CH-1

Q.1. Why do organisms need to take food?

Ans. Food is needed by all organisms for many purposes:
(a) The main function of food is to help in growth.
(b) Food provides energy for movements such as running, walking or raising our arm.
(c) Food is also needed for replacement and repairing damaged parts of body.
(d) Food gives us resistance to fight against diseases and protects us from infections

Q.3. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?

Ans. The presence of starch in leaves can be tested by Iodine test. When we remove chlorophyll from leaf
by boiling it in alcohol and then put 2 drops of iodine solution, its colour change to blue indicates the
presence of starch.

Q.4. Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.
Ans. The green plants have chlorophyll in the leaves. The leaves use C02 and water to make food in
presence of sunlight.

Q.5. Show with the help of a sketch that the plants are the ultimate source of food.
CH-2

Q.4.Match the items of column I with those given in column II:

Q.5. What are villi? What is their location and function?

Ans. The finger like projections in the inner walls of the small intestine is called villi. These are found in
small intestine.
Function: The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested food

Q.6. Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it help to digest?
Ans. Bile is produced in liver. The bile juice stored in sac called the gall bladder. It helps in the digestion of
fats.

Q.7. Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the
reason also.
Ans. Cellulose is the carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants. Ruminants have large sac like
structure between the small intestine and large intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested by the
action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.

Q.8. Why do we get instant energy from glucose?

Ans. Because it easily breaks down in the cell with the help of oxygen which provides instant energy to the
organism. Glucose does not need digestion, it is directly absorbed into the blood.

Q. 10. Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.
Ans. Similarity: The digestive juices in amoeba are secreted into food vacuole and in human beings the
digestive juices are secreted in stomach and small intestine. Then the juices convert complex food into
simpler soluble and absorbable substances. ‘
Difference: Amoeba captures the food with help of pseudopodia and engulf it. In human beings food is
taken by the mouth.

CH-3
Q.1. You must be familiar with the following nursery rhymes:
(i) ‘Baa baa black sheep, have you any Wool.’
(ii) ‘Mary had a little lamb, whose fleece was white as snow.’
Answer the following:
(a) Which parts of the black sheep have wool?
(b) What is meant by the white fleece of the lamb?
Ans. (a) The hairy skin called fleece has wool in black sheep.
(b) White fleece of the lamb means the white coloured hairy skin.

Q.2. The silkworm is (a) a caterpillar (b) a larva. Choose the correct option.
(i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) both (a) and (b) (iv) neither (a) nor (b)
Ans. (iii) both (a) and (b).

Q.3. Which of the following does not yield wool?

(i) Yak (ii) Camel (iii) Goat (iv) Woolly dog
Ans. (iv) Woolly dog

Q.4. What is meant by the following terms?

(i) Rearing (ii) Shearing (iii) Sericulture
Ans. (i) Rearing: The process of keeping, feeding, breeding and medical care of useful animals is called
rearing of animals. These animals produce one or more useful products for htiman beings.
(ii) Shearing: The process of removing the fleece of the sheep alongwith thin layer of skin is called
shearing.
(iii) Sericulture: The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.

Q.5. Given below is a sequence of steps in the processing of wool. Which are the missing steps? Add
them.
Shearing, ________ , sorting,________, __________
Ans. Shearing, scouring, sorting, picking out of burrs, colouring, rolling.
Q.6 Make sketches of the two stages in the life history of the silk moth which are directly related to the
production of silk
Ans.
Q.7. Out of the following, which are the two terms related to silk production? Sericulture, floriculture,
moriculture, apiculture and silviculture.
Hints: (i) Silk production involves cultivation of mulberry leaves and rearing silkworms. (ii) Scientific
name of mulberry is Morus alba.
Ans. (i) Sericulture (ii) Moriculture
Q.8. Match the words of Column I with those given in Column II:

Ans

CH-4
NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 4 Heat

September 25, 2019 by Sastry CBSE

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 4 Heat

Topics and Sub Topics in Class 7 Science Chapter 4 Heat:

Section Name Topic Name

4 Heat

4.1 Hot and Cold

4.2 Measuring Temperature

4.3 Laboratory Thermometer

4.4 Transfer of Heat

4.5 Kinds of Clothes we Wear in Summer and Winter

Q.1. State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical
thermometer.
Ans. Similarities:
(i) Both thermometers consist of long narrow uniform glass tubes.
(ii) Both have a bulb at one end.
(iii) Both contain mercury in bulb.
(iv) Both use Celsius scale on the glass tube.
Differences:
(i) A clinical thermometer reads temperature 35°C to 45°C while the range of laboratory thermometer is -
10°C to 110°C.
(ii) Clinical thermometer has a kink near the bulb while there is no kink in the laboratory thermometer.
Due to kink mercury does not fall down on its own in clinical thermometer.

