GROUP NO: 9 101121012 HARIHARAN K G 101121027 MAADHAVAN K 101121049 SIVASATHYAN A CONTENTS
● LIFTS - EXPLANATION AND GENERAL USES
● BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
● TYPES OF LIFT
● DIMENSIONS OF LIFT
● BUILDING NBC STANDARDS
LIFTS - EXPLANATION AND GENERAL USES ● An elevator or lift is a machine that vertically transports people or freight between levels. They are typically powered by electric motors that drive traction cables and counterweight systems such as a hoist, although some pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. ● Lifts can be essential for providing vertical circulation, particularly in tall buildings, for wheelchair and other non-ambulant building users and for the vertical transportation of goods. Some lifts may also be used for firefighting and evacuation purposes. ● The first reference in literature to a lift is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) built his first lift probably in 236 BC. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES Elevator car : The part of an elevator that includes the platform, enclosure, car frame and door.
Machine Beam : A steel beam, positioned directly over the
elevator in the machine room and is used to support elevator equipment.
Machine room : This is usually located at the top of the
shaft And accommodates the winding machine.
Pit : that part of an elevator shaft that extends from the
threshold level of the lowest landing door down to the floor at the very bottom of the shaft.
Shaft : A hoist way through which one or more elevator cars
may travel.
Counter weight or balance weight : a unit consisting of
steel weights which counter balance the weight of the car and a portion of the load and to which suspension ropes are attached. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
Traction drive : lift whose lifting ropes are driven by friction in
between the lift car and the fixed point or points.
Bottom Clearance : The distance including buffer compression
the platforms could travel below the bottom landing until the full weight of the car when loaded rests on the buffer.
Top clearance : the vertical distance between the top car
attachment and the bottom of the diverting pulley or any steelwork supporting equipment there must be an advocate margin between this and the car will not contact the diverting pulley or steel work TYPES OF LIFTS DRIVE SYSTEM
● HYDRAULIC LIFT ● TRACTION LIFT
HYDRAULIC LIFT:
A push cylinder is mostly used, a fluid-driven piston
mounted inside a cylinder.The lifting cylinder can be arranged directly or indirectly.
Works on pascal’s law. The piston movement can be
done by pumping hydraulic oil to the cylinder.
The piston lifts the lift cab easily, and the oil can be controlled by an electrical valve. •Conventional hydraulic elevators. They use an underground cylinder, are quite common for low level buildings with 2-5 floors (sometimes but seldom up to 6-8 floors), and have speeds of up to 200 feet/minute (1 meter/second). meter/second).
•Holeless hydraulic elevators were developed in the
1970s, and use a pair of above ground cylinders, which makes it practical for environmentally or cost sensitive buildings with 2, 3, or 4 floors.
•Roped hydraulic elevators use both above ground
cylinders and a rope system, they can serve up to 8-10 floors. TRACTION LIFT:
● Principle: see-saw the car is raised and lowered by traction steel
ropes rather than pushed from below. ● The ropes are attached to the elevator car, looped around a sheave & connected to an electric motor. ● when the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. ● Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft. ● The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the other side of the sheave.
Nowadays, some traction elevators are using flat steel belts instead of conventional steel ropes. Flat steel belts are extremely light due to its carbon fiber core and a high-friction coating, and does not require any oil or lubricant. DIFFERENCE B/W HYDRAULIC AND TRACTION LIFTS: BASED ON USAGE
Passenger elevator is designed to move people between floors of a building.
Their capacity is related to available floor space. Upto 8-10 floors these operate at 1m/s and above 10 floors the speed starts at 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s.
There are some types of passenger elevators:
SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT
An Sky lobbies- an intermediate interchange floor where people can change from an express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local elevator which stops at every floor within a segment of the building.
EXPRESS ELEVATOR:
Express elevator does not serve all floors. it moves between the ground floor and a sky lobby.
GOODS LIFT:
Used to transport heavy goods but depends on types of goods transported.Usually used in shopping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse. VEHICLE LIFTS:
•Used specifically to lift a car in multi storey car park or showroom.
•Had to be in the form of traction and hydraulics.
•Form of traction is more commonly used for high velocity.
DUMBWAITER LIFTS:
● Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended
to carry food rather than passengers.
● They often link kitchens with other rooms.
● When installed in restaurants, schools, Avg height of the
car ranges from 0.8m to 1.2m. kindergartens, hospitals,
retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate
in a kitchen. SCISSOR LIFTS:
● These lifts are self-contained, these lifts can be easily moved to where they are needed. ● They're excellent for indoor and outdoor construction, maintenance and installation applications.
