8.

2 OINTMENTS
(I) DEFINITION:
preparations intended for application to skin
Ointments are soft, semisolid
inunction.
and mucous membrane with or without
Ointment serves mainly three functions.
1. Lubricating - Emollients.
2. Treat skin disorder (Medicinal effect).
3. Protective coverings.
 236
PHARMACEUTICS - II (DISPENSING PHARMACY
1A) CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENTS
Classification based on their composition, i.e. Base use.
OINTMENTBASES
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Oleaginous
and Absorption Emulsion Water Soluble, Modern
Bases (cream) Bases Ointment
Hydrocarbons Bases

Anhydrous Hydrous CARBO

(Non emulsified) (Emulsified W/O) WAX R

- Hydrous
Woolfat
Natural Synthetic - Woolfat - Rose water
origin - Bees wax Ointment
-Hydrophilic -Cold cream
petrolatum -USP
- Silicones - Wool
Alcohol
Ointment
(i) (ii) (iii)
Plant Animals Minerals

Lard. -Liquid Paraffin

Oliveoil Benzoinated -Petrolatum
- Almond oil Lard - Paraffin wax
- Sesame oil -Microcrystalline wax
-Cetton seedoil -Ceresin wax
- Plasti Base
(JeleneR)
(a) (b)
W/O type OrW type Water
Washable
Water (Miscible)
Bases
Cold cream - Emulsifying Wax-BP
Rose Water oint. - Cetrimide Emul. Wax-BP
Lanolin (Hydrous) - Hydrophilic oint. U.S.P.
- Cetomacrogol - Emul. oint. BPC
- Lanette wax
- Vanishing cream.
-Modified landon -Zopf Base
- Glyceryl mono stearate (N.F)
-Universal Ointment o/w oint. Base
-Ccllulosc derivatives
-Carboner =CARBOPOLK
 SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
237
OINTMENTS BASES
AD IDEAL PROPERTIES (REQUIREMENTS)
Ideally, an ointment base should be:
Non-irritating.
A Non-dehydrating.
3 Non greasy, Non-staining.
Compatible with common medicaments.
Stable.
Easily removable with water.
Able to absorb water and/or other liquids.
8 Able to Efficiently release
medicaments. (Bioavailability)
9..Do not to alter skin functions.
0. Miscible with skin secretions.
Even Phase distribution
(Homogeneity/Phase separation, bleeding)
12. Non-gritty. (Particles size)
13. Good Texture -Feel upon
application (stiffness, greasiness, tackiness)
14. Nomicrobial contamination
NS, Ease of application
N6. Slippery (smoothness)
17. Compatible with skin secretions.
N8. Have low sensitization index.
19. (Appearance colour,odour) Elegant
S0. Non-hygrosopic.
(A)Oleaginous and Hydrocarbons :
They are Anhydrous.
Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Non-washable.
They are derived from three natural kingdoms namely
) Plant (Vegetable)
(ü) Animal
(i) Mineral.
Also syntheticoily materials are available.
() Vegetable oils and fats :
Oive oil, cotton seed oil, sesame oil., almond oil, peanut oil and coconut oil
ae used frequently. Vegetable oils are mixtureof the glycerides of fatty acids.
 PHARMACEUTICS - II (DISPENSING
PHARMACY)
238

Theyare used as softening agents. They are used in

emulsion.
emulsion type ointment
They are liable to
bases,
lotions and
hydrolytic decomposition, sensitive to air,
temperature and produce rancid odour. light and
(ii)Aninmal Fat
Lard is fat of abdomen of the
hog. Nowlard is replaced by
lard.
benzoinated
(ii) Hydrocarbons (Minerals):
Normallyavailable from mineral sources.
- Liquid petrolatum Hydrocarbon bases included
White and yellow petrolatum.
Paraffin wax..
Microcystalline wax.
Ceresin.
- Plastibase (Jelene).
These bases have following properties:
* Emollient.
Retained for prolonged periods.
Used as occlusive covering.
* Vehicles for ophthalmic ointments.
Used for antibiotics which are unstable in presence of water.
CERESIN:
It is a wax, which is a mixture of(ozokerite and paraffin wax.
It retains oils within a matrix like structure without the sweating or o0zing
of the oils.
PLASTIBASE
It is a mixture of mineral oils and heavy hydrocarbons waxes.
lt is a soft, unctuous, colourless jelly like substance. It maintains adesirable
consistency over a wide temperature range.
(b) Synthetics
1. Silicons

