal:Rea
->
Rac:Rea
Riemann
In d-dimensions what are
independentcomponents of
the

tensor

Raud:Rodah
↳ Di
Rat
Rahed=-Rhasd Raked=-Ralds I

where a
P1)
=
Independentcomponente ()(+1) Dan -

t( x)/D2-D 2)
!!
->
- + -

=j(P(b 1(D(D 1) 2)
(2)(13)
-
+
-
-
-

x) 2(2- x)
t((2 5x
s))
-
+
- +

=>

j(D"
=>

c3 DCD22D
+
-

DEDY-SD I
 653 942 4 66D2 +
=56(34 D4
- +
+ -
- +

=?
should he is *2-)

ds=-d+
2 +

dr2+ (h+r2) do2+44r since de

essence), I
⑳

I I
I 0 00 I 00
Faw=
gur-
-
-

0 100 ⑧ 100
00 4M20 0 o/hr20
o oo
②
is site
·

N ==g+4(2(t8 +d-2202tt)
=
0
=

UT 0,
=

r8 0
=

ret: 0
 ↑=I94(dr God-2d90) = 0, Tr?:O

rot 0,
=

Vat 0
=

1 =
-
22 -
i2 4 r402
+
+
(n2+r2) since;
+

Es) = =
) = -

P 202+ Ersin2;2
E =
-
0
=

0
=

So -

-2482-Ersin;-0
Too:-
-

MY:=rsinco
 Mr8 r Mo--mocaro

&8 r ↑ob: cato

Rake- (-La Madde FactFacts" -

Fast Far)
Rtrt 0
=

0
Rertr 0
Pattr
=

RertaGMt=
->
=

+
Root
=
Rotto =

Roto Proto 0
=

0
=
->
RtBu = 0 ProrO=-br Pro-for to
222:
-
=

+42 =

42 12
+

(792)2
=
e
=

Part-- or for do M*It?-My I'

=-
(h+M2)2 Fror? = 0

Rogal-
 Rac:Rabed God
the
then Riccitenor
is
diagonal.
Ifmetric is
the diagonal
Roo 0
=

Ri=
Rihld god- R1212 4i+r2"+R1313 4+r2"caucle

Raz Reandgad=R2323 933 Rax8"

=
+

(l- nrt
=

Box =

R3a3d944=R323292 Raisig -re( tr)

+
4/3/23 conariance
using the
principle of general
related
->
metric is the
only quantity spacetime
to

physical
in laws.
which can
appear
has 6 dimensional isometry group
special relativity-metric
In a

I
ds=- dt+
dUtdydzL
specify -> Direction
of
time.

Handedness
of
the coordinate
system. (specify an=I1)
 Recapitulate STR: Timdlike curus

Yah Male=-I

Geodesic equation ->

MY, Uh 0
=

curve with V
If
there an observer the
tungent vector
is
moving along
Energy cheered E -PVa
=

Tensor
Energy-Momentum
Tab=
fah
flid: Tab=PMadn+P(MantMath)
I I
and da-velocity.
and are
parameters
Electrodynamics:Tas (FacFa-I San FedF')
fields:Tab=ta4tn4-IMah(646,4+ M44
scale

GTR
Inertial
granitational mass is mass.
Equivalence principle:
weak-

F Mag
=

=Ma
Mg
Fa: G
 strong--outcome of any
"local" experimentin lab
freely falling
is
independentof
·

its location in spacetimes.

of spacetime.
curvature
Gravitational
force
is
only
a

manifestation of
All bodies trance Newtonian care)
(motivated by the
along geomics.
Let'slook atNewtons law,

E i
↳i
mYQ
gi i-u
=
-
Ra
A
B I
=

⑧
⑧

bodies,
consider two
falling V
 =i-wi-T)(li
about the
Assuming by expand
close one
bodies
the are we can

other

=-
Crate
of change of
curvature, rate
Recall
from
notion
the
of of change of
separation)
dei
-