Features:
● High load bearing capacity
● Long life
● Smooth operations Dimension of the lifts Dimensions of lifts on the basis of lift arrangement
Lifts or elevators, should be arranged around a series of design factors that
include: the type of occupancy, dimensions, speed and quantity of traffic, total vertical distance to be traveled, and the desired time and speed of travel.
In addition to that, there are a few more important factors to be considered,
namely: safety, quality, aesthetics, capacity during peak times, and the type of building in which the elevator is to be installed.
A common residential lift is usually 3’ wide by 4’ deep or 0.91 x 1.22 m in
dimensions. The door width is usually 36 inches or 0.91 m.
On the other hand, for office buildings, lifts are typically 6’ wide by 5’ deep or 1.83 x 1.53 m in dimensions. The door width is typically 4’ wide or 1.22 m. Most common and preferred lift arrangements & layouts 2 car lifts These lifts have a low-capacity layout. Widely used in buildings with limited load, two lift elevator banks are ideal for offices with floor areas around 90,000 sq. ft. or 8,361 sq. m., hotels with 150 rooms, and housing projects with 180 units.
Two lift elevator banks have typical widths of 18’ or 5.5 m and depths of 18’6” or 5.6 m which is a combination of a single row of lifts and an adjacent waiting area with a clearance width (lobby) of 10’/3 m, or 1.5 x car depths .Therefore, these have an overall area of around 333 sq. ft. or 31 sq. m.
● Cars/lifts: 2 ● Width: 18’1” or 5.5 m ● Depth: 18’6” or 5.6 m ● Area: 333 sq. ft. or 31 sq. m. ● Elevator depth: 7’11” or 2.4 m ● Waiting depth: 10’ or 3 m or 1.5x car depth 3 car lifts These have a low to medium-capacity layout. Most commonly used in buildings with low to medium loads, three lift elevator banks are ideal for offices with floor areas around 135,000 sq. ft. or 12,542 sq. m., hotels with 225 rooms, and housing projects with 270 units.
These have typical widths of 27’ or 8.2 m and depths of 18’6” or 5.6 m which is a combination of a single row of lifts and an adjacent waiting area with a clearance width (lobby) of 10’ or 3 m or 1.5 x car depths in lift dimensions.Therefore, these have an overall area of around 494 sq. ft. or 46 sq. m.
● Cars/lifts: 3 ● Width: 26’9” or 8.2 m ● Depth: 18’6” or 5.6 m ● Area: 494 sq. ft. or 46 sq. m. ● Elevator depth: 7’11” or 2.4 m ● Waiting depth: 10’ or 3 m or 1.5x car depth 4 car lifts These have a medium-capacity layout. Commonly used in buildings with medium average load, four lift elevator banks are ideal for offices with floor areas around 180,000 sq. ft. or 16,723 sq. m., hotels with 300 rooms, and housing projects with 360 units.
These have typical widths of 36’ or 10.9 m and depths of 18’6” or
5.6 m which is a combination of a row of lifts and an adjacent waiting area with a clearance width (lobby) of 10’ or 3 m or 1.5 x car depths.Therefore, these have an overall area of around 658 sq. ft. or 61 sq. m.
● Cars/lifts: 4 ● Width: 35’8” or 10.9 m ● Depth: 18’6” or 5.6 m ● Area: 658 sq. ft. or 61 sq. m. ● Elevator depth: 7’11” or 2.4 m ● Waiting depth: 10’ or 3 m or 1.5x car depth 6 car lifts These have a medium to high-capacity layout. Commonly used in buildings with a large load, six lift elevator banks are ideal for offices with floor areas around 270,000 sq. ft. or 25,084 sq. m., hotels with 450 rooms, and housing projects with 540 units.
These have typical widths of 27’ or 8.2 m and depths of 27’ or 8.2 m which is a combination of two rows of lifts around a central waiting area with a clearance width (lobby) of 10’6” or 3.2 m or 1.75x car depths.Therefore, these have an overall area of around 704 sq. ft. or 65 sq. m.
● Cars/lifts: 6 ● Width: 26’9” or 8.2 m ● Depth: 26’4” or 8 m ● Area: 704 ft2 or 65 m2 ● Elevator depth: 7’11” or 2.4 m ● Waiting depth: 10’6” or 3.2 m or 1.75x car depth 8 car lifts These have a high-capacity layout. Commonly used in buildings with a large load, eight lift elevator banks are ideal for offices with floor areas around 360,000 sq. ft. or 33,445 sq. m., hotels with 600 rooms, and housing projects with 720 units.
