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Unit 3 - Working with PHP Arrays and Functions

Arrays
• An array is a single variable that can hold more than one value at once.
• You can think of an array as a list of values.
• Each value within an array is called an element, and each element is referenced by its own index,
which is unique to that array.
• To access an elements value — whether you are creating, reading, writing, or deleting the element
you use that elements index.

Types of Array
• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
1) Indexed arrays (Numeric arrays) - Arrays with a numeric index.
2) Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys.
3) Multidimensional arrays (Nested arrays) - Arrays containing one or more arrays.

1) Indexed arrays (Numeric arrays)

• In numeric array each element having numeric key associated with it that is starting from 0. Creating
Arrays
• You can use array() function to create array.
• Syntax: $array_name=array ( valuel, value2 ...valueN);
• There are two ways to create indexed arrays.
• The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this: Scars = array("Volvo",
"BMW", "Toyota");
• The index can be assigned manually: $cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[l] = "BMW"; $cars[2] = "Toyota";

Functions of array:
Length of an Array
• The count() function is used to return the length (the number of elements) of an array. Example:
<?php Scars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo count(Scars);
?>
Output:
3
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Accessing Array Elements

• The print_r() function is used to print information about a variable.

Example:
<?php
$myarray=array("A","B","C");
print_r($myarray);
?>
Output:
Array ( [0] => A [1] => B [2] => C )
• You can refer to individual element of an array in PHP script using its key value as shown below:
Example:
<?php $myarray=array("A","B","C");
echo $myarray[1];
?>
Output:
B
• In Numeric Array you can use for, while or do while loop to iterate through each element in array
because in numeric array key values are consecutive.

Changing Elements

• You can also change value of element using index.

Example:
<?php
$myarray=array("Apache", "MySQL", "PHP");
$myarray[1]="Oracle";
for($i=0; $i<3; $i++)
{
echo $myarray[$i]."<br>";
}
?>
Output:
Apache
Oracle
PHP
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Add Elements to Array

• The array_push() function inserts one or more elements to the end of an array.
• Syntax: array_push(array,valuel,value2...)
o array: Required. Specifies an array.
o valuel: Required. Specifies the value to add.
o value2: Optional. Specifies the value to add.
Example:
<?php

$myarray=array("Apache","MySQL", "PHP");

print_r($myarray);

echo "<br>";
$myarray[]="Oracle";
print_r($myarray);

echo "<br>";
array_push($myarray,"Java",".Net");
print_r($myarray);
?>
Output:
Array ( [0] => Apache [1] => MySQL [2] =>PHP)
Array ([0] => Apache [1] => MySQL [2] => PHP [3] => Oracle )
Array ([0] => Apache [1] => MySQL [2] => PHP [3] => Oracle [4] => Java [5] => .Net)

Removing Elements from Arrays

• Unset () is used to destroy a variable in PHP. It can be used to remove a single variable, multiple
variables, or an element from an array.
• Syntax: unset (varl, var2....)
o varl, var2: The variable to be unset.
Example:
<?php
$a = "Hello world!";
echo "The value of variable 'a' before unset:". $a . "<br>";
unset($a);
echo "The value of variable 'a' after unset:". $a; ?>
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Output:
The value of variable 'a' before unset: Hello world!
The value of variable 'a' after unset:

• You can remove the last element of an array using array_pop(). This will also return that element:
Example:
<?php
$a=array("red","green","blue");
array_pop($a);
print_r($a);
?>
Output:
Array ([0] => red [1] => green )

