Course 336

GSM
GSM 3G
3G Migration:
Migration:
Introduction
Introduction to
to UMTS,
UMTS, UTRA,
UTRA,
Applications,
Applications, Networks
Networks

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-1
 Foreword: UMTS Perspective

■ Just a few years ago it was unthinkable nonsense that the GSM
community would be joyfully planning a migration to a new-generation
wireless service based on Wideband CDMA
■ Yet in 2001, this is precisely the case!
• Roughly U$100 Billion already has changed hands in spectrum
auctions looking toward new European W-CDMA networks
■ Longtime CDMA detractor Ericsson has bought Qualcomm’s network
infrastructure business along with valuable IPR property for further CDMA
developments
■ Still, there are major differences between the “flavor” of CDMA in the US
and the new W-CDMA which will supplement (and some say replace)
GSM around the world
• The chip rates differ significantly
• W-CDMA does not normally use precise timing and PN offsets
■ Nevertheless, this is a wireless milestone to be savored because of the
cooperation within the wireless community that has made it possible, and
the tremendous potential that this new technology offers for the benefit of
humankind

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-2
 3 Steps to 3G: GSM Transition to W-CDMA
GSM TODAY
PLMN Core Network SIM
PSTN MSC BSC BTS Mobile
VLR Base Base
Gateway Mobile Station
ISDN Station Transceiver
Switching
MSC Controller Stations Mobile
HLR Center
Equipment
Internet
2.5G: GSM + GPRS
Core Network
VLR MSC
PLMN Mobile SIM
PSTN Gateway Switching Mobile
MSC BSC BTS
HLR Center
Base Base
Station
ISDN Gateway Serving Station Transceiver Mobile
GPRS GPRS PCU Controller Stations Equipment
Support Support
Internet node node

3G: UMTS, UTRA W-CDMA

Core Network MSC UTRAN
RNC Node B UMTS
PLMN VLR Mobile
SIM
PSTN Gateway Switching Radio
Network
MSC Center Controller Node B User
ISDN HLR Equipment
Gateway Serving RNC Node B
GPRS GPRS Radio Mobile
Internet Support Support Network Equipment
node node Controller Node B

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-3
 GSM - GPRS - UMTS WCDMA

GSM
GSM &
& CDMA:
CDMA:
The
The Technologies
Technologies

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-4
 Wireless Multiple Access Methods

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple

Access
Power •A user’s channel is a private frequency
cy
uen
Tim eq
e Fr

Time Division Multiple Access

•A user’s channel is a specific frequency, but
TDMA it only belongs to the user during certain time
Power
slots in a repeating sequence

Tim q ue
nc
y Code Division Multiple Access
e Fr e
•Each user’s signal is a continuous unique
code pattern buried within a shared signal,
CDMA mingled with other users’ code patterns. If a
D E user’s code pattern is known, the presence
Power CO or absence of their signal can be detected,
en
cy thus conveying information.
Tim u
eq
e Fr

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-5
 The Frequencies Used by GSM
900 MHz. Europe and International
GSM Uplink GSM Downlink
124 GSM ch. 124 GSM ch.
890 915 935 960
MHz.

1900 MHz. North American PCS Licensed Blocks

A D B E F C1 C2 C3 A D B E F C1 C2 C3
75 ch. 25 75 ch. 25 25 25 25 25 75 ch. 25 75 ch. 25 25 25 25 25
1850 1865 1885 1900 1910 1930 1945 1965 1975 1990
MHz.

■ GSM operates in a variety of frequency bands worldwide

■ GSM carrier frequencies are normally assigned in 200 KHz.
Increments within the operator’s licensed block of spectrum
■ Spectrum is provided in “blocks”
• Base stations transmit in the upper block
• Mobiles transmit in the lower block
■ Each cell uses a certain number of carriers, called its “allocation”

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-6
 W-CDMA Potential Frequency Deployment
900 MHz. Band - Europe
?
MHz.
890 915 935 960
North American PCS Licensed Blocks
? VoiceStream,
MHz. AT&T
1850 1910 1930 1990
TDD UK Spectrum Auctions - Summer, 2000

TIW Cellnet Vodafone One2One Orange

1900 1920 1980 2110 2170

■ Auctions just completed in the UK divided spectrum as shown and raised

more than $US34 Billion. UMTS W-CDMA is expected to deploy as shown
for the five winner companies
■ The US PCS 1900 MHz. Block is usable for W-CDMA and the
hypothetical W-CDMA carriers are shown. Voicestream and AT&T
Wireless are expected to deploy at least one carrier each
■ Will there ever be W-CDMA over the ashes of the GSM 900 MHz.
allocation?
8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-7
 W-CDMA
W-CDMA vs
vs cdma2000
cdma2000