It is a synthetic polymers. It is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetiC

industries. It is inert non-toxic and non-irritant. It gives protective barrier agai
skin irritants.
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS 239

(B) Absorption Bases :

Absorption bases.can takeup large amount of water
their high water number. (Hydrophilic) due to
Aeain this class of bases may be divided into two groups.
(a) Anhydrous
They are
* Anhydrous
* Hydrophilic (water can be incorporated)
* Insoluble in Water
* Not Water Washable
+ Upon incorporation of aqueous
solution forming W/O emulsion.
Following are the examples of bases which are Anhydrous
Bases : Absorption
1. Hydrophilic Petrolatum - U.S.P. XIV
It is a mixture of white
white wax.
petrolatum, stearyl alcohol, cholesterol and
It required some stiffening agent like -
and carnauba wax.
paraffin wax; spermaceti, ceresin
It is used for incorporation of water soluble
medicaments.
2. Anhydrous lanoline U.S.P. (Wool fat)
It is awax rather than fat. It consists largelyof
and their esters. It is insoluble in waterbut mixes cholesterols, oxycholesterols
with it without separation.
(b) Hydrons Absorption Bases.
They are
* Hydrous
*Hydrophilic
Insoluble in water
* Not water washable
* W/O emulsion.
*Contains water and permit the addition of additional quantities of aqueous
solutions.
Following are the examples of bases which are hydrous absorption bases :
I. Lanolin (Hydrous wool fat) ILP., U. S. P.
Itcontains 70% W/W wool fat and 30% W/W purified water.
 PHARMACEUTICS- II (DISPENSING PHARMACY
240

Lanolin and wool fat have three chief drawbacks.

