HANDBOOK OF ARDUINO

ZERO to HERO
(New Edition)

ARSATH NATHEEM S
Copyright © 2021-2022 by ARSATH NATHEEM S
All rights Reserved.
ISBN: 9798760512406
Imprint: Independently published
Author Name: Arsath Natheem S

2022 Edition

This Arduino Handbook is geared towards given that exact and reliable data
in respects to the subject and issue covered. The publication is marketed with
the concept that the publisher is not necessary to render or else, any qualified
services.
In no way is it valid to reproduce, duplicate, or spread any part of this book in
either digital e-format, eBook means or in printed format. Make a Re-
documenting of this text book is strictly prohibited and any storage of this
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All rights reserved.
Respective authors own all rights not held by the publisher. The attributes
that are used are without any consent, and the book of the trademark is
without permission or backing by the brand owner. All trademarks and
brands within this book are for descriptive purposes only and are the owned
by the owners themselves, not associated with this textbook.

WHY I WROTE THIS BOOK

When we think about the word ‘Education’, we often think of the formal
schooling that happens in primary, secondary and high schools and colleges.
Although, this is not the only way of education, tacit and practical knowledge
is something that we often can’t learn by reading books; it is achieved by
addressing real world problems and practice, it relates to experience,
intuition, ideals, creative thinking, emotions, values, skills and attitudes.
Arduino Education makes the next generation of STEAM programs and tacit
knowledge that empower schoolchildren on their creative learning journey
through secondary school, high school, and university and help them succeed.

Arduino has been used in thousands of unique projects and various

development applications. The Arduino software is simple-to-use application
for beginners, and now flexible enough for advanced users, teachers and
scholars and use it to build cost efficient scientific devices, to demonstrate
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and
robotics, Project based learning will lead to cooperating education and create
a deeper impact on the student. It also builds the understanding part more
enjoyable as students are able to understand more while learning it in a
group. Consequently, let us focus on a plethora of simple projects related to
Interesting Arduino sensors that will enhance student’s innovative mindset.
The Arduino project works at all times and makes improvements to the
existing system, and for that reason, Ultimately, students can develop a
forward-thinking practical mindset and way of thinking.

“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I

learn” -- Benjamin Franklin
WHY YOU SHOULD READ THIS BOOK
This Arduino Handbook will help you learn all about making projects with
Arduino, and beneficial for novice to expert level students, and research
scholars. This handbook is written for those who is enthusiastic in innovative
projects with the help of open source tools and technique, and it is a huge
collection of ideas to do some creative projects, to create something new to
society, This book consists of six chapters starting from Arduino basics,
electronic components, Arduino boards and their sensors, to getting started
with Arduino programming, then you can practice 33 step by step projects by
doing, and the book ends with more than 100 fascinating project-ideas and
finally Troubleshooting Arduino. I believe this Arduino handbook will be
helpful for students and research scholars for their mini projects. Also
includes operative basics in case of open-source electronics, for college,
school students and hobbyists to learn Arduino from the basic to expert level
through practical schematic diagrams. I hope this would be a wonderful
project guide for science fair projects and their new innovative works.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1:
ARDUINO: EVERYONE NEED TO KNOW
Introduction
Microcontroller
Development Board
What is the Arduino?
Why Was Arduino Developed?
What can Arduino be used to Teach?
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINOS
Why use Arduino UNO?
GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO
Installing Arduino IDE with Arduino Uno R3 board
Arduino Libraries
How to add library files
Hello World of Arduino (Blink an LED):
Basic Arduino C functions:
Uploading the Sketches
Arduino Q & A Section
Summary

CHAPTER 2:
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Resistors
 Capacitors
Inductors
Transformer
Diode
Light emitting diode (LED)
Variable resistor (Potentiometer)
Transistors
Integrated circuit (IC)
IC Terminology: Op-amp
H-bridge
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
WHAT ARE SOME GOOD COMPONENTS TO START WITH?
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
DC Motor
Servo Motor
Stepper Motor
LIST OF ARDUINO SENSORS AND MODULES
Ultrasonic Sensor Module
IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module
IR Infrared Fire/Flame Detection sensor
Soil Hygrometer Detection or Soil Moisture Sensor
Humidity and Rain Detection Sensor
Microphone Sensor or Sound Sensor
Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor
Photoresistor Sensor (LDR)
Digital Thermal Sensor - Humidity Sensor
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
 Rotary Encoder Module
SW-420 Motion Sensor or Vibration Sensor
Passive Buzzer Module
Speed Sensor Module LM393
Relay Module
HC- SR501 Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor (PIR)
Accelerometer Module
Arduino Joystick Module
Piezo buzzer Sensor
Water Flow Sensor
Arduino Color Sensor
Optical Fingerprint Sensor
Heart Rate or Pulse Sensor
Capacitive Touch Sensor
Arduino Bluetooth Module HC-05 or HC-06
Arduino GPS Module (NEO-6M)
RFID
Turbidity Sensor
Load cell Module
PH Sensor Module
Pressure Sensor or Force Sensitive Resister (FSR)
Flex Sensor
CHAPTER 3
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Structure of an Arduino Code:
Bare minimum code
Arduino Data Types
Analog to Digital Conversion
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING BASICS
Structure
setup()
loop()
functions
{} Curly braces
; Semicolon
/*...*/ block comments
// line comments
Variables
Variable scope
byte
int
long
float
Arrays
Arithmetic
Compound Assignments
Comparison Operators
Logical operators
Constants
True/false
High/low
Input/output
if
if... else
for
while
 do... while
pinMode(pin, mode)
digitalRead(pin)
digitalWrite(pin, value)
analogRead(pin)
analogWrite(pin, value)
delay(ms)
millis()
min(x, y)
max(x, y)
randomSeed(seed)
random(max)
random(min, max)
Serial.begin(rate)
Serial.printin(data)
Digital output
Digital input
High current output
PWM output
Variable resistor input
Servo output
Using Libraries
Summary
CHAPTER 4
ARDUINO PROJECTS LEARN BY DOING
Project 1: Blink an LED
Project 2: Traffic Light 3 Way Controller
Project 3: Push button - LED Blinking
Project 4: RGB Blinking LED (Common Anode)
Project 5: Interfacing with Keypad Module
Project 6: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
Project 7: Multiple tones with one Piezo Buzzer
Project 8: Seeing the light using Photo resistor with an Arduino
Project 9: Arduino Flame Sensor
Project 10: LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219)
Project 11: Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display
Project 12: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor with Arduino
Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface
Project 14: Relay Module interface with an Arduino
Project 15: Control Servo Motor with Arduino
Project 16: Stepper Motor Control with Arduino
Project 17: Interfacing Soil Moisture Sensor with an Arduino
Project 18: Water Level Monitoring Experiments
Project 19: Vibration Sensor Module
Project: 20: Infrared Sensor Receiver Module with an Arduino
Project 21: IR Remote Control Experiment with Arduino
Project 22: Interfacing Sound Sensor Module with Arduino
Project 23: Analog Joystick Module with Arduino
Project 24: Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino
Project 25: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Experiment
Project 26: One digit 7 Segment Displays with an Arduino
Project 27: Four Digit 7 Segment Display Module (TM1637)
 Project 28: Heart-shaped display experiment with Arduino
Project 29: Interfacing tilt sensor with Arduino
Project 30: Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino
Project 31: Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino
Project 32: Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino - To
measure Temperature
Project: 33: DC Motor Direction Control
Summary

CHAPTER 5
TOP 100 ARDUINO PROJECTS IDEAS
1. Arduino Based Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
2 Robot Snake based on Arduino controlled by Android
3. Intelligent Gas Leakage Detector based on IoT
4. Wireless Black Box for Cars
5. Smart Charger Monitoring System using Arduino
6. Arduino Based Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
7. Automatic Sketching Machine Project
7. Arduino based Sun Tracking Solar Panel
9. Fire Department Alerting System using Internet of Things and
Arduino
10. Internet of Things based Irrigation Monitoring & Controller
System using Arduino
11. Internet of Things based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System
Project
12. Arduino Ultrasonic Sonar/Radar Monitor Project
13. Smart Dustbin with IOT Notifications
14. IOT Solar Power Monitoring System
15. Arduino PID based DC Motor Position Control System
16. Open-Source COVID-19 Pulmonary Ventilator
17. Arduino based Snake Robot Controlled using Android
18. Advanced Automatic Self-Car Parking using Arduino
19. IOT Industry Protection System Arduino
20. Rotating Solar Panel Using Arduino
21. GPS Clock using Arduino
22. Touch Free Hand sanitizer dispenser using LDR
23. Line Follower Robot with Arduino
24. IoT Based Home Automation controlled by smartphone
25. Covid-19 Patient Monitoring Device based on LoRa using The
Things UNO
26. Open-Source Pulse Oximeter for COVID-19
27. Touch less doorbells can operate without touching the switch.
28. Social Distancing Device (Safety Card)
29. Automatic Faucet (Touchless) for COVID-19 Using Arduino
30. Automatic Hand Sensing Water and Soap Tank with Tap
31. DIY GPS Speedometer using Arduino and OLED
32. Automatic Bottle Filling System using Arduino
33. Control a Solenoid Valve with Arduino
34. An Arduino-based Gesture Controlled Air Mouse that uses
Accelerometer
35. Arduino Whistle Detector Switch using Sound Sensor
36. Obstacle Avoiding Robot using Arduino
37. Speed, Distance and Angle Measurement for Mobile Robots
using Arduino and LM393 Sensor (H206)
38. Build a Smart Watch by Interfacing OLED Display with
Android Phone using Arduino
39. Arduino Bluetooth with MATLAB for Wireless Communication
40. Smartphone Controlled Arduino Mood Light with Alarm
41. Interfacing nRF24L01 with Arduino: Controlling Servo Motor
42. Build your own self-balancing robot with Arduino
43. Automatic Water Dispenser using Arduino
44. Interfacing Flame Sensor with Arduino to Build a Fire Alarm
System
45. IoT Based Electricity Energy Meter using ESP12 and Arduino
46. Coronavirus Sterilizer Box | Food Mask Sterilizer
47. Play the Space Race Game using the Arduino and Nokia 5110
Graphic Display
48. Interfacing Tilt Sensor with Arduino
49. Bluetooth Controlled Servo Motor using Arduino
50. Controlling Multiple Servo Motors with Arduino
51. Arduino Based Countdown Timer
52. Automatic Pet Feeder using Arduino
53. Arduino Based AC Home Appliances controlling with
thermistor and relay
54. DIY Arduino Inclinometer using MPU6050
55. Smart Blind Stick using Arduino
56. Home Automation Using Arduino with Bluetooth Control
57. Control your Computer with Hand Gestures using Arduino
58. Floor Cleaning Robot using Ultrasonic Sensor with an Arduino
59. Controlling a Stepper Motor using Potentiometer with Arduino
60. Arduino Based 3-Way Traffic Light Controller
61. Simple Arduino Audio Player and Amplifier with LM386
62. Arduino based Bluetooth Biped Bob (Walking & Dancing
Robot)
63. Arduino Radar System Processing with Ultrasonic Sensor
64. Heart Beat Monitoring over Internet using Arduino and
ThingSpeak
65. IoT based Air Pollution Monitoring System using Arduino
66. IOT Based Dumpster Monitoring using Arduino & ESP8266
67. Arduino based Vehicle Tracker using GPS and GSM
68. Snake Game on 8x8 Matrix using Arduino
69. Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM and Arduino
70. Clap Switch using Arduino
71. Bluetooth Controlled Toy Car using Arduino
72. Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller using Arduino
73. Tachometer using Arduino
74. Automatic Room Light Controller with Bidirectional Visitor
Counter
75. Electronic Voting Machine using Arduino
76. Humidity and Temperature Measurement using Arduino
77. Automatic Door Opener using Arduino
78. LPG Gas Leakage Detector using Arduino
79. IR Controlled DC Motor using Arduino
80. DC Motor Speed Control using Arduino and Potentiometer
81. DIY Smart Vacuum Cleaning Robot using Arduino
82.Robot Car controlled by a mobile phone using a G-Sensor and
Arduino
83. Weight measurement using Arduino, the HX711 Module, and a
load cell
84. Automated Plant Irrigation System Using Arduino with Message
Alerts
85.Making calls and sending messages with Arduino and GSM
modules
86. Fingerprint Based Biometric Attendance System using Arduino
87. Generating Tones by Tapping Fingers using Arduino
 88. The Arduino and Thingsboard are used to create a biometric
attendance system based on IoT
89. Real Time Face Detection and Tracking Robot using Arduino
90. Arduino Touch Screen Calculator using TFT LCD
91. Arduino Motion Detector using PIR Sensor
92. Interfacing Hall Effect Sensor with Arduino
93. Automatic Call answering Machine using Arduino and GSM
Module
94. Smart Blind Stick using Arduino
95. Arduino Metal Detector
96. Arduino Based Fire Fighting Robot
97. Interfacing Joystick with Arduino
98. Arduino RFID Door Lock
99. An introduction to Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) and how to
control them on an Arduino
100. Automatic Medicine Reminder Using Arduino
Summary
CHAPTER 6
How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues
Can’t Load Programs on Arduino
Solution: Verify that the board model is compatible with the
configured model
Solution: Ensure a Functioning Arduino
Solution: Reset the Device
Solution: Diagnose USB Connection Problem
Arduino Software is Not Working
Arduino Software is Freezing and Crashing
 Don’t Throw Damaged Arduino
Essential Resources
Bibliography
 CHAPTER 1:
ARDUINO: EVERYONE NEED TO KNOW
Introduction
The first ever Arduino controller board was born in 2005, at the teaching
space of the Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. An article about a
wiring design submitted by a Colombian scholar named Hernando Barragan
can be found in the Interactive Design Institute. The name of the proposal
thesis was “Arduino - The Revolution of Open Hardware”. Of course, it
sounded a slightly different from the typical proposal but nobody would have
make-believe that it would be carve a niche in the domain of electronics.