These have typical widths of 36’ or 10.9 m and depths of 28’ or
8.5 m which is a combination of two rows of lifts around a central waiting area with a clearance width (lobby) of 12’ or 3.7 m or 2x car depths.Therefore, these have an overall area of around 992 sq. ft. or 92 sq. m.
● Cars/lifts: 8 ● Width: 35’8” or 10.9 m ● Depth: 27’10” or 8.5 m ● Area: 992 sq. ft. or 92 sq. m. ● Elevator depth: 7’11” or 2.4 m ● Waiting depth: 12’ or 3.7 m or 2x car depth Before we actually begin with the dimension topic there are factors li like capacity and waiting time, building type and weight matter in consideration. Capacity Waiting time Speed Commercial passenger elevator
The modern passenger lift is a simple means of transport within a building.
● Generally, passenger elevators are available in typical capacities from 4 to 26 passengers. ● Speed varies between 0.5 meter/sec to 2.5 meter/sec. Hospital elevators One of the features of this elevator is its ability to transport patients as smoothly as possible with minimal amount of bumping and jostling. Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the elevator cabin.
● Door width: 900-1100 mm
In general, hospital elevators can reach endures a load of between 600 and 2,500 Kilos.
● The usual capacity of these lifts is between 8 and 13 people
● The maximum height that elevators can raise reaches 45 meters. ● The speed limit at which they can get these elevators is set at 1.6 meters per second These kind of lift are use in restaurants and hotels BUILDING NBC STANDARDS Information to be provided by Architect or Engineer.
As a result of preliminary discussions, the drawings of the
building should give the following particulars and finished sizes:
● Number, type and size of lifts and position of lift well.
● Particulars of lift well enclosure.
● Size, position, number and type of landing doors.
● Number of floors served by the lift.
● Height between floor levels.
● Number of entrances.
● Total headroom.
● Provision of access to machine room.
● Provision of ventilation and, if possible, natural lighting of
machine room. BUILDING NBC STANDARDS
● Height of machine room.
● Depth of lift pit.
● Position of lift machine, above or below lift well.
● Size and position of any trimmer joists or stanchions
adjacent to the lift well at each floor. ● Size and position or supporting steel work at roof levels.
● Size and position of any footings or grillage foundations,
these are adjacent to the lift pit. ● In the case of passenger lifts whether the lift cage is required to carry household luggage, such as refrigerator, steel almirah, etc. BUILDING NBC STANDARDS Requirements Associated with Lift Well and Pit
● Lift wells should be constructed to be weatherproof and of a dust free surface material or should be painted to minimize dust circulation on to moving apparatus and from being pumped by the car movement in to machine room or on to landings and shall be rendered fire-resistant to the greatest possible extent. ● The structure of the well shall conform to the requirements as laid in National Building Code and be able to support at least the loads which may be applied by the machine, by the guide rails at the moment of safety gear operation, in case of eccentric load in the car, by the action of buffers, by those which may be applied by the anti rebound devices, by loading and unloading the car, etc. ● The well shall have a mechanical strength such that when a force of 300 N, being evenly distributed over an area of 5 cm2. in round or square section, is applied at right angles to the wall at any point on either face it shall, ● a) resist without permanent deformation; and
● b) resist without elastic deformation greater than 15 mm.
BUILDING NBC STANDARDS ● Where the well is not required to contribute against the spread of fire, for example observation lifts in connection with galleries or atriums, tower buildings, etc. the well does not need to be totally enclosed, provided the height of the enclosure at places normally accessible to persons shall be sufficient to prevent such persons: ● 1) resist without permanent deformation;
● 2) being endangered by moving parts of the lift.
Structural Limits for Lift Wells at Any Level
● If the net plumb well and the nominal structural entrance openings are defined by plumb lines, the actual wall should not encroach on these dimensions. ● Dimension K (inside face of wall of Fig. 2) should fall within the following limits:
● For wells up to 30 m - 0 + 25 mm
● For wells up to 60 m - 0 + 35 mm BUILDING NBC STANDARDS
● For wells up to 90 m - 0 + 50 mm
● When architrave are to be supplied by the lift maker dimension L (side of structural opening of Fig. 2) should fall within the limits of 0 and 25 mm and dimension M (outer face of the front wall of Fig. 2) should not vary to a greater extent than can be accommodated by the subsequent front wall finish, the architrave being set accurately plumb. ● When entrance linings are supplied by the builder, corresponding provision should be made for the finished openings to be accurately plumb one above the other for the full travel of the lift end to design size. BUILDING NBC STANDARDS BUILDING NBC STANDARDS BUILDING NBC STANDARDS