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-8
 Comparison of IS-2000 and W-CDMA
Parameters 3GPP2 (cdma2000) 3GPP (W-CDMA)
Multiple Access Technique and Multiple access: DS-CDMA (UL) Multiple Access: DS-CDMA
duplexing scheme MC-CDMA(DL) Duplexing: FDD
Duplexing: FDD
Chip Rate N x 1.2288 Mchip/s (N = 1,3,6,9,12) 3.84 Mchips/s

Pilot Structure Code-divided continuous dedicated pilot (UL) Dedicated pilots (UL)
Code-divided continuous common pilot (DL) Common and/or dedicated pilots (DL)
Code-divided continuous common or dedicated
auxiliary pilot (DL)

Frame Length 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 ms 10 ms with 15 slots

Modulation and Detection Data modulation: UL-BPSK DL-QPSK Data mod:UL-dual channel QPSK; DL-QPSK
Spreading modulation: UL-HPSK DL-QPSK Spreading modulation: QPSK
Detection: pilot-aided coherent detection Detection: pilot-aided coherent detection

Channelization Code Walsh Codes (UL) Orthogonal variable spreading factor codes
Walsh Codes or quasi-orthogonal codes(DL)

Scrambling Code Long code (period 242-1 chips for N=1) UL - short code (256 chips from family of
Short PN code (period 215-1 chips for N=1) S(2) codes or long code (38,400 chips, Gold-
N = spreading rate number code-based) DL: Gold-code-based

Access Scheme RsMa - flexible random access scheme Acquisition-indication-based random access
Allowing three modes of access: mechanism with power ramping on preamble
-Basic Access followed by message
-Power controlled Access
-Reserved access
Designated access scheme - access
scheme initiated by the base station
message

Inter-base-station operation Synchronous Asynchronous

Synchronous (optional)

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6-9
 W-CDMA Parameters
Parameters 3GPP (W-CDMA)
Carrier Spacing 5 MHz. (nominal) 4.2-5.4 MHz. On 200 kHz. raster
Downlink RF Channel Structure Direct Spread
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps
Roll-off factor for chip shaping 0.22
Frame Length 10 ms.
Number of slots/frame 15
Spreading modulation Balanced QPSK (downlink)
Dual channel QPSK (uplink)
Complex spreading circuit
Data modulation QPSK (downlink)
BPSK (uplink)
Coherent Detection Pilot Symbols/channel
Channel multiplexing in uplink Control and pilot channel time multiplexed.
For the data and control channels I and Q multiplexing
Multirate Variable spreading and multicode

Spreading Factors 4-256

Power Control Open and fast closed loop (1.5 kHz.)

Spreading (downlink) Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel separation. Gold
sequences 218 for user separation (different time shifts in I and Q
channel, truncated cycle 10 ms.)
Spreading (uplink) Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel separation. Gold
sequences 218 for user separation (different time shifts in I and Q
channel, truncated cycle 10 ms.)
Handover Soft handover; Interfrequency Handover

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 10

 The
The Codes
Codes of
of W-CDMA
W-CDMA

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 11

 One of the CDMA Spreading Sequences:
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011

■ 64 “Magic” Sequences, each 64 chips long 3

4
5
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100

■ Each OVSF is precisely Orthogonal with 7

8
9
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010

respect to all other ovsf Codes 10

11
12
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
13 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101

• it’s simple to generate the codes, or 14

15
16
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
17 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
• they’re small enough to use from ROM 18
19
20
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
22 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
24 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
26 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
27 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
28 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010

Unique Properties: 30
31
32
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010

Mutual Orthogonality 34
35
36
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
40 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
42 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011

EXAMPLE: 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001

Correlation of OVSF #23 with OVSF #59 48

49
50
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
51 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
56 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 57 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
60 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
Correlation Results: 32 1’s, 32 0’s: Orthogonal!! 61
62
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 12

 General Development of the OVSF
OVSF OVSF OVSF OVSF OVSF OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
# 1-Chip # 2-Chips # 4-Chips # 8-Chips # ---- 16-Chips ------- # ----------- 32-Chip Sequence ------------- # ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0 0 0 00 0 0000 0 00000000 0 0000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 01 1 0101 1 01010101 1 0101010101010101 1 01010101010101010101010101010101 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011 2 00110011 2 0011001100110011 2 00110011001100110011001100110011 2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
3 0110 3 01100110 3 0110011001100110 3 01100110011001100110011001100110 3 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
4 00001111 4 0000111100001111 4 00001111000011110000111100001111
2x2 4x4
5
6
7
01011010
00111100
01101001
5
6
7
0101101001011010
0011110000111100
0110100101101001
5
6
7
01011010010110100101101001011010
00111100001111000011110000111100
01101001011010010110100101101001
4
5
6
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
8 0000000011111111 8 00000000111111110000000011111111 8 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
9 0101010110101010 9 01010101101010100101010110101010 9 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010