The Arduino software IDE was developed by David Mellis and was based on
Wiring. Previously, Gianluca Martino and Tom Igoe joined the development
of Arduino mission, as well as the five are well-known as the actual creators
of Arduino board. They needed a controller should be straightforward, easy
to associate with different kind of module and components (such as LED,
motors, relays, and sensors), considerably weightless, also easy to accessible
in the open-source community, and simple to program. It also wanted to be
cost efficient, easy to available, because as students and artists aren’t known
for rich in cash. They choose the AVR type of 8-bit microcontroller (MCU or
µC) devices from Atmel and aimed a self-sufficient circuit board with easy-
to-use connections, put pen to paper bootloader firmware for the
microcontroller, and finished it all into a basic integrated development
environment (IDE) which used programs entitled as “sketches.” The result
was the Arduino Hardware.
Microcontroller

A minicomputer on a single chip, having a processor, input/output memory,

Analog to digital converter (ADC), and Digital to analog converter (DAC)
generally "embedded" inside some micro device which they control, a
microcontroller is often small and cost efficient.
Development Board

A printed circuit board contain a microprocessor and tiny or no hardware is

dedicated to a user interface, which designed to facilitate work with a specific
microcontroller is called development board.
In development board typical components include:
Power circuit
Simple input; usually buttons and LEDs
Programming interface
I/O pins
Here are some popular development boards listed:
Arduino
BeagleBone Black
Raspberry Pi
Intel Galileo
Goldilocks
pcDuino
Uruk
ExtraCore
What is the Arduino?
Why Was Arduino Developed?
Physical Computing - by means of components which able to interact
with people, besides by the world around us
The Arduino was initially developed for artists, inventors and
designers, to make prototype interactive displays
Intended for non-scientists, less knowledge required to learn.
Minimalist programming
“Forgiving” microcontroller board which able to handle a
widespread of wiring connection errors.
What can Arduino be used to Teach?
To understand preliminary electronics (voltage, current, resistance)
How electronic components, sensors and actuators works.
Elementary programming and troubleshooting
Design of simple scientific devices and equipment
Overcome the challenges of interactive with users via a DIY project
(e.g., messages, formatting numbers, ease of use, etc.)
Statistics and difference in data collecting and visualization
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINOS

The microcontrollers used in the various models of Arduino.

Arduino LilyPad

The LilyPad Arduino is a microcontroller board intended for wearables and

e-textiles. LilyPad is well known for its clothing-based projects. It can be
stitched to textile material, fabrics, cloth and likewise mounted power source,
sensors and actuators with conductive textile fiber.
Arduino BT
The Arduino BT is an Arduino board with built-in Bluetooth module, utilized
for various types of wireless communication, and remote-control application.
Arduino Esplora
Esplora is an Arduino board intended for gaming enthusiast for hassle-free
gaming experience and used as a Gaming Controller.

Esplora Arduino board consist of joystick, linear potentiometer (slider),

microphone, buttons control, temperature sensor, light sensor and three-axis
accelerometer, not the typical set of input/output pins.
Leonardo

Compared to the Arduino Uno, Leonardo is a minor upgrade.

It has built in Micro USB compatibility
 Utilized to PC as a mouse or keyboard
Arduino Due

Arduino Due has much faster processor, and plethora of analog,

digital pins compared then Arduino Uno.
Due is similar to the Arduino Mega
Moreover, its works on 3.3 volts as well as 12v.
Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a superficial mount little microcontroller breadboard
embedded model with integrated Micro USB Port.

It is a tiny, full-fledged microcontroller, breadboard friendly, and cost-

effective device, it has everything like same as Die/Due/Uno board has
(electrically) with extra digital and analog I/O pins and onboard +5V AREF
jumper.
Arduino Micro
When size matters: Micro, Nano, and Mini, smallest board ever made
by Arduino developers.
Arduino Micro comprises all functionality of Uno and Leonardo
Arduino micro is simply working on a breadboard
Why use Arduino UNO?
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping boards based on
flexible easy to practice hardware and software.
Reasonably priced, we can buy Arduino less than $10.00, Provided
assemble your own Arduino board, or buying clone for more less
than in that.
Cross Platform IDE (Support in common Operating System such as
Windows, MAC, and Linux), Open-source IDE and extensions.

Fig. Overview of Arduino UNO

What Approach Have I Follow to Learn Arduino?
1. Start simple - build confidence learn by doing with small project before
going difficult one.
2. Practice components that will capture the thoughtfulness and imagination
of the students
3. Build a new project by modifying previous one.
4. Make a “problem” for pupils to resolve that THEY will understand
through practical however not too complicated
5. Find problem in your society, gather knowledge from it, make an idea,
then instantly do a development with it, and give a solution with your
project.
6. Teach pupils just how to find required info from datasheets (e.g.,
tolerances, current limits, etc.) and, likewise learn from the internet

Identification The first step to start a project is problem-solving process is to

identify, define, and articulate the problem. The use of brainstorming and
mind maps is valuable for some of the more difficult problems. Percolation
Data collection, research, and idea exploration are next steps. The main
reason that innovation is so difficult is because many ideas in a vacuum may
not seem realistic or appropriate.
GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy to learn, and so far, flexible enough for
more creative people to take advantage of for educators, its user-friendly
platform related on the simple programming environment, therefore students
able to learn by doing Arduino codes in that environment will be related with
how the Arduino Microcontroller and its IDE workings.
A Computer for the Physical World:
The welcoming blue board in your hand (or on your workbench) is the
Arduino. In earlier you may think of Arduino as the child of a typical PC and
Computer system. By its origins, the Arduino is fundamentally a tiny portable
controller or a computer. It is responsible of gathering inputs (such as push
button or a sense from a LDR or light sensor) and understanding which data
to handling a number of outputs (Such as blinking an LED or an electronic
DC motor). Consequently, the term "physical computing" was born - an
Arduino is clever of interpretation the domain of electronics and linking it to
the physical world in a genuine and tangible approach. Trust me - this will
absolutely make more sense as early as possible you practice Arduino.
Installing Arduino IDE with Arduino Uno R3 board
STEP-1: Download the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
from the official website link given below summary.
Access the Internet: with the purpose of get your Arduino controller
functioning, and before getting started, you have to download Arduino IDE
first from Official website www.arduino.cc (Arduino is Open Source, hence
need not to pay for it, it's free!). This Application, well-known as the Arduino
IDE, you can always ready to start write your own code for the Arduino to do
really what you want. Which is similar to a WordPad for writing Arduino
sketch.

With an internet accessible PC, open up your default browser and type in the
below URL into the web search bar: Download the newest version of Free
Arduino IDE from this page: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
For dissimilar OS platforms, the method of using Arduino IDE is not the
same. Kindly ensuring to the following links:
Windows User: http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
Mac or Linux User:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSXLinuxUser
http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Linux
For learn more about Arduino IDE, Kindly checkout to the Link:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
Arduino UNO SMD R3
Arduino Uno is one of the most widely used microcontroller boards, powered
by the ATmega328. Its wide range of support network and versatility are the
primary reasons for its popularity. In addition to the 14 digital I/O pins, the
Arduino UNO board has 6 analog inputs, six of which should be PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) outputs. An ICSP (In-circuit serial programming) header,
a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB A/B port, and a reset button. It's all right,
you'll understand later.
 STEP-2: Connect your
Arduino Uno to your PC or Laptop via Arduino cable, use the Type A/B
cable to connect to one of your Laptop’s USB inputs.

STEP-3: Installing Drivers

1. Depending on your laptop’s OS, you have to observe some
guidelines. Kindly checkout the official website URLs mentioned
below for particular guidelines on how to add or install the
drivers on your Arduino boards.
2. For Installing Arduino IDE for Windows Visit the official
website mentioned below to access the steps for Download
Software on a Windows Supported PC or personal laptop
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
3. For Installing Arduino IDE for Mac OS X: Mac doesn't need to
install drivers. Visits the below web link if you have a query
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSX
4. Installation Arduino IDE for Linux: Visit to the same web
address under the Linux categories mentioned below URL to
access the web pages to download Linux supported Arduino IDE.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/linux
 Afterward,
continue with the installation and please allow the driver installation step if
needed,

Select the tools or components to install and click “next” button to continue
 Browse and Select
Destination folder or the installation directory
The procedure will extract and install all the necessary files to execute
accurately the Arduino Software (IDE) on system.
Step 4: How to open examples sketches or program on Arduino IDE.
Open Arduino IDE Software >File >Examples >Basics > Blink
Step 5: Choose your Controller board
For choosing board, you have to follow this entry in the Tools > Board list of
options which match up to your Arduino board.

Choosing an Arduino/Genuino Uno.

Step 6: Select your serial port
Choose the serial port of the board from the Tools > Port menu. This is
mostly to be COM3 or upper (COM1 and COM2 are commonly kept for
hardware serial ports). To discover, you be able to disconnect your board and
do the previous steps again, I mean re-open the menu; the entry which
disappears must be the Arduino board. Reconnect the board to the PC via
Arduino cable and choose that serial port.
TTL logic levels (5V or 3.3V depending on the board) are used for serial
communication on pins TX/RX. This pin should not be connected directly to
a serial port as it operates at +/- 12V and could result in damage to your
Arduino board.

Serial communication allows the Arduino board to communicate with a

computer or other devices. Serial is the name of one of the serial ports on all
Arduino boards (also called a UART or USART). In addition to USB
connections, digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) are used for communication.
Thus, digital input or output cannot be used on pins 0 or 1 if these functions
are used.
An Arduino board can be communicated with via a serial monitor that comes
with the Arduino environment. In the toolbar, click the serial monitor button
to select the same baud rate as calling begin ().
The Arduino Mega has three additional serial ports: Serial1 on pins 19 (RX)
and 18 (TX), Serial2 on pins 17 (RX) and 16 (TX), and Serial3 on pins 15
(RX) and 14 (TX). Because this board does not have a USB-to-serial adapter,
you will need a separate USB-to-serial adapter to communicate with your PC.
Connect the TX pin of your Mega to the RX pin of your external device, the
RX pin to the TX pin of your device, and the ground of your Mega to the
ground of your device to send and receive TTL serial data.
In addition to Serial1 and Serial2, it also has Serial3 on pins 15 and 14 (RX)
and on pins 17 and 16 (TX). Likewise, an ATmega16U2-TTL Serial chip is
connected to pins 0 and 1, which is connected to the USB debug port.
Furthermore, the SAM3X chip has a serial port that is compatible with USB,
SerialUSB. The Arduino Leonardo board interfaces with TTL (5V) serial
communications via pins 0 (TX) and 1 (RX) of Serial1. A serial connection
can only be used for USB CDC communications
Arduino IDE Interface
In the Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software
(IDE) - users can input code, view notifications, create text consoles, use a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and delve into menus. Connected
to the Arduino and Genuino hardware, it allows programs to be uploaded and
communicated with.

Step 7:
Upload the program
Here and now, just click the "Upload" button in the Header IDE Icons. Wait
just a second - you can see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. Once
the upload is finished, you may see the message "Done uploading." will
seem in the status bar.
Step 8: Result
A couple of seconds later once the upload done, you could be able to see the
pin 13 (L) LED built-in on the Arduino board, it will ready to start blink (in
orange color), If it done… well done! You've understood basic Arduino
interface.
Arduino Libraries
The Arduino platform can be emerging into the next level through the
utilization of libraries, much like most programming environment.
Libraries offer an additional value meant for benefit in programming,
e.g., functioning with hardware or handling data. Large number of
Arduino libraries comes with built-in the software IDE, nevertheless
you can be able to download on websites or make your own.
You can express an Arduino Library is such a Class with
Methods/Functions. This is a great method to construct your sketches
There are three places where Arduino libraries are stored: inside the
IDE installation folder, inside the core folder, and inside your
sketchbook's libraries folder. Libraries selected during compilation
are designed to allow for updating of libraries present in the
distribution

For Instances:
v Stepper Motor Library for an Arduino is written like
#include <Stepper.h> ‘.h’ is an extension for the library
header.
v SD card library: Which means permits for reading from and writing
to the SD cards, for example on the Arduino shield for an Ethernet
and Wi-Fi modules
1. Ethernet Library for the Arduino is #include <Ethernet.h>
2. Wi-Fi library for the Arduino is #include <WiFi.h>
For writing your own libraries refer here:
Writing a good library is not an easy task. Developers have different
perceptions about what the appearance of a library like this should be. In my
opinion, developers should cover robust libraries with unit tests, as well as
provide detailed documentation. In addition, an intuitive and easy-to-use
interface is crucial for any decent library.
I have worked on several large software development projects most of my
career. The frameworks we used were robust, and we wrote proper unit tests
and integration tests for most of them. You'd probably spend more time
debugging if you didn't have well-written tests.
The Arduino kit I have been using for about a year and a half is very intuitive
to me. Aimed at hobbyists and self-taught programmers, Arduino was
developed by its creators. The community of people interested in electronics
is large; however, the quality of the published code is often very variable. I
often check the code on GitHub for Arduino libraries I need, but the code is
frequently unmaintained. Library materials were often not properly
documented, even when they were maintained. Unit tests weren't present in
most of them.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Hacking/LibraryTutorial
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries
How to add library files
Installing or adding Arduino libraries would be done by three different types
of steps:
1. Manually Adding the Library files,
2. Importing a ZIP compression file,
3. Adding Libraries with the library manager.
These Two approaches should be done with drop down menu options. On the
other hand, for the manual installation, we need to choose the libraries and
place that into the Arduino “libraries” folder.

Step 1: Add library file: Sketch>Include Library>Add.ZIP Library

Procedure for utilize an existing library in an IDE, just refer the Sketch
Menu, select "Include Library or Import Library", and choose required
libraries from drop down menu, Here #include is a supplement statement at
the first line of codes for both header (.h) file in the library space. As you
know these statements form the public functions and constants distinct by the
library existing to codes.
Step 2:
Choose your library file as zip format on the sample programming file, as
shown:
Step 3: Finish, Congratulation! You have learned how to install Arduino
libraries. For next session we will learn hello world of Arduino (Blink an
LED) program.
Hello World of Arduino (Blink an LED):
In this lesson, we will begin the journey of learn by doing with Arduino, let's
start your first Arduino Project, this is simple to get started, how to run blink
an LED.
Component Required:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x LED
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
2 x Jumper Wires
1 x Breadboard

Principle:
In this project, we will program the Arduino's General-Purpose Input Output
(GPIO) HIGH level (+5V) and LOW level (0V), and before make sure the
LED that is linked to the Arduino’s GPIO, which is blink by a certain
frequency.
What is the LED?
The LED is stand for Light Emitting Diode. LED is generally made with
gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide both are semiconducting materials. The
LED consist of two electrodes: a positive and a negative electrode. This is
illuminating only after a forward current passes, then it will glow red, green,
blue, yellow, etc. The color of the LED is depending on the material that is
used.
Generally, 5-20mA is drive current of the LED. So in actuality, it generally
require more resistor for limiting current, because of protect the LED from
the high current.
What is resistor?
The important role of the resistor is used to limit currents. In general,
electronic circuit, the letter ‘R’ denotes resistor, moreover the unit of resistor
is ohm (Ω).
Writing an Arduino sketch
Before developing an Arduino code, we have understood some basic Arduino
C functions, we may learn in upcoming lesions…
Basic Arduino C functions:
Here is some essential Arduino functions, and commands everyone need to
know before write a code.
setup()
The setup() function is known for what time a code starts. Useful to initialize
variables, start utilizing libraries, pin modes, and more… The setup function
may simply run once at a time, afterward to each activate or reset of the
Arduino microcontroller.
loop()
When making a setup() function, that initializes and use the initial values, the
loop() function do from exactly what its label recommends, in addition, loops
repeatedly, letting your sketch to change and respond. Utilize it to
dynamically regulate the Arduino board.
pinMode() / pinMode(var1, var2)
Arranges the definite pin to work each as an input or an output. Set the mode
of assumed pin is pinMode functions. Var1 is known as the number of the
pin and var2 is known as mode (I/O).
digitalWrite() / digitalWrite(var1, var2)
digitalWrite alters the status of the pin. Var1 is known as the number of the
pin and var2 is the status (HIGH, LOW).
delay()
delay() Function can be used for pauses the codes for the certain amount of
duration (in milliseconds) stated as parameter. (1 seconds is equal to 1000
milliseconds.)