Searching Element

• The array_search() function search an array for a value and returns the key.
• Syntax: array_search(value,array,strict)
o value: Required. Specifies the value to search for.
o array: Required. Specifies the array to search in.
o strict: Optional. If this parameter is set to TRUE, then this function will search for identical
elements in the array.
Example:
<?php
$a=array("A"=>"5","B"=>5,”C”=>10);
echo array_search(5,$a);
echo array_search(5,$a,true);
?>
Output:
A
B
• The in_array() function searches an array for a specific value.
• Syntax: in_array(search,array,type)
search: Required. Specifies the what to search for
array: Required. Specifies the array to search
type: Optional. If this parameter is set to TRUE, the in_array() function searches for the specific type
in the array.
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Example:
<?php
$people=array("Peter", "Joe", "Glenn", 23);
if (in_array("23",$people))
{
echo "Match found<br>";
}
else
{
echo "Match not found<br>";
}
if (in_array("23", $people, TRUE))
{
echo "Match found<br>";
} else
{ echo "Match not found<br>";
}
?>
Output:
Match found
Match not found
Sorting Array
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
• asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
• ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
• arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
• krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key
Example:
<?php
$srtArray=array(2,8,9,5,6,3);
for ($i=0; $i<count($srtArray); $i++)
{
for ($j=0; $j<count($srtArray); $j++)
{
if ($srtArray[$j] > $srtArray[$i])
{
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$tmp = $srtArray[$i];
$srt Array [$i] =$srtArray[$j];
$srtArray[$j] = $tmp;
}
)
}
foreach($srtArray as $item)
{ echo $item."<br>\n";
}
?>
Output:
235689

• Sort array using function.

Example:
<?php
$srtArray=array(2,8,9,5,6,3);
rsort($srtArray);

foreach($srtArray as $item) {
echo $item."<br>\n";
}
?>
Output:
235689

2) Associative Array
• The associative part means that arrays store element values in association with key values rather
than in a strict linear index order.
• If you store an element in an array, in association with a key, all you need to retrieve it later from that
array is the key value.
• Key may be either numeric or string.
• You can use array() function to create associative array.

• Syntax: $array_name=array(keyl=>valuel, key2=>value2,....keyN => valueN);

• There are two ways to create an associative array:

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• $age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

OR
$age["Peter"] = "35";
$age["Ben") = "37";
$age["Joe") = "43";
• You can refer to individual element of an array in PHP using its key value.
Example:
<?php $age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43");
echo "Ben:".$age["Ben"];
?>
Output:
Ben:37
• In associative array you cannot use for, while or do...while loop to iterate through each element in
array because in Associative array key value are not consecutive.
• So you have to use foreach loop.
Example:
<?php
$myarray=array("Name"=>"James", "Age"=>25, "Gender"=>"Male");
foreach($myarray as $item) {
echo $item."<br>";
}
?>
Output:
James
25
Male

3) Multidimensional Array

• Earlier, we have described arrays that are a single list of key/value pairs.
• However, sometimes you want to store values with more than one key.
• This can be stored in multidimensional arrays.
• A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
• PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep.
• First, take a look at the following table:
Volvo 22 18
BMW 15 13
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Saab 5 2
Example:
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
);
for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++)
{
echo "<br>";
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++)
( echo $cars[$row][$col]."
}
}
?>
Output:
Volvo 22 18
BMW 15 13
Saab 5 2

User Defined Functions

• Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions.
• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
• A function will not execute immediately when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

Create a User Defined Function

• A user defined function declaration starts with the word "function".
• Syntax:
function functionNamef)
{ Code to be executed;
)
Example:
<?php
function writeMsg()
{
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); //call the function
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?>
Output:
Hello world!

Function arguments and returning values from function

• Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
• Arguments are specified after the function name; inside the parentheses separate with comma.
Example:
<?php
function addFunction($numl, $num2)
{ $sum = $numl + $num2; return
$sum;
}
Sresult-addFunctionflO, 20);
echo "Addition=".$result;
?> Output:
Addition=30

Default values for arguments

• You can specify default values for arguments.
• If the argument is omitted from the function call the default is used.
• The default value must be a constant expression such as a string, integer or NULL.
• You can have multiple arguments with default values. Default values assign from right to left.
Example:
<?php
function addFunction($numl, $num2=5)
{ $sum = $numl + $num2; return $sum;
}
$result=addFunction(10,20);
echo "Addition=".$result."<br>";
$result=addFunction(10);
echo "Addition=".$result;
?>
Output:
Addition=30
Addition=15
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Call-by-Value (Pass-by-Value)
• The default behavior for user-defined functions in PHP is call-by-value.
• Call by value means passing the value directly to a function. The called function uses the value in a
local variable; any changes to it do not affect the source variable.
Example:
<?php
function swap($numl, $num2)
{
$temp = $numl;
$numl=$num2;
$num2=$temp;
}
$numl=10;
$num2=20;
echo "Before Swap"."<br>";
echo "numl=".$numl."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";
swap($numl,$num2);
echo "After Swap"."<br>";
echo "numl=".$numl."<br>"; echo
"num2=".$num2."<br>";
?>
Output:
Before Swap
numl=10
num2=20
After Swap
numl=10
num2=20