8x8 10
11
12
0011001111001100
0110011010011001
0000111111110000
10
11
12
00110011110011000011001111001100
01100110100110010110011010011001
00001111111100000000111111110000
10
11
12
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
13 0101101010100101 13 01011010101001010101101010100101 13 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
14 0011110011000011 14 00111100110000110011110011000011 14 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
15 0110100110010110 15 01101001100101100110100110010110 15 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
16 00000000000000001111111111111111 16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
17 01010101010101011010101010101010
16x16 18
19
20
00110011001100111100110011001100
01100110011001101001100110011001
00001111000011111111000011110000
17
18
19
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 01011010010110101010010110100101 21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
22 00111100001111001100001111000011

OVSF Names 23
24
25
01101001011010011001011010010110
00000000111111111111111100000000
01010101101010101010101001010101
22
23
24
25
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101

Cch1232 = “OVSF #12, 32 chips long.” 26

27
28
00110011110011001100110000110011
01100110100110011001100101100110
00001111111100001111000000001111
26
27
28
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 01011010101001011010010101011010 29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
30 00111100110000111100001100111100 30 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
31 01101001100101101001011001101001 31 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001

OVSF Level Mapping 32x32

32
33
34
35
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
The OVSF shown here are in logical state 36
37
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
values 0 and 1. 39
40
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
OVSF also can exist as physical bipolar 42
43
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110

signals. Logical zero is the signal value +1 44

45
46
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100

and Logical 1 is the signal value -1. 47

48
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
49 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
Mapping: Logical 0,1 > +1, -1 Physical 50
51
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001

■ All OVSF can be built to any size from a single 56

57
58
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100

zero by replicating and inverting 59

60
61
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101

■ All OVSF matrixes are square -- same number

62 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

of codes and number of chips per code 64x64

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 13
 OVSF Trees and Interdependencies
Cch364
Cch332 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 Cch3564
Cch316 0110 0110 0110 0110 Cch1964
Cch19320110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 Cch164
Cch 38 0110 0110
Cch1164
Cch11320110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 Cch4364
Cch 11160110 0110 1001 1001
Cch2764
Cch27320110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 Cch5964
Cch34 0110
Cch764
Cch732 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 Cch3964
Cch716 0110 1001 0110 1001 Cch2364
Cch23320110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 Cch5564
Cch 78 0110 1001
Cch1564
Cch15320110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 Cch4764
Cch 15160110 1001 1001 0110
Cch3164
Cch31320110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 Cch6364

■ Entire OVSF matrices can be built by replicating and inverting -- Individual

OVSF sequences can also be expanded in the same way.
■ CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete OVSF code
■ Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter OVSF codes
■ If a short OVSF is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that OVSF and all
its replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be reused to
carry other signals
■ Therefore, the supply of available OVSF codes on a sector diminishes
greatly while a fast data channel is being transmitted!

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 14

 OVSF Families and Exclusions
■ Consider a forward link supplemental Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
channel being transmitted with a data #
0
---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
W34 0110 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
rate of 307,200 symbols/second 2
3
4
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
• Each symbol will occupy 4 chips at 6
7
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001

the 1x rate of 1,228,800 c/s. 8

9
10
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001

• A 4-chip OVSF will be used for this 12

13
14
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011

channel 15
16
17
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100

■ If OVSF #3 (4 chips) is chosen for this 19

20
21
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101

channel: 22
23
24
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101

• Use of Cch34 will preclude other 26

27
28
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111

usage of the following 64-chip OVSF: 29

30
31
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
32 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111

• 3, 35, 19, 51, 11, 43, 27, 59, 7, 39, 33

34
35
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001

23, 55, 15, 47, 31, 63 -- all forbidden! 36

37
38
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110

• 16 codes are tied up since the data is 40

41
42
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
being sent at 16 times the rate of 43
44
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

conventional 64-chip OVSF

45 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
48 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000

■ The BTS controller managing this sector 49

50
51
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110

must track the precluded OVSF and 52

53
54
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100

ensure they aren’t assigned 55

56
57
0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

Which OVSF get tied up by another? 60

61
62
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Cchxxyyties up every YYth OVSF starting with #XX.

