Data Structures (DS)

GTU # 3130702

Unit-3
Computer software
and operating system

Department of BCA
Model multiple Campus
Pappusah@rju.edu.np
+977- 9844071035
Software
 Software, instructions that tell a computer what to do.
 Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of
a computer system.
 The term was coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the physical components of a
computer system.
 A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software
program.
 Software is typically stored on an external long-term memory device, such as a hard drive or magnetic diskette.
 When the program is in use, the computer reads it from the storage device and temporarily places the
instructions in random access memory (RAM).
 The process of storing and then performing the instructions is called “running,” or “executing,” a program.
Types of software
System Software
 A system software aids the user and the hardware to function and interact with each other.
 Basically, it is a software to manage computer hardware behavior so as to provide basic
functionalities that are required by the user.
 In simple words, we can say that system software is a platform between the user and the
hardware.
Operating SystemIt is a collection of software that handles resources and provides general
services for the other applications that run over them. Although each Operating System is
different, most of them provide a Graphical User Interface through which a user can manage
the files and folders and perform other tasks.
System Software contd…
 Some examples of Operating systems given below:
 Android
 CentOS
 iOS
 Linux
 Mac OS
 MS Windows
 Ubuntu
 Unix
System Software contd……
 Device Drivers: It is a type of software that controls particular hardware which is attached to
the system. Hardware devices that need a driver to connect to a system include displays,
sound cards, printers, mice and hard disks. Further, there are two types of device drivers:
Kernel Device Drivers and User Device Driver. Some examples of device drivers are:
 BIOS Driver
 Display Drivers
 Motherboard Drivers
 Printer Drivers
 ROM Drivers
 Sound card Driver
 USB Drivers
 VGA Drivers
 Virtual Device Drivers
System Software contd……
 Firmware: Firmware is the permanent software that is embedded into a read-only memory.
It is a set of instructions permanently stored on a hardware device. It provides essential
information regarding how the device interacts with other hardware. Firmware can be
considered as ‘semi-permanent’ as it remains permanent unless it is updated using a
firmware updater. Some examples of firmware are:
 BIOS
 Computer Peripherals
 Consumer Applications
 Embedded Systems
 UEFI
System Software contd……
 Programming Language Translators: These are mediator programs on which software
programs rely to translate high-level language code to simpler machine-level code. Besides
simplifying the code, the translators also do the following:
 Assign data storage
 Enlist source code as well as program details
 Offer diagnostic reports
 Rectify system errors during the runtime
 Examples of Programming Language Translators are Interpreter, Compiler and Assemblers.
System Software contd……
 Utility: Utility software is designed to aid in analyzing, optimizing, configuring and
maintaining a computer system. It supports the computer infrastructure. This software
focuses on how an OS functions and then accordingly it decides its trajectory to smoothen
the functioning of the system. Software like antiviruses, disk cleanup & management tools,
compression tools, defragmenters, etc are all utility tools. Some examples of utility tools are:
 Avast Antivirus
 Directory Opus
 McAfee Antivirus
 Piriform CCleaner
 Razer Cortex
 Windows File Explorer
 WinRAR
 WinZip
Application software
 Application software is a type of computer program that performs a specific personal,
educational, and business function. Each program is designed to assist the user with
a particular process, which may be related to productivity, creativity, and/or communication.

Functions of Application Software

Application software programs are created to facilitate a variety of functions,
including but not limited to:
• Managing information
• Manipulating data
• Constructing visuals
• Coordinating resources
• Calculating figures
Operating system
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
 Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating
System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
Funtions of operating system
 Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users
Functions of operating system
 Memory Management
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.

 Processor Management
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is known as traffic
controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Functions of operating system
 Device Management
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.