Call-by-Reference (Pass-by-Reference)
• Call by reference means passing the address of a variable where the actual value is stored.
• The called function uses the value stored in the pass address; any changes to it do affect the
source variable.
Example:
<?php
function swap(&$numl, &$num2)
{
$temp = $numl;
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$numl=$num2;
$num2=$temp;
}
$numl=10;
$num2=20;
echo "Before Swap"."<br>";
echo "numl=".$numl."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";
swap($numl,$num2);
echo "After Swap"."<br>";
echo "numl=".$numl."<br>";
echo "num2=".$num2."<br>";
?>
Output: Before Swap
numl=10
num2=20
After Swap
numl=20
num2=10

Variables Scope
• In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
• The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced/used.
• PHP has three different variable scopes:
o local
o global
o static

Local
• A variable declared within a function has a local scope and can only be accessed within that
function. Example:
<?php
function myTest()
{
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "Variable x inside function is: $x";
}
myTest();
?>
Output:
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Variable x inside function is: 5

Global
• A variable declared outside a function has a global scope and can only be accessed outside a
function.
• The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function.
• To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the function), global $x;
• Example:
<?php $x = 5; // global scope
function myTest()
{
}

myTestf);
echo "Variable x outside function is: $x";
?>
Output:
Variable x outside function is: 5

Static
• Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.
• However, sometimes we want a local variable not to be deleted. We need it for a further job.
• To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable.
Example:
<?php
function myTest()
{ static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
echo "<br>"; myTest(); echo "<br>";
myTest();
?>
Output:
0
1
2
• Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the information it contained from the
last time the function was called.
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String Function
chr
• Returns a character from a specified ASCII value.
• Syntax: chr(ascii) Example:
<?php echo chr(52). "<br>"; // Decimal value
echo chr(052). "<br>"; // Octal value
echo chr(0x52); // Hex value ?>
Output:
4
*
R
ord
• Returns the ASCII value of the first character of a string.
• Syntax: ord(string)
Example:
<?php echo ord("A")."<br/>";
echo ord("And"); ?>
Output:
65
65

strtolower
• Converts a string to lowercase letters.
• Syntax: strtolower(string)
Example: <?php echo
strtolowerf'HELLO");
?>
Output: hello

strtoupper
• Converts a string to uppercase letters.
• Syntax: strtoupper(string)
Example: <?php echo
strtoupper ("hello");
?>
Output:
HELLO
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strlen
• Returns the length of a string.
• Syntax: strlen(string) Example:
<?php
echo strlen(“hello hi");
?>
Output:
8

ltrim
• Removes whitespace or other predefined characters from the left side of a string.
• Syntax: ltrim(string,charlist)
o charlist: Optional. Specifies which characters to remove from the string.
o If omitted, all of the following characters are removed:"\0" - NULL, "\t" - tab, "\n" - new line, "\xOB" -
vertical tab, "\r" - carriage return, " " - white space.
Example:
<?php
$str="Hello";
echo ltrim($str,"H")."<br>";
$str=" Hello";
echo ltrim($str);
?>
Output:
ello
Hello

rtrim
• Removes whitespace or other predefined characters from the right side of a string.
• Syntax: rtrim(string,charlist)
o charlist: Optional. Specifies which characters to remove from the string.
o If omitted, all of the following characters are removed:"\0" - NULL, "\t" - tab, "\n" - new line, "\xOB" -
vertical tab, "\r" - carriage return, “ " - white space.
Example:
<?php
$str="Hello";
echo rtrim($str,"o")."<br>";
$str="Hello ";
echo rtrim($str);
?>
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Output:
Hell
Hello