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 15
 PN M-Sequences: Generation & Properties
An Ordinary Shift Register
■ Maximal-length sequences used
in W-CDMA are generated in
linear shift registers Sequence repeats every N chips,
■ Plain shift register: no fun, where N is number of cells in register
sequence = length of register A Tapped, Summing Shift Register
■ Tapped shift register generates a
wild, self-mutating sequence 2N-1
chips long (N=register length) Sequence repeats every 2N-1 chips,
• Such sequences match if where N is number of cells in register
compared in step (no-brainer,
any sequence matches itself) A Special Characteristic of Sequences
Generated in Tapped Shift Registers
• Such sequences appear
Compared In-Step: Matches Itself
approximately orthogonal if Sequence:
compared with themselves not Self, in sync:
exactly matched in time Sum: Complete Correlation: All 0’s

• Cross-correlation typically <2% Compared Shifted: Little Correlation

Sequence:
Self, Shifted:
Sum: Practically Orthogonal: Half 1’s, Half 0’s

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 16

 PN Sequences: Gold Codes
GOLD-CODE GENERATION If the starting
state for either of
M-Sequence 1 the M-Sequence
generators is
Gold
+ Code
altered, a
different Gold
M-Sequence 2 code will be
produced.

■ Gold Codes were first described by R. Gold in 1967

• Gold described a method for generating a PN sequence from a
pair of primitive polynomials
■ Gold Codes have defined and bounded cross-correlation
• The cross-correlation can be much less than that achieved
from M-sequences alone
■ Gold Codes also provide a larger number of available codes than
can be achieved using M-sequences alone

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 17

 UMTS

Air
Air Interface
Interface -- Physical
Physical Layer
Layer

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 18

 Spread Spectrum Basics
Spreading and Scrambling
OVSF PN (Gold)
Spreading Scrambling
Code Code

Information
Source
Symbol
X Chip
X Chip
Modulator
RF Stages PN (Gold) OVSF
Scrambling Spreading
Rate Rate Rate
Code Code
Symbol
Rate
Receiver
Chip
X Chip
X Data Out

Rate Rate

■ At the transmitter, the information source provides symbols

• The symbols are applied to a spreading code
• The resulting chip-rate spread signal is applied to a Scrambling Code
• The resulting chip-rate spread/scrambled signal modulates the
transmitter
■ The Receiver recovers the signal and the same scrambling code
descrambles it
• Next the spreading code de-spreads the signal, yielding the original
symbol-rate data

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 19

 W-CDMA Spreading

■ W-CDMA uses long spreading codes

• One set of codes are used for cell separation on downlink
• One set of codes are used for user separation on uplink
■ Downlink
• Gold Codes of length 218 are used
• Truncated to same length as the 10 ms frames
• Total number of scrambling codes is 512
• Divided into 64 code groups with 8 codes in each group, to allow fast
cell search (recently revised)
■ Uplink
• Short codes can be used to ease implementation of advanced multi-
user receiver techniques
– VL-Kasami Codes of length 256 chips
• Otherwise long codes are used
– Gold sequences of length 241 chips, truncated to 10 ms

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 20

 W-CDMA Channelization

■ Orthogonal OVSF codes are used for channelization

■ OVSF codes are used from a tree structure
• This ensures that only orthogonal codes are used

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 21

 Downlink Spreading and Modulation

I
Serial-to-
Complex QPSK
Data Parallel
Scrambling Modulation
Converter

Q
1-of-512
OVSF Primary 3.84 MCPS
Generator Scrambling
BTS Code

1-of-512 Secondary
Scrambling Code

■ Data modulation is QPSK

■ Each pair of two bits are serial-parallel converted and mapped to the I and
Q branches
• I and Q are then spread to chip rate with an OVSF unique for the
specific channel
■ Complex spreading is performed with one of 512 primary scrambling
codes; at least the primary CCPCH is scrambled this way
■ Other downlink physical channels can be transmitted scrambled with the
primary scrambling code or with a secondary scrambling code from the
set of 511 associated with the particular 1-of-512 primary scrambling code
8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 22
 Uplink Spreading and Modulation
OVSF
Generator

I
DPDCH1
Complex QPSK
Scrambling Modulation
DPCCH
Q
OVSF UE-Specific
Generator Channelization
Code
3.84 MCPS
*Short S(2) code
Or long Gold Code

■ Dual-channel QPSK is used

■ DPCCH channel mapped to Q, first DPDCH mapped to I
• Subsequently-mapped DPDCHs can be mapped to I or Q
■ I and Q are then spread to chip rate with two different OVSF codes
■ In an ordinary BTS, a 38.4K-long Gold Code is used for complex
scrambling
• In BTS with advanced receiver, a 256 code from the S(2)
family is used instead