 File Management
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often known as file
system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
Functions of operating system
 Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System performs −
 Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents unauthorized
access to programs and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays between request for a service and
response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging
and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and users − Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer
systems.
Functions of Operating System
 The operating system performs the following functions −
 It offers a user interface.
 Loads program into computer’s memory.
 Coordinates how program works with hardware and other software.
 Manages how information is stored and retrieved from the disk.
 Saves contents of file on to disk.
 Reads contents of file from disk to memory.
 Sends document to the printer and activates the printer.
 Provides resources that copy or move data from one document to another, or from one program to
another.
 Allocates RAM among the running programs.
 Recognizes keystrokes or mouse clicks and displays characters or graphics on the screen.
Graphical user interface(GUI)
 GUI is the acronym for graphical user interface—the interface through which users interact
with electronic devices, such as computers, laptops, smart phones and tablets through visual
indicator representations.
 GUI offers visual representations of the available commands and functions of an operating
system or software program using graphical elements such as tabs, buttons, scroll bars,
menus, icons, pointers and windows.
 GUI allows users to easily access and manipulate available functions.
 To select functions, users can either use a keyboard or pointing device, such as a mouse or a
touchpad.
 In addition, devices with touchscreens also allow for user input by touching the screen.
Elements of GUI
 A GUI consists of structural elements that together define the appearance of the interface.
Here are a few examples of such structural elements:
 Windows
 Menus
 Icons
 Widgets
 Tabs

 Windows
 A window is a rectangular area of the GUI interface that displays information independently from the rest
of the screen. For instance, when you click on an icon and open up an application or a file, it will open up
in its own window. Even users who are not experienced with GUI interfaces can easily manipulate
windows. For example, one can show or hide a window by clicking on an icon or a function button and can
move a window by clicking on it and dragging it to a new position.
Elements of GUI contd…
 Menus
 Menus are graphical representations of available software commands. Whereas users need to type in an
application command at a command prompt to call up a function when using a command-line interface,
menus provide a graphical list of commands so that users can simply click on the appropriate function.

 Icons
 An icon is the visual representation of an application, folder, file or web browser through a picture. All
files that you create in the same application will have the icon of the application, as well as the same
extension.

 Widgets
 Widgets, also known as controls, are the graphical control elements through which the user interacts with
a GUI. These control elements require direct manipulation from users so they can read or edit information
in the application. Examples of such controls include buttons, scroll bars and checkboxes.
Elements of GUI contd…
 Tabs
 A tab is a little rectangular box that displays the name or graphical icon associated with a specific window.
When a user selects a tab, they will view the specific controls and information presented in that window.
For instance, when you open up multiple pages in a web browser, you will see the different tabs displayed
at the top of the browser window.
 Interaction elements of a GUI
 GUI also features interaction elements, such as:
 Cursor:
 A cursor indicates the place where the system will accept input next. It can either be a pointer, which
follows the movements of a pointing device—such as a mouse—or a text cursor, which indicates the point
of focus in a current text box.

 Selection:
 A selection refers to a list of items to which a user will apply an operation. A user will select a portion of
text for cut, copy and paste operations. Image editing applications allow users to select and modify
certain areas of an image by using the magic wand selection or lasso selection tools.

