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    Blundell Slides 1

    Uploaded by

    Abdeljalil Loudaini

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Blundell Slides 1

    Uploaded by

    Abdeljalil Loudaini
    19 views31 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views31 pages

    Blundell Slides 1

    Uploaded by

    Abdeljalil Loudaini

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Origin of magnetism

    Stephen Blundell
    University of Oxford

    European School of Magnetism 2020


    1

    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    2

    2
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    3

    Lagrangian for a charged particle in a magnetic field

    4
    Lagrangian for a charged particle in a magnetic field

    Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    Niels Bohr Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen


    (1885-1962) (1887-1974)

    6
    Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem
    p = mv + qA
    = Z= ··· exp( E({ri , pi }) dr1 · · · drN dp1 · · · dpN

    In a magnetic field, we replace pi by pi qA

    Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem


    p = mv + qA
    = Z= ··· exp( E({ri , pi }) dr1 · · · drN dp1 · · · dpN

    In a magnetic field, we replace pi by pi qA

    F =kB T log Z
    ⇥
    F
    M=
    B T

    8
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    9

    Orbtial magnetism – connection to angular momentum

    10
    Orbtial magnetism – connection to angular momentum

    11

    Orbtial magnetism – connection to angular momentum

    12
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    13

    13

    Spin

    14
    Spin

    15

    Spin

    16
    Spin

    17

    Spin

    18
    Spin

    19

    Spin arrangements

    ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥
    ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥
    ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ antiferromagnet
    ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥
    ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ ⇥

    ferromagnet

    20

    20
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    21

    21

    Spin precession

    spin precession

    E-fields don’t do
    this to electric
    dipole moments

    22
    Spin precession

    Classical treatment of spin precession

    23

    Spin precession

    24
    Spin matrices and states

    25

    Spin matrices and states

    26
    Spin precession

    Quantum mechanical treatment of spin precession (1)

    27

    Spin precession

    Quantum mechanical treatment of spin precession (2)

    28
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    29

    29

    30
    31

    S. J. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (OUP, 2001)

    32
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    33

    33

    34
    Hamiltonian for electrons in an atom in a B field

    35

    36
    37

    38
    39

    40
    S. J. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (OUP, 2001)

    41

    42
    43

    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    44

    44
    Orbitals

    s-orbitals

    p-orbitals

    45
    S. J. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (OUP, 2001)

    45

    Orbitals
    d-orbitals

    46
    S. J. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (OUP, 2001)

    46
    Magnetic atoms and ions

    3d

    4f

    47
    S. J. Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (OUP, 2001)

    47

    Transition metal
    (3d) ions

    Partially filled 3d shell gives


    rise to a magnetic moment

    S.J. Blundell, Contemp. Phys. 48, 275 (2007) 48

    48
    Transition metal
    (3d) ions

    CuII = 3d9
    Partially filled 3d shell gives
    rise to a magnetic moment

    S.J. Blundell, Contemp. Phys. 48, 275 (2007) 49

    49

    Spin-orbit and Lz eigenstates

    50
    Crystal field

    51

    52
    A parable: p-orbitals

    real eigenfunctions, for V(r) which is real


    53

    53

    A parable: p-orbitals

    Ylm ( , ⇥) l=1 m = 0 cos


    m = 1 sin ei
    m = 1 sin e i

    ⇥
    L̂z = i imaginary, |m eigenfunctions
    ⇥
    |pz = |0
    |1⇥ + | 1⇥ note that these contain
    |px ⇥ = ⇤ the eigenfunctions |m and
    2 | m⇥ in equal mixtures
    |1⇥ | 1⇥
    |py ⇥ = ⇤
    2i 54

    54
    d-orbitals
    |2, ±2i
    sin2 ✓e±2i
    |2, 0i
    3 cos2 ✓ 1

    |2, ±1i sin ✓ cos ✓e±i 55

    55

    d-orbitals

    56

    56
    57

    57

    Jahn-Teller distortion in a 3d4 ion

    58

    58
    Example (1)

    59

    Example (2)

    60
    Outline
    1. Bohr-van Leeuwen theorem

    2. Orbital magnetism

    3. Spin magnetism

    4. Spin precession

    5. Hund’s rules

    6. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism

    7. Orbitals and the crystal field


    61

    61

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