Q.2. Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.

Ans. Conductors—aluminium, iron Insulators—plastic, wood.

Q.3.Fill in the blanks

The hotness of an object is detetmined by its ____________ .
(b) Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a ____________ thermometer.
(c) Temperature is measured in degree ____________ .
(d) No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of ____________.
(e) A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. It transfers heat to its other end by the process of
____________
(f) Clothes of ___________ colours absorb heat better than clothes of light colours.

Ans. (a) temperature (b) clinical (c) Celsius (d) radiation (e) conduction (f) dark

Q.5. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one
thick piece of clothing?
Ans.More layers of clothing keep us warm in winters as they have a lot of space between them. This space
gets filled up with air. Air is a bad conductor, it does not allow the body heat to escape out.

Q.6. Look at figure 4.6. Mark where the heat is being transferred by conduction, by convection and by
radiation
Ans.

Q.7. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Explain.
Ans.In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer wall of houses be painted white because white
colour reflects heat and the houses do not heat up too much

CH - 5

Ans.
Q.2.Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window cleaners. It turns red litmus blue.
What is its nature?
Ans.Ammonia has basic nature.

Q.3.Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the use of this solution?
Ans.Litmus solution is extracted from lichens. It is used to determine whether the given solution is acidic
or basic.

Q.4.Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?
Ans.Distilled water will be neutral. We can verify it by showing that neither blue nor red litmus paper
changes its colour when dipped in it.

Q.5.Describe the process of neutralisation with the help of an example.

Ans.The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralisation. Salt and water are produced in
this process with the evolution of heat.
Antacids like milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), baking soda, etc. which contain a base are used for
reducing acidity in stomach when excessive acid released by glands.

CH-6

Q.1.Classify the changes involved in the following processes as physical or chemical changes:
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Dissolving sugar in water
(c) Burning of coal
(d) Melting of wax
(e) Beating aluminium to make aluminium foil
(f) Digestion of food

Ans.(a) Chemical change (b) Physical change

(c) Chemical change (d) Physical change
(e) Physical change (/) Chemical change

Q.2.(a) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change. (True/ False)
(b) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change. (True/ False)
(c)Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily. (True/ False)
(d)Iron and rust are the same substances. (True/ False)
(e)Condensation of steam is not a chemical change. (True/ False)
Ans. (a)False
Correct statement: Cutting a log of wood into pieces is an irreversible physical change.
(b)False
Correct statement: Formation of manure from leaves is a chemical change.
(c) True
(d)False
Correct statement: Iron and rust are two different chemical substances.
(e)True

Q.3.Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

(a) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of .
(b) The chemical name of baking soda is .
(c) Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented are __________ and __________
(d) Changes in which only ____________ properties of a substance change are called physical changes.
(e) Changes in which new substances are formed are called _____________ changes..
Ans. (a)calcium carbonate
(b) sodium hydrogen carbonate
(c) painting or greasing, galvanisation
(d) physical
(e) chemical

Q.4. When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the evolution of a gas. What
type of change is it? Explain.
Ans. The reaction between baking soda and lemon juice can be given as below:
Lemon juice + Baking soda ————-> C02 (bubbles) + Other substances
(Citric acid) (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (Carbon dioxide)

It is a chemical change

Q.5. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place. Identify these changes. Give
another example of a familiar process in which both the chemical and physical changes take place.
Ans. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes occur:
(i) Physical change: melting of wax, vapourisation of melted wax.

(ii) Chemical change: Burning of vapours of wax to give carbon dioxide, heat and light.
LPG is another example in which physical change occurs when LPG comes out of cylinder and is converted
from liquid to gaseous state and a chemical change occurs when gas burns in air.
Q.6. How would you show that setting of a curd is a chemical change?
Ans. We can say that setting of curd is a chemical change because we can not get the original substance,
i.e., milk back and a new substance is formed with different taste, smell and other chemical properties

Q.7. Explain why burning of wood and cutting it into small pieces are considered as two different types
of changes. ~
Ans. Burning of wood is a chemical change because in burning new substances are formed as
Wood + Oxygen ———–> Charcoal + Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
But cutting it into small pieces is physical change because no new substance is formed. We can only
reduce the size of wood.

