STRINGS

========

Types of objects in Java

=========================
We have two types of objects in java.

1)Immutable object
--------------------
After object creation if we perform any changes then for every change a new object
will be created such type of object is called immutable object.
ex:
String and Wrapper classes

2)Mutable object
---------------
After object creation if we perform any changes then all the changes will be
reflected
in a single object such type of object is called mutable object.
ex:
StringBuffer and StringBuilder

String
=======
A String is a collection of characters which is enclosed in a double quotations.

case1:
------
Once if we create String object we can't perform any changes.If we perform any
changes then
for every change a new object will be created such behaviour is called immutability
of an
object.

Diagram: 1

case2:
-------
Q)What is the difference between == and .equals() method?

==
---
It is a equality operator or comparision operator which always return boolean
value.

It is used for reference comparision or address comparision.

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s1=new String("bhaskar");
String s2=new String("solution");
System.out.println(s1==s2); //false
}
}
.equals()
---------
It is a method present in String which always return boolean value.

It is used to content comparision and it is a case sensitive.

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s1=new String("bhaskar");
String s2=new String("bhaskar");
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); // true
}
}

case3:
-----
Once if we create a String object.Two objects will be created one is on heap and
another
is on SCP (String Constant Pool) area.But 's' always points to heap area only.

ex:
String s=new String("bhaskar");

Diagram:2

Object creation in SCP area is always optional.First JVM will check is there any
object
is created with same content or not.If it is created then it simply refers to that
object.
If it is not created then it will create a new object.Hence there is no chance of
having
duplicate objects in SCP area.

SCP objects do not have any reference even though garbage collector can't access
them.

SCP objects will destroy at the time when JVM shutdowns or terminated.

Diagram:3

Interning of String object

--------------------------
With the help of heap object reference if we need corresponding SCP object
reference then
we need to use intern() method.

Diagram:4

String important methods

========================

Q)Write a java program to accept string and display it?

import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter the string :");

String str=sc.next();

System.out.println("Welcome :"+str);

}
}

approach2
--------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter the string :");

String str=sc.nextLine();

System.out.println("Welcome :"+str);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to remove special characters from given string?

input:
Ih@ub_Tale$nt

output:
IhubTalent

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="Ih@ub_Tale$nt12";

str=str.replaceAll("[^A-Za-z0-9]","");

System.out.println(str);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to display given character which is present in given index?

input:
str = "bhaskar";
 index = 3;

output:
s

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";

int index=3;

char ch=str.charAt(index);

System.out.println(ch);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to check given word present in a given string or not?

input:
str= "This is java class";

word= "java";

output:
It is present
ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This is java class";

String word="java";

if(str.contains(word))
System.out.println("It is present");
else
System.out.println("It is not present");

}
}

Q)Write a java program to convert lowercase string to uppercase string?

input:
bhaskar

output:
BHASKAR

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";

str=str.toUpperCase();

System.out.println(str);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to convert uppercase string to lowercase string?

input:
BHASKAR
output:
bhaskar

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="BHASKAR";

str=str.toLowerCase();

System.out.println(str);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to find out length of string ?

input:
bhaskar

output:
7

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";

int len=str.length();

System.out.println(len);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to check both strings are equals or not?

input:
str1 = "bhaskar"
str2 = "bhaskar"
output:
Both are equals

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="bhaskar";

String str2="bhaskar";

if(str1.equals(str2))
System.out.println("Both are equals");
else
System.out.println("Both are not equals");
}
}

approach2
---------

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="bhaskar";

String str2="BHASKAR";

if(str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str2))
System.out.println("Both are equals");
else
System.out.println("Both are not equals");
}
}

Q)Write a java program display the first occurance index number of a given
character?

input:
str= "bhaskar";

ch='a';

output:
2

ex:
---

class Test
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";
char ch='a';

int index=str.indexOf(ch);
System.out.println(index);
}
}

Q)Write a java program display the last occurance index number of a given
character?

input:
str= "bhaskar";

ch='a';

output:
5

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="bhaskar";
char ch='a';

int index=str.lastIndexOf(ch);
System.out.println(index);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display reverse a string?

input:
hello

output:
olleh

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="hello";

char[] carr=str.toCharArray(); // h e l l o

String rev="";

for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
 }

System.out.println(rev);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to check given string is palindrome or not?

input:
racar

output:
It is a palindrome string

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="racar";

char[] carr=str.toCharArray(); // h e l l o

String rev="";

for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
}

if(str.equals(rev))
System.out.println("It is a palindrome string");
else
System.out.println("It is not a palindrome string");
}
}

Q)Write a java program to find out reverse of a sentence?

input:
This is Java class

output:
class Java is This

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This is Java class";