Unpleasant odour. moisture.
Turn rancid if exposed to light, air and
Causes dermatitis.
2. Rose water ointment N.E. (Cold Cream):
Almond oil. The emulsifier in rose
Rose water ointment is prepared with
is the sodium salt of hexacosanoic acid (cerotic acid - sodium
water ointent
found in the white wax. It produces sensation of coolness. It is used
cerotate)
medicaments.
as an emollient or as a vehicle for
Water Ointment) :
3. Cold Cream USP. (Petrolatum Rose
differs from Rose water ointment, in which Almond oil is replaced
It only produces less cooling sensation
to rancid. It
by liquid petrolatum.It is not goingcold
water ointment. The cream is used as an emollient and a
than Rose
cleansing cream.
4. Wool alcohol ointment - B.P.
such as Aquaphor, Aquatex,
Proprietary absorption bases are available
Poly sorb and eucerin etc.
(C) Emulsion Bases are
correctly used since these preparations
Thisterm; emulsion base is
creams.
solid emulsionand used in cosmetic
nature of emulsion.
Emulsion bases are classified according to
ea) Water in oil (W/O).
upon addition of waer yields
We have already discussed absorption bases;
can be classifiedas W/Oemulsion
W/O emulsions. So hydrated absorption bases
base.It is not water washable.
W/O emulsion bases are as follows:
v1.Cold Cream.
2. Rose water ointment.
J3. Lanolin.
They act as occlusive dressing and prevent loss of water.
(b) Oilin Water Emulsion Base (Water Miscible/Washable) :
They are
* Hydrous
* Hydrophilic
Insoluble in water
 Ointment
Modern
Bases
()
easily.
water
glycol ingredients. (D) SEMI
000)
PEG
axodified Non-greasy 1. These surfact a nts
Permit
6. 5. prepared
8. I. Contain 3. Carbowax
4. Easily 2.Polyethyene It monostearate.
Water 6.Glyceryl 4. 3. Following
2. 1. a O/W Water
t *washable
* emulsion * *
Permits Remain No Easily known is
Cetomacrogol 5.
Lanette Hydrophilic Cetrimide ted SOLID
so Emulsifying fatty oroanic Permit Capable
ay
Non-greasy
physical bases Since soluble consist
landon and They called are
high ready no soft as - alcohols, DOSAGE
completely have
carbowaxR. wax aremulsifying
e widelyincorporation of
ionic glycol consist do these emulsifying
diffusion changes on greaseless base ointment wax the ofdilution
(do
-Zopf dispersion application the not emulsifyingSX. mixture
substances ointment examples
polyglycol used. not FORMS
following of are : -B.PI.P.
contain
of on mixtures water
Bases washable USP wax Surfactants or of ofwith stain)
medicaments of ageing ointment of surface
aqueous
fats water.
water U.S.P. oi l
soluble ointment XV.
(Cationic) esterS,
properties of
OW and
phase.
monovalent
type include ingredients.
soluble only
is high bases
bases. quaternary activewaxes
agents. and BPC - -
Emulsion
: they B.P.,
medicaments. pharmaopoeial low dispersed
agent.
It (non-ionic)
20% can B.P.C.
foly mol. consists ammonium
be Base Generally
wt. washed soap, in
e water : water
thelene preparation.
3'ycot Poly
compound.aminenon-jonic by
ethylene out
soluble
with sops, means
241
 (3) Glyceryl(2) 242
(5) (4)
(bCellulose Water
*washable
stable
) (a) Physically * Universal
washable
Water *
* Carbomer Compatible Water S.LS.
Glycerin
Alcohol.
Stearyl
Autoclaveable
gel solvents
salt concentration
Carbomer The Upon It
Carboxy Methyl
hydroxide The due Its It /s
property soluble viscosity solutionsolutions
to carboOxy is derivatives Paraben
Water (Solidifying Cal. Sod
MethylAgent) Alginate.Monostearate
o/w (N.E)
PH addition cellulose Glycerin.
citrate
high white(carboxymethyl
(below provided can with Ointment
of in (Alkali), fluffy
the also of of proportion is are vinyl large
carbomer gels less of of acidiç cellulose
vinyl (M.C.) :
3 hygroscopic
OR solvent. the be than base, islow polymer numbers Base PHARMA
base used isconverted
of
(PH-3) polymer)
above is highest viscosity
a (CMC).
to 1%, carboxy
affected (Alkali)
gel water of of
12) within gels and
powder high CEUTICS
alcohols to
but - medicaments
by water.
solublehighly groups. CARBOPOL
mol.
used the when exhibits -
wt. II
for
glycols salt
pH viscous (DISPENSING
neutralised slight
neutralisation range to...consistency
Q.S.
is
and 0.005 %
formed, gels. solubility 45
%0.2 % 3%
6 10 % 34%
%1% 30
other 11. - with
PHARMACy)
organic
gives which in
sodium
waer
a in
 can (IV
A. TYPES: APPLICATIONS SEMI
Some Dermatological be
Ihe FACTORS
Ihere
3. 2. 1. no * * t + * Physiologically
* inert. * SOLID
diffusion
Sebaceousfollicles
glands While
Hair Absorption
the Absorption most idealCARBOPOL940
keratinised
cells.
Non are CARBOPOL CARBOPOL Neutralisedjelllies Non-lrritant.
UsedNon-sensitizer.
Itwith Used Incompatible
skin important prodces Used DOSAGE
ointment so electrolytes -
strong-light
penetration many OF and
sod, as as for
-Oxidation
(Air)
by an
through an factors SELECTION hydroxide a
Internal :
isand dermatological o/wsuspending
Emulsifying
carbomer FORMS
ointmentsystemic base.
factorsproblems with
penetration. 941 -934Used Emulsions.
the means : and
epidermis
and Anionic
pharmacist -- external
appear
absorption regarding Creams.
More Used inLotions,
gels partly Agent
passage OFLesscosmetics Agent.
preparations. are compounds,.
to BASESresistant for withpreparations
For
(0.1
also OCcur
compatible Emulsions, used
through mustselection -0.4%)
occurs. and athis
as long
by entry consider to the chain pupose
the
skin. into
of heat with Ointments, bases
are ointment Ions amine it
Penetration the as Lubricants, neutralised is
blood belows (stearyl
base. Suspensions,
stream. There Nasal amine).partly
of 243
 A.
G. F. E. D. C. B.medicament 244
(E) mediçaments.
dt da Rate Following The
t Cs D A
Concentration L A DCon The The The The The
Thermodynamic
P.C. Co-efficient
Partition
vehicle
of concentration bases
= = = ADCs temperature conditionnaturenature
2t Absorption itself.
are Thewhich
time diffusion
Solubility
constantConc.
drug,of section
cross
Area. conc.
drugof
of of the
Thickness
barrier
of
Diffusibility
of co-efficient
Partition
drugof ofthe the systemic
property
F list penetrate
Drug dt da
and of the vehicle
drug
: hydration the skin of
drug factorsabsorption
PHARMACEUTICS
deeply
(P.C.) of
the
skin. of which wil
A (con) the of
skin. influence theassist
(D)
medicament the -
(A) II
(DISPENSING
absorption. systemic
is
absorption
a
properyPHARMACY)
of
ofthe
 P; SEMI
eutics-II-
corneum
stratum of
-Iipidmatrix
Protein
Diffusion
through SOLID
Stratum
into
Partitioning
Comeum Transepidermal
Route DOSA
16 Diffusion
[150] Diffusion
GE
Fig.
FORMS
8.1 through Dissolution
through Diffusion
Capillary
uptakeand vehicle
Percutaneous systemic
dilution Epidermis
Partitioning
Viable into
fibrous
cellular to of of
skin
mass drug drug
mass surface
Absorption through
of sebaceous
lipidsin
Diffusion
through vehicle
upper of Transfollicular
Epidermis sebum
into
Partitioning
pore Route
dermis