Q.8. Describe how crystals of copper sulphate are prepared.

Ans. Take a cupful of water in a beaker and add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid. Heat the water. When
it starts boiling, add copper sulphate powder slowly. Continue to add copper sulphate powder till no more
powder can be dissolved. .During this process continuously stir the solution. Filter the solution. Leave it for
cooling. Look it after some time, you can see the crystals of copper sulphate

Q.9. Explain how painting of an iron gate prevents it from rusting?

Ans. It is known that for rusting the presence of oxygen and moisture is essential. Painting prevents the
iron gate from coming in contact with oxygen and moisture.

Q.10. Explain why rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts.
Ans. As content of moisture in the air in coastal areas is higher than in the air in deserts. So, the process of
rusting is faster in coastal areas.

CH-7

Q.1.Name the elements that determine the weather of a place.

Ans. The temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind-speed, etc. are called the elements that determine the
weather of a place.

Q.2. When are the maximum and minimum temperature likely to occur during the day?
Ans.The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon and the minimum
temperature occurs in the early morning.

Q.3.Fill in the blanks

(i) The average weather taken over a long time is called __________
(ii) A place receives very little rainfall and the temperature is high throughout the year, the climate of
that place will be ________ and _________
(iii) The two regions of the earth with extreme climatic conditions are __________ and ____________
Ans. climate of the place (ii) hot, dry (iii) polar, tropical regions
Q.4.Indicate the type of climate of the following areas:
(a) Jammu and Kashmir:
(b) Kerala:,
(c) Rajasthan:
(d) North-east India:
Ans.(a) Jammu and Kashmir—moderately hot and moderately wet climate.
(b) Kerala—very hot and wet climate.
(c) Rajasthan—hot and dry climate.
(d) North-east India—The north eastern India receives rain for a major part of the year, hence wet climate.

Q.5.Which of the two changes frequently, weather or climate?

Ans.Weather

Q.6.Followings are some of the characteristics of animals:

(i) Diets heavy on fruits , (ii) White fur (iii) Need to migrate (iv) Loud voice
(v) Sticky pads on feet (vi) Layer of fat under skin
(vii) Wide and large paws (viii) Bright colours
(ix) Strong tails (x) Long and large beak
For each characteristic indicate whether it is adaptation for tropical rainforests or polar regions. Do you
think that some of these characteristics can be adapted for both regions?

Ans:

.-

Q.7. The tropical rainforests has a large population of animals. Explain why it is so.
Ans. Because of continuous warmth and rain, the tropical region supports an enormous number and a
wide variety of animals

Q.8.Explain with examples, why we find animals of certain kind living in particular climatic conditions.
Ans. Animals are adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. Features and habits which help
them to adapt to their surroundings are the result of evolution. So, to survive in a particular type of
climate the animals must have certain adapted features. This is the reason we find animals of certain kind
living in particular climatic conditions. For example, animals in the polar region are adapted to the
extremely cold climate. They have special characteristics, such as white fur, strong sense of smell, a layer
of fat under the skin, wide and large paws for swimming and walking in snow etc

Q.9. How do elephants living in the tropical rainforests adapt themselves?

Ans. The elephant has adapted to the conditions of rainforest in many remarkable ways. It has a trunk that
it uses as a nose because of this it has a strong sense of smell. The trunk is also used by it for picking up
food. Its tusks are modified teeth. These can tear the bark of trees that an elephant loves to eat. So, the
elephant is able to handle the competition for food very well. Large ears of the elephant help it to hear
even very soft sounds. They also help the elephant to keep cool in the hot* humid climate of the
rainforest.

CH-8

Q.1.Fill the missing word in the blank spaces in the following statements:
(a) Wind is ___________air.
(b) Winds are generated due to _________ heating on the earth.
(c) Near the earth’s surface _________ air rises up whereas _________ air comes down.
(d) Air moves from a region _________of pressure to a region _________of pressure.
Ans.(a) moving (b) uneven
(c) warm, cooler (d) high, low

Q.2. Suggest two methods to find out wind direction at a given place.
Ans.(i) Take a piece of a paper in your hand. Allow it to fall from your hand. It will flow in the direction in
which wind is blowing.
(ii) You can also use a wind-pane which helps us to know accurate wind direction.