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 23

 UMTS

The
The Channels
Channels of
of UMTS
UMTS

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 24

 The Channels of UMTS

■ In UMTS, information and traffic flow through three types of channels:

■ Logical Channels - analogous to airline companies
• Logical channels are functional, conceptual groupings of information
and/or traffic
• At this level, it is easy to understand the purposes and objectives of
the channels, the types of activities being carried out on each channel,
and the call processing steps involved
■ Transport Channels - analogous to scheduled flights
• Transport channels are the intermediate, individual flows of
information which carry subcomponents of the logical channels and
which are represented by bits on the physical channels
■ Physical Channels - analogous to individual aircraft
• These are the real over-the-air channels made up of bits
• At this level, the channels are just patterns of bits - multiframes,
frames, timeslots, and the various fields of bits which are defined to
occupy them

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 25

 Channels and the Protocol Stack

■ The mapping between Logical RLC (Radio Link Control)

and Transport channels is
performed by the LAC layer LOGICAL
CHANNELS
■ The mapping between
Transport and Physical MAC (Media Access Control)
channels is performed by the
Physical layer TRANSPORT
CHANNELS

Transport Sublayer

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
LAYER CHANNELS

Physical Sublayer

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 26

 W-CDMA Logical Channels
DOWNLINK UPLINK
BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
BCH System Control Information for all users
Configuration and Parameters

DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL

DCCH A private channel carrying control information DCCH
between one user and the network

COMMON CONTROL CHANNEL

CCCH A shared channel carrying control information CCCH
Between many users and the network

PAGING CONTROL CHANNEL

PCCH A shared channel carrying paging information
Between the network and many users
BTS
DEDICATED TRAFFIC CHANNEL
DTCH A private bi-directional channel carrying DTCH
traffic between one user and the network

COMMON TRAFFIC CHANNEL

CTCH A shared channel carrying traffic from the
network to many users or to groups of users

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 27

 W-CDMA Logical Channels (1)

■ The following logical channels are defined for W-CDMA

■ BCH Broadcast Channel
• Carries system and cell-specific information; always transmitted over
the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate
■ FACH Forward Access Channel
• Carries control information from base station to mobile in one cell
when the system knows the location cell of the mobile
• May also carry short user packets
• May be transmitted over whole cell or over a portion using lobe-
forming antennas
■ PCH Paging Channel
• For messages to the mobiles in the paging area
■ RACH Random Access Channel
• Uplink channel used to carry control information from the UE
• May also carry short user packets
• Always received from the entire cell

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 28

 W-CDMA Logical Channels (2)

■ CPCH Common Packet Channel

• Carries small and medium-sized packets
• A contention-based, random access channel used for transmission of
bursty data traffic
• Associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which provides
power control for the uplink CPCH
■ DCH Dedicated Channel
• A downlink or uplink channel used to carry user or control information
between the network and the UE
• Corresponds to three channels:
– DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
– SDCCH Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
– ACCH Associated Control Channel
• Transmitted over the whole cell or only a part using lobe-forming
antennas
• May have fast rate changes (even every 10 ms), and fast power
control

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 29

 W-CDMA Transport Channels
DOWNLINK UPLINK
BROADCAST CHANNEL Configuration
BCH Low fixed bit rate, transmitted over the
information
Entire sector coverage area
PAGING CHANNEL Pages,
PCH Uses efficient sleep/slotted-mode procedures
Notifications
Transmitted over entire sector coverage area

Contention-based, RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL

Limited data fields, risk of collisions, RACH
Access, SMS
Power control is open loop
FORWARD ACCESS CHANNEL Common downlink
FACH Data rate can change each frame (10 ms)
For small bursts
No fast power control; can use beam-forming
DEDICATED CHANNEL
DCH Data rate can change each frame (10 ms) DCH
BTS Fast power control; can use beam-forming
Contention-based, COMMON PACKET CHANNEL
Bursty traffic Change data rates fast; Open-loop ramp-up CPCH
Fast power control; beam-forming, collision detection
DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL Shared control or
DSCH Fast power control; can use beam-forming
Bursty traffic
Belongs to just one DCH

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 30

Logical, Transport, Physical Channel Mapping
LOGICAL TRANSPORT PHYSICAL
CHANNELS CHANNELS CHANNELS