2
Es a
= -

Rcnd" Td(T'XY
dt
 Read" Vvd- da6"4

If
we the
take matter distribution
of perfectfluid,

Bad VVd= TedV Vd

->
Rod= Tad

Equation TaTc tells

of continuity
=
0, this us,

YaRY =
0 F TaR =

0
Einstein Tensor, Gah=Rali'I FahR
defined
a new

Einsteins equation
Gah=8TGrTal
->

tensor.
Einstein
where Gas is the

XT4, 0
=

VrG 0
= -

from
Bianchi
identity
Ya RhGd 0
=

contracting a and e
 Ta(gaRea)
VRsid 0
=

gas FaRch

Rab ga-Ias GR 84 Tas

=

gal
8FG Tab gab -R=-SAG Tab ga
=) P-2R =

PR =

0 "Tal
since 0
=
#23 gante Gdc 0
=

gahe(Rdc- IdcR)
->
gah YRd2 -
0

YhBc
=

0
=

Ya =
VaRucdl + YRaad' VaRcad

VaPhd +
YeRand" -

Yu Rad

VaRejd +
Ye Rande
 Einstein equation Gar=8* Gr Tah
Gab Man-- JahR
of Jah's
PDF
-) 2nd order coupled
-> General solutions are not known.

do nothold.
-)
coupled PDE->
superposition principle
In Fat(t)
(t,n)
->
b-dim Ian (49) ->
Yau

mini-superse
simplification e
solution
general
most

Physical situation:Tal
->
0
=

Rab"O
 Stationary-> metric is
independent of time.

Jan (nin x3)

2.) Static ->

ds=-v(v,4,43dt"+ hij (vinnl dnidn's

Static means, natens like dtdn's
3)
Spatial hypersurface spherically symmetric
is

metric
the is,
assumptions
under these

ds=
-f(r)dt+h(r)dr2+re(do2+sincrdq?
 Roo = 0
t
=

(nEa(n)-"2f'+464 (f
Ry=o=.(4)(Ant-6') + (n2)-h

R2z 0 Bz
= =

(frh)*'+ Hrah"
=

+
r21-)

1
I
RoofRy
te
0
=
->
+
0
=

9th
->

I4+ 0
=
-f kh =
 We can
redefine
time
by so are can take
f=4.Plugging
↳'
This
I'
in
R2z 0
=

- -

- (f-2 12) 1) + - 0
=

-> -

- Iat'+b 0
=

->
6' kb) 0

It is***
-

->
a-
=
 I-f=
-
1 f
i

f 1
5 h 1
(mcantuk f: it)
=
-

- =

BO,

ds
1 y)d+ (t) dr redre
=
+
2
+
+

Schwarzschild solution.

Perturbation theory equations)

(perfechatively solving Einstein's

Perturbation about Minkowski metric Mah

smal
Yah=Yah that
we are
going
look at
to
only
those coordinate
transformations in

written as abous.
which he
tab can

gab=(Fah)"= mah-hah
gabgr)-S, (upto firstorder)
(1)
rat= I 994 (daged befad-bd fah)

-14 (Ghad+tahad- Io Gau)

Rak= d, Tans- da En +
FarTo? -

Euras
"Ras will
only first
have the two contribute

"Ran=1, "Yau-da "ce=

I4* (hahadd, behad-Lobdhah)
Ie(teled+dabshod-Gabahas
-

"Ral=4d(-walahed+ dathhad-hadd halt bald has

R:gah Rah: Yah"Ral=Iabycd)-sabhhad+ dada had
doddhab Idadd has
-
 "R =

-Gad"/M'God) +I"d"had-24hd (Mahar)

+62"hac)
SiR =-dad"/4*had) +da24hn

"Gah="Rah'gaR
Einster equation is known as Linearized
The
corresponding
equation.
Einstein
"Gal*85Ga"Tal
We know that

gn=tae Jah (U)

v =x4 +

-
ty

ga(y)) (s, -))S-e) Jan(u)