TG/OE

245
 medicaments, 2. of
Anti-oxidants.
since proper withStability1. Emollient
:(B)properties. miscible
7. 6. 5.thisPH. secretions. 4.with 3.and prove 246
edicaments 1. Consistency
FORMULATION (V) : While
4.
: 3. div1ded
e.g. preservative. 2.
Solvent zinç Ease FreedomCompatibility Miscibility
It Emulsifying The O/W Pharmaceutical
Free
it As The The having TheEffect
Following shouldHydrocarbon
woolfat 2. 1. oxide will animal of irritant.
For most acid PH skin greasy on
Comp. throughout Property creams tend application cooling
from skin
have Phenol with in of secretions
with O/W
are can drugs and skin
Properties Mercury tooils irritant with base
the proper take bases water.
are reverse vegetable skin Function.
types Ointments base. are : may secretions rather
emulsion
good factors and skin interferes
consistency.
upare insoluble cause are
secretions
of to Ointment So th e removal, effect. secretions.
50% not : medium fats/oils oily heating
Ingredients if emulsion.trouble : is PHARMACEUTICS
bases
able as normal
skin
with
of possible in 5.5 and effect
water. to base. are water well are
for wi th So
take It sebum.
as
included And microbial miscible ointment aqueous. and more
up select can O/W liable
Olive
oil. so be to mix
aqueous, Animal compatible
in preventedcreamsoxidation. -
propershould it
bases base Emulsion readilyfunction. II
formulation growth (DISPENSING
or containing should
alcohol Vegetable vehicle be are with with
by It
present and prior can readily bases skin Greasy
of or not skin
ointment to so be PHARMACY)
glycerin. Oil. dissolve in trituration Zinc protected differ secretions.
are
require removed. functions base
finely Oxide, readily
: from may
 SPECIAL
CASES*MORTAR-PESTLE an transferred
andTongue darkwhite, TwoSLAB-SPATULA medicament
spatula.smooth 1. 4 3. PREPARATIÖNS 2 1.
Perfumes. 6. Chelating Preservatives.
agent5. 4. 3.Base 2.SEMI
Powdered absorptionLarge medicaments
Mortars This This By (V) :
lular coloured so slabs A The Mainly Anti-oxidants
depressors glass Trituration Ointnent
mills.
By
Chemical
reactionBy ByBy eg. SOLID
light are slab-spatula ointment method method
extracts amounts from fusion-
Trituration there
to convenient, slab is DOSAGE
extracts base be over
coloured solid
i.e. used isslab is is is are Maleic
Acid Citric
Acid
should andpreferred obtained
perfomed and :
B.Unmedicated -BHA;
of lodine, white. preferable method than used A. OR four
should thenliquid when FORMs
ointments
Spatulas the mortar. insoluble Medicated BHT
be when incorporation
methods:
softened adding are when tannic
danger under OR
be because is by
best easy by
pulverized much acid, ofare can side triturating orsoft
mixture and rubbing liquid fats
with incorporated chermical of be of it
liquid salicylic steel. is no OR
small non-absorptive
made one lumpy in and
and to them the small MENTS ON Slab.
fatty is reactions Hard being oils
amounts by to acid over particles ingredients
made base.adding be onamount. are
and rubber printed the an
of
very incorporated. Mercurial between black part
spatulas black
and remain ointment
suitable fine. them in
easily of
coloured a the
gradually steel or and and mortar
slab
solvents. salts. base
wooden cleansed.
spatula of easy witha
and other until and 247
to to
 about
40°C.to Using must oil, into
alcohol, Medicated
Ointment :M.P. the to 2. * * * 248
Soaps
4. by 3.
TripleOintment By substance melt
chemical ointmeFt. Qleated
Itmercury
Iodine 3. 2. 1.
Following Volatile th en When After With Levigation
When triturated
By Powders andpetroxolin Ichthammol
them Certain fluidity.Fluid
may involves à be such
roller Mills Chemical both
Fusion them
Strong smallfinely add different first extracts
are be methyl a
solids melting, hard
said to base of these fluid
type noL Mills reaction.
both
substancesportion it fusible : with is addwhich have with
to
mercuric is salicylate, powdered
the
Reaction containing are
previously highest a in are
mil used : the melting and a
process an and may
be
fusion list insoluble liquid small ar e been
is in Certain of fats/waxes
soft difficult
oil
fasterIndia made nitrate of such the ingredients M. P . insoluble semifluid
or be,
and preparations oleoresin : 60 points fats in amount found a heated
by
hydrophilic base melted an
as first which
than in mechanical mesh (Zincoxide, which fa t PHARMACEUTICS
to