BCH P-CCPCH
BCCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH

RACH PRACH
CCCH
FACH

CTCH FACH
S-CCPCH

RACH
FACH
DCCH
DCH DPDCH
DTCH
CPCH PCPCH
DSCH PDSCH
8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 31
 UMTS

Physical
Physical Channel
Channel Details
Details

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 32

 Physical Channel Details

■ W-CDMA physical channels typically consist of a three-layer

structure of superframes, radio frames, and time slots
• Depending on the symbol rate of the physical channel, the
configuration of the radio frames or time slots varies
■ A Superframe has a duration of 720 ms and consists of 72 radio
frames
■ A Radio Frame is a processing unit with 15 time slots
■ A time slot is a unit containing information symbols
• The number of symbols per time slot depends on the physical
channel
■ A physical channel corresponds to a specific
• Carrier frequency
• Code
• On the uplink: Relative phase (0 or pi/2)

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 33

 Dedicated Physical Channel Frame Structure

Superframe (720 ms)

Frame #1 Frame #2 Frame #i Frame #72

Radio Frame (10 ms)

Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #15

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-7 )

Downlink TFCI Data 1 TPC Data 2 Pilot

DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Uplink Data DPDCH

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC DPCCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-6 )

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 34

 Physical Frame Structure
Frame #1 Frame #2 Frame #i Frame #72

Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #15

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-7 )

Downlink TFCI Data 1 TPC Data 2 Pilot

DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Uplink Data DPDCH

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC DPCCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-6 )

■ Each radio frame of 10 ms is split into 15 slots

■ Uplink Physical Channels DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q multiplexed
■ Downlink Physical Channels are time-multiplexed within each slot
• DPCH, the channel on which user data is transmitted, is always
associated with a DPCCH containing layer 1 information
• The Transport Format Combination Indicator field is used to indicate the
demultiplexing scheme of the data stream
• The TFCI field does not exist for static (fixed bit rate allocations) or
where blind transport format detection is used
• The Feedback Information (FBI) field is used for transmit and site
diversity functions
• The Transmit Power Control bits are used for power control
• On the downlink, a number of dedicated pilot bits may be included
8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 35
 Physical Channel Bit Rates
Frame #1 Frame #2 Frame #i Frame #72

Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #15

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-7 )

Downlink TFCI Data 1 TPC Data 2 Pilot

DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Uplink Data DPDCH

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC DPCCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-6 )

■ Uplink
• Maximum physical channel bit rate is 960 kb/s using a spreading
factor of 4
• A user may use several physical channels to obtain higher bit rates
• The channel bit rate of the DPCCH is fixed at 15 kb/s
• The maximum uplink spreading factor is 256
■ Downlink
• Maximum channel bit rate is 1920 kb/s with a spreading factor of 4
• The maximum downlink spreading factor is 512

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 36

 Uplink Physical Channels

■ There are two dedicated channels and one

common channel on the uplink
DPDCH
■ DPDCH Dedicated Physical-Data Channel
• Carries user data
DPCCH
■ DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
• Carries control information
PRACH
■ PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
• A common-access channel
■ In most cases, only one DPDCH is allocated per
connection
• Services are jointly interleaved using the same
DPDCH
• However, multiple DPDCHs can be allocated
– For example, to avoid a too-low spreading
factor at high data rates

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 37

 DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

■ The DPCCH is needed to transmit pilot symbols

• For coherent reception
• Power control signaling bits
• Rate information for rate detection
■ The physical control and data channels can be
• Time-multiplexed
– Resulting gating of transmission may cause
electromagnetic interference to hearing aids, etc
• Code-multiplexed
– Preferred method; dual-channel QPSK carries I and Q
channels

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 38

 W-CDMA Random Access

■ W-CDMA random access is based on slotted-Aloha technique with fast

acquisition indication
■ The Mobile can start the transmission at any of many well-defined time
offsets
• All relative to the frame boundary of every second frame of the
received BCH of the current cell
• These time offsets are called “access slots”
• There are 15 access slots per two frames, spaced 5120 chips apart
• The BCH tells what access slots are available on the current cell
■ Before transmitting a random access request, the mobile
• Achieves chip, slot, and frame synchronization on target BTS
• Gets downlink scrambling code from SCH
• Gets random access code(s) used in the sector from the BCCH
• Estimates downlink path loss to calculate open loop transmit power
■ There are also special provisions for including packet data in a burst if
desired

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 39

 Downlink Physical Channels

■ On the downlink, there are four common physical channels

CPICH ■ CPICH Common Pilot Channel
• Facilitates coherent detection
P-CCPCH ■ P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel
• Fixed data rate, Used to carry the BCH
• Same OVSF in every cell, easy for UE to find
S-CCPCH ■ S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
• Carries PCH and FACH time-multiplexed
BTS • May be different rates in different cells due to activity
• OVSF of S-CCPCH is given on P-CCPCH
SCH
SCH ■ SCH Synchronization Channel: subchannels Primary and
Secondary
• short code masking speeds long code acquisition
• Unmodulated P-SCH gives timing for S-SCH
• Modulated S-SCH gives long code group for this BTS
– This greatly speeds long code acquisition