=

S,S gal--
(S +Sat)
=

Sah
 Sa(n)) fa-c(8)
=

using
chain rule
for
ga (x) fa-t(+
=

Sah: Mal that

->
Jahi-Sahhah-hah
gal= Yab+h'al
->
-
(+) has-hah
=
 so, hall-han-- (4x+d50)
solutions of
-) All, Einstein'sequations are
generically singular

Dart Ear 6604po-bitha dibuhrp-Two -

We mant, 2Ea = 0
GR 2
N2023
Diffeomorphiom
M 9 N
-

itshould co
& the
is
diffeomorphism and

I
parameter family of differmarphism
9: RXM-M St.
for fixed
a
the will be the
 map 4:M-M is a
diffeomorphism.
94:9Its Xt,seR

Gining every point.

nectors at

specifying tangent
a cure-- the

and
such thatone only one care

Integral curves are curves

curve
the
at
point
tungent
to
PCM and the
passes through
each
point
is v9.
-
- s
-
j
·ping'--es
 For tour
get
line the cure
sintegral carne).
of
valve a on

every 4d
3d
A
Hi
9
-> N
M

Zi
4 does Giver
function
notexist. Nae
timerse get
a on can a

map
function
is known
M. This pullback of function.
as a
a
on

pullback:
4* 7o4
=

Push
- formard of a nector.

(av( Y(6,4) V(4xf) =

=
 v is a vector in N.

Pullback dual vector

of
a

39 M(aa aa/4XU =

↓
↓
M
N af
M

Are y
Man N
y(c)(xM) is

knome
4(y) 5 *(n)
+ +

not the other

I'= 1'(n,--n)
=

y2 y2)
=
- -

) way.
y3 y3)--- (
=
 yx y4)...):const
-

(4* ()f (4*a)"20f

=

ve
=

(4*))

Diffeomorphism tenor is
qT =

symmetry transformation of
T a
definedar,
tensor to
the same tensor
maps
a

(preserve metric
the
99 g- iometry
=

im ·

p
Diffromorphism acting
active view
on thy
difframophor
 Lie Derivative

(9*tTa-1a, I
a.... an
2. Ta =em.
-

... an

He write 4-t
by perback.
can
We
compare T(p1 and (2) a

instead **.
of
(k,1) tensors
This is linear tenors rank
of
to
a
map from of
·

rank(k,1)
Liebniz ruk. (v (Txs) (uT)S +/1us)
+
-)
satisfies
the =

- LUT 0
=
-
symmetry of Tensor.
Let us look atvectors,

-
V = 1 I
Sc So G'+t,x2 uu
vn =

(1,0,0,0) minine's the

parameter
Which
changes
Diffeomorphism generated by
vector
the
fields.
EM -> seM+ t

duT
eo( i-t(in)
=

4"
Vecton
fields
Ava be
=
 [V, e) veSar"
=
-

umSvO
choosing VM=(1,0,0,0)

[V, e]=
G o

the
they
same.
LveI=[V, MJU-Inthis
chart are

in all
they
chart are same
same in charte.
If
two temore are

Ava =
VInMY- uEV
Ar Wr=?
ev(mWs) v bx (n wa) edrWa+Wave
=
=

-[isWs +V,wa= eNat Writers,

er

so, Jv Wa= vd, Wa+W daV"

Now,
by fa=V"x ga+ JaxdV+ GaGaV
VxE+faxTV+gxVaV
-
If we wantan
isometry,
YV+ UVB 0 =

Kiving equation.

NataVs-YaYaVe) Rans"Vd
=

0
-
YaV,
=
YaVa
VaVs +YVa
=

Rans]d 0
=

Vd [Banc +
Rahd+Racad) 0
=
 YaYhVc+ Ya, Va=Rauc"Vd

UcYaVa-VaTVs ReandVd
- =