chemical ointment perfumes, as oi!, to satisfactory in
dispensaries. base. it ingredients, and get are aids eg. are incoporate
which to
other shouldlevigating aand is should to it (Viscid) drive
advisable If adding a be Calamine,
is powdered
in
: incorporated calamine,
no smooth, insoluble.
preparing they
type reaction.bases mixing. menthol,be be incorprated off
oil th e it with eg. excess
of
They which added agent. is stired would for are
mills. Here present, starch) to others
homogeneous Zinc and soluble. this peruvian fats II-
are involve camphor,
after levigate until 'be smooth pass (DISPENSING
alcohol
new after in with oxide purpose.
the thexpected
e and
u_ed the the isdescending through Castor
product solid the to.be ointment soft, ointment. and separate balsam,
for the baseiodine, base and
solid it starch.
large formation has medicament incorporated th mixture.
at 1s l30 oil PHARMACY)
reduce
is congeals. necessary
scale, formed cooledcoaltar, with order
ismelting Solid (Sieve) and out. tar
the cool. solid Mix and their
of of is
 PENETRATION: TESTEOR(A) penetration stforimp tubes Labeling(DX) Plastic
(X) Instructionrecommended
:label. : Ointments (PACKAGING):
CONTAINERS (VIII)
container. antioxidants.
can inproper
clude SEMI
Wild(1By
) (A)
(C) (B) EVALUATION The Jars Tin Ointments
Ointment They PRESERVATION
be (VIDi
LabelOn with tube SOLID
various are aluminium and prevented Oin tmentsget
Ointments
Unabsorbed
(Excess)
The weighed. skiandn TheRubbed gm.say X He Absorption RatPenetration
e must
for benzoin labelled now should
Say has of for jars DOSAGE
difference three are not
contaminatedalso contain
- on taken release experiments tubes. available. be are
usually react by
2. 1. tincture packed
Y fixed different
of of OF available antimicrobial. FORMS
gm. fixed the th e with-self tubeare with water
fats
(X-Y) of BASE Paper N(STORAGE):
Area the drug base EXTERNAL USE"
"STORE "FOR dispensed and
quantity functions. have or in the
drug into labels
lacquer adhesive used jars in
gm for through brown, Constituents
been uniformly
gave fixed from the IN are ointments
whichfor in
base of the permiting by so
blood conducted
t he A green either
amount various DRY difficult labels.
carefully
collected was time. micro-organisms easily
b¡se. skin.
stream. to
ointment
or ot
AND Self avoidopaque the oxidisable
penetrate. Base. to this affixto
adhesive ointment
elucidate COOL air
to are jars
dry to pockets.white
tubes. easily or of and and
absorption PLACE" and strip glass tubes. the spoiled.get get
Coating
apply
then labels extrudable.
fromthe or material rancid,
plastic.
and 249
the are of so
It
 (2) 250
Two (C) (2) (1) (B)
Johnson(3)By
By ByTEST From By
) In RATE
vitro(b)Invivo(atypes * *
Experiment Bliss Strakosch
lodine Zeigler tor conditionsFixed
found
thatHe He The Fixd FOR above
Histological
OF Radioactive used:
Drugs 24
of miscible
Hydrocarbon
base water used Emulsion
: Emulsion l Lard
Woolfat AlmondoiParaffins
study
RELEASE
base Lardand
in concentration
ABSORPTION amount
: amount studies HRS
Radio paraffin was :
hydrochloride Pot.Iodine
Quinine Iodide made
substane Salicylate
Methyl of of BaseExaminations
it of
active carried
base was
OF medicated liquid to base
of ’
determine PHARMACEUTICS
DRUGS found
was sod.
was out drug paraffin Penetrate rubbed
Time Area
skinof
studied. on thatofhuman
chloride
measured measured base
Dog. the on
rubbed slowly skin
amount
as Penetrate
skin
absorption. in readily in -
absorption.
PoorRapid in the
biopsies II
the urine. on well
(DISPENSING
medicament. of
fixed penetration.
tissues defined
area at
and
different
for PHARMACY)
in fixed
the intervals
urine. time
 vitro(b) In (a) SEMI
Peue
tra). Observe * * t (1) t t (1)
in
RelecSe
Rae 3 vivo SOLID
By
Note Plate CUPBored.CUP isAgar Micro Agar Intensity
More RubbedMixed He :
Bacteriostatic Skiusednner DOSAGE
sinne
OBy Ábsoopt\m O the is is plate CUP-
mu. By By organism pigmentation onwith
stakoSch Zone incubate filled of :
Contaminated Plate Na-fluorescein_as
fixed
Berneli with (Extent) different FORMS
BIfss of
Inhibition. medicatedfor selected drug
Method: area
zeigie. 24 was indicates of for Base.
hrs. selected pigmentation a
with must
fixed drug. a
Base. be more
micro time.
sensitive release.
- (coloration)
organism
to
drug.
made measured.
on
petridish.
251
 Base Plain withFilled Bore Micro-org, withplate 252
Colony Agar