Procedure of Blink an LED Projects:

 Step 1: Build the
circuit for blink an LED as shown below:

Pin definition
LED UNO R3
Long pin -> +5V (D13)
Short pin -> GND

Note: The lengthy LED pin is linked to the digital signal port 13(D13).
Step 2: LED Blink: Write your first code on Arduino IDE.
Uploading the Sketches
Before Uploading sketches make sure you are connected your
Arduino board to the USB cable (Types A/B).
Make sure if you choose right Arduino Board on tools menu follow
these steps to choose desired controller board Select
Tools→Board→Arduino Uno to find your board in the drop-down
menu. You be able to choose various types of microcontroller boards
from this list, such as the Arduino Nano, Arduino Uno and Arduino
Mega.
Also, the essential stages are select the right serial port for your
Arduino board. You can see all the existing COM serial ports by
selecting Tools→Serial Port→ comX, In IDE, once you have
recently connected your Board to Computer, the COM port may
typically be the bigger number, for e.g. COM 3 or COM 15.
 Click Verify Button for the code is checked once before uploading
Click Upload Once Click the upload button, then the code is dump to
the Arduino Microcontroller board.
Step 3: Compile the sketch and upload to Arduino
board. Congrats! Finally, you finished your
Arduino Project Blink an LED. Let’s see the Question-and-Answer Session
about Arduino Platform.
Arduino Q & A Section
1) What is the Arduino used for?
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping boards utilized for flexible
easy to practice hardware and software. An Arduino microcontroller board
can read inputs (a light on a sensor module, a tweet on Twitter, a finger
touched a switch), and use that data to trigger a motor, blink an LED, and
broadcast data to the internet.
2) Who invented Arduino?
Massimo Banzi
In 2005, Hernando Barragán (maker of wiring), Massimo Banzi and David
Cuartielles are building upon the work on developing open-source
microcontroller, finally Arduino born. Their goal was to develop a
collaborating art design module that could be easily accessed via a
programmable interface at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea,
Italy.
3) Who uses Arduino?
Arduino developed for student, hobbyists, artists, designers and any person
fascinated in building interactive project or environments.
4) Is Arduino based on C or C++?
Primarily, the Arduino IDE or compiler support C and C++. Actually, most
of the Arduino libraries are written by C++ Programming. Most of the
fundamental structure is not object oriented, however it could be. Therefore,
"The Arduino IDE language" is C++ or C.
5) Is Arduino good for beginners?
Yes, Arduino is good for beginners, which they able to buy on a budget, an
Arduino Uno is a worthy choice. There are several basic programming/
sketches that will support on the Uno, Novice learner also allowing to
evaluate Arduino and practice as a wonderful knowledge gaining platform,
and most of the mini projects can be designed with an Arduino Uno.
6) How does the Arduino work?
An Arduino board is connected to your laptop by a USB type A/B cable, in
order to connect with the Arduino software since it's nothing but the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment). This is done using an IDE that
creates sketches and code, which is then sent to the Arduino microcontroller
for execution. Afterwards, the application interacts with sensors, electronic
components, motors, and lights.
7) What is the difference between Arduino and microcontroller?
Many of the board often use Atmel types of AVR microcontrollers. Arduino
UNO is an ATMEGA 328 based microcontroller series. Most commonly
Microcontroller is a well suited than a microprocessor to whatever needs the
recognizing of inputs.
8) How do I start Arduino?

Getting Started with Arduino UNO, Nano and Mega.

Practice your Arduino Uno on the Arduino web/online IDE.

Use your Arduino on the Desktop software IDE. Install or choose the
board drivers. Start your initial sketch. Choose your controller board type
and port. Upload the Sketch/program, furthermore study on the Software
IDE Tutorials.
9) Is Arduino software free?
Yes, Arduino is an open-source hardware and software, almost all the open-
source product is free, and Therefore Arduino is a free platform, we can able
to modifying Arduino module without getting any license from Arduino
developers.
10) How do I power an Arduino?
We able to power-up the Arduino with power supplied from the
laptop through a USB type A/B cable or by utilizing external power
sources, such as power bank, li-ion batteries up to the 12V.
Plugged into the barrel connector with Arduino by using an AC to
 DC adapter.
Powering up Arduino by using all types of 5V DC input. ...
Moreover, we can use batteries higher than 5V.
11) What is the programming language of Arduino?
The Arduino language is just a set of C/C++ functions which can be so-called
from your sketch. Your code feels minor modifications (e.g., automatic
creations of function prototypes) as well as then is accept straightly to a
C/C++ compiler (avr-g++).
12) What chip does Arduino use?
Arduino uses ATMEGA328 Microchip, which contain 14 digital
input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, 6 pins can be utilized for Pulse-width
Modulation (PWM) outputs, also includes a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a power
jack, a USB connection support, an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header, and a reset push button.
13) Does Arduino have a CPU?
The Arduino Uno doesn’t have a CPU, but it uses a microcontroller named
ATMEGA328. In an Atmega328 microcontroller include the processor core,
programmable I/O and memory, peripherals are incorporated into a single
System on Chip (SoC). However, the microprocessors possibly will have
integrated registers, nevertheless it will depend on outward RAMs and
peripherals.
14) Which is better Arduino or Raspberry Pi?
A microcontroller is a portable easy-to-use computer which be able to run
one sketch/program at that moment, over and over again. Microcontroller is
extremely straightforward to use. A Raspberry Pi is a general-purpose credit
card sized motherboard, also utilized as a portable computer, generally
Raspberry Pi is support by Linux OS, and it have the capability to run various
programs. It is further more complicated to learn than an Arduino.
15) How is Arduino different from C?
The primary dissimilarity of Arduino vs Traditional C would be the file
associations. An Arduino software development is associated to the IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) of Arduino, which is ultimately a
C/C++ compiler that creates machine sketch for the Arduino boards.
16) Can an Arduino run 12v?
Arduino Power pin labeled as Vin, it is a input voltage in Arduino board (As
an alternative of utilizing the barrel adaptor or USB cable). The Arduino
voltage should be 9V to 12V, and which is regulated inside by the board to
5V.
17) What is the best Arduino?
Arduino Uno: Provided you are a novice learner, entering into the field of
Arduino, the great choice for you would be the Arduino Uno R3, which costs
around $20. Moreover, you can also buy clone boards such as Freeduino
which cost around $5, you may also get started from this too.
18) Why Arduino Uno is best for beginners?
Arduino Uno is the most popular and standard board available in the market
and most likely the primary option for the student. For the reason that, it has a
major benefit is, that we able to use the board to the computer through a USB
cable which does a dual purpose of delivering power to the board and
performing as a Serial port to interface the Arduino microcontroller and the
laptop.
19) Is Arduino difficult to learn?
The worthy information is that Arduino programming is merciful. It still has
a learning curve, and writing an Arduino code it's not just simple, however it
will be much simple than write sketches for your initial projects, to be sure,
Arduino should be a stress-free technique to wet your feet in coding.
20) Is Arduino a PCB?
For dumping code to microcontrollers, for simple user interface the Arduino
Environment provides an IDE, which is created for making right code for
project, Arduino IDE integrated with C and C++, that’s to say, a PCB is not
the similar as an Arduino, but a PCB is portion of Arduino.
21) Can Arduino run without computer?
So, we have a query… Can we run Arduino as a portable device and no
computer needed? Yes, Laptop only sufficient to program it, after dumbing
the code, Arduino can work as portable device with power source. Yes, Here
Wi-Fi module and Ethernet also existing for connecting it to a network. ...
But the Arduino is not effective to run software for that.
22) Can we use Java for Arduino?
We able to use Java SE Embedded or Java ME on a Raspberry Pi, on the
other hand, the Arduino is a slightly too forced to execute Java directly.
Though, with the support of serial port communication IDE, we able to
communicate with java also control an Arduino from Java running on a
different PC.
23) What is Arduino in IOT?
At the present time a buzzword field and fastest growing area is Internet of
Things (IoT), IoT project is nothing but, all the physical things such as home
appliance, sensors, and gadgets are linked together with an internet structure.
IoT utilized in Plethora of Application such as Home Automation, Smart
Agriculture system, and Smart-Health monitoring system.
24) What is the smallest Arduino?
Arduino Beetle is the smallest Arduino microcontroller available in the
market. It has AtMega32u4 8bit AVR Microchip, It has 10 digital pins, 5
analog pins and 4 Pulse with Modulation pins, Beetle board functioning with
16MHz clock time.
25) What can the Arduino beetle do?
Beetle intended to make a Cost-efficient microcontroller, it should be simple
and straightforward to use, and to afford a cost-efficient solution for reusable
projects, Like DIY STEAM projects, electronic workspaces, E-Textiles, gift
projects, and Practical Education. Aimed for students, research scholar and
creators those who can’t afford too much on controller module purchasing,
Beetle should be a wonderful solution for them.
26) What is the difference between Arduino Uno and Leonardo?
The Primary modification between Uno and Leonardo is which Leonardo has
an ATmega32u4 Microchip that contain inbuilt micro-USB port, but the
Arduino UNO has ATmega328 Microchip which doesn't have the inbuilt
micro-USB onboard. However, the UNO needs an added microcontroller to
provide the USB capability. Cost wise Leonardo is 20%. Cheaper than UNO.
27) Which is better Arduino Uno or Nano?
As its name, Arduino Nano is a small in size and breadboard-friendly
microcontroller board based on ATmega328 processor, as a replacement for
the standard USB to connect to the PC, Instead Arduino Nano utilized the
Micro USB but without the power cable for external power source which
built on Arduino UNO.
28) What can the Arduino Nano do?
Arduino Nano is a more or less similar board to Arduino UNO in terms of
functionality, but its small size makes it stand out from other boards. A
breadboard-friendly, smaller-sized ATmega328 module built on the
ATmega328, the Arduino Nano is small in size, wide-ranging, and
breadboard-friendly.
29) Does Arduino have EEPROM?
In the Arduino Microcontroller boards, the EEPROM area is emulated and is
1024 bytes in size. Microcontrollers on Arduino boards are AVR-based and
include EEPROM memory, allowing them to retain their values after being
turned off (such a small hard drive). These EEPROM bytes can be read and
written with this Arduino library.
30) What is the use of EEPROM in Arduino?
This memory type is referred to as electrically erasable programmable read-
only memory. On the majority of Arduino boards, the microcontroller is built
with EEPROM capacity of each 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, or 4096 bytes.
Memory storage on this board is non-volatile, which means once the board
goes down or loses power, the information does not disappear.
31) Can Arduino save data?
Provided Arduino is interfacing to the PC, the information can be stored by
reading the serial output and saving that in a file. Provided a Micro SD card
insert to the Arduino, the files or information can be stored straightly to the
SD card.
32) What are the Different Types of Arduino Boards?
Arduino Uno (R3)
Arduino Mega (R3), Arduino Beetle
Arduino Nano, Mini
LilyPad Arduino, RedBoard Arduino
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Shields and more...
Summary
This chapter introduces Arduino and shows you how you can get started with
the microcontroller and addresses frequently asked questions. In the next
chapter we will explore the basic components of electronics and different
types of Arduino-compatible sensors and their functions.
 CHAPTER 2:
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
In Arduino projects, major components typically included resistors,
capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), switches, relays, motors, etc.
Usually, these components are used to build Arduino projects, so before we
dive into Arduino sensors and projects, we need to learn about basic
electronic components.
Resistors
A resistor impedes the movement of electricity over a circuit, resistors have a
conventional value.

Since voltage, current and resistance are associated over Ohm’s law, resistors
are a simple technique to control voltage and current in your circuit.
Resistor color codes
Color Code Number: (BBROYGBVGW)

Unit
To Identifying your units is significant
Kilo & Mega are basic in resistors
Milli, micro, nano & Pico can be utilized in additional components

Capacitors
A capacitor is used to stores electrical energy. Here pool of electrons is
obtainable for electronic components to usage.
Capacitance is measured in the unit of Farads. The mini capacitors typically
used in electronics are often determined in micro-farads and Nano-farads.
Some capacitors are polarized. Have to know the different length of terminals
on one of the capacitors.
Polarity of capacitors
The smaller terminal goes on the -ive side.

The strip is on the -ive terminal

sideways of the capacitor.

The panel is noted for +ive or -ive.

Applications of capacitors
Capacitors can pass a pool of electrons for instant use.
If a component wants an instantaneous supply of electrons, the
capacitor can pass those electrons.
 Capacitors can smooth out a
signal - remove the waves or spikes in DC voltage. The capacitor can attract
the peaks and fill in the vales of a waved signal.
Inductors
An inductor is a passive electronic component which is stores energy as a
magnetic field. In its minimum tough form, an inductor includes of a wire
loop or coil. The inductance is straight proportional to the amount of turns in
the coil. Inductance similarly relies upon the distance of the coil and on the
kind of material about which the coil is wound.

An inductor, similarly called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-

terminal electrical component which stores the current in a magnetic-field
once electric current pass through it. An inductor usually includes of an
insulated wire twisted into a coil about a center.
Transformer
A transformer is a static-electrical device which exchanges electrical current
among at minimum two circuits over electromagnetic acceptance. A changing
current in one coil of the transformer makes an opposing magnetic field, that
thusly prompts a shifting electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in an instant
coil. Energy can be exchanged among the two coils, without a metallic
suggestion between the two circuits.

Faraday's law of inductance found in 1831 portrayed this influence.

Transformers are utilized to increment or lessening the rotating voltages in
electric energy applications.
Diode
A diode is a one-way controller (or gate) for electricity. Diode is a
component by an irregular transfer characteristic.
A diode has little (preferably zero) resistance in one way, and high
(preferably infinite) resistance in the other way.

Diodes will protect your electronics

Diode circuit protection
In a DPDT switch, if polarization is incorrect, the motor will run
backwards. In an electronic circuit, if the polarization is incorrect,
you can fry your components.
A diode in your scheme will assistance to avoid problems.