 Adjustment handle:
 A handle serves as the indicator of a drag and drop operation. When a user places the pointer on the
handle to initiate the drag process, its shape changes to an icon that represents the drag function.
Desktop Applications
 An application that runs stand-alone in a desktop or laptop computer. Contrast with "Web-
based application," which requires the Web browser to run. The term may be used to
contrast desktop applications with mobile applications that run in smartphones and tablets.
See desktop computer, Web application and mobile app.
 In Windows, a desktop application is one that runs in the traditional Windows desktop in
contrast to a tablet application that runs full screen.
Windows environment
 The Windows environment is the onscreen work area provided by Windows, analogous to a
physical desktop, and the operating system's core extension points. Learn how to leverage
the desktop, taskbar, notification area, control panels, help, and user account control for
your app.
 Desktop:- The desktop is the user's work area for their programs.
 Taskbar :- The taskbar is the access point for programs displayed on the desktop. With the new Windows
7 taskbar features, users can give commands, access resources, and view program status directly from the
taskbar.
 Notification Area:- The notification area provides notifications and status. Well-designed programs use
the notification area appropriately, without being annoying or distracting.
 Control Panels:- Use control panel items to help users configure system-level features and perform related
tasks. Programs that have a user interface should be configured directly from their UI instead.
Windows environment contd…
 Help:- Use Help as a secondary mechanism to help users complete and better understand tasks the
primary mechanism being the UI itself. Apply these guidelines to make the content truly helpful and easy
to find.
 User Account Control:- A well designed User Account Control experience helps prevent unwanted system-
wide changes in a way that is predictable and requires minimal effort.
Creating file and folder with file explorer
 File Explorer
 In Windows, the primary way of interacting with files and folders is through the File Explorer application.
(In older versions of Windows, this may be called Windows Explorer. In Macs, the equivalent would be
Finder.)
 There are a couple of ways to open File Explorer:-
 The shortcut Win+E will open File Explorer.
 It can also be opened by clicking the Start button and typing “File Explorer” or by right-clicking any folder and
selecting Open. By default, File Explorer is pinned to the task bar (see below), and it can be opened from there.
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
 Creating folder
 Some folders already exist in File Explorer, such as Documents, Desktop, and Downloads. (Documents may
be called “My Documents” in older versions of Windows). You can create more folders or folders within
folders to allow for better organization.
 To create a folder, right-click, then select New>Folder.
 In Windows 7, there is a New folder button near the top of the window. In Windows 10, you can also click the
Home tab, then the New Folder button.
 Press ctrl + shift + N
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
Creating file and and folder with file explorer contd…
 Renaming Files
 To rename a file or folder, right-click the file or folder, then select Rename.
Customize start screen and Desktop
 Steps to be followed for customizing the start screen:-
 Customize the far-left panel
 The far-left panel of the Start menu can have a minimum of two icons (your account icon and the power
options icon) and a maximum of 12 icons.
 You can customize the icons that appear by opening the Settings menu.
 Going to Personalization > Start > Choose which folders appear on Start.
 Here, you can toggle on/off the following icons: File Explorer, Settings, Documents, Downloads, Music,
Pictures, Videos, HomeGroup, Network and Personal folder.
Customize start screen and Desktop contd…
 Full screen Start or not
 The full-screen Start menu is the default menu if you're using a tablet, while the partial-screen Start menu
is the default if you have a desktop or laptop. If you want the full-screen experience on a PC then,
 Go to Settings > Personalization > Start and toggle on Use Start full screen.
 And on a tablet, you can go to Settings > System > Tablet mode and choose which mode -- desktop or
tablet -- you want your device to start in.

 Change the color

 To change the color of your Start menu, Start screen, taskbar and window borders then,
 Go to Settings > Personalization > Colors > Show color on Start, taskbar, and action center.
 Turn this option on and pick the accent color you'd like to use from the options above.
 If you'd like your Start menu to be transparent-ish, you can also turn on Make start, taskbar, and action
center transparent.
Customize start screen and Desktop contd…
 Pin and unpin tiles
 To pin an app to the right panel of the Start menu as a tile, find the app in the center-left panel of the
Start menu and right-click it.
 Click Pin to Start, or drag and drop it into the tile section of the Start menu.
 To unpin a tile, right-click the tile and click Unpin from Start.

 Move and resize tiles

 To resize a tile, right-click on it and use Resize option to pick a size.
 Depending on the tile/app, you will be able to choose small, medium, wide or large.
 Most tiles will only be able to be sized to small or medium, but native Windows apps such as Edge or
Maps will be able to be sized to wide or large.
 To move a tile, click or tap it, hold it, and drag it to another part of the Start menu.
Customize start screen and Desktop contd…
 Go wide
 If your Start menu is starting to feel crowded, you can make it wider by going to Settings > Personalization
> Start and toggling on Show more tiles.

 Edit the tile sections

 In Windows 10 (like Windows 8/8.1), you can divide your live tiles into different categories.
 To create a new category, click a tile, hold it and drag it to the bottom of the Start menu until a solid bar
shows up.
 Drop the tile below this bar, and your tile will end up in its own little section, which you can name.
Customize start screen and Desktop contd…
 Personalizing /customizing desktop
 Windows 10 makes it easy to customize the look and feel of your desktop. To access the Personalization
settings, right-click anywhere on the desktop, then select Personalize from the drop-down menu. The
Personalization settings will appear.

