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Lesson 1-3

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86 views

Lesson 1-3

Uploaded by

T ENGA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEEDBACK & CONTROL

SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
SYLLABUS
• Basics of Control Systems
- System Response Characteristics
- Introduction to Open Loop and Close loop
- Signal Systems
- Transfer Function
- Feedback
- Sensitivity of Control System
OUTLINES

➢Introduction
➢Why do we need to study Feedback and Control Systems
➢Syllabus
INTRODUCTION

• What is a control system?


A control system is defined as a system of devices that manages, commands,
directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems to achieve a
desired result. A control system achieves this through control loops, which are a
process designed to maintain a process variable at a desired set point.
In other words, the definition of a control system can be simplified as a system,
which controls other systems.
INTRODUCTION

• Example
- An air-conditioning maintaining the temperature of the room
- A car moving from rest to a speed of 100 km/hr
- An Elevator moving upward
INTRODUCTION

• What is Feedback?
• Feedback Systems process signals and as such are signal processors. The
processing part of a feedback system may be electrical or electronic, ranging from a
very simple to a highly complex circuits.
• A feedback system is the one which utilizes presently achieved output of the system
for causing variation in the applied input signal in order to get the required output.
Generally, these systems are used to provide more corrective response, by
comparing the achieved output with the applied input.
INTRODUCTION
WHY STUDY CONTROL SYSTEM?

• Advantages of control system


-Power Amplification
-Remote Control
- Convenience of Input form
- Compensation for Disturbances
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONTROL SYSTEM
SYSTEM RESPONSE
SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
SYSTEM RESPONSE
STEP RESPONSE

• A transient response is the response of a system to a change from an


equilibrium or a steady state. The transient response is not necessarily tied to
abrupt events but to any event that affects the equilibrium of the system

• A steady-state response is the behavior of a circuit after a long time when


steady conditions have been reached after an external excitation.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
• Open Loop System Configuration
• Close Loop System Configuration
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
ADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP

• Simple in Construction and Design


• Economic
• Convenient to use when output is difficult to measure
DISADVANTAGE

• Poorly Equipped to handle Disturbances


• Not Reliable
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
OPEN LOOP
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM DESIGN
CLOSED LOOP
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM DESIGN
COMPARISON
PARTS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM

• Feedback controls are widely used in modern automated systems. A feedback


control system consists of five basic components: (1) input, (2) process being
controlled, (3) output, (4) sensing elements, and (5) controller and actuating
devices.
OPEN LOOP
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
PARTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

• A controller is basically a unit present in a control system that generates


control signals to reduce the deviation of the actual value from the desired
value to almost zero or lowest possible value. It is responsible for the control
action of the system so as to get accurate output.
• The method of producing a control signal by the controller is known as control
action.
PARTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

• An Actuator is defined as the mover or a component of a machine that is responsible


for moving and controlling a mechanism or system
• It is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements by
converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force. Simply
put, it is the component in any machine that enables movement.
• Sometimes, to answer the question of what does an actuator do, the process is
compared to the functioning of a human body. Like muscles in a body that enable
energy to be converted to some form of motion like the movement of arms or legs,
actuators work in a machine to perform a mechanical action.
• Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process.
• Feedback or feedback element is the portion of the output of a system that is
returned to modify the input and thus serve as a performance monitor for the
system. The Feedback element feeds back information on the present state of
the system.
VARIATION OF CONTROL SYSTEM
IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

• System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.


• Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
response.
• Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is
the output of the control system.
• Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is varied by the controller so as to affect the value of
controlled variable.
• Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of the system and applying the manipulated
variable to the system to correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired value.
• Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the system. It is an unwanted input
of the system. If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal disturbance. While an external
disturbance is generated outside the system.
• Open and Closed loop control system Closed-loop control has many advantages
over open-loop control including the ability to reject external disturbances and
improve measurement noise attenuation. We incorporate the disturbances and
measurement noise in the block diagram as external inputs, as illustrated in Figure
below. External disturbances and measurement noise are inevitable in real-world
applications and must be addressed in practical control system designs.
TYPES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

• Positive Feedback
-Positive feedback control system, types of feedback control system where output is
added from the input and the sum is used as the input signal to the controller.

• Negative Feedback
-Negative feedback control system, types of feedback control system where output is
subtracted from the input and the difference is used as the input signal to the controller.
COMPARISON

Main Differences Between Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback


• When the input signal and output signal are in the same phase, they add up to give the stronger source signal, the process is
positive feedback whereas, in negative feedback, the signals are out of phase with respect to each other.
• In positive feedback, the overall gains of the system are increased while in negative feedback gains of the system decreases.
• In positive feedback, output received increases the rate of process and in negative feedback, output tends to decrease the
rate of process.
• Positive feedback takes the system away from the state of stability while negative feedback increases the stability of the
system.
• Positive feedback is mostly used in oscillator circuits while negative feedback is used in electronic amplifier circuits.
• Positive feedback and negative feedback, both have different domains of operations. Both having
their separate advantages and disadvantages.

• Positive feedback improves the overall gains of the system but lowers the stability of the system
whereas negative feedback decreases the gains but takes the system towards an equilibrium state.

• The overall phase of the signals is based on the phases of the input and output signals. Positive
feedback works on phases of 0° or 360 ° while negative feedback offers a phase of 180°.
WHY USED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

• Negative feedback reduces gain of the amplifier. It also reduce distortion,


noise and instability. This feedback increases bandwidth and improves input
and output impedances. Due to these advantages, the negative feedback is
frequently used in amplifiers.
WHY USED POSITIVE FEEDBACK

• Positive feedback is favoured in oscillators as it provides positive gain to the


system; the, i.e., system is likely to Saturation Value depending on the Source
Voltage provided.

• In oscillators using positive feedback it is important that amplitude of the


oscillator output remains stable.
ASSESSMENT

• Discussion of last Activity


• Recitation

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