Light emitting diode (LED)

A light emitting diode (LED) is

a semiconductor light source. Once electricity is flow through the diode, it
produces light.
Variable resistor (Potentiometer)
A potentiometer is a variable resistor. As you physically turn a dial, the
resistance variations.

How a variable resistor works

As the dial or wiper turns, electricity essential go through more or less of the
resistive strip.
In sequence, the variation in resistance means a variation in voltage, so as
you turn the dial or wiper, you become a variation in voltage
Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device applicable to switch and amplify
electrical power and electronic signals.

How a transistor works

The passage of voltage or current between the terminals of a transistor
varies the current over different pairs.
 Transistors are semiconductor elements arranged in a package with at
least three terminals for the purposes of connecting to external circuits.
Transistors have 3 pins, there are five different types of transistors
1. Collector
2. Emitter

3. Base
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): There are two different types of
transistors available in the market: NPN and PNP, presented in plastic cases
or metal cans. Plastic casings have a flat front side and pins arranged in a
serial manner on one side of the transistor. You can identify the pins by
counting them as one, two, etc. by keeping the front flat side facing you.
There will typically be three transistors in an NPN transistor: 1 (Collector), 2
(Base), and 3 (Emitter). Thus, the CBE. But in the case of PNP transistors,
the condition is reversed. In other words, that's EBC.
Field Effect Transistor (FET): A Field Effect Transistor can be identified
by starting counter-clockwise, keeping the curved portion facing you. The
first one is the source, the next the gate, and the last is the drain.
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor: It is not
uncommon for the pins of a MOSFET to be labeled as G, S, and D, which
indicate the gate, source, and drain, respectively. The datasheet for the
MOSFET may need to be consulted in some cases. As you make your way
from left to right, normally you want to make sure the flat side of the pin is
facing you.
IGBT- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor: With some practical IGBTs,
like the GN2470, the raised surface faces the person holding it so that the
short surface in the center acts as the cathode. Those on the left are Gates,
and those on the right are Emitters.
Phototransistor: In a practical phototransistor like the L14G2, the collector
is on the curved surface facing the person and the emitter is on the other side.
The base is on the side opposite the emitter.

Schematic symbols

Integrated circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit (IC) is a group of transistors which is the controller or
‘brain’ of an electronic circuit. An input is received, an output is sent out.

Current microprocessor ICs can have billions of transistors each square inch,
The majority of electronic devices contain some form of integrated circuit. A
timer is an electronic device that functions as an amplifier, a logic unit, a
counter, a calculator, a temperature sensor, and a radio receiver. Electronics
have been revolutionized since integrated circuits are present in almost all
modern equipment.
ICs are physically much smaller than discrete circuits. Contrary to discrete
circuits, an integrated circuit is very light in weight. Compared to other
systems, it's more reliable. It has a lower power consumption due to its
smaller size. Failures can easily be replaced, but the failure can almost never
be repaired
What an IC can do for us?
Billions of electronically measured on/off switches (transistors) is
how the microprocessor in a digital computer ‘thinks’ and purposes.
A computer has a wide variety of tasks to perform.

But
other ICs can fully simpler, separate jobs. For i.e., an IC can take a
voltage input and output instructions to a motor.

IC Terminology: Op-amp

An
operational amplifier (op-amp) is a group of transistors inside the IC
(Integrated Circuit). They frequently are the components doing the
mathematical procedures.
An operational amplifier amplifies weak electric signals by using an
integrated circuit. Two inputs and one output are present in an operational
amplifier. The input voltage difference between the two input pins is
amplified and output by this driver.
The most common type of voltage amplifier is the Op-amp, which can be
broadly categorized into non-inverting and inverting amplifiers.

H-bridge
An electronic circuit which allows voltage to be applied across a load in any
direction.

A DPDT switch also does this, but not electronically

Varying voltage
A potentiometer or variable resistor permits you to variation the
voltage input which goes into the integrated circuit (IC).

Integrated circuit can now output change of pulse widths to the

transistors on the H-bridge.
 This grouping of potentiometer, integrated circuit and PWM to the H-
bridge is the key to speed controller.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

The ‘front’ side of the board will have printed component information, such
as resistor and resistance, diode type and polarity, Components are attached
to a printed circuit board.
Holes go all the method over the board since one side to the other. Over hole
soldering is needed to join components to the board.

Backside of Circuit Board

The ‘back’ side of the board will have lines indicating contacts between
components. The lines on the back are alike to wires, Denser lines denote
extra current (electrons) moving through, Components connect the lines.
Merits and its Application
Smaller size and less wire are required. PCBs with several electronic
components are called characteristic PCBs. Copper tracks are used to connect
components on a printed circuit board instead of a number of wires carrying
current. This reduces the size of the interconnections.
Various electronic devices including calculators, mobile phones, printers,
and LCD televisions utilize flexible circuits, Cameras, a heart monitor, a
pace-maker, and hearing aids are made using these materials. Robotic arms,
processing equipment, bar code equipment, etc., are among the products they
manufacture.
WHAT ARE SOME GOOD COMPONENTS TO START WITH?
LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Many of Light Emitting Diodes with range of colors (Make sure to

similarly get two or more resistors for limiting current)
LED has an illuminating feature which can be utilized for space as an
actuator.
Used for Flickering, blinking, dimming with PWM, “Adventurer Rider”
result by 7 or more LEDs, strobe special effects, etc.
Due to the fact, a Light emitting diode is a directional part, means that,
which is stimulated simply if it is located in right direction with the
circuit.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
A LCD is a types of optical display most commonly utilized in electronic
modules, in that a group of a liquid crystal is sandwiched among two
transparent electrodes, this process play a vital role by making an LCD.

The LCD contains of 16 pins which are utilized for power, control, in
addition data. It should follow a manufacturing standard Hitachi regulator
therefore the basic functions of LCD are almost similar across the various
kind of traders that sell them. They both have a 4-bit and an 8-bit parallel
interface. We have been utilizing 4-bit parallel interface instead of 8-bit.
Which means we will be transmit the upper nibble (1 nibble is equal to 4 bits)
first, next to the lower nibble to transmit the byte of information essential for
each command or character. LCD 16×2 or a 20×4 is most generally used in
many projects that means which it can be show 16 characters on both 2 lines
and 20 characters on both 4 lines, correspondingly.
LCD Pinout with an Arduino interface circuit shown below.
Why start with LCD?

The LCDs support a parallel interface, significance which the Arduino has to
handle numerous interface pins simultaneously to control the display. The
parallel edition capable 4 digital pins for display, Learners definitely express
vast degree of happiness from sending word to the LCD screen
DC Motor

A DC (Direct Current) motor is one of the popular varieties of electronic

motor. It generally consists of two terminals, which is positive and negative
terminals. Once you connect these two terminals straightly to a power source,
the DC motor will rotate. If you change the terminals, the motor will rotate in
the reverse side.
Threat - Do not operate the DC motor directly from the Arduino board pins.
This can be causes of Arduino circuit failure. Therefore, we should have used
a driver circuit or a motor driver IC for before controlling all variety of
motors.
Servo Motor
There are huge variety of servo motors existing in the marketplace and to
each one has its unique characteristic, futures and usages. The upcoming
lesson will assist you recognize the right type of servo motor for your mini
project/invention.

Many of the electronic servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, if we give
high voltage, simultaneously we able to get high torque, However, usually an
electronics Servo motors are functioned at +5V. More or less all hobby servo
motors must be rotate just from 0° to 180° because of its gear placements
therefore validate your mini project be able to work with help of the half
circle if no, you be able to choose for a 0° to 360° motor or adjustment the
motor to modify a full circle. In motors the gears are simply subjected to
wear with tear, therefore if your project needs robust and long durable
running motors, you can choose metal gears or else just go with typical
plastic gear.
After picking the desired Servo motor for our project, the queries will come,
how to use it. As we know already servo motor having three wires, there is
power, ground, and a third wire to bring the signal. For rotating the servo
motor, we want to connect the battery to at +5V with the Red and Brown
wire as well as Transmit Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to the
orange wire. Therefore, we must rather that may produce Pulse Width
Modulation signals to make the servo motor rotate well. We can able to
utilize this hobby servo motor with any electronic development board such as
555 Timer or further more microcontroller environments such as Arduino,
ARM, PIC, or even though a credit card sized computer or microprocessor
such as Raspberry Pie.
Applications
Hobby Servo motor utilized as actuators in various kind of robotic
projects such as Robotic arm, Biped Robot, and Hexapod, and
more….
Frequently using in RC toys as steering control system,
In Robots, doesn’t required feedback for position control,
Because of weightless, and little in size, as a result the servo motors
utilized in multi-purposes DOF (Degree of Freedom) robotic
application such as human-like robots.
Stepper Motor

A Stepper Motor or a step motor is a brushless synchronous Motor that splits

a complete rotation into a small number of steps. Not like a brushless DC
motor, that rotates constantly once a stable DC voltage is passing to it,
subsequently a step motor will rotate in discrete step angles.
Stepper motors, because of its extraordinary design, which be able to control
to a large degree of precision with no feedback system. The shaft in the
stepper motor, attached by a sequence of magnets, which is managed by a
group of electromagnetic coils which are electrified positive and negatively in
a particular order, Accordingly, it exactly rotating it clockwise or
anticlockwise in a little “step”.
Here we can see two kind of stepper motor, Unipolar and Bipolar, and this is
most essential to know which variety you are dealing with. For each of the
stepper motor has unique design in structure. Many of the stepper motors are
constructed or designed by steps per revolution of 12, 24, 72, 144, 180, and
200, subsequently steps moving angles is 30, 15, 5, 2.5, 2, and 1.8 degrees
per step. We able to operate with or without feedback to the stepper motor.
Visualize a motor on a RC (Radio-controlled) aircraft. The motor rotations
are extremely high in one direction or another. We be able to change the
ROTATION of motor by change the level of voltage given, but we cannot
convey to the propeller to END at a particular position. Now visualize a
printer. Here is plenty of movable parts inside a printer, also consist of
motors. Imagine those motor acts as the rotating rollers, paper-sheet feed
which travel the slice of paper as ink is being printed on it. This motor should
be able to run the paper-sheet an accurate distance it can be print the
following line of word or the next line of a picture.
Stepper Motor Control
We discussed previously how to generate the magnetic field with which the
rotor is going to align by energizing the motor coils in a specific sequence. It
takes multiple devices to supply the coils with the necessary voltage,
allowing the motor to run properly. Taking a look at the closest devices to the
motor, we have:
An electrical connection between the motor coils is physically
controlled by a transistor bridge. The transistors can be viewed as
electrically controlled interrupters, which allow an electrical current
to pass through a coil when they are closed. For every motor phase,
one transistor bridge is required.
It is controlled by an MCU, with which it provides the voltage and
current needed to trigger the transistors.
The MCU is a microcontroller unit, which is typically programmed
by a motor user, that generates specific signals to the pre-driver,
allowing the motor to perform as desired.
How a Stepper Motor Works?
A typical DC motor can rotate simply in specific position; however, a Stepper
motor be able to spin in exact steps.

Stepper motors be able to rotate a precise number of degrees (or steps) as

required. Which delivers total control to the motor, that permitting you to
change it to a particular position, and grip that spot. Indeed, hence with
electrifying the coils on inner part of motor aimed at precisely small time
period.
Everyone have to know for nowadays is that, to spin a stepper motor, we
have to give command it to spin a specific number of steps in one position
or the another, and also convey it to the speed at which steps in that position.
The drawback is which you have to always give the power supply to motor to
retain it in the spot which you want.
There are many advantages to stepper motors
In the right environment, stepper motors can be ideal, although not all
applications will benefit from them.
The first thing to note about stepper motors is that the torque they
produce is full at standstill, and the direction of rotation is
proportional to the input pulse.
With stepper motors, you can control the speed, position, and
repeatability of movement in excellent ways.
Additionally, since stepper motors are not fitted with contact brushes,
they are very reliable. Maximizing the motor's operational lifespan by
minimizing mechanical failure is made possible by this technique.
These motors are suitable for a wide variety of applications, as
various rotational speeds can be achieved due to their inverse
relationship with pulse frequency.
There are many uses for stepper motors, but here are some of the most
common:
Machines that print 3D objects
Machines that produce textiles
There are several types of printing presses
A machine for playing games
Imaging equipment for medical use
Robotics for small spaces
Milling machines that use CNC technology
Stainless steel welding equipment
Despite the fact that stepper motors are most commonly used for these
applications, they represent only a fraction of what they're capable of. In
general, stepper motors can be used for any application that requires highly
accurate positioning, speed control, and low speed torque.
LIST OF ARDUINO SENSORS AND MODULES
Sensors Input/Output

Fig. Theory and Practice of Physical User Interfaces

Ultrasonic Sensor Module

Ultrasonic Sensor - Utilize the ultrasonic waves to measure the distance

between sensor and obstacle or any object, depending on time duration
among transmission of ultrasonic wave and Receiving echo of it. HC-SR04
Ultrasonic module has four pins: there is Trigger, Echo, Vcc+, and Ground
The ultrasonic module has built-in transmitter and a receiver which
functioning at standard 40 kHz operating frequency. This frequency is not
including the hearing range of human and animals, Accordingly Humans be
able to hear the sounds in a frequency range only from around 20 Hz to
20 kHz.
IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module

IR Infrared sensor that will emits infrared radiation which bounced back by
the obstacle or objects in proximity sensor. After sensed by a digital output is
shown. Level of Sensitivity is might be adjusted by on-board variable resister
or potentiometers. It will very effective for sensing a robot is around to
interface with walls or other obstacles.