 To change the font size:

 If you have difficulty seeing the text on your computer, you can increase the font size. Increasing the font
size will also increase the size of icons and other items on your desktop.
 Open the Settings app, then select System.
 The Display options will appear. Use the drop-down arrow to scale up or down the size. Note that a larger
size may interfere with the way some items appear on the screen.
 Once you've made your selection, the changes will take effect.
Customize start screen and Desktop contd…
 To adjust Clear Type settings:
 Clear Type allows you to fine tune how the text on your computer looks, which helps improve readability.
 From the settings pane, click the Find a setting search box.
 Choose Adjust ClearType text.
 The ClearType dialog box will appear. Follow the instructions, choosing the text that appears best to you.
Install and remove devices
 View a list of your devices
 Windows 10 offers you several lists of devices:
 All devices that are connected to your computer
 Installed printers and scanners
 Available Bluetooth devices in your area (if your device has Bluetooth)
Install and remove devices contd…
 Open Settings.
 Click Devices.
 The settings related to devices are shown.
 Click Connected Devices.
 A list appears showing all the devices that are connected to your Windows 10 computer or device.
 Click Bluetooth, if it’s available.
 You see a list of Bluetooth devices that are available in the area. They may or may not be connected to
your computer.
 Click Printers & Scanners.
 A list appears showing all the printers and scanners that are installed on your computer.
 Close Settings.
Install and remove devices contd..
Install and remove devices contd..
 Remove installed devices
 If you no longer need to use a device, you can remove it. When you do so, your Windows 10 computer
can’t interact with the device until you connect and install it again. Here’s how to remove connected
devices from Windows 10:
 Open Settings.
 Click Devices.
 The settings for devices appear.
 Click the device type you want to remove (Connected Devices, Bluetooth, or Printers & Scanners).
 The list of devices appears.
 Click the device that you want to remove to select it.
 Click Remove Device.
 Click Yes to confirm that you want to remove this device.
 Close Settings.
Install and remove devices contd..
Manage passwords and privacy
 For managing the password you should have to follow the following steps:-
 Goto START menu
 Select the setting option
 Then select the Accounts
 Then select the sign-in-option for setting up the security.

 For managing the privacy follow the following steps:

 Goto START menu
 Select the setting option
 Then select the privacy
Control panel, system tools and accessories
 Control panel
 From the desktop view, however, these actions are not available. Thankfully, there are three keyboard
shortcuts that will grant you quick access to the Control Panel.
 1. Windows key and the X key. This opens a menu in the lower-right corner of the screen, with Control Panel listed
among its options.
 2. Windows-I. This opens the Settings menu of the charms bar on the right edge of the screen, with, yes, the
Control Panel as one of its options.
 3. Windows-R to open the run command window and enter Control Panel.
Open sources and mobile operating systems
 Open source operating system
 Open Source software is the software that is available to users with source code. Source code is a part of a
program or software. Users can modify, inspect and enhance it to improve the software. Additional
features can be added in the source code. Users use source code to copy, learn and share it. An Open
source software can either be free of cost or chargeable.
Users prefer open source software because of following reasons-
 More control over the software
 More secure
 Stable
 High quality results
 Helps in becoming a better programmer as you can learn and develop from the source code to make new
software.
Open sources and mobile operating systems contd..
 Mobile operating system
 A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps to run other application software on mobile
devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer operating systems like Linux and
Windows, but now they are light and simple to some extent.
 The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's
BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all
derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.
LINUX operating system
 Linux is a community of open-source Unix like operating systems that are based on the Linux Kernel.
 It was initially released by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991.
 It is a free and open-source operating system and the source code can be modified and distributed to anyone
commercially or non-commercially under the GNU General Public License.
 Initially, Linux was created for personal computers and gradually it was used in other machines like servers,
mainframe computers, supercomputers, etc.
 Nowadays, Linux is also used in embedded systems like routers, automation controls, televisions, digital video
recorders, video game consoles, smartwatches, etc.
 The biggest success of Linux is Android(operating system) it is based on the Linux kernel that is running on
smartphones and tablets.
 Due to android Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux is generally
packaged in a Linux distribution.
LINUX Distribution
 Linux distribution is an operating system that is made up of a collection of software based on Linux kernel or
you can say distribution contains the Linux kernel and supporting libraries and software.
 You can get Linux based operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions and these
distributions are available for different types of devices like embedded devices, personal computers, etc.
 Around 600 + Linux Distributions are available and some of the popular Linux distributions are:
• MX Linux
• Manjaro
• Linux Mint
• elementary
• Ubuntu
• Debian
• Solus
• Fedora
• openSUSE
• Deepin
Architecture of Linux
 Linux architecture has the following components:
UNIX Operating System
 Unix is an Operating System that is truly the base of all Operating Systems like Ubuntu,
Solaris, POSIX, etc.
 It was developed in the 1970s by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others in the AT&T
(American Telegram and Telecommunication)Laboratories.
 It was originally meant for programmers developing software rather than non-programmers.
 Unix and the C were found by AT&T and distributed to government and academic
institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of machine families than any
other operating system.
 The main focus that was brought by the developers in this operating system was the Kernel.
 Unix was considered to be the heart of the operating System.
Structure of UNIX
 System Structure of Unix OS are as follows:
Mobile operating system
 Symbian
 It is a dropped mobile operating system and digital platform developed for smartphones. It was initially
developed for a closed-source operating system for personal digital assistant in 1988 by Symbian Ltd. It
was used by many popular brands named as Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Nokia, etc. The OS of Symbian
contains two components: microkernel and user interface. The Symbian OS was written in C++ language.
Various versions of Symbian OS:
• EPOC32(Electronic Piece of Cheese)
• Symbian OS 6.0 and 6.1
• Symbian OS 6.2
• Symbian OS 7.0
• Symbian OS 7.0
• Symbian OS 8.0
• Symbian OS 9.1
• Symbian OS 9.3
• Symbian OS 9.5
Mobile operating system contd…
 Android
 Android is a mobile operating system which is successfully developed by Google. The Android OS is based
on Linux operating system and open source operating system which is specially developed for
touchscreen mobile devices like tablet, smartphones, AndroidTv, wear OS, etc. Android os is written
injava. Android brought a drastic change in the mobile technology.