Greater Incubate
CONTROL

the
zone
PHARMACEUTICS
of
Inhibition BORE
Colony.

greaterInhibition
Zone of
-
Incubate TEST Il
release (DISPENSING

Ointment
Medicated WithFilled Micro
org withPlate Agar PHHARMAÇY)
 Rag(4) (3)
Ramsay Bandelin(2) :SEMI
Prepared
* CUP * t * t t SOLID
CUP More Intensitysulpha.
colour
withWater Cube Made Used Sod.ointments.
Test Smear Sod.
Cup Used -
Waud DOSAGE
covered filled principle intensity placed
sulphonamide
of cube Chloride tube chloride
of test test
filled
with pink of tubes FORMS
of more tube(float)
sulphonamide used
Ointment
with release with
semi
dialysis color contains
release in as internally as
a a water
in a
permeable estimated test drug. water drug.
containing
Sulpha
Base
-Water
bath
Ehrlich's tube with maintain
Ehnich Waterbath Smear with
estimated
at fIlled Base.
membran Sod. different thin
at
(Indicator)
with constant layers
chloride. at
time. water. different
temperature. of
which
sodium
time
gives
chloride
pink 253
 purified
water. trituration. Ointment
Oily() is or to 254
Creams ethylene
creams. prepared contain () phase. alcohol, creams
according 8.3
Washable. It
the It
Nonstaining.
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Microbiological
Creams Aqueous Oily oll-in-water CREAMS
Oleagenous
a. NÍt Diluted contains Both skin is
Long should So emulsifying glycol
as fatty Permeable Sem1
occlusive tocreams viscousor Membrane Sod. CUP
have use oily the
emuslsion acid translucent.
chain with be Creams
oil-in-water mucous chloride float
ofderivative
cream. phases contain (aqueousemnlsion
Phase followingthroughlyproper ester
alcohol and water. contamination wax on
(Water- should Melt - of membrane. releasedwater
inhave and
characterspreservative. of
emulgent.
sorbitanwater a
creams)
(Cetyl,creams
emollient cleansed a of
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