IR Sensor Module Features

It will be operating at 5V DC.
Input/Output pins are flexible at 5V and 3.3V.
IR Sensor Module Range is up to 20cm
Sensing range of IR Sensor can be Adjustable
Module include Built-in Ambient Bright Sensor
Support a Mounting hole
Supply current is approximately at 20mA.
The IR LED or transmitter will be emitting an infrared waves or signals
which, just in case of a reflecting surface such as white color walls, it should
be spring back in opposite directions within that of the photodiode nothing
but IR receiver that acquired the waves by sensing the obstacles or an object.
In case of an absorbent surface such as Black color walls, it can’t be
reflected and the object cannot be detected by the sensor. This result may
come even if the object is absent.
IR Infrared Fire/Flame Detection sensor

Fire Detection Sensor Module is much sensitive to the Smoke, flame

nevertheless correspondingly can be sensing traditional light, and generally
this is utilized as a fire alarm, Senses a smoke or else a luminance source of a
wavelength in the range between 760nm-1100 nm.
IR Infrared Flame Sensor has difference characteristics such as Sensing point
is nearly 60 degrees, mostly sensitive to the flame spectrum, steady
performance, sensitivity is flexible.
Applications of IR Sensor
IR Infrared Fire Detection Sensors are applicable in various types of
Emergency conditions which include the following.
1. Applicable in Hydrogen stations and identification for an Industrial
heating
2. In the majority of fire detection projects, an IR sensor is used
3. Many industries use fire alarms as a fire emergency device
4. On firefighting robots, the flame detector module is used.
5. Detecting the presence of gas in kitchen devices powered by gas
6. Additionally, it is used in gas turbines, drying systems, and domestic
heating systems

Soil Hygrometer Detection or Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil Moisture Sensors can be precisely sensing the amount of moisture or

volumetric content available from the water in soils (such as from flower
pots). These are much beneficial for Arduino agricultural projects.
The Soil Hygrometer is used capacitance to senses dielectric permittivity of
the nearby range, at the soil dielectric permittivity is a role of the moisture
level. Which a sensor makes a voltage relational to the dielectric permittivity,
in addition as a result the moisture level of the soil.
Soil-Moisture Humidity Sensing Module is utilized to identify the moisture
content of the water. This module is extreme sensitive to the environment
moisture. Once the soil is going to dry the sensor outputs will be in high
level, or else outputs low. Soil moisture sensor is utilized in variety of an
autonomous application such as automatic irrigation system, accordingly the
plants in the farm can be automated without human assistance.
Humidity and Rain Detection Sensor

Humidity Detection Module also known as Rain Sensor that is engaged to

sense the rain water and then trigger an alarm. Accordingly, we will preserve
rain water to utilize it for future application. Here is plethora of techniques
exist for save water such as Rain water harvesting. By using this way we be
able to raise the level of ground water and utilize it’s for crisis situation.
Therefore, we can use Humidity and Rain water sensors for various kind of
application such as Agriculture Irrigation, communication, automation,
automobiles, etc.
What is a Rain Sensor?
A rain sensor is unique types of switching module which utilize to sense the
rainfall. This sensor mechanism similar to the switch, as well as the
operational functions of Rain water sensors, at whatever time there is rain, the
switch can be normally closed.
Rain Sensor Module
The rain sensor module be made of nickel coated lines and that is based on
the resistance principle. This module can be estimate humidity via analog
output pins and that provides digital output whereas water level threshold
surpasses. This sensor is analogical to the LM393 IC since which consist of
electronic module and PCB board.
How does it Work?
In straightforward terms, the resistance of the collector board fluctuates
according to the level of moisture taking place its surface.

While the Sensor is in Wet: the resistance will Surges, and the output
voltage will decline.
While the Sensor is in Dry: the resistance is declines, and the output voltage
is Surges.
Microphone Sensor or Sound Sensor

Arduino Sound Sensor contains a sensitive capacitance mic for sensing sound
and comes with built-in amplifier circuit, the digital output reacts as a key,
and it will trigger, once the audio intensity has achieved a specific threshold
level. The sensitivity threshold can be increase or decrease through variable
resister on the module.
The analog output voltage is fluctuating by the intensity of sound acquired by
the microphone module, we may connect this sensor output to Arduino
analog pins and then we can able to process the output voltage, each
microphone has digital and analog outputs.
AO: Analog Output, to output voltage signals from microphone in a real-time
manner
DO: Once the audio intensity archives a specific threshold level, the
microphone outputs will be high or low level.
There are two types of microphone sensor available in the market:

1. Standard Microphone Module and

2. High-Sensitive Voice Sensor.

‘Sensitivity Level’ is the one and only dissimilarity for both microphones
Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor
The Barometric Pressure Sensor (BMP180) is one of the fascinating sensor
modules available in the market, important role of this module is measuring
the pressure and altitude, which can be used to forecast the climate
conditions, sense altitude, and estimate perpendicular velocity, it’s a
tremendously sensitive sensor on top. By means of you can realize in a
second, it can be sensing the fluctuation in altitude of just a few inches.

This Barometric Pressure Sensor can be used in various kind of projects and
innovation such as flying robots, weather stations, for enhancing day to day
routine, autonomous vehicles, self-driving cars and much more…
Barometric Pressure
Barometric pressure is the pressure happened by load/weight of air pushing
down to the ground, moreover it’s called as atmospheric pressure, lets
visualize a cluster of air rising from the ground’s surface to the top of the sky.
The air in the sky has huge mass, therefore gravity causes the weight of
which cluster of air to exert pressure on the surface.

Atmospheric pressure or Barometric pressure consequences from the mass of

the air on the ground. This pressure is around 1 kg per square centimeter on
the sea level. Here are numerous units to indicate the barometric pressure
which can be simply transformed to other one. The SI unit of measuring the
pressure is Pascal (Pa).
Photoresistor Sensor (LDR)
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is an electronic element that resistivity
is differ from how much of lights received (the resistance will be declined
while light is passing), Light dependent resistors also known as
Photoresistors, are light sensitive sensors most frequently used to point out
the presence or absence of luminance source, or used to estimate the intensity
of light.

At the dark night time, LDR resistance is extremely high, the LDR is made-
up of cadmium sulphide tape, a semiconductor. Once the photons passing
through tapes, electrons can travel via the semiconductor. The significant role
of Photoresistor is estimate the intensity of lights (most commonly used in
street lights, night camera, detection systems, and automatic security lights).
The following are some of the advantages or benefits of photoresistor
devices:
In addition to being a replacement for variable resistance, it is also a
light-dependent device.
When light falls on it, its resistance drops, whereas in the dark, its
resistance increases.
There are many different types and sizes of photo resistors available at a
low cost.
They are very energy efficient and need very little voltage and power to
operate.
Simpler circuits can be created with it. Due to its bidirectional nature, all
directions can be connected with it.
Applications of LDR
Low-cost and simple, light-dependent resistors can be readily used in a
variety of applications. Devices such as these are used wherever it is
necessary to know when light is present or absent. Light-responsive resistors
are often used in lighting and light intensity meters, as well as burglar alarm
circuits, as they act as light sensors. To provide more insight into this
concept, here is an explanation of a live lighting project that uses LDR to
conserve energy
Digital Thermal Sensor - Humidity Sensor
There are several types of temperature sensors compatible with Arduino, as
you can see in the following image.

Measuring the temperature level with the Arduino is much straightforward

and extremely useful task, here we can see widespread of temperature sensor
module available in the market with specific characteristic that we can able to
utilize in our upcoming projects, in this section, we can get through a several
types of low-cost temperature sensors, this is Arduino friendly and also
compatible with mini development module (Such as ESP32 or ESP8266
NodeMCU).
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

DHT11 is frequently used temperature sensor in Arduino platform, this will

helpful for estimation of moisture content available in the surrounding air,
nitrogen, argon or pure gas. The amount of temperature or moisture in air
harmful for several physical, biological and chemical processes. In
manufacturing enterprise applications, humidity may disturb the commercial
rate of the products, safety, and health of the workers. Subsequently,
in semiconductor field and control system manufacturing unit have
estimation humidity or temperature is crucial one. There are two kind of
Humidity sensors specific on their measurement units. They are listed here,
1. Relative humidity sensor and
2. Absolute humidity sensor.
DHT11 is a Relative humidity sensor, which is used measure the atmospheric
air, this module also utilized as a thermistor and a capacitive sensor. DHT11
is developed as a sensor element and as a module the only dissimilarity of
this sensor and module is the power-on LED and a pull-up resistor.
The DHT11 is a unique digital temperature sensor which measures
temperature and relative humidity. This module includes a chip which can
convert analog to digital as well as spit out a digital signal through the
temperature and humidity. DHT11 is compatible with most electronic board
and extremely simple to use at all microcontroller development board, as well
as the Arduino.
DHT22
The DHT22 temperature sensor which most likely to the previous one. It
similarly used to determine the humidity and temperature and the pin
configuration is also same. DHT22 is considerably high cost, nevertheless it
is reputed for its accuracy and it also have a broader humidity and
temperature measurement range.
LM35DZ, LM335, LM34
The LM35DZ is a linear temperature sensor module which approaches
commonly measured in Celsius. The temperature in Celsius is directly
proportional to the analog output: 10mV for each amounts Celsius increase in
temperature. This temperature sensor is most related with the LM34 (only
difference is standardized in Fahrenheit), and by the LM335 (standardized in
Kelvin).
BMP180
BMP180 is an atmospheric or barometric pressure sensor, as we know
already in the previous section, correspondingly it can read temperature and
much helpful for any weather station project.
TMP36
The TMP36 is one of the analog temperature sensors, it shows an analog
output which is relative to the atmospheric temperature, and it’s more or less
same like LM35.
LM75
The LM75 sensor is a unique digital temperature sensor with an incorporated
Sigma-Delta analog to digital converter with an I2C communication. Which
functioning through I2C communication that means this can interface with
the Arduino using the SDA and SCL pins.
BME280
The BME280 is a special type of atmospheric sensor which can be measures
humidity and temperature. BME280 Temperature sensor could be interface
with I2C or Serial Peripheral Interface communication protocol and the
BME280 sensor might be powered by 3.3 or 5V.
DS18B20
The DS18B20 is a single cable digital temperature sensor, which means it
just wants single data line with GND to interface with the Arduino. Every
DS18B20 sensor module has an exclusive 64-bit serial code, this permits you
can connect several sensors to the same data wire. Consequently, you can
read temperature from various sensors with just single Arduino digital pin.
Waterproof DS18B20
The DS18B20 is correspondingly comes with waterproof model (Refer the
DS18B20 manual), the single cable attached in the DS18B20 are secure with
PVC waterproof coating that is supreme when you want to estimate the
temperature of fluid, or provided the project wants to be exposed to liquid.
Application of Temperature and Humidity Sensor
1. Estimating moisture and temperature values in air conditioning systems,
boiler, and other air circulation devices.
2. Meteorological department often utilized this module to forecast weather
situations.
3. The temperature sensor is utilized for precautionary measurement in
houses and wherever persons are troubled by humidity.
4. Utilize this module for detecting the amount of humidity level in safety
measure application such as workplaces, museums, greenhouses and
manufacturing units.
Rotary Encoder Module
A rotary encoder is a unique kind of position sensor element that is utilized
for measuring an angular position of a rotating shaft, rotary encoder be able
to produce an electrical signal, for both analog and digital, based on the
rotational movement.
Rotary Encoders are the advanced Digital Equivalent of the variable-resister
and are more sophisticated than a variable-resister. It can be able to freely
adjust or rotate until it reaches maximum level without end, breaks when a
variable-resister to be able to rotate specific on 3/4 of the complete circle.
Variable Resister are good in situations somewhere you want to get the
particular position of the knob. Though, rotary encoders are best in situations
somewhere you want to get the adjustment in position instead of the
particular position.
Rotary encoders are utilized in a widespread of application such as
mechanical systems, with manufacturing controls system, photographic
lenses, autonomous robotics, and PCs input devices such as optical
mechanical mouse and trackballs, spinning radar devices, and controlled
stress rheometers.
MQ-2 LPG Smoke Gas Sensor

The MQ-2 Gas sensor module can be detecting fire, smoke or gasses such as
LPG, Hydrogen, Propane, Alcohol, Methane and also CO. The module series
of this Gas sensor including with Digital Pin that makes possible this sensor
to work even with no microcontroller support and that portable to use while
we need to senses one specific gas.
At what time it comes to detecting the gas in ppm the analog pin must be
used, the analog pin also TTL logic driven and operating at 5V and therefore
it can be utilized with most reputed development board.
Accordingly in case you may searching for a sensor module to sensitive for
fire or plethora of gasses then this sensor could be more suitable for you.
Application of MQ-2 LPG Smoke Gas Sensor
Ø MQ2 sensor module is used as a gas leakage alarm in Hospitals,
Industries, and Home), and also used in air quality monitoring projects.
It is right choice for sensing such as LPG, H2, Propane, Alcohol, and also
CH4. Because of its great sensitivity and quick reaction, this sensitivity
might be taken as early as possible. This sensor also used to identify the
presence of gases in the atmospheric air.
Ø To detect toxic or explosive gasses and measure gas concentration, these
devices are commonly used. Manufacturing facilities use gas sensors for
detecting gas leaks as well as detecting smoke and carbon monoxide in
homes. Various types of gas sensors have different sizes (portable or
fixed), ranges, and sensing abilities.
SW-420 Motion Sensor or Vibration Sensor
The vibration sensor based on the SW-420 Motion Sensor and LM393
Comparator that is utilized to sense the motion activity and vibrations, the
sensitivity of vibration can be modify with a built-in variable-resister. If the
time of without vibration or motion, the sensor will send command to the
logic as LOW and once the motion or vibration is detected, the sensor will
trigger to the logic as HIGH.
Vibration sensor has 3 pins there are VCC, Digital Output, and GND, The
Digital Output pin is associated to the output pin of LM393 comparator IC. It
extremely simple to interface Vibration sensor module with the any
development microcontroller board like Arduino, Raspberry Pi and ESP8266.
The wiring connection of an Arduino with this SW-420 module is very
straightforward, connect the DO pin of the sensor to any digital pin of
Arduino and connect VCC and GND pins to 5V and GND pins of an Arduino
board.
Applications of Vibration Sensor Module
Shocks triggering
Earthquake alarm
Theft alarm
Smart car
Motorcycle alarm
Passive Buzzer Module
A buzzer is an electronic device which can be produce unique tones, most
commonly utilized to provide loud response for the people. Buzzers are
utilized in various kind of application such as emergency alarm clocks,
calculator, keypads, hobby toys and several household appliances.
The Passive Buzzer Sensor contains a passive piezoelectric element. Which
can be produce sounds from 1.5 to 2.5 kHz with changing it ON and OFF at a
several frequencies whichever using PWM or Delays. On the other hand, an
active buzzer sensor which have an on-board oscillating crystal, therefore that
will make a unique sound once power-on. Nevertheless, a passive buzzer
doesn’t have this function, subsequently there is no beep-sound once given
DC signal; as an alternative you should be apply square-waves which
frequency is among 2K and 5K to operate it. The active buzzer sensor is
slightly more expensive than the passive buzzer sensor, for the reason that,
because it has numerous on-board oscillating circuits.
The buzzer module is extremely easy to wire up to the Arduino. Connect the
left pin of the module to the pin that will drive it and the right pin of the
module to Arduino GND. The module is driven by pin 8 in the circuit below.
Several pins of the module are not connected, including the middle one.
Application
Passive Buzzer Sensor is used in various kind of application such as
Detecting obstacles and gives warning, Burglar Alarm, Blind stick and also
used as a Door knock alerts system.
Speed Sensor Module LM393
A speed sensor is similar to the Tachometer which is utilized to find out the
speed of a spinning object such as fan, motor and a propeller, here is there are
several kinds of Speed Sensor available in the market such as Hall-effect,
Eddy Current, and Magneto-resistive Speed Sensor, etc.
Speed sensor is also known as Hall Effect Sensor, so that for estimate the
speed of any spinning devices with Arduino, we may use LM393 Speed
sensor. Speed Sensor Module consist of an IR Light Sensor combined with
LM393 Voltage Comparator IC.
Applications
LM393 Speed sensor most frequently used in Robotics.
Motor Drivers
Printers, Scanners, Copiers
Contactless Switching,
Measuring Speed, and used to find out an RPM.
This Infrared Hall Effect sensor with the Voltage comparator LM393, we be
able to measuring the speed of spinning or rotation of the wheels in most of
the robotic car projects. Provided we place a circle gear which rotates linked
to our wheel. This will likewise be utilized as an optical switch.
The simple working of this module is as follows; when anything is crossed
between the sensor slots, that generates a digital pulse on the D0 pin. This
pulse drives from 0V to 5V and is a digital TTL (Transistor-transistor logic)
signal, finally, we be able to read this pulse with an Arduino.
Relay Module