Q.3.State two experiences that made you think that air exerts pressure.
Ans.(i) Balloons and balls can be used only when they are inflated with air. When balloon is overfilled with
air it bursts due to excessive air pressure.
(ii) Compressed air is used in the brake system for stopping trains.

Q.4.You want to buy a house. Would you like to buy a house having windows but no ventilators?
Explain your answer.
Ans.No, a house which has no ventilators is not a safe or healthy house to live in. The air circulation is not
there in such a house. So, it has no fresh air. Because warm air rises up and goes out through ventilators
and fresh air comes in through windows.

Q.5.Explain why holes are made in hanging banners and hoardings.

Ans.Air exerts pressure. Due to this pressure banners and hoarding flutter and torn when wind is blowing
fast. Holes are made in banners and hoardings so that wind passes through the holes and they do not
become loose and fall down.

Q.6.How will you help your neighbours in case cyclone approaches your village/town?
Ans. (i) I will make them aware of cyclone forecast and warning service.
(ii) Rapid communication of warning to the government agencies and all the important places.
(iii) Construction of cyclone shelters in the cyclone prone areas.
(iv) Helping them to shift essential goods, domestic animals etc. to safer places.
Q.7.What planning is required in advance to deal with the situation created by a cyclone?
Ans.To deal with cyclone, it is important to follow the following points :

(i) carefully listening the warnings transmitted on T.V. and radio.

(ii) moving to the safer places.
(iii) keeping an emergency kit ready.
(iv) store food in waterproof bags. .
(v) not venturing into sea.
(vi) keeping all the emergency numbers.

CH-9

Q1. Tick the most suitable answer in question 1 and 2.

In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains
(i) Air and water
(ii) Water and plants
(iii) Minerals, organic matter, air and water
(iv) Water, air and plants
Answer:
In addition to the rock particles, the soil contains
(iii) Minerals, organic matter, air and water.

Q2. The water holding capacity is the highest in

(i) Sandy soil
(ii) Clayey soil
(iii) Loamy soil
(iv) Mixture of sand and loam
Answer:
The water holding capacity is the highest in
(ii) Clayey soil

Q3. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:

Column I Column II

(i) A home for living organisms (a) Large particles

(ii) Upper layer of the soil (b) All kinds of soil

(iii) Sandy soil (c) Dark in colour

(iv) Middle layer of the soil (d) Small particles and packed tight

(v) Clayey soil (e) Lesser amount of humus

Answer:

Column I Column II
 (i) A home for living organisms (b) All kinds of soil

(ii) Upper layer of the soil (c) Dark in colour

(iii) Sandy soil (a) Large particles

(iv) Middle layer of the soil (e) Lesser amount of humus

(v) Clayey soil (d) Small particles and packed tight

Q4. Explain how soil is formed.
Answer:
Soil is formed through the process of weathering. Weathering is a process of physical breakdown and
chemical decomposition of rocks and minerals near or at the surface of the earth. This physical and
chemical decomposition is primarily done by wind, water, and climate. As a result of these processes,
large rock pieces are converted into smaller pieces and eventually to soil.

Q5. How is clayey soil useful for crops?

Answer:
Following are the properties of clayey soil:

1. It has very good water holding capacity.

2. It is rich in organic matter.

For growing crops such as wheat, gram, and paddy, the soil that is good at retaining water and rich in
organic matter is suitable. Therefore, clayey soils having these characteristics are useful for such kind of
crops.

Q6. List the differences between clayey soil and sandy soil.
Answer:

Clayey Soil Loamy Soil

(i) It has much smaller particles. (i) It has much larger particles.

(ii) It can hold good amount of water. (ii) It cannot hold water.

(iii) It is fertile. (iii) It is not fertile.

(iv) Air content is low. (iv) Air get trapped between the particles.

(iv) Particles are tightly packed (iv) Particles are loosely packed

(iv) Good for growing various crops. (iv) Not suitable for growing crops.
Q7. Sketch the cross section of soil and label the various layers.
Answer:

Q8. Razia conducted an experiment in the field related to the rate of percolation. She observed that it
took 40 min for 200 mL of water to percolate through the soil sample. Calculate the rate of percolation.
Answer:

9. Explain how soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented.

Answer:
Prevention of soil pollution:
The persistent build-up of toxic compounds in the soil is defined as soil pollution. To prevent soil pollution,
its causes must be controlled.