String[] sarr=str.split(" "); // This is Java class

String rev="";
 for(int i=sarr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=sarr[i]+" ";
}

System.out.println(rev);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display reverse of each word in a given string?

input:
This Is Java Class

output:
sihT sI avaJ ssalC

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This Is Java Class";

String[] sarr=str.split(" "); // This Is Java Class

//for each loop

String rev="";

for(String s:sarr)
{
//convert the string to char array
char[] carr=s.toCharArray(); // T h i s

for(int i=carr.length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
rev+=carr[i];
}
//space
rev+=" ";

}
System.out.print(rev);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to find out number of uppercase letters,lowercase letters,

digits,
words and spaces?

input:
This Is Java Class29
output:
uppercase letters : 4
lowecase letters : 11
digits : 2
 words : 4
spaces : 3

ex:
---

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="This Is Java Class29";

char[] carr=str.toCharArray();

int upper=0,lower=0,digit=0,word=1,space=0;

for(char ch:carr)
{
if(ch>='A' && ch<='Z')
{
upper++;
}
else if(ch>='a' && ch<='z')
{
lower++;
}
else if(ch>='0' && ch<='9')
{
digit++;
}
else if(ch==' ')
{
word++;
space++;
}
}
System.out.println("Uppercase letters : "+upper);
System.out.println("Lowercase letters : "+lower);
System.out.println("Digits : "+digit);
System.out.println("Words : "+word);
System.out.println("Spaces : "+space);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display duplicate characters from given String?

input:
google

output:
og

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="google";
 String duplicates="";
String characters="";

for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
String current=Character.toString(str.charAt(i));

if(characters.contains(current))
{
if(!duplicates.contains(current))
{
duplicates+=current;
continue;
}
}
characters+=current;
}
System.out.println(duplicates);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display unique/distinct characters from given String?

input:
google

output:
gole

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="google";

String duplicates="";
String characters="";

for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
String current=Character.toString(str.charAt(i));

if(characters.contains(current))
{
if(!duplicates.contains(current))
{
duplicates+=current;
continue;
}
}
characters+=current;
}
System.out.println(characters);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display the string in below format?

input:
A1B2C3D4
output:
ABBCCCDDDD

ex:

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="A1B2C3D4";

for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
if(Character.isAlphabetic(str.charAt(i)))
{
System.out.print(str.charAt(i));
}
else
{
int j=Character.getNumericValue(str.charAt(i));

for(int k=1;k<j;k++)
{
System.out.print(str.charAt(i-1));
}
}
}

}
}

Q)Write a java program to display most repeating character from given string?

input:
googleformat

output:
o is repeating for 3 times

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="googleformat";

int maxCount=0;
char character=' ';

for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{
int cnt=0;

for(int j=0;j<str.length();j++)
 {
if(str.charAt(i)==str.charAt(j))
{
cnt++;
}
}
if(maxCount<cnt)
{
maxCount=cnt;
character=str.charAt(i);
}
}
System.out.println(character+" is repeating for "+maxCount+" times");

}
}

Q)Write a java program to perform right rotation of a string?

input:
str = ihubtalent

cnt = 2

output:
ubtalentih

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="ihubtalent";

int cnt =2;

String str1=str.substring(0,2);

String str2=str.substring(cnt,str.length());

System.out.println(str2+str1);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to perform left rotation of a string?

input:
str = ihubtalent

cnt = 2

output:
ntihubtale

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="ihubtalent";

int cnt =2;

String str1=str.substring(0,str.length()-cnt);

String str2=str.substring(str.length()-cnt,str.length());

System.out.println(str2+str1);
}
}

Q)Write a java program to display the strings starts with uppercase letters?

input:
This is Java session For upcoming Students
output:
This Java For Students

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str ="This is Java session For upcoming Students";

String[] sarr=str.split(" ");

//for each loop

String rev="";
for(String s:sarr)
{
if(s.charAt(0)>='A' && s.charAt(0)<='Z')
{
rev+=s+" ";
}
}
System.out.println(rev);
}
}

Q)Write a java to display permutations of a given string?

input:
ABC

output:
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CBA
CAB
Diagram:5

ex:
---

public class Test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="ABC";
permutations(str.toCharArray(),0);
}
public static void permutations(char[] ar, int fi)
{
if(fi==ar.length-1)
{
System.out.println(ar);
return;
}
for(int i=fi;i<ar.length;i++)
{
swap(ar,i,fi);
permutations(ar,fi+1);
swap(ar,i,fi);
}
}
public static void swap(char[] ar,int i,int fi)
{
char temp=ar[i];
ar[i]=ar[fi];
ar[fi]=temp;
}
}

Assignment
============
Q)Write a java program to display the string in below format?