A relay is primarily a switch that is activated by an electromagnet. The

electromagnet just needs a little power to become triggered, and that we can
send command from the Arduino and after once it triggered, this will pull the
connection to produce the high voltage circuit, Relay module is an
electrically activated switch, which can be switch on or off, allowing the
current get through or not, and might be operated with minimal voltages as
5V given by the Arduino pins.
The following relay module has two channels (for those two blue cubes), and
here we can see as of single to multichannel available in the market, there are
one, two, four and eight channels. Most of the Relay module could be
powered with 5V, which is applicable to work with an Arduino. Here are
other relay modules which are powered with 3.3V that is perfect for
NodeMCU, ESP8266, ESP32 and other Development board.
The Arduino compatible relay consist of six pins: three pins on front side and
another 3 pins on different side. In the lower side, here is there are 3 pins that
are 5V, ground and signal. Accordingly, we can interface these pins with the
microcontroller. Whereas, on the other hand here are normally open (NO),
NC (Normally close) and C (Common), there are the output pins supporting
for 5V relay. Consequently, we be able to associate the output device.
Most of the Arduino friendly relay module can be used in two states which
are
1. Normally open state (NO)
2. Normally closed state (NC)
Normally open (NO)
In the normally open state, the beginning output of the relay should be
minimal once that will be power on. Here in state, the common and the
normally open pins will be used.
Normally closed state (NC)
In the normally closed state, the beginning output of the relay should be
maximum once that will be power on. Here in state, the common and the
normally close pins will be used.
The purpose of relays is to isolate low voltage circuits from high voltage
circuits. Multi-circuit controllers are used to control multiple circuits.
Automatically changeover can also be done with them. Controlling a heavy
electrical load is done by microprocessors using relays
In real-world applications, relays are utilized in many areas. For instance, a
cooling system could be an example. When the temperature in the room
changes, the temperature-controlled cooling system will have to be able to
switch the fan on or off accordingly. Thermometers are electronic devices
with sensors inside them.
HC- SR501 Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor (PIR)

HC-SR501 is a modern motion detection module that is based on Infrared

Technology, which is utilize an IR signal for sensing the object, which is
include an autonomous control module, likewise having the functions of great
sensitivity and reliability. This module consists of an auto-detection control
modules, wherever we required to achieve motion. Pyroelectric IR Sensor is
used in construction projects and industrials for security purposes.
Why use Pyroelectric IR Sensor, and Its Future
HC-SR501 is also known as PIR (Passive Infrared) motion sensing
module. Which is applicable for sensing the moving objects,
specifically for the animals and human.
This kind of sensor can be included as an element of a system which
can repeatedly performs a task or alerts a human motion in that
region.
This module is made-up of an essential component of security,
energy efficiency, automatic light control, house automation and
many other valuable systems.
PIR Sensor module also comprise time delay alteration and trigger
selection that give permission for fine tuning with your various
projects
 Every single living thing with a temperature directly above Absolute
Zero (0 Kelvin / -273.15 °C), which can produce heat energy in the
form of IR radiations.
When a heat body alive can emit more radiation. Human body
functioning on a same pattern and emits Infrared radiation via heat
energy.
A superior lens known as called Fresnel lens that focuses the IR
Radiation onto the pyroelectric sensor.
HC-SR-501 sensor module is intended to senses these types of IR
radiation from living objects.
Why PIR sensor to be extremely so popular because of main causes,
is the fact that Pyroelectric IR Sensor is a most versatile which is
much proficient all on its own way.
By using PIR Module with other microcontroller like ESP8266,
NodeMCU, and Raspberry Pi, you be able to develop upon its
flexibility even more.
Accelerometer Module

Before enter into the topics, you ever wondered how your mobile phone
knows up from down! that is one of the interesting features of today’s
smartphone gadgets, now a days majority of smart devices includes a
microchip called Accelerometer, which is built-in to the motherboard that
make senses once you tilt it from right to left and up and down. That’s how
your smart gadgets immediately realizes while to change the screen position
from landscape to portrait.

What is Acceleration?
The revolutionary scientist Isaac Newton well-defined in his 2nd law of
motion or law of force, acceleration by connecting it to mass and force.
The acceleration is nothing but, the rate of change of velocity with respect to
time, It have both magnitude and direction accordingly acceleration is comes
under vector quantity. Which is the 2nd derivative of spot with respect to
time or it is the 1st derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Here is the Examples of some real-time day to day life application of an
acceleration:
1. While the vehicle is speeding up, and while the vehicle is slows
down
2. When the vehicle turning at the bend is for e.g. of an acceleration for
the reason that the direction is fluctuating. When the vehicle turning
will be fast, the acceleration will be greater.
3. When you free fall form the bridge.
Force = Mass x Acceleration or (F = ma.)
Acceleration of an object is related on the mass of the object and the how
much of force applied.
Acceleration = Force / Mass
This means that, acceleration is the amount of force we want to change each
unit of mass.
Accelerometer is an electromechanical module that involved the
processes both electrical and mechanical that identify the force of
acceleration by reason of gravity in g unit.
The Accelerometer determining the acceleration laterally X, Y and Z axes
and gives output of an analog voltage relational to the acceleration
 laterally these 3 axes.
ADXL335 Module is most commonly used in the applications of tilt
sensing.
Many developments board like Arduino be able to process these voltages
by transforming them to digital signals via ADC.
Accelerometer sensor module are broadly utilized in low power, cost
sensitive, tilt sensing and motion detection projects such as Smartphone’s
gadgets, Gaming control systems Joysticks, Image, Video stabilization on
gimbals cameras, Sports Fitness Gadgets & healthcare devices and Disk
drive protection.
At the heart of the ADXL335 sensors is tiny in size, less power three axis
MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) accelerometer beginning Analog
Devices through tremendously less noise. The module has overall detection
range of ±3 g, which can be identifying the static acceleration caused by
gravity in tilt-sensing projects, along with dynamic acceleration resulting
from motion, shock or vibration.
This module functioning on voltage among 1.8V to 3.6V DC (3.3V ideal),
and usually its takes just 350µA of current. Nevertheless, a built-in 3.3V
regulator perform it a special choice for handling on 5V developments board
like Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

The breadboard friendly ADXL335 sensor module breaks out every single
pin of the accelerometer to a 6-pin, 0.1″ pitch header. This contains three
analog outputs for X, Y and Z axis estimation, there are two self-test pin and
a supply pin that make you to clarify works of the sensor in the finishing
projects.
Arduino Joystick Module
The joystick is more or less same function with two variable-resister
(potentiometer) connected together, one for the horizontal movement (X-
axis), and another one is vertical movement (Y-axis) variable-resistances are
nothing but potentiometers and, in a technique, they react as a sensors
module they deliver us with varying voltage relating on their spinning.
Mostly commonly the joysticks are utilized for gaming industries, aviation
sectors and military applications.

This Joystick controller module is an excellent input device for controlling

stepper, servos motors, used as a video game joystick, and remote-control
robotics applications. The Joystick have both digital (DO) and analog (AO)
output options.
Piezo buzzer Sensor

Have you interested to make some tones with Arduino? Possibly a basic
sound for an alarm, perhaps a beep to aware you after a particular input
threshold level is achieved, or it could be to run and play the Super Mario
Bro music to perform your young mind.
If any kind of sounds required for your projects, you may discover
the simplest, fastest and probably the cost efficient way to generate your
desired sounds with the tone() function and piezoelectric buzzer with your
Arduino microcontroller.
Here is the two kind of piezo buzzers which are usually existing in the
market. The one is present like a basic buzzer, once we give power source,
that will produce a Nonstop Beeeeeeppp.... tones, another type known as a
portable buzzer that appearance slightly bigger than traditional one and it will
make a sound like “Beep. Beep. Beep.” Why sound happening… Because of
the internal oscillating circuit can perform there within. However, the first
one is much often broadly utilized for the reason that, that can be
personalized with help of customized circuits to easily compatible in our
projects.
The buzzer is generally related with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn
OFF, most of the buzzers required time and interval. We can just operate the
buzzer with help of DC voltage ranging from 3V to 12V, and A basic 9V
battery may be used, but then that is optional to usage a regulated +5V or else
+6V DC power source.
Applications of Buzzer
Most of the buzzers are audio signaling device which is utilized in
various kind of application such as timer circuits, alarms and tone
generating devices,
Somewhere the people have to be alarmed about their project, and
utilized in application like automobile electronics, communication
devices, portable devices, because of its compact in size
Water Flow Sensor

Powerful water management system take place in delivering water according

to the actual necessity, and therefore assessing water level is play a vital role
in aquatic management systems. Here are several methods to measure flow of
water, and various kind of water flow meters utilized to estimate the amount
of water-flow in pipelines, but these kinds of sensors available in the market
are too expensive. Here, we only see the concepts for design & development
of cheap water flow meters, with the support of easily accessible and cost-
efficient sensor module for estimation the Flow of water.
YF-S201 Hall-Effect Water Flow Sensor

Precise water flow estimation is a vital step for both in circumstances of

qualitative and cost-effective points of view. Water Flow meter is a standard
sophisticated sensor module for estimate water flow, and this is simple to
make a water flow controlling system, which utilizing the famous YF-S201
water flow sensor.
This sensor fixed in the pipe with the water line as well as includes a
pinwheel module to estimate how amount of water have passed over it. Here
is an advanced magnetic Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor which produce
outputs an electrical signal by each revolution. The “YF-S201 Hall Effect
Water Flow Sensor” consist of three wires: First one is Red/VCC (5-24V DC
Input voltage), second one is Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output) and third one is
Black/GND (0V). By counting the electrical pulses or signals from the output
of the YF-S201 module, we can simply estimate the flow of water level (in
litre/hour – L/hr) with a right conversion technique.
Magnetic flux leakage is used to determine magnetic fields, or to inspect
materials (such as pipes or tubing) using hall probes as magnetometers.
Devices that produce the hall effect produce a very low signal level and
therefore require amplification.
Arduino Color Sensor

Arduino Compatible TCS3200/230 color sensor module can detect color and
intensity of the light using photodiodes. This color sensor module converts
data from the photo-detector into a square wave by through the light to
frequency converter.
The frequency of the square waves is directly related to the intensity of light.
At that moment the Arduino will process the square waves then show us the
RGB color’s values as an output. Accordingly, we can see the working
diagram on interfacing controller with RGB Color Sensor TCS230 shown
upcoming section.
Here we can utilize widespread of projects with color sensors module such as
organize or separate a product by its color, Enhancing printer color, quality
control systems and etc. Theoretically speaking, figments of our imagination
is colors. When we see a green apple, which means that, it can reflect that
specific wavelength (~550 nm for Green) of the EM Spectrum (EM -
Electromagnetic).
This Electromagnetic wave is absorbed by the human eye and proportional on
some biochemical reaction, consequently our brain says that specific
wavelength is green color.
Optical Fingerprint Sensor
There are different kind of fingerprint sensors available in the market, from
capacitive fingerprint technology utilized in recent smartphones, to optical
fingerprint sensors frequently utilized in access control projects like smart
attendance. In this lesson, we will learn about optical fingerprint sensor.
 Fig. R305 Optical Fingerprint Sensor-Scanner
The Optical fingerprint sensor module is an extremely portable device. It
come from embedded with an advanced DSP unit which stands for Digital
Signal Processing unit, that is utilized to processing the input images of
fingers captured and find out a match detect or not.
Once the fingerprint module acquired a fresh image, that is extracted and the
characteristic features are separated. The memory board of the module is
looking for a fingerprint with corresponding patterns and the consequence of
that period is sent to the Arduino board through serial communication. This
all process is finished within a second. The sensor module has the storage
ability up-to thousand fingerprints model with its memory and its training
accuracy rate is more than 99.8% which makes it more protected!
The Fingerprint reader is one of the safe and greatest technique to detect and
identify the original person, as we know already which every fingerprint is
unique even similar twins do not have unique fingerprints patterns. For
utilizing this we can develop and fulfil most safety needs. To add multiple
fingerprint authentication in Arduino like development board projects
application, also we can able to develop this multipurpose optical fingerprint
scanner-sensor (R305), which is make possible fingerprint sensing and
authentication is super simple.
By utilizing this fingerprint sensor module, we be able to develop project like
Biometric verification and Access control or smart attendance related security
application easily. This optical fingerprint sensor module includes high
powered AS601 Digital Signal Processing chip form Synochip which
perform the task such as feature extraction, image rendering, processing, and
searching. This also consist of TTL serial out consequently, we can link to
any Arduino and Raspberry pi board or system. The DSP processor has built-
in FLASH memory that can able to collect up to 120 fingerprints.
Heart Rate or Pulse Sensor
The Heart Rate Sensor is a plug-and-play pulse sensor for Arduino. Heart rate
sensor is used to measure the electrical activity of heart such as
electrical pulse. That can be utilized as a portable device and smart fitness
gadgets by athletes, students, performers, working people, and game and
mobile developers those who need to simply integrate a real time pulse-rate
information into their healthcare projects and many applications. Principle
which is an incorporated optical amplifying unit and noise removing unit in
the circuit module. Fastener the Heart Sensor to your tin ear or fingertip and
connect it into your Microcontroller like a Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

This Pulse rate sensor is pretty straightforward to use and activate it. Place or
hold your finger on top of the sensor and that can sense the electrical pulse of
heart is nothing but heartbeat by calculating the change in light from the
development of capillary blood vessels.
Capacitive Touch Sensor

Capacitive touch sensors will be utilized as a replacement for of push buttons.