trim
• Removes whitespace and other predefined characters from both sides of a string.
• Syntax: trimfstring,charlist)
o charlist: Optional. Specifies which characters to remove from the string, o If omitted, all of the
following characters are removed:"\0" - NULL, "\t" - tab, "\n" - new line, "\xOB" - vertical tab, "\r" -
carriage return, " " - white space.
Example:
<?php
$str="oHello";
echo trim($str,"o")."<br>";
$str=" Hello echo trim($str);
?>
Output:
Hell
Hello

substr
• Returns a part of a string.
• Syntax: substr(string,start,length)
o start: Required. Specifies where to start in the string.
> A positive number - Start at a specified position in the string.
> A negative number - Start at a specified position from the end of the string.
> 0 - Start at the first character in string.
o length: Optional. Specifies the length of the returned string.
> Default is to the end of the string.
> A positive number - The length to be returned from the start parameter.
> Negative number - The length to be returned from the end of the string.
Example:
<?php
// Positive numbers:
echo substr("Hello world",0,10)."<br>";
echo substrf'Hello world",l,8)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",0,5)."<br>";
echo substr("Hello world",6,6)."<br>";
echo "<br>";
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// Negative numbers:
echo substrf'Hello world",0,-l)."<br>";
echo substrf'Hello world",-10,-2)."<br>";
echo substrf'Hello world",0,-6)."<br>"; ?>
Output:
Hello worl
ello wor
Hello
world

Hello worl
ello wor
Hello

strcmp
• Compares two strings (case-sensitive).
• stremp function returns 0 - if the two strings are equal, negative - if stringl is less than string2 and
positive - if stringl is greater than string2.
• Syntax: strcmp(stringl,string2)
Example:
<?php
echo strcmp(“Hello world!","Hello world!")."<br>"; // the two strings are equal
echo strcmp(“Hello world","Hello")."<br>"; // stringl is greater than string2
echo strcmpf'Hello world!","Hello world! Hello!"); // stringl is less than string2 ?>
Output:
0
7
-7

strcasecmp
• Compares two strings (case-insensitive)
• streaseemp function returns: 0 - if the two strings are equal, negative - if stringl is less than string2
and positive - if stringl is greater than string2.
• Syntax: strcasecmp(stringl,string2)
Example:
<?php
echo strcasecmp(“Hello world I","HELLO WORLD!")."<br>"; // The two strings are equal
echo strcasecmp("Hello world!","HELLO")."<br>"; // Stringl is greater than string2
echo strcasecmp("Hello world!","HELLO WORLD! HELLO!"); // Stringl is less than
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string2 ?>
Output:
0
7
-7

strpos
• Finds the position of the first occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-sensitive)
• Syntax: strpos(string,find,start)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
o find: Required. Specifies the string to find.
o start: Optional. Specifies where to begin the search.
Example:
<?php
echo strpos("hello","e");
echo strpos("hello","l");
echo strpos("hellohello","l",5);
?>
Output:
1
2
7

strrpos
• Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-sensitive)
• Syntax: strrpos(string,find,start)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
o find: Required. Specifies the string to find.
o start: Optional. Specifies where to begin the search.
Example:
<?php
echo strrpos("hello","l");
echo strrpos("hellohello","l", 5);
?>
Output:
3
8
stripos()
• Finds the position of the first occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-insensitive)
• Syntax- stripos(string,find,start)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
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o find: Required. Specifies the string to find.

o start: Optional. Specifies where to begin the search.

Example:
<?php
echo stripos("hello","L");
echo stripos("hellohello", "L",4);
?>
Output:
2
7

strriposO
• Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-insensitive)
• Syntax:- strrpos(string,find,start)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
o find: Required. Specifies the string to find.
o start: Optional. Specifies where to begin the search.
Example:
<?php
echo strripos("hello","L");
echo strripos("hellohello","L",4);
?>
Output:
3
8

strstr
• Searches for the first occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-sensitive)
• Syntax: strstr(string,search,before_search)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
o search: Required. Specifies the string to search for. If this parameter is a number, it will search for
the character matching the ASCII value of the number.
o before_search: Optional. A boolean value whose default is "false". If set to "true", it returns the
part of the string before the first occurrence of the search parameter.
Example:
<?php
echo strstr("Hello world!",Ill);
echo strstr("Hello world I","wo");
echo strstr("Hello world!","world",true);
?>
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Output:
world!
world!
Hello

