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Lesson 3 Perdev

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Lesson 3: Developmental Tasks and Challenges

"Developmental task refers to the specific knowledge, skills, attitudes and functions that a person needs
to acquire and demonstrate at particular periods in his or her life."
ROBERT HAVIGHURST
Adolescence is a period of transition when the individual changes—physically and
psychologically—from a child to an adult. It is a period when rapid physiological and psychological
changes demand new social roles to take place.
Havighurst’s Six Major Stages in Human Life

STAGE AGE ARANGE

INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD BIRTH TILL 6 YEARS OLD

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 6 TO 12 YEARS OLD

ADOLESCENCE 13 TO 18 YEARS OLD

EARLY ADULTHOOD 19 TO 30 YEARS OLD

MIDDLE AGE 30 TO 60 YEARS OLD

LATE MATURITY 60 YEARS OLD AND OVER

Three Stages in Adolescence Period


A. Early adolescence (10-13)
Children experience considerable physical growth and increased sexual interest
• Body changes
• These changes can start as early as age 8 for females and age nine for males
• Girls may start their period around age 12
• Body changes can cause both curiosity and anxiety
• Children may question their gender identity during this stage

Cognitive development at this stage


• Adolescents at this stage tend to have concrete, black-and-white, all-or-nothing
thinking and a limited capacity for abstract thought

• Thinking may be egocentric, and children this age may be self- conscious about
their appearance and apprehensive about being judged by their peers
• Intellectual interests expand, and early adolescents develop deeper moral
thinking
• Pre-teens also feel an increased need for privacy
• They explore how to be independent from their family and may push boundaries
and react strongly when limits are enforced
B. Middle adolescence (14-17)
Puberty changes for both males and females continue
• Males may have a growth spurt and some voice cracking as their voices lower
• Physical growth for females slows and most have regular menstrual periods by this time
• Interest in romantic and sexual relationships may start and teens may question and
explore their sexual identity; masturbation may be a part of this sexual exploration and
getting to know their body
• Arguments with parents may increase as teens strive for more independence
• Less time is spent with family and more time is spent with friends
• Teens become more self-involved, appearances are important, and peer pressure can peak
at this stage

• The brain continues to mature and there is a growing capacity for abstract thought,
though emotions often drive decision-making and they may act on impulse without
thinking things through

• During this stage, children may start to set long-term goals and become interested in the
meaning of life and moral reasoning
C. Late adolescence (18-21)

• This phase usually encompasses less physical development and more cognitive
development.
• Most have grown to their full adult height.
• In this stage, young people become able to think about ideas rationally, have impulse
control and can delay gratification, and plan for the future

• They have a stronger sense of identity and individuality and can identify their own values
• They also experience increased independence, emotional stability, stability in friendships
and romantic relationships, and may also establish an “adult relationship” with parents,
looking to them less as authority figures and more as peers
8 Simple Rules Which Could Help Teenagers Become A Responsible Adolescent Prepared For
Adult Life:
1. Focus on your studies and do well in all your
endeavors.
2. Take care of your health and hygiene.
3. Establish good communication and relation with
your parents or guardian.
4. Think a lot before doing something.
5. Choose to do the right thing.
6. Do your best to resist temptations, bad acts, and
earthly pleasures and commit to being a
responsible adolescent.
7. Respect yourself.
8. Be prepared to be answerable or accountable for
your actions and behavior.

CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED DURING ADOLESCENCE


Attitudes and Behavior Toward Sexuality and Sexual Relationships
Puberty drives the adolescent to experience surges of sexual desires, which of often lead then to
experimentation and exploration. While this is often healthy to engage in, there is the danger of losing
control over one’s sexual drives which may end up in lifetime of regrets.
Academic Concerns
The role of a student is the primary role of an adolescent who is still in school. Although there are
other roles he/she may take, being a student takes primary importance. While many adolescents become
problematic with their academic studies, what is most important is the attitude that they need to embrace
when studying.
Group Belongingness
An adolescent wants to belong. While there is an urge to be independent and autonomous from
his family and parents, there is also an urge to seek a replacement of this support system, this time in the
form of social groupings such as school friends, memberships in organizations, and community.
Health and Nutrition
A healthy mind and body is what every adolescent should have strive for. However, adolescents,
because of their growing bodies and brains, are gifted with so much energy that seems inexhaustible,
often times resulting in abuse of one’s body and mind.
Developing/Regaining Self-esteem
Adolescents who are creating their self-identity should be objective and balance when viewing
themselves.
Perception of one’s body type.
Roles
All human beings have roles to play in their lives. Roles are part of one’s identity, such as being a
son/daughter to your parents, being a brother/sister to your siblings, being a student in your school, or
member of your organization.
Relationships
Maintaining healthy relationships acquire a certain level of maturity. An adolescent who is still in
the process of acquiring maturity may often find maintaining relationships challenging.
Career choice
The adolescent who is creating identity for himself is faced with an urgent need to identify what
course to take in college and establish a career path for the future.
Values and Beliefs
The adolescent is still developing his cognitive skill that he can use in thinking of abstract
concepts and asking critical questions.

Strategies to Cope with Challenges


1. Learn to accept what you feel.
2. Identify your vulnerabilities
3. Develop your talents and interests
4. Become more involved with others
5. Seek help when needed

Adolescence is full of challenges because it is a stage of “becoming" rather than "being“.

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