The benefit is we don’t necessary to apply force therefore we can just press a
button. Similarly, we may activate a switch with no touching a capacitive
sensor, obviously without touching it. Now a days we all using Touch screen
gadgets and this technology is becoming famous progressively. You could be
to interact with this day by day and every hour. Every smartphone these days
has a touch screen or touch sensor.
In capacitive touch sensor when we bring human body nearby to the sensor
module a capacitance or electrical flux is produced between the Human body
and capacitive sensor. We assume the tip of finger and sensor body perform
well, correspondingly the plates of the capacitor and a charge is created
among the plates. This electrical flux or charge is chosen by the capacitive
sensor module and this interpreted as a pressing button. For example, when
we bring our finger back from the sensor plate the electrical flux or
capacitance is lost and the circuit may break.
TTP223 Capacitive Touch Module IC is the best and well-known Arduino
capacitive touch sensor available in the market. The corresponding circuit of
the touch sensor module is specified in the below diagram. In the circuit of
the TTP223 below, once we move our fingertip close to the touch plate, our
finger and touch plate can be produced electrical pulse or capacitor like
effects. This novel capacitor is in parallel to capacitor C1. Remember
capacitor in parallel is enhancing capacitance. Consequently, the capacitance
increases and an electrical flux is induced in the capacitor. This
electromagnetic induction is chosen by the sensor such like pressing a button.

Note: We don’t need touch our fingertip to touch pad. Capacitor can be
produced by attractive our finger closed the touch plate. Subsequently the
distance wanted to form capacitor is in Nano meters so typically we touch our
finger to the touch plate.
Arduino Bluetooth Module HC-05 or HC-06
You ever assumed monitoring any of your electronic devices and smart
gadgets with your smartphone? How about an autonomous robot or many
other electronic appliances? Wouldn't it be simple to control it with your
smartphone? Never mind, here is a cool sensor module for communicating an
Android smartphone with Arduino through Bluetooth HC-05!
How Does It Work?
There are 3 Essential parts to this project. First one is Bluetooth supported
smartphone, an Arduino and a HC05 Bluetooth Module.

HC-05 or 06 functioning on serial communication. The Android application

is intended to transmitting serial data to the Arduino board, HC05 Bluetooth
module once a switch is pressed on the app. The Bluetooth module at the side
receives the information and transmit it to the Arduino over the TX pin of the
Bluetooth module (associated to RX pin of Arduino). Once the sketch is
uploaded to the Arduino microcontroller verify the acknowledged
information and relates it. If the acknowledged information is 1, the LED
turns ON. The LED turns OFF once the acknowledged information is 0. You
can open the serial monitor and be able to see the acknowledged information
while connecting.
Arduino GPS Module (NEO-6M)
GPS stands for Global Positioning System this is a satellite-based location
identification system which includes at least 24 satellites. GPS can able to
function in all types of climatic situations, wherever in the world, GPS can
work 24*7, we can utilize it with no maintenance fees, no installation and
setup charges.
How GPS works
We all are known already; GPS is kind of satellites which spinning the Earth
double times a day in a specific orbit. Each satellite be able to send a unique
signal and orbital parameters which permit GPS system to decode and
calculate the exact places of the satellite
When your location has been identified, the GPS devices can calculate
additional data, such as:
Speed
Distance to destination
Bearing
Trip dist.
Trajectory.
What's the signal?
Global Positioning System satellites can send minimum of two little
power radio signals. The signals travel by line of sight, which is
nothing-but that will travel via clouds, plastic and glass however
would not suffer from most solid things, like houses, tower and hills.
Nevertheless, the latest receivers are more sensitive and generally it
be able to track through building as well.
There are 3 different kinds of data existing in a GPS signal
1. Pseudorandom code is an I.D. code used to identify which satellite is
sending data. The Pseudo Random signal is much complex which is
exactly similar to the random electrical noise.
 2. Therefore, the name came up as "Pseudo-Random." Consequently,
we can see which satellites we are getting data from on our system's
satellite page.
3. Ephemeris information is wanted to estimate a satellite's location and
gives essential data regarding a status and health of a satellite, such
as date and time.
4. Almanac data is representing that the GPS receiver where each GPS
satellite device could be at any time all over the day and indicate the
orbital data for that GPS device and many other satellites in the
system.
5. Most of the satellite should be communicating the almanac
information for every satellite, almanac information contains a group
of parameters for every satellite which might be utilized to estimate
that approximate position in orbit.
NEO-6M GPS Chip

NEO-6M GPS chip is the heart of the GPS module is from u-blox. That be
able to track more than 22 satellites on up to 50 channels and it can attains
the industry’s peak level of sensitivity, Such as For -161 dB level of tracking,
it will consuming simply 45mA source current. The u-blox 6 locating
machine correspondingly claims a Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) of less than 1
second. Power Save Mode (PSM) is one of the greatest features that the chip
provides. PSM is permits a decrease in device power consumption through
selectively switching portions of the receiver ON and OFF. This will
intensely cut the energy consumption of the device to just at 11mA building it
appropriate for energy sensitive use cases, such as Fitness gadgets comes
with built-in GPS. The essential data pins of NEO-6M GPS chip are
fragmented out to a "0.1″ field headers. This comprises the pins mandatory
for transmission through a Arduino microcontroller over UART.
Note: - The GPS module and NEO-6M GPS chip can accept the baud rate
from 4800bps to 230400bps with default baud of 9600.

RFID
What is an RFID reader?
RFID is stands for Radio Frequency Identification, which utilizes mini-
RFID module for recognition and tracking purposes. An RFID tagging
device contains the label itself, a read/write technique, and a host system
use cases for data gathering, data processing, and data transmission.

In layman's words an RFID utilizes the electromagnetic fields to send

information through minimal distances. RFID is beneficial to recognise
people, to make possible transactions, etc…
We can utilize a Radio Frequency ID to open a door. For example,
individual person with the unique code and right data on his RFID tag is
acceptable to enter. An RFID system uses a tag linked to the data to be
recognized, in this use cases we have an electromagnetic tag and a
keychain. Tag has his own unique identification (UID).
RFID tags are pretty universal in our society that the average person perhaps
meetings them day-to-day with no understanding it. Did you go to the library
or bookstore today? The book you bought was possibly registered with RFID
technology. Have you visited foreign in recent times? The authority can trace
journey information with RFID chips in passports. Have you ever had
suffering for searching a missing pet? Perhaps you should consider taking an
RFID chip embedded in pet strap to support track her next time she once
missed!
Application of RFID
Identification
Product Tracking
Bookstores and Libraries
Toll Gate Transaction
Shipping and Logistics
By providing a low cost, powerful, and reliable technique to gather,
accumulation and storage of information, RFID offers limitless opportunities
for present-day and future use.
Turbidity Sensor
The Arduino based turbidity sensor module can sense water quality by
calculating the level of turbidity. It can sense deferred particles in river or any
kind of water resource by determining the light transmittance and scattering
rate that variations by the amount of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) in aquatic
Level. Once the TTS (Turbidity Threshold Sampling) Level increases,
simultaneously the water turbidity level will increase.
This Turbidity sensor module both have digital and analog signal outputs. We
can choose the function which is based on to the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU), by way of threshold is variable in digital signal method.
Turbidity sensors utilized in wide range of application such as estimation of
water excellence in Ponds, Rivers, Wastewater, Watercourses, and used to
identification the overflow of water, sediment transportation study, control
instrumentation and research laboratory projects.
 Fig. Turbidity Sensor Pinout
The significance Arduino turbidity sensor sense water standard by estimating
the amount of turbidity, or the opacity. It used to sense suspended particles in
liquid through light for calculating the light spread and sprinkling rate that
variations with the level of total suspended solids (TSS) in liquid. As we
knew already the TTS level is increases, the water turbidity level will
increase.
Load cell Module
A load cell is an application of strain measurements associated to estimation
of weight. A certain level of mass is given to a strain gauge, subsequently the
gauge to strain a minimal level and production an electrical energy relative to
the given load. This connection between strain and electrical energy is
utilized in various use cases where estimation of mass is significant. Load
cells are freely available in the market, for the reason that it’s linear
characteristics, cost efficiency, and their simplicity user interface.

HX711 is an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for weigh scales comes

with built-in preamplifier. This 24-bit ADC chip is known as the HX711,
which produce the minor effects in strain gauge from the load cell into 24-bit
changes in electrical energy or voltage (Arduino 0-5V).
HX711 is precisely intended for weight scales Arduino and such electronic
projects. These kind of load cells that generally calculate weight deliver
electrical outputs in millivolts. These results are much challenging to handle
straightly by controllers, consequently we be able to utilize HX711 IC which
obtain these electrical signals and deliver standard numerical data that might
be utilized by a microcontroller, and consequently the chip has included
preamplifier precisely to handle these low voltages.
PH Sensor Module
Arduino compatible analog pH sensor module is precisely intended to
estimate the pH of the liquid and measure the alkalinity, or acidity. PH
Sensor Module is most frequently utilizing in several kind of real-time use
cases, such as environmentally friendly water testing, aquaculture, and
aquaponics.
The pH Sensor looks like a glass tube generally made from a glass material
contains a built-in tip known as “Glass membrane”, which is include a buffer
solution liquid of known pH (usually pH = 7). PH electrode structure validate
surroundings with the continuous binding of Hydrogen ions on the existing of
the glass tubes and glass membrane. Once the electrode probe is dipped into
the liquid to be tested, H+ ions in the test liquid to start replacing with other
positively electrified ions on the glass tubes or membrane, that can be
generates an electrochemical potential through the glass membrane that is
served to the electronic amplifier chip that calculate the voltage difference
between both electrodes and converts it to pH units. The variance between
these voltage differences can measure the pH value according to the Nernst
equation.
 Fig. Analog pH Sensor Module SEN0161 Interfacing with Arduino
The pH is a level which determine the alkalinity or acidity of the Liquid. This
is also known as H+ ion concentration index. The pH is a scale of H+ ion
movement in liquid or any solution. The pH has a widespread range of
application such as in agriculture, chemistry and medicine. Generally, the pH
level is a digit between 0-14. Based on the thermodynamic standard
conditions;
1. pH<7, that means the liquid is acidic;
2. pH>7, that means the liquid is alkaline;
3. pH=7, that means the liquid is neutral.
Pressure Sensor or Force Sensitive Resister (FSR)
In recent years, a force sensitive resistor (FSR) has become an indispensable
sensor which is utilized in a wide range of industrial applications.
Nowadays we can see these sensors in handheld gaming devices, mobile
phones, and other electronic instruments like electronic drums. These sensors
can be easily used and are great for detecting pressure.

How does an FSR work?

Pressure applied to the sensing area determines how much resistance an FSR
has. When you apply more pressure, the less resistance there will be. There is
quite a large resistance range: greater than 10MΩ (at no pressure) to ~ 200 Ω
(maximal pressure). The range of force that can be sensed by FSRs is nearly
around 100g to 10 kg.
Basic construction
There are two membranes and one spacer adhesive in an FSR. An air gap
separates the conducting membranes when no pressure is applied. The
membrane contains two traces between the tail and the sensing area (rather
round part). It's impossible to touch these traces as they are woven together,
but not touching one another, consequently a conductive ink is coated on the
other membrane. Pressing on the sensor shorts the ink between the two
traces, the resistance of which is dependent upon the pressure applied.

Force sensing resistors are used in various fields such as foot pronation
systems, automotive sensors, electronic keyboards and controls, biomedical
devices, as well as musical instruments, as well as mobile electronics and
wireless communications.
Flex Sensor

A flex sensor is a different type of unique sensor that determines the amount
of deformation or bending. Materials like carbon or plastic can be utilized in
designing the sensor. The carbon surface is attached to a plastic strip. If you
turn this strip away, the sensor’s resistance will change. Therefore, it is also
termed a bend sensor. Since its varying resistance directly correlates to the
magnitude of the rotation, the bend sensor can also be employed as a
goniometer.

Most of the time, this sensor is mounted to the exterior, and you can adjust
the resistance by adjusting the exterior. It is used by Nintendo in its power
gloves, door sensors, robot whisker sensors, this also the key component in
making alert stuffed animals.

Analog resistors are what are called Flex sensors. Variable analog voltage
dividers are made with these resistors. There are carbon resistive elements
inside the flex sensor, surrounded by a thin flexible substrate. Increased
carbon content means a reduction in resistance. With a substrate bent, the
sensor makes resistance which is relational to the radius of the bend. Flexible
sensors are thin and flexible, which allows them to achieve high form factors.
A sensor, as shown in Figure, produces a resistance output inversely
proportional to the bend radius of the substrate, Consequently More
resistance will be given by a smaller radius.
Flex-sensors are used for the following applications.
v Physical Therapy
v Healthcare Instruments
v Robotics motion
v Virtual Motion (Video Games)
v A computer's peripheral devices
v Musical Instruments

Summary
We have discussed the basics of electronic components in this chapter, the
components you need to start with Arduino, and different types of Arduino
Sensors and Modules. In the next chapter, we will explore the basics of
Arduino programming and how to get started with Arduino programming
 CHAPTER 3
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

Introduction
A convenient, easy way to learn and use Arduino programming reference for
understanding the basic Arduino commands and syntax can be found in this
Chapter. Take it easy and keep things simple, some things have been left out
that makes it a secondary reference. This is best used alongside other books,
classes, websites, or workshops. Since then, the Arduino maker community
has refocused attention on standalone use and, for example, excludes the use
of arrays or more complex forms of serial communication. Starting with a
description of Arduino's C derived programming language, the language's
syntax and usage will be illustrated throughout this chapter with code
fragments and some examples. An appendix includes many functions of the
core library and sample schematics and starter programs. Where possible, this
format complements O'Sullivan and Lgoe’s Physical Computing.
Arduino code is written in C++ and adds some special methods and
functions, which will be discussed later. Human-readable programming
languages include C++. The Arduino code file is compiled into machine
language after being processed into a sketch (as it is called in Arduino
parlance), which is a very simple hardware programming language. A sketch
should be uploaded on an Arduino board after it has been written in the
Arduino IDE.
Downloading and installing the Arduino IDE is the first step in programming
the Arduino board. Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows are all supported by the
open-source Arduino IDE. From the Arduino website, download the software
(depending on your operating system) and follow the installation instructions.
Arduino programs follow a pretty straightforward structure. There are at least
two blocks in an Arduino program, The preparation process and the
execution of the plan The following statements are enclosed in curly braces in
each block:
Structure of an Arduino Code:
Bare minimum code
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

setup: The Arduino uses it only when powered on or when it's reset. It works
in the same way as initializing variables and pin modes.
loop: Until the device is powered off, loop functions will run continuously.
In this section, the logic of the program is defined. Microcontroller
programming follows a similar pattern to while (1).
Arduino Data Types
Arduino C, a variable of data type int uses 2 bytes of information. When a
sketch uses int, it tends to use it almost everywhere, unless it is very memory
hungry. For tiny integer values or for Boolean values, even a single byte
value could be used.
Table 1-1 Includes a complete list of available data types.