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 40

 SCH Coding

■ The Primary SCH consists of an unmodulated code 256 chips long

• Transmitted once every slot
• The same code is used for every base station in the system
– Transmitted time-aligned with the slot boundary
■ The Secondary SCH consists of one modulated code 256 chips long,
transmitted in parallel with the Primary SCH
• The code is one of 8, determined by the code group set to which the
base station’s downlink scrambling code belongs
• S-SCH is modulated by a binary sequence 16 bits long, repeated
each frame
• The same sequence is used for each BTS and has good cyclic
autocorrelation
■ The SCH is transmitted intermittently (one codeword per slot)
• Multiplexed with DPDCH/DPCCH and CCPCH after long code
scrambling
• So SCH is non-orthogonal to the other downlink physical channels

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 41

 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

DPCH ■ DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel

• This is the only dedicated channel on the
downlink
• Data in one DPCH is time-multiplexed with
control information from Layer 1
– Known pilot bits, TPC commands, optional
Transport Format Combination Indicator
(TFCI)

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 42

 W-CDMA Physical Channels
DOWNLINK CHANNELS UPLINK CHANNELS
Common Pilot
CPICH Channel

Primary Common Control Physical Random Access

P-CCPCH Physical Channel Channel PRACH
Secondary Common Control Physical Common
S-CCPCH Physical Channel Packet Channel PCPCH
SCH Synchronization Channel

PICH Page Indication Channel

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel

BTS AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition

Indicator Channel

CPCH Status Indicator

CSICH Channel

Collision Detection./Channel
CD/CA-ICH Assignment Indicator Channel

Dedicated Physical Dedicated Physical

DPDCH Data Channel Data Channel DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Dedicated Physical
DPCCH Control Channel Control Channel DPCCH
Physical Downlink
PDSCH Shared Channel

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 43

 Physical Channel Details (1)

■ DPCH - Dedicated Physical Channel

• A downlink or uplink dedicated physical channel used to carry
user or control information to User Equipment (UE) over an
entire or cell or part of the cell that uses beamforming antennas
■ PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
• A common uplink physical channel used to carry control
information or short user packets from the UE
■ PCPCH - Physical Common Packet Channel
• A common uplink physical channel used to carry short and
medium-sized user packets. It’s always associated with a
downlink channel for power control
■ CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
• A fixed-rate downlink physical channel that carries a predefined
bit/symbol sequence

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 44

 Physical Channel Details (2)

■ P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

• A fixed-rate downlink channel used to broadcast system and
cell-specific information
• The P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of
each slot (I.e., it maintains a 90% duty cycle)
■ S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
• A downlink physical channel used to carry the FACH and PCH
transport channel
■ SCH Synchronization Channel
• A downlink signal used for cell search. The SCH consists of
two subchannels, the primary and secondary SCH, which are
transmitted duringt the P-CCPCH idle period
■ PDSCH
• A downlink channel used to carry the DSCH transport channel

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 45

 Physical Channel Details (3)

■ AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel

• A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry access preamble
acquisition indicators for the random access procedure
■ AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel
• A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry access preamble
acquisition indicators of CPCH
■ PICH Paging Indicator Channel
• A fixed-rate downlink physical channel used to carry the paging
indicators which disclose the presence of a page message on the
PCH
■ CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
• A fixed-rate downlink channel used to carry CPCH status information
• A CSICH is always associated with a physical channel used for
transmission of CPCH AP-AICH, and uses the same channelization
and scrambling codes

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 46

 Physical Channel Details (4)

■ CD/CA-ICH Collision-detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel

• A fixed-rate common downlink physical channel used to carry CD
indicator only if the CA is not active, or a CD/CA indicator at the same
time if the CA is active
■ CDM Continuous Code Division Multiplex Pilot Channel
• Similar to the cdma2000 pilot
• Two types of pilot channels are defined:
• Primary CPICH (P-CPICH)
– Transmitted over the entire cell
– Used as phase reference for SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH, PICH, and
default reference for all other downlink physical channels
• Secondary CPICH (S-CPICH)
– Can be transmitted over part of the cell, not entire cell. May be
used as reference for the S-CCPCH and downlink DPCH, or in
beamforming antenna schemes

