Database Management

System
 Keyword
• Data: raw facts and figure
• Information: Meaningful data
• Database: collection of interrelated data
• DBMS: complex set of software program that control the
organization, storage, management and retrieval of data in a
Database.
Data Information Database System

• Example: Ms- Access, MySql, SQL Server, Oracle

 Introduction
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to
manage and organize data in a structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and
query a database, as well as manage the security and access controls for that database.
Key Features of DBMS
• Data modeling: Provides tools for creating and modifying data models
• Data storage and retrieval: Responsible for storing and retrieving data, various
methods for searching and querying the data.
• Concurrency control: Provides mechanisms for controlling concurrent access to
the database, to ensure that multiple users can access the data without conflicting
with each other.
• Data integrity and security: Provides tools for enforcing data integrity and
security constraints
• Backup and recovery: Provides mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
• DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS) and Non-Relational Database Management System (NoSQL or Non-
SQL)
• RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each table has a set of rows
and columns.
 Uses of Database
• Banking: All Transactions
• Airlines: Reservations, Schedules
• Universities: Registration, Examination
• Sales: Customers, Products, Purchases
• Manufacturing: Production, Inventory, Orders
• Human Resources: Employee Records, Salaries, Tax deduction
 Comparison between File System and DBMS

File System DBMS

• The file system is a way of arranging the • DBMS is software for managing the
files in a storage medium within a database
computer
• Redundant data can be present in a file • No redundant database
system
• It doesn’t provide Inbuilt mechanism for • It provides in house tools for backup and
backup and recovery of data if it is lost. recovery of data even if it is lost
• There is no efficient query processing in • Efficient query processing is there in
the file system. DBMS.
• Less data consistency in the file system. • More data consistency because of the
process of normalization.
• File systems provide less security in • More security mechanisms as compared to
comparison to DBMS. file systems.
• Only one user can access data at a time. • Multiple users can access data at a time.
• It give details of storage and • It hides the internal details of Database
representation of data
 Drawback of File System
• Data Redundancy
• Inconsistency of data
• Difficult Data Access
• Unauthorized Access
• No Concurrent Access
• No Backup and Recovery
 Advantages of Database
• Data Organization
• Data Integrity
• Concurrent access
• Data Security
• Backup and Recovery
• Data sharing
 Disadvantages of Database
• Complexity
• Performance overhead
• Scalability
• Cost
• Limited Use Cases
 View of Data
• Data Abstraction
• Instances and Schema
• Data Independency
• Data Model
 Data Abstraction
• Data Abstraction : shows only necessary information to the user and
hides background details.

View 1 View 2 View 3 User

Logical Level Programmers

Data
Admin
Physical Level Lowest Data Structure
• Physical Level (Internal Level)
 contains all the complex data structures and the data accessing methods defined.
 lowest level of data abstraction in a DBMS.
 database administrator who decides how the data is to be stored in these physical hard
drives.

• Logical Level (Conceptual Level)

 After taking the raw data from the physical or internal level, the structure of the data is
defined at the logical or conceptual level.
 Blueprint of the raw data
 This layer does not have any information about how the end user will view the data.

• View Level (External Level)

 This is what an end-user gets to see.
 He/she does not get the entire database, but depending on the queries made from the
front-end the user gets to see the data.
 It may be a single data from the entire database or a collection of data in tabular format.
 Multiple views of the same data are available to the user, the representation can be a
table, a graph, or a pie chart.
 View Level is the highest level of data abstraction in DBMS.
 Instances and Schema
• Instances: Collection of information stored in a database a
particular moment

• Schema: Overall design of the database

 Physical Schema: The internal schema describes how the data will be
physically stored and accessed, using the facilities provided by a
particular DBMS.
 Logical Schema: The Conceptual Schema describes the stored data in
terms of the data model of the DBMS
 View Schema: The External Schema specify views that enable different
users of the data to see it in different ways.
 Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence: Ability to modify the physical
schema without causing application program to be rewritten.

Modification at the physical level occasionally necessary to improve

performance

• Logical Data Independence : Ability to modify logical

schema without causing changes in physical system.

Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve physical data

independence since application program heavily dependent on logical
structure of data they access
 Data Model
• Collection of conceptual tools for describing data and data relationship,
data semantics and consistency constraints.
• A data model is provides the way to describe the design of a database at
physical, logical and view level.
 Relational Model
 Entity Relationship Model
 Object Based Model
 Semi-Structured Data Model
 Network Model
 Hierarchy Model
 Database Languages
• A DBMS has appropriate languages and interfaces to express database queries and
updates.
• Database languages can be used to read, store and update the data in the database.

DB
Languages

DDL DML DCL TCL

 Data Definition Languages
• DDL stands for Data Definition Language.
• It is used to define database structure or pattern.
• It is used to create schema, tables, indexes, constraints, etc. in the database.
• Using the DDL statements, you can create the skeleton of the database.
• Data definition language is used to store the information of metadata like the
number of tables and schemas, their names, indexes, columns in each table,
constraints, etc.
 Create: It is used to create objects in the database.
 Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.
 Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.
 Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.
 Rename: It is used to rename an object.
 Comment: It is used to comment on the data dictionary.
 Data Manipulation Language
• DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.
• It is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database.
• It handles user requests.
 Select: It is used to retrieve data from a database.
 Insert: It is used to insert data into a table.
 Update: It is used to update existing data within a table.
 Delete: It is used to delete all records from a table.
 Merge: It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or update operations.
 Call: It is used to call a structured query language or a Java subprogram.
 Explain Plan: It has the parameter of explaining data.
 Lock Table: It controls concurrency.
 Types of DML
Procedural DML: It requires a user to specify what
data are needed and how to get those data.

