Science

Earth science

1. What is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles by
physical or chemical means?
 Answer: b) Weathering
2. Which type of map shows elevation contours and landforms?
 Answer: b) Topographic map
3. What is the name for the process by which water vapor changes into liquid
water?
 Answer: a) Condensation
4. What type of rock forms from the accumulation and compaction of sediment?
 Answer: c) Sedimentary rock
5. What causes the formation of sand dunes in desert environments?
 Answer: b) Wind erosion
6. What is the study of Earth's atmosphere and weather patterns called?
 Answer: a) Meteorology
7. What is the name for the boundary where two tectonic plates move apart from
each other?
 Answer: c) Divergent boundary
8. What is the name for the process by which sediment is carried away from its
source by wind, water, or ice?
 Answer: a) Erosion
9. Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of solid iron and nickel?
 Answer: c) Outer core
10. What is the term for the wearing away of rock by the action of wind, water, or
ice?
 Answer: a) Erosion
11. What is the name for the theory that Earth's continents were once joined
together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart?
 Answer: c) Continental drift
12. Which type of rock forms from the alteration of existing rock through heat,
pressure, or chemical reactions?
 Answer: c) Metamorphic rock
13. What is the name for the study of the physical and chemical processes that shape
Earth's surface?
 Answer: a) Geology
14. What is the primary cause of earthquakes?
 Answer: c) Plate tectonics
15. What is the name for the process by which rocks change due to heat, pressure, or
chemical reactions?
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Earth science

 Answer: d) Metamorphism
16. Which type of rock forms from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath
Earth's surface?
 Answer: a) Igneous rock
17. What is the term for the movement of sediments by wind, water, or ice?
 Answer: c) Erosion
18. What is the name for the process by which sediment is dropped or deposited in a
new location?
 Answer: c) Deposition
19. What is the name for the theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into large, rigid
plates that move and interact with each other?
 Answer: a) Plate tectonics
20. What is the primary cause of the formation of sedimentary rocks?
 Answer: c) Deposition and cementation
21. What is the term for the boundary where two tectonic plates move towards each
other and collide?
 Answer: a) Convergent boundary
22. What is the name for the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller
particles and transported to new locations?
 Answer: a) Erosion
23. What is the name for the boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each
other horizontally?
 Answer: b) Transform boundary
24. What is the name for the process by which sediment is dropped or deposited in a
new location?
 Answer: c) Deposition
25. What is the name for the boundary where two tectonic plates move apart from
each other?
 Answer: c) Divergent boundary
26. What is the primary cause of the formation of sand dunes in desert
environments?
 Answer: b) Wind erosion
27. What is the name for the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller
particles by physical processes such as freezing and thawing?
 Answer: b) Weathering
28. What is the name for the process by which rocks change due to heat, pressure, or
chemical reactions?
 Answer: d) Metamorphism
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Earth science

29. Which type of rock forms from the cooling and solidification of lava on Earth's
surface?
 Answer: a) Igneous rock
30. What is the name for the boundary where two tectonic plates move apart from
each other?
 Answer: c) Divergent boundary

. Layers of the Earth:

 The four main layers of the Earth are the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
The crust is the outermost layer and is composed of solid rock, primarily made of
silicate minerals. The mantle is semi-solid and consists of molten rock called
magma. The outer core is composed of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core
is solid due to immense pressure.

2. Plate Tectonics:

 Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large
plates that move and interact with each other. Evidence supporting this theory
includes the matching coastlines of continents, the distribution of fossils and rock
formations, and the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity along plate
boundaries.
 The three types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries (where plates move
apart), convergent boundaries (where plates collide), and transform boundaries
(where plates slide past each other). Geological features associated with each
boundary include mid-ocean ridges, trenches, and mountain ranges.
 Tectonic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by the
movement and interaction of tectonic plates. Earthquakes occur at plate
boundaries due to the release of built-up stress, while volcanic eruptions result
from the movement of magma towards the surface.

3. Rocks and Minerals:

 Rocks are aggregates of minerals, while minerals are naturally occurring,

inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure.
Examples of minerals include quartz (hardness 7, transparent), feldspar (hardness
6, cleavage), and mica (hardness 2.5-4, sheet-like structure).
 The rock cycle describes the processes by which rocks are formed, transformed,
and recycled on Earth's surface. It includes processes such as weathering, erosion,
deposition, compaction, and cementation.
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Earth science

 Rocks and minerals have significant importance in everyday life and various
industries. They are used in construction (e.g., building materials), manufacturing
(e.g., ceramics, electronics), agriculture (e.g., fertilizers), and energy production
(e.g., mining for coal, oil, and natural gas).
4. Weathering and Erosion:

 Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles
by physical, chemical, or biological means. Erosion is the movement of these
particles from one place to another by agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity.
 Examples of landforms created by weathering and erosion include canyons
(formed by rivers cutting through rock), caves (formed by chemical weathering of
limestone), and arches (formed by erosion of rock layers).
 Weathering and erosion contribute to the shaping of landscapes over time by
gradually wearing down rock formations and transporting sediment to new
locations. They play a critical role in sculpting Earth's surface and creating diverse
landforms.

5. Earthquakes and Volcanoes:

 Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along faults in the
Earth's crust, resulting in the shaking of the ground. Volcanoes form when molten
rock (magma), gases, and ash are expelled onto the Earth's surface or into the
atmosphere.
 Seismic waves generated by earthquakes include primary (P-waves), secondary
(S-waves), and surface waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves). These waves
travel through the Earth and provide information about its internal structure.
 Factors influencing volcanic eruptions include the composition and viscosity of
magma, the presence of gases (such as water vapor and carbon dioxide), and the
type of volcanic vent. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions include lava
flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, and lahars.

9. Atmosphere and Weather Phenomena:

 The atmosphere is divided into several layers, including the troposphere (where
weather occurs), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each
layer has distinct characteristics and functions.
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Earth science

 Common weather phenomena include clouds (formed by condensation of water

vapor), precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail), and atmospheric circulation
patterns (such as Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, and polar cells).
 Severe weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms are
driven by processes such as convection, air pressure gradients, and interactions
between air masses. They can cause significant damage to property,
infrastructure, and human lives.