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 47

 UMTS

Special
Special Topics
Topics

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 48

 Multirate

■ Multiple services of the same connection are multiplexed on one

DPDCH
• After service multiplexing and channel coding, the multiservice
data stream is mapped to one DPDCH
• If the total rate exceeds the upper limit for single code
transmission, several DPDCHs are allocated
■ A second alternative for service multiplexing is to map parallel
services to different DPDCHs in a multicode fashion with separate
channel coding and interleaving
• This allows independent control of the power and quality of
each service
• For BER 10-3 services, convolutional coding of 1/3 is used
• For high bit rates, a code rate of 1/2 can be used
• For higher quality service classes, parallel concatenated
convolutional code is used
■ Retransmission can be used to guarantee service quality

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 49

 Rate Matching

■ After channel coding and service multiplexing, the total bit rate can
appear quite arbitrary!
• The rate matching adapts this rate to the limited set of possible
bit rates of a DPDCH
– Repetition or puncturing is used to match the coded bit
stream to the channel gross rate
■ For Uplink, rate matching to the closest uplink DPDCH rate is
always based on unequal repetition or code puncturing
• Puncturing is chosen for bit rates less than 20% above
• In all other cases, unequal repetition is performed
■ For Downlink, rate matching to the closest DPDCH rate, using
unequal repetition or code puncturing, is only made for the highest
rate of a variable rate connection

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 50

 Packet Data

■ W-CDMA has two types of Packet Data transmission modes

■ Common Channel Packet Transmission
• Short Data Packets can be appended directly to a random
access burst
• Used for short infrequent packets, where link maintenance to
set up a dedicated channel would cause unacceptable
overhead
■ Dedicated Channel Packet Transmission
• Larger or more frequent packets are transmitted on a dedicated
channel
• A large single packet is transmitted using a scheme where the
channel is released immediately after the packet has been
transmitted
• In a multipacket scheme, the dedicated channel is maintained
by transmitting power control and synchronization information
between subsequent packets

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 51

 UMTS

UMTS
UMTS Handovers
Handovers

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 52

 Soft Handover

■ Before entering soft handover, the mobile

• Measures the observed timing differences of the downlink
SCHs from the two (!!!!!!) base stations
• Reports the timing differences back to the serving base station
■ The timing of the new downlink soft handover connection is
adjusted with a resolution of one symbol
• This enables the rake receiver in the mobile to collect the
macrodiversity energy from the two base stations
• Timing adjustments of dedicated downlink channels is carried
out with a resolution of one symbol without losing orthogonality
of the downlink codes

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 53

 Interfrequency Handovers

■ Interfrequency handovers arise during utilization of heirarchical cell

structures (macro, micro, indoor cells)
• Several carriers and interfrequency handovers may also be used for
taking care of high capacity needs in hot spots
• Interfrequency handovers are also needed to second-generation
systems such as GSM or IS-95
• An efficient method is needed for making measurements on other
frequencies while still having the connection running on the current
frequency
■ Two methods are available to do interfrequency measurements in
WCDMA: Dual Receiver and Slotted Mode
• Dual receiver is considered feasible especially if the mobile uses
antenna diversity
– One receiver branch can be switched to the other frequency
• Slotted Mode is necessary if the receiver has no diversity
– The information transmitted during a 10 ms frame is compressed
by puncturing or changing the FEC rate and the mobile is free to
make a quick measurement on the other frequency

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 54

WCDMA-GSM Handovers Measurement Process

■ Since GSM use is so widespread, W-CDMA--GSM handovers are

quite important
• The GSM compatible multiframe structure allows similar timing
for intersystem measurements as in the GSM system itself
• The needed measurement interval is not as frequent as for
GSM terminals operating in a GSM system

In this frame, change coding or puncturing to In this frame, change coding or puncturing to
allow payload bits to finish early so mobile allow payload bits to finish early so mobile
receiver is free during part of the frame. receiver is free during part of the frame.

WCDMA
UMTS
Frames

12 frames 120 ms 12 frames 120 ms

Measure GSM Measure GSM

FCCH and SCH FCCH and SCH

TIME
8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 55
 Modes and States - RRC Modes

UTRAN Connected Mode GSM Handover

URA PCH CELL_PCH GSM

Connected
UTRAN Inter-System Handover
Mode

Release
RR
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH Connection
Establish
GPRS Packet
RR
Transfer Mode Connection
Establish
Release Release Initiate
RRC Cell Release
RRC Temp
RRC Connection Establish Reselection Temp
Connection Connection Block
RRC Block
Connection Flow
Flow

GPRS Packet Idle Mode

Camping on a UTRAN cell
Camping on a GSM/GPRS cell
Idle Mode

8-2002 GSM 3G Migration: UMTS, UTRA v1.14 (c)2002 Scott Baxter 6 - 56