Non-Procedural DML: It requires a user to specify one

data are needed without specifying how to get those
data.
Non-Procedural DML are easy to learn and easy to use.
 Data Control Language
• DCL stands for Data Control Language.
• It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data.
• The DCL execution is transactional.
• It also has rollback parameters.
 Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
 Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Transaction Control Language

• TCL is used to run the changes made by the DML statement.
• TCL can be grouped into a logical transaction.
 Commit: It is used to save the transaction on the database.
 Rollback: It is used to restore the database to original since the last Commit.
 Types of Constraints
• Domain Constraints: A domain of possible values must be associated with every
attribute.
For Eg. int, char, time
• Referential Integrity: A value appear in one relation for a given set of attribute
also appears in a certain set of attributes in another relation.
• Authorization: Differentiate in a type of access that permits the user to access
various data values in database.
For Eg. Read, Insert, Update, Delete
• Assertion: It is any condition that the DB must always satisfy when an assertion is
created the system test in for validity. If an assertion is valid then any future
modification to the DB allow.
 Database Design
• Database Users: There are four types of Database Users
a) Naive Users
b) Application Programmers
c) Sophisticated Users
d) Specialized Users
 Database Users
a) Naive Users
• They are unsophisticated users who interact with the system by interacting
one of the application programs that have been written previously.
• User interface for naïve user is a form interface where the user can fill
fields of the form.
• They may simply read reports generated by the database.
b) Application Programmers
• They are computer professional who write programs for specific
application.
• Application Programmers can choose from many tools to develop user
interface.
• Rapid Application Development(RAD) are tools that enable an application
programmer to construct forms and report with minimal programming
efforts.
 Database Users
c) Sophisticated Users
• They interact with the system without writing programs instead they form
their request either using a DB query language or using tools such as data
analysis system.
• Analyst who submit queries to explore data in database fall in this category.
d) Specialized Users
• They are sophisticated users who write specialized DB application that do
not fit into the traditional data processing frame work.
• Uses Computer Added Design System(CAD) that store data with complex
data types. For eg. Graphics and Audio Data
 Database Administrator
• A person who has central control over the system is known as Database
Administrator (DBA).
• Functions of DBA are:
a) Schema Function: The DBA create the original database schema by executing a set
of data definition statement in DDL.
b) Storage structure and access method definition: DBA defines the structure to
store data in DBMS and ways through which data from the database can be
accessed.
c) Schema and physical organisation modification: DBA carries out the schema and
physical organisation to reflect the changing needs of the organization or to alter the
physical organisation to improve performance.
d) Granting of Authorization for data access: DBA grants different type of access
authorization to user for accessing different parts of DBMS. The authorization
information is kept in a special system structure that the DBMS concert whenever
someone attempts to access data in system.
e) Routine Maintenance: Periodically backing up the database, ensuring that enough
free disk space is available for normal operation and upgrading disk space is require
and monitoring job running on the DB and ensuring that performance is not
degraded by very expensive task submitted by users.
 Database Overall Structure
Components of DBMS are broadly classified as follows :
1. Query Processor :
(a) DML Compiler
(b) Embedded DML pre-compiler
(c) DDL Interpreter
(d) Query Evaluation Engine
2. Storage Manager :
(a) Authorization and Integrity Manager
(b) Transaction Manager
(c) File Manager
(d) Buffer Manager
3. Disk storage:
(a) Data Files
(b) Data Dictionary
(c) Indices
(d) Statistical Data
 Disk Storage
Following data structures are required as a part of the physical system implementation.
a) Data Files : It stores the database.
b) Data Dictionary : It stores meta data (data about data) about the structure of the
database.
c) Indices : Provide fast access to data items that hold particular values.
d) Statistical Data : It stores statistical information about the data in the database.
This information is used by query processor to select efficient ways to execute
query.
 Storage Manager Components
They provide the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and
application programs and queries submitted to the system.
a) Authorization and Integrity Manager : It tests for the satisfaction of integrity
constraints checks the authority of users to access data.
b) Transaction Manager : It ensures that the database remains in a consistent state
despite the system failures and that concurrent transaction execution proceeds
without conflicting.
c) File Manager : It manages the allocation of space on disk storage and the data
structures used to represent information stored on disk.
d) Buffer Manager : It is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main
memory and deciding what data to reside in cache memory.
 Query Processor Components
a) DML Pre-compiler : It translates DML statements in a query language into low
level instructions that query evaluation engine understands. It also attempts to
transform user's request into an equivalent but more efficient form.
b) Embedded DML Pre-compiler : It converts DML statements embedded in an
application program to normal procedure calls in the host language. The Pre-
compiler must interact with the DML compiler to generate the appropriate code.
c) DDL Interpreter : It interprets the DDL statements and records them in a set of
tables containing meta data or data dictionary.
d) Query Evaluation Engine : It executes low-level instructions generated by the
DML compiler.