1. Reduce the use of plastics: Plastics and polythene bags destroy the fertility of soil. Hence, these
should be disposed off properly and if possible, their use should be avoided.
2. Industrial pollutants: Some waste products from industries and homes pollute soil. These pollutants
should be treated chemically to make them harmless before they are disposed off.
3. Insecticides: Other pollutants of soil include pesticides and insecticides. Therefore, excessive use of
these substances should be avoided.

Prevention of soil erosion:

Removal of the upper fertile layer of the soil (top soil) by strong wind and flowing water is known as soil
erosion. Following steps can be taken to reduce soil erosion:

1. Mass awareness to reduce deforestation for industrial purposes.

2. Helping local people to regenerate degrading forest.
3. Planting trees.

CH-10
Q1. Why does an athlete breathe faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race?
Answer:
During the run, the demand of energy is high but the supply of oxygen to produce energy is limited.
Therefore, anaerobic respiration takes places in the muscle cells to fulfill the demand of energy. After
finishing the race, an athlete breathe faster and deeper than usual so that more oxygen is supplied to the
cells.

Q2. List the similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Similarity:
(i) In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, food is broken down to release energy.
(ii) Both takes place inside cells.
(iii) Both produces byproducts.

Differences:

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

(i) It takes place in the presence of oxygen. (i) It takes place in the absence of oxygen.

(ii) Energy is released in higher amount. (ii) Energy is released in lesser amount.

(iii) Carbon dioxide and water are produced as (iii) Carbon dioxide and water are produced as
byproducts. byproducts.

(iv) It is a slow process. (iv) It is a fast process.

(v) Examples: Animals and plants cells. (iv) Examples: Human cells, yeast, Bacteria etc.
Q3. Why do we often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air?
Answer:
We often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air to expel out these foreign particles. These particles
get past the hair in the nasal cavity and irritate the lining of the cavity which results in sneezing.

Q4. Take three test-tubes. Fill each of them with water. Label them A, B and C. Keep a snail in test-tube
A, a water plant in test-tube B and in C, keep snail and plant both. Which test-tube would have the
highest concentration of CO2 ?
Answer:
Test-tube A will have the highest concentration of CO2 because snail will take in oxygen and gives out
CO2.
In test-tubes B and C, the CO2 will be utilized by the water plant for synthesizing food and hence there will
be less concentration of CO2 in these.

Q5. Tick the correct answer:

(a) In cockroaches, air enters the body through
(i) lungs
(ii) gills
(iii) spiracles
(iv) skin
Answer: (iii) spiracles
(b) During heavy exercise, we get cramps in the legs due to the accumulation of
(i) carbon dioxide
(ii) lactic acid
(iii) alcohol
(iv) water
Answer: (ii) lactic acid
(c) Normal range of breathing rate per minute in an average adult person at rest is:
(i) 9 – 12
(ii) 15 – 18
(iii) 21 – 24
(iv) 30 – 33
Answer: (ii) 15 – 18
(d) During exhalation, the ribs
(i) move outwards
(ii) move downwards
(iii) move upwards
(iv) do not move at all
Answer: (ii) move downwards

Q6. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:

Column I Column II

(a) Yeast (i) Earthworm

(b) Diaphragm (ii) Gills

(c) Skin (iii) Alcohol

(d) Leaves (iv) Chest cavity

(e) Fish (v) Stomata

(f) Frog (vi) Lungs and skin

– (vii) Tracheae
Answer:

Column I Column II

(a) Yeast (iii) Alcohol

(b) Diaphragm (iv) Chest cavity

(c) Skin (i) Earthworm

(d) Leaves (v) Stomata

(e) Fish (ii) Gills

 (f) Frog (vi) Lungs and skin
Q7. Mark T if the statement is true and F if it is false:
(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down. (T/ F)

(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night. (T/ F)

(iii) Frogs breathe through their skins as well as their lungs. (T/ F)
(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration. (T/ F)
(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation. (T/ F)
Answer:
(i) F
(ii) F
(iii) T
(iv) F
(v) T