input:
ABBCCCDDDD

output:
A1B2C3D4

Q)Write a java program to find out given String is Anagram or not?

input:
str1 = silent
str2 = listen

output:
It is a anagram string

ex:
---
import java.util.Arrays;
class Test
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str1="silent";
String str2="listen";

char[] carr1=str1.toCharArray();
char[] carr2=str2.toCharArray();

Arrays.sort(carr1); // e i l n s t
Arrays.sort(carr2); // e i l n s t

if(carr1.length!=carr2.length)
{
System.out.println("It is not an anagram string");
System.exit(0);
}

boolean flag=true;
for(int i=0;i<carr1.length && i<carr2.length;i++)
{
if(carr1[i]!=carr2[i])
{
flag=false;
break;
}
}
if(flag==true)
System.out.println("It is anagram string");
else
System.out.println("It is not anagram string");
}
}

StringBuffer
=============
If our content is not fixed then it is never recommanded to use String because
for every change a new object will be created.

To overcome this limitation Sun Micro System introduced StringBuffer.

In StringBuffer all the required changes will be done in a single object only.

constructor
------------

1)StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer()

--------------------------------------
It will create empty StringBuffer object with default initial capacity of 16.

If capacity reaches to maximum capacity then new capacity will be created with
below formulea.
ex:
new capacity = current_capacity+1*2;

ex:
---
class Test
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();

System.out.println(sb.capacity()); // 16

sb.append("abcdefghijklmnop");

System.out.println(sb.capacity()); // 16

sb.append("qr");

System.out.println(sb.capacity()); // 16+1*2=34
}
}

2)StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(int initialcapacity)

------------------------------------------------------
It will create StringBuffer object with specified initial capacity.

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(19);

System.out.println(sb.capacity()); // 19

}
}

3)StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(String str)

--------------------------------------------
It will create StringBuffer object which is equivalent to String.

Here capacity will be created with below formulea.

capacity = str.length() + 16

ex:
---
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("bhaskar");

System.out.println(sb.capacity()); // 7 + 16 = 23

}
}

Q)Write a java program to display reverse of a string?

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
 {
String str="hello";

String rev="";

StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(str);

rev=sb.reverse().toString();

System.out.println(rev);

}
}

Q)Write a java program to find out given string is palindrome or not?

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str="madam";

String rev="";

StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(str);

rev=sb.reverse().toString();

if(str.equals(rev))
System.out.println("It is palindrome string");
else
System.out.println("It is not palindrome string");

}
}

Q)Write a java program to display the string in given format?

input:
ABBCCCDDDD
output:
A1B2C3D4

ex:
---
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str = "ABBCCCDDDD";

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

int count = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++)
{

if (i < str.length() - 1 && str.charAt(i) == str.charAt(i + 1))

{
 count++;
}
else
{

sb.append(str.charAt(i)).append(count);
count = 1;
}
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
}

StringBuilder
==============
StringBuilder is exactly same as StringBuffer with following differences.

StringBuffer StringBuilder
------------ ---------------
All the methods present in StringBuffer No method present in StringBuilder are
synchronized.
are synchronized.

At a time only one thread is allowed Multiple threads are allowed to execute.
Hence we
to execute.Hence we can achieve thread can't achieve thread safety.
safety.

Waiting time of a thread will increase There is no waiting threads effectively

performance
effectively performance is low. is high.

It is introduced in 1.0v. It is introduced in 1.5v.

Note:
------
If our content not change frequently then we need to use String object.

If our content change frequently where thread safety is required then we need to
use StringBuffer object.

If our content change frequently where thread safety is not required then we need
to use
StringBuilder object.

StringTokenizer
================
A StringTokenizer is a class which is present in java.util package.

It is used to tokenize the String irrespective of regular expression.

We can create StringTokenizer class object as follow.

syntax:

StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(String str,RegEx reg);

StringTokenizer class contains following methods.
ex:
public int countTokens()
public boolean hasMoreTokens()
public String nextToken()
public boolean hasMoreElements()
public Object nextElement

ex:
---
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("This is java class");

System.out.println(st.countTokens());
}
}
Note:
----
Here default regular expression is space.

ex:2
-----
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("This is java class"," ");

System.out.println(st.countTokens());
}
}

ex:3
----
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("This is java class"," ");

while(st.hasMoreTokens())
{
String str=st.nextToken();
System.out.println(str);
}

}
}

ex:4
-----
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("This is java class"," ");

while(st.hasMoreElements())
{
String str=(String)st.nextElement();
System.out.println(str);
}

}
}

ex:5
----
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("9,99,999",",");

while(st.hasMoreElements())
{
String str=(String)st.nextElement();
System.out.println(str);
}

}
}