stristr
• Searches for the first occurrence of a string inside another string, (case-insensitive)
• Syntax: stristr(string,search)
o string: Required. Specifies the string to search.
o search: Required. Specifies the string to search for. If this parameter is a number, it will search for
the character matching the ASCII value of the number.
o before_search: Optional. A boolean value whose default is "false". If set to "true", it returns the
part of the string before the first occurrence of the search parameter.
Example:
<?php
echo stristr("Hello world!",87);
echo stristr("Hello world!","WO");
echo stristr("Hello world!","WORLD",true);
?>
Output:
world!
world!
Hello

Str_replace
• Replaces some characters in a string (case-sensitive).
• Syntax: str_replace(find,replace,string,count)
o find: Required. Specifies the value to find
o replace: Required. Specifies the value to replace the value in find
o string: Required. Specifies the string to be searched
o count: Optional. A variable that counts the number of replacements
Example:
<?php
echo str_replace("world","Peter","Hello world! Hello world!"), 2");
?>
Output:
Hello Peter!
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Strrev

• Reverses a string.
• Syntax: strrev(string)
Example:
<?php
echo strrevf'hello");
?>
Output: olleh

Math Function
abs
• Returns the absolute (positive) value of a number.
• Syntax: abs(number)
Example:
<?php
echo abs(-6.7)."<br>";
echo abs(-3); ?>
Output:
6.7
3

ceil
• Rounds a number UP to the nearest integer, if necessary.
• Syntax: ceil(number)
Example:
<?php
echo ceil(0.60)."<br>";
echo ceil(5)."<br>";
echo ceil(-4.9); ?>
Output:
1
5
-4

floor
• Rounds a number DOWN to the nearest integer, if necessary.
• Syntax: floor(number)
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Example:
<?php
echo floor(0.60)."<br>";
echo floor(5)."<br>";
echo floor (4.9); ?>
Output:
0
5
4

round
• Rounds a floating-point number.
• Syntax: round(number,precision)
o precision: Optional. The number of digits after the decimal point
Example:
<?php
echo round(5.335,2)."<br>";
echo round(0.49); ?>
Output:
5.34
0

fmod
• Returns the remainder (modulo) of x/y.
• Syntax: fmod(x,y)
Example:
<?php echo fmod(5,2); ?>
Output:
1

min
• Returns the number with the lowest value from specified numbers.
• Syntax: min(xl,x2,x3...) Or min(array_values)
Example:
<?php
echo min(-2,4,-6,8,10). "<br>";
echo min(array(4,6,8,10)); ?>
Output:
-6
4
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max
• Returns the number with the highest value from specified numbers.
• Syntax: max(xl,x2,x3...) Or max(array_values)
Example:
<?php
echo max(-2,4,-6,8,10). "<br>";
echo max(array(4,6,8,10)); ?>
Output:
10
10

pow
• Returns the value of x to the power of y.
• Syntax: pow(x,y)
Example:
<?php
echo pow(5,2);
?>
Output:
25

sqrt
• Returns the square root of a number x.
• Syntax: sqrt(number)
Example:
<?php
echo sqrt(25);
?>
Output:
5

rand
• Returns a random integer.
• Syntax: rand() or rand(min,max)
o min: Optional. Specifies the lowest number to be returned. Default is 0. o max:
Optional. Specifies the highest number to be returned. Default is getrandmax().
Example:
<?php
echo rand()."<br>";
echo rand(40,500);
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?>
Output:
18269
417