 Features Of Android: Basic features of hardware is divided into two parts:

 Hardware based features: Audio, Bluetooth, GSM, Microphone, NFC, and sensors.
 Software based features: App widgets, home screen, input method, live wallpapers, layout, storage,
messaging, multi-language support, browser, Java support, media support, multi-touch, calls,
multitasking, accessibility, external storage, video calling, optimized graphics, etc.
Mobile operating system contd…
 Android
 Various versions of Android are:
 Android 1.0: Name-unnamed, Year-2008
 Android 1.1: Name-Petit Four, Year-2009
 Android 1.5: Name-Cupcake, Year-2009
 Android 1.6: Name-Donut, Year-2009
 Android 2.0, 2.1: Name-Eclair, Year-2009
 Android 2.2: Name-Froyo, Year-2010
 Android 2.3, 2.4: Name-Gingerbread, Year-2010
 Android 3.0, 3.1, 3.2: Name-Honeycomb, Year-2011
 Android 4.0: Name-Ice Cream Sandwich, Year-2011
 Android 4.1: Name-Jelly Beans, Year-2012
 Android 4.4: Name-KitKat, Year-2013
 Android 5.0: Name-Lollipop, Year-2014
 Android 6.0: Name-Marshmallow, Year-2015
 Android 7.0: Name-Nougat, Year-2016
 Android 8.0: Name-Oreo, Year-2017
 Android 9.0: Name-Pie, Year-2018
Mobile operating system contd…
 iOS
 iOS(iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system which is successfully designed and developed by the Apple
Inc. iOS is the largest used mobile operating system after Android. It is basically designed for iPhone, iPad,
and iPod Touch. In terms of security, iOS is more secure than Android. The iOS interface depends upon the
direct manipulation by using touch gesture.
 Various versions of IOS:
• iPhone OS 1:Year-2007
• iPhone OS 2:Year-2008
• iPhone OS 3:Year-2009
• iOS 4:Year-2010
• iOS 5:Year-2011
• iOS 6:Year-2012
• iOS 7:Year-2013
• iOS 8:Year-2014
Mobile operating system contd…
 Featurs Of iOS: iOS contains home screen, touchID for apps, icloud drive, health,
Siri(personal assistant), Safari(browser), multitasking, message, interactive notification,
camera, icloud photo library, game center, bluetooth, calls, accessability, voice recognition,
face recognition, battery usage indicator, Wi-Fi etc.
 Advantages Of iOS:
 In terms of performance iOS is magnificent and smooth.
 iOS generate less heat while processing as compare to Android.
 iOS are best for gaming and business purposes.
 iOS provides excellent security.
 It provides Jailbreaking for customization.
 It provides good face recognition security.
Mobile operating system contd…
 Disadvantages of iOS:
 iOS is depends upon iOS devices.
 iOS is not an open source.
 The price of iOS devices are very high.
 The cost of iOS apps are very high.
 iOS devices supports only single SIM.
 iOS applications are larger in size as compared to other mobile platforms.