Notes 2
Notes 2
Notes 2
An operating system is a software that manages the computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and to
prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.
An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as
an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times
on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.
An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as memory,
processors, devices, and information. The operating system correspondingly includes programs
to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management
module, I/O programs, and a file system.
Windows:
Windows is known for its user-friendly GUI, featuring a desktop environment with icons, a
taskbar, and a Start Menu for accessing applications and settings. The Windows NT kernel is at
the core of the Windows operating system. It manages hardware, memory, processes, and
provides a secure environment. Windows comes in various editions, including Home, Pro, and
Enterprise, each tailored for different use cases and user requirements. Windows predominantly
uses the NTFS (New Technology File System) for file storage. It supports features like file
encryption, compression, and access control lists. While Windows has a GUI, it also supports
command-line interfaces like Command Prompt and PowerShell, providing advanced users with
scripting and automation capabilities. Windows uses executable files (EXE) for software
installation. Users can also install applications from the Microsoft Store. Windows uses user
accounts with various levels of privileges. User Account Control (UAC) prompts users for
permission before allowing certain system-level changes. Windows Update is a feature that
automatically downloads and installs updates, including security patches, to keep the system
current and secure. Windows is a popular platform for gaming, with extensive support for
graphics and multimedia through technologies like DirectX. Windows integrates seamlessly with
Microsoft services like OneDrive, Outlook, and Office suite, providing a cohesive ecosystem for
users.
User Interface:
The user interface (UI) is the point of interaction between a user and a computer system or
software application. It encompasses all the visual, auditory, and tactile elements that enable
users to interact with and control the system. A well-designed user interface enhances the user
experience by providing an intuitive, efficient, and visually appealing environment. Here are
some key components and concepts related to user interfaces:
Task Bar:
The desktop taskbar is a graphical user interface element present in most desktop operating
systems. It typically appears at the bottom of the screen by default, but users can often customize
its location. The taskbar serves several purposes:
Application Launcher: The taskbar usually includes a menu or icons that allow you to launch
commonly used applications quickly.
System Tray: The taskbar often includes a system tray or notification area where icons for
background processes and system notifications are displayed.
Clock and System Information: The current time and date are often displayed on the taskbar,
along with other system information such as network and battery status.
Quick Access: Some taskbars offer quick access to system settings, search functions, and other
utilities.
The appearance and features of the taskbar can vary between different operating systems (e.g.,
Windows, macOS, Linux) and can also be customized by users based on their preferences. Users
can usually resize the taskbar, change its color, and add or remove various elements to suit their
workflow.
Icons:
Desktop icons are graphical representations of files, folders, applications, or shortcuts on your
computer's desktop. They provide a convenient way for users to access and organize their files
and applications. Here are some key points about desktop icons:
File and Folder Icons: Icons on the desktop can represent individual files or entire folders. For
example, a text document might have a different icon than a folder containing photos.
Application Icons: Many desktop icons represent applications or programs installed on your
computer. Clicking on these icons launches the associated program.
Shortcuts: Icons can also be shortcuts to files, folders, or applications located elsewhere on your
computer. These shortcuts provide a quick way to access content without navigating through the
entire file system.
Customization: Users often have the ability to customize the appearance of desktop icons. This
may include changing the icon's size, arrangement, or appearance.
Organization: Users can arrange icons on the desktop in a way that makes sense to them. This
might involve grouping similar icons together or organizing them based on frequency of use.
Recycle Bin: On Windows systems, the desktop often includes an icon for the Recycle Bin,
which is a temporary storage for deleted files before they are permanently removed from the
system.
System Icons: The desktop may also display system icons such as the computer icon, network
icon, and others that provide quick access to system-related functions.
Keep in mind that the specifics of desktop icons can vary based on the operating system you are
using (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) and your individual system preferences. Users can usually
right-click on desktop icons to access context menus, allowing for actions such as opening,
deleting, or customizing the properties of the associated files or applications.
Menu:
The term "Desktop Menu" is a bit ambiguous as it can refer to different things based on context.
I'll provide information on a couple of possible interpretations:
Start Menu (Windows): On Windows operating systems, especially prior to Windows 8, the term
"Desktop Menu" might be referring to the Start Menu. The Start Menu is a central hub where
you can access programs, settings, files, and other features on your computer. It's often located in
the bottom-left corner of the screen. In Windows 10 and later, the Start Menu includes a
combination of traditional desktop-style icons and Live Tiles.
Context Menu (Desktop): When you right-click on the desktop (or an icon on the desktop), a
menu appears. This is commonly referred to as the context menu or desktop menu. It provides
various options depending on what you right-clicked. For example, you might see options to
create a new folder, change desktop settings, personalize the desktop, and more.
Application or System Menu: Sometimes, "Desktop Menu" could refer to a menu associated with
a specific desktop application or system function. This menu typically contains options and
settings related to that particular application or feature.
Running an Application:
Running a desktop application involves launching and using a software program that is installed
on your computer. Here are the general steps to run a desktop application:
Some applications may have shortcut keys configured during installation. Check the
documentation or try pressing the Windows key + a specific letter or number associated with the
application.
Some applications may run in the background and have icons in the system tray (Windows) or
menu bar (macOS). Clicking on these icons may open or control the application.
Remember that the exact steps can vary based on your operating system and the specific
application you are trying to run. If you encounter issues, referring to the application's
documentation or support resources can provide specific guidance.
Change Date:
In the Date & Time settings, you can manually change the date. Click on the calendar to select a
new date.
To change display properties on a Windows computer, you can adjust settings such as screen
resolution, orientation, multiple displays, and more. Here are the general steps:
Open Settings:
Right-click on the desktop and select "Display settings" from the context menu.
Alternatively, press Win + I to open the Settings app, then go to "System" and choose "Display."
Adjust Screen Resolution:
Apply Changes:
Click "Apply" after making changes. Windows will ask if you want to keep the changes; click
"Keep changes" if you are satisfied.