Date Function
date
• Formats a local date and time, and returns the formatted date string.
• Syntax: date(format,timestamp)
o format: Required. Specify the format of date and time to be returned.
> d - The day of the month (from 01 to 31)
> m - A numeric representation of a month (from 01 to 12)
> IVI - A short textual representation of a month (three letters)
> Y - A four digit representation of a year
> y - A two digit representation of a year
o timestamp: Optional. Specifies the time in Unix time format. Default is the current local time
(time()).
Example:
<?php
echo date("d/m/y")."<br>";
echo date("d M, Y");
?>
Output:
11/08/15
11 Aug, 2015

getdate
• Returns date/time information of a timestamp or the current local date/time.
• The returning array contains ten elements with relevant information needed when formatting a date
string: [seconds] - seconds, [minutes] - minutes, [hours] - hours, [mday] - day of the month, [wday]
- day of the week, [year] - year, [yday] - day of the year, [weekday] - name of the weekday, [month]
- name of the month.
• Syntax: getdate(timestamp)
o timestamp: Optional. Specifies the time in Unix time format. Default is the current local time
(time()).
Example:
<?php
print_r (getdateQ);
?>
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Output:
Array ([seconds] => 3 [minutes] => 49 [hours] =>17 [mday] => 11 [wday] => 2 [mon] => 8 [year] =>
2015 [yday] => 222 [weekday] => Tuesday [month] => August [0] => 1439308143 )

checkdate
• The checkdate() function accepts the month, day, year of a date as parameters and, verifies whether
it is a Gregorian date or not.
• Syntax: checkdate(month,day,year)
o month, day, year: Required. Specifies the month, day and year.
o A date is valid if: month is between 1 to 12 , day is within the allowed number of days for the
particular month, year is between 1 to 32767.
Example:
<?php
var_dump(checkdate(12,31,-400));
echo "<br>";
var_dump(checkdate(2,29,2003));
echo "<br>";
var_dump(checkdate(2,29,2004));
?>
Output:
bool(false)
bool(false)
bool(true)

time
• Returns the current time in the number of seconds (since January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT).
• Syntax: time()
Example:
<?php
echo time();
?>
Output:
1439309922

mktime
• The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a date.
• This timestamp contains the number of seconds between the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00
GMT) and the time specified.
• Syntax: mktime (hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst)
o hour, minute, second, month, day, year: Optional. Specifies the hour, minute, second, month,
day, year.
o is_dst: Optional. Set this parameter to 1 if the time is during daylight savings time (DST), 0 if it is
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not, or -1 (the default) if it is unknown. This parameter is removed in PHP 7.0.

Example:
<?php echo(date("M-d-Y",mktime(0,0,0,12,36,2001))."<br />"); echo(date("M-d-
Y",mktime(0,0,0,l,l,99))); ?>
Output:
Jan-05-2002
Jan-01-1999

File Function
fopen()
• The fopenj) function opens a file or URL.
• If fopen() fails, it returns FALSE and an error on failure.
• Syntax: fopen(filename,mode)
o filename: Required. Specifies the file or URL to open
o mode: Required. Specifies the type of access you require to the file/stream.
>
"r" (Read only. Starts at the beginning of the file)
>
"r+" (Read/Write. Starts at the beginning of the file)
>
"w" (Write only. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it doesn't exist)
>
"w+" (Read/Write. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it doesn't
exist)
> "a" (Write only. Opens and writes to the end of the file or creates a new file if it doesn't exist)
> "a+" (Read/Write. Preserves file content by writing to the end of the file)
Example:
<?php
$file = fopen("test.txt","r");
?>
fwrite()
• The fwrite() writes to an open file.
• The function will stop at the end of the file or when it reaches the specified length, whichever comes
first.
• This function returns the number of bytes written, or FALSE on failure.
• Syntax: fwrite(file,string,length)
o file: Required. Specifies the open file to write to o string: Required.
Specifies the string to write to the open file
o length: Optional. Specifies the maximum number of bytes to write
Example:
<?php
$file = fopen("test.txt","w");
echo fwrite($file,"Hello World. Testing!");
fclose($file);
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?>
Output:
21

freadf)
• The freadf) reads from an open file.
• Syntax: fread(file, length)
o file: Required. Specifies the open file to read from
o length: Required. Specifies the maximum number of bytes to read
Example:
<?php $file = fopenf'test.txt", "r");
fread($file,"10");
fclose($file);
?>

fclose()
• The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
• The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the filename).
• Syntax: fclose(file)
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopenCwebdictionary.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile); ?>