Analog to Digital Conversion

} What is analog?
It has a continuous voltage range (not just 0 V or 5 V)
} Why convert to digital?
We have a microcontroller that can only read digital input.
Converting Analog Value to Digital
Quantization the signal

ADC in Arduino
} There are 6 ADC pins on the Arduino Uno board.
} Digital to analog converter with 10-bit resolution
} That means input voltages between 0 and 5 volts will be converted
into integer values between 0 and 1024.
Reading/Writing Analog Values
} analogRead(A0); // The pin A0 is used to read the analog value.
} analogWrite(2,128);
Reading/writing digital values
} digitalWrite(13, LOW); // this will select the output voltage on pin
13 , 0V
} digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // It will select the output voltage on pin 13
, 5V
 } int buttonState = digitalRead(2); // Reads pin 2 values from the
buttonState
PinMode
} The pinMode function on the Arduino lets you choose an input and
output pin.
} pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // pin 13 becomes an output pin.
} pinMode(13, INPUT); // pin 13 becomes an input pin.
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING BASICS
Structure
Arduino's basic structure isn't too complicated and works in two parts. Blocks
of statements are enclosed between these two required parts, or functions.
void setup()
{
statements;
}
void loop()
{
statements;
}

Where setup() is the preparation, loop() is the execution. Both functions are
required for the program to work.
At the very entry level of the program, the setup function has to follow the
statement of any variables. A function that appears in the entire program runs
only one time, and is utilized to initialize serial communication or set the
pinMode.
Next comes a loop function, which contains the program to be run
instantaneously, it reads Inputs, triggered outputs and much more. In most
Arduino programs, this function is at the heart of the program.
setup()
When your program starts, setup() is called once. The pin mode is used to
start a serial connection or initialize pin modes. This type of statement must
be included, even if they will not be executed.
void setup()
{
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); // sets the 'pin' as output
}

loop()
When naming the setup() function, the loop() function does specifically what
its name recommends, and loops sequentially, enabling the code to modify,
respond, and control the Arduino microcontroller.
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // turns ‘pin’ on
delay(1000) ; // pauses for one second
digitalWrite(pin, LOW); // turns 'pin' off
delay(1000) ; // pauses for one second
}

functions
A Function is a block of code, wherever a function is called, a number of
statements are executed. In an earlier lecture, we talked about the functions
void set-up() and void loop() and others built-in will be explained later.
It is possible to write custom functions to simplify repetitive tasks and
minimize clutter in code. The first step in declaring functions is specifying
the type of function.
For example, ‘int’ represents an integer type function. A function's return
type would be void, if it returns no value. Name the function after type and
include any parameters that will be passed to it in parenthesis.
type functionName( parameters)
{
statements;
}
You can read the delay value from the potentiometer by using the function
delayVal(). A local variable v is declared, then one of the potentiometer
values is presented, The range for this number is 0-1023. Finally, it returns
this value back to the main program by dividing by 4 for an additional value
between 0 and 255.

int delayVal()
{
int v; // create temporary variable '‘v'
v= analogRead(pot) ; // read potentiometer value
v /= 4; // converts Q-1023 to 9-255
return v; // return final value
}

{} Curly braces
It is distinguished from "curly brackets" by its curly appearance, the void
loop() function and for and if statements, and may contain blocks which are
used to declare the beginning and end of function blocks and statement
blocks.

type function()
{
statements;
}

{There must be a closing curly brace after an opening curly brace}, As a

result of this, the braces are said to be balanced. Cryptic is often caused by
unbalanced braces, often impenetrable compiler errors occur in a large
program that are difficult to find.
An Arduino ecosystem has a feature to check whether curly braces are
balanced. The logical companion of a brace is highlighted if you choose it, or
if you click the entry point quickly following a brace.
; Semicolon
A semicolon must be utilized to separate sections of a program and to end a
statement. For loop elements are also separated by semicolons. The integer
13 is declared for variable 'x'.
Note: The compiler will generate an error if you forget to end a line with a
semicolon. A semicolon may or may not be missing, making the error text
somewhat obvious. It's always important to check for missing semicolons,
near the line where the compiler complained, in response to an impenetrable
or seemingly illogical compiler error.
/*...*/ block comments
Multi-line comments, also known as block comments, or parts of text that are
ignored by the sketch, a large text description is used to help others
understand a piece of code or comments. The syntex will start with /* and
finish with */ and it can span numerous rows.

\*Do not forget to add the closing comment to the enclosed block comment –
it has to be balanced!*/

The program ignores comments, so they do not take up any memory, It's okay
to use them to “comment out” portions of code or to use them to fix bugs.
Note: A single-line comment may be enclosed in a block comment, but two
block comments are not allowed.
// line comments
Each line of code in a comment starts with // followed by the subsequent line
of code. They don't take up any memory, just like block comments.
// Such comments can be put in a single line.
In many cases, a single-line comment will be placed after a valid statement to
provide more info about what the statement accomplishes or to remind the
reader.
Variables
Variables are used by the program to name and store a mathematical value.
As their name implies, variables are numbers that can be changed
continuously as opposed to constants whose value stays the same. It is
necessary to declare a variable and optionally assign a value to it with the
goal of storing the value. An analog input pin is connected to a variable
named as input Variable, and its value is assigned to that variable:

int inputVariable = 0; // declares a variable and

// assigns value of 0
inputVariable = analogRead(2); // set variable to value of
// analog pin 2

‘inputVariable’ is the variable itself. On the first line, it is declared to include

an integer, or int. Upon passing the 2nd line (sequence 1), the variable is set
to value at pin 2 of the analog system. The value of pin 2 can now be
accessed from anywhere in the code.
You can test the value of a variable once it has been assigned, or reassigned,
based on specific circumstances, or its value can be directly used. Three ways
to use variables are demonstrated in the following example, In the following
code, input variable is tested for whether it is below 100 and if true value 100
is assigned to input variable, and set the delay to a minimum of 100 based on
inputVariable:

if (inputVariable < 100) // If the variable is below 100, it will tested.

{
inputVariable = 100; // the value 100 is assigned if true
}
delay(inputVariable) ; // uses variable as delay

Note: A variable's name should describe what it does, making it more

readable. It is important for the programmer to name variables like tilt
Sensors and pushbuttons to make it easier for anyone reading the code to
understand what the variables represent. On the other hand, variable names
like var or value do little to make the code easier to read and are only utilized
here as examples. Anything in the Arduino language can be named a
variable, as long as it is not already an Arduino keyword.
Variable declaration
An integer, long, float, or float-like variable must first be declared in order to
be used, specifying an initial value and optionally setting a name. One set of
arithmetic functions and general assignments is all that is needed in order to
change the value of the variable. Here, inputVariable is declared to be an
integer, or int, and its original value is zero. This is named as a simplified
assignment.

int inputVariable = 0;

There are numerous places in which variables can be declared across the
program, and which part of the program uses the variable depends on where
the variable definition is located.
Variable scope
In a program, variables can be declared before void setup(), locally in
functions, and occasionally in for loops within statement blocks. It is
determined where the variable is declared, which calculates its scope, which
determines the program's ability to utilize the variable.

Any function in a program can see and use a global variable. An initialization
variable is declared before the setup() function.

Typically, a local variable is one created inside of a function or within a for

loop. The function declaration only allows it to be accessed and used within
the context in which it was declared. So, you can have different values for the
same variable if they are in various sections of similar program. Simplifying
the program and reducing the potential for programming errors can be
achieved by making sure only one function has access to its variables.

Various types of variables are declared and their visibility is demonstrated by

the following example:

int value; // ‘value' is visible

// to any function
void setup()
{
// no setup needed
}
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i<20;) // ‘i' is only visible
{ // inside the for-loop
i++;
}
float f; // ‘f' is only visible
} // inside loop

byte
Bytes represent 8-bit numerical values without decimal points. They can
range from 0 to 255.
byte someVariable = 180; // declares 'someVariable'
// as a byte type

int
The integer data type is utilized to store numbers without decimal places and
stores 16-bit data with a range of 32,767 to -32,768.

int someVariable = 1500; // declares 'someVariable'

// as an integer type

Note: As long as a variable isn't forced past its maximum or minimum value
due to an assignment or comparison it will roll over. As an example, if x =
32767 and later x is added to by the addition of 1, then x will equal -32,768.
long
Integers stored in 32-bit format, without decimal points, are of extended size
datatype, with a range between 2,147,483,647 to -2,147,483,648.

long someVariable = 90000; // declares 'someVariable'

// as a long type

float

A type of floating-point number that has a decimal point. Integers have

greater resolution than floating point numbers which are stored as a 32-bit
value with a resolution of 3.4028235E+38 to -3.4028235E +38.

float someVariable = 3.14; // declares '‘someVariable'

// as a floating-point type

Note: It can be complicated to compare floating-point numbers, since they

are not accurate. In addition, floating point math performs calculations much
more slowly than integer math.
Arrays
Arrays are collections of data accessed by index numbers. Array values may
be accessed using the array name and index number. Arrays start at index
number 0, with the first value beginning at index number 0 in the array. To
utilize an array, you must declare it and possibly assign values to it.

int myArray[] = {valueQ, valuel, value2...}

Similarly, arrays can be declared by declaring the array type and size, and
later assigning values to an index position:

int myArray[5]; // declares integer array w/ 6 positions

myArray[3] = 10; // assigns the 4th index the value 10

Arrays are retrieved by assigning an index position and the array's variable.

x = myArray[3]; // x now equals 10

For loops also make use of array values in two-dimensional arrays, where the
index position and increment counter for each array value are the same.
Below is an example of flickering LEDs using an array, Within a for loop,
the counter reads the value contained at index spot 0 in the array flicker[], the
PWM pin 10 is set to 180, pauses for 200ms and the index position is moved
to the next position.

int ledPin = 10; // LED on pin 10

byte flicker[] = {180, 30, 255, 200, 10, 90, 150, 60};
// above array of 8

void setup() // different values

{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets OUTPUT pin
}
void loop()
{
for(int i=0; i<7; i++) // loop equals number
 { // of values in array
analogWrite(ledPin, flicker[i]);
// write index value
delay(200); // pause 200ms
}
}

Arithmetic
These mathematical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. Two operands are returned as a product, difference,
sum(respectively) or quotient(respectively).

y = y + 3;
x = x - 7;
i = j * 6;
r = r / 5;
The operands of the operation are based on their data types. Therefore, the
result of 9 / 4 is 2 instead of 2.25 since 9 and 4 are not decimal numbers and
cannot be expressed as fractions. Additionally, if the result of the operation
exceeds the capacity of the data type, the result will overflow.
The larger type is used for the calculation if the operands are of different
types. The calculation will use floating point math if one of the numbers is of
the type float and the other of the type integer.
The variables selected for your calculations should have a large enough size
to hold the largest result. Understand when and how your variable will roll
over, in addition to knowing what happens in the opposite direction e.g. (0 -
1) OR (0 to - 32768). For fractions to be used in math, float variables are
preferable, but they are large and take a long time to compute.
Note: Convert a variable's type on the fly by using the cast operator,
(int)myFloat is an example. For example, 1 = (int) 3.6 will set i equal to 3

Compound Assignments

Combining two arithmetic operations into one variable Assignment is

compound assignments. For loops are generally used to create them as is
discussed later. The most common compound assignments include:

Examples include x *= 3 which would triple the value of x, which would lead
to a new value of x.

Comparison Operators

When a condition is true, if statements compare variables or constants to see

if they match. On the following pages, the referring to a predicate is utilized
to describe any of the following:

Logical operators

There are logical operators that are usually implemented to compare

expressions, and depending on the operator it will return TRUE or FALSE. If
statements are commonly used with three logical operators, AND, OR, and
NOT:
Constants
Several predefined constants are available in the Arduino programming
language. Constants are arranged into groups to simplify readability of the
programs.

True/false
Logic levels are defined by Boolean constants. Typically, TRUE is defined as
one while FALSE is easy to decipher as zero (zero) but can also be anything
other than zero. Therefore, in the Boolean sense, -1, 2, and -200 all have the
same definition of TRUE.

if (b = = TRUE);
{
doSomething;
}
High/low
When reading or writing to digital pins, these constants are utilized to define
pin levels as HIGH or LOW. HIGH is defined as logic level 1, ON, or 5 volts
while LOW is logic level 0, OFF, or 0 volts.
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

Input/output
The constants utilised to define a pin's mode will be either INPUT or
OUTPUT with the pinMode() function.
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

if

if statements are used to determine if a condition has been attained, it

performs any statements inside the brackets if the statement is true, such as a
certain analog value being greater than a certain number. If false, the program
skips the statement. Here's what an if statement looks like:

if (someVariable ?? value)
{

doSomething;
}

Here, the variable someVariable is compared with another value, which may
be a variable or a constant. The statements inside brackets are run if the
condition inside the parentheses is true, A program taking care of the brackets
skips them if they are not present.
Note: Make sure you never accidentally use ‘=’. If (x=10), for example. x is
defined to the value 10 and thus is always true, even though technically it is
valid. It is better to instead use ‘==’, as in if (x==10), which simply checks
that the value x is the same as 10, Think of ‘=’ as “equals” opposed to ‘==’
being ‘is equal to”.

if... else

When used with if...else, a decision can be made either one way or the other.
In other words, if you needed to test digital inputs and perform one thing if
they were HIGH and another if they were LOW, you would write this way:

if (inputPin == HIGH)
{
doThingA;
}
else
{
doThingB;
}

if else tests can also be run before another if test, so that a number of tests
relating to the same thing can be run simultaneously. Moreover, one can have
a limitless number of these other branches. Although there are several
statements, only one set will be run according to the conditions:

if (inputPin < 500)

{
doThingA;
}
else if (inputPin >= 1000)
{
doThingB;
}
Else
{
doThingC;
}

Note: A conditional statement is a simple logic check that checks if the

statement's terms are true. In the first example, if (inputPin == HIGH), this
statement can take any valid C statement. If the input is indeed high, or +5v,
then if statement verifies only if the input is truly a high-level input.

for

For statements are used to repeat either a single statement or an array of

statements. The loop is typically terminated by using an increment counter.
For loop header consists of three parts that are divided by semicolons (;):

for (initialization; condition; expression)

{
doSomething;
}
Only one time is the local variable initialized, or the increment counter
initialized. A condition of the following is tested with each loop. The
following statements and expressions are performed if the conditions remain
true and the tests for the condition again. After a period of time, the loop
ends, indicating that the condition became false.
Below, the integer is initialized to 0 and the test is run to see if i is still below
20. If so, then it is incremented by 1 and the enclosed statements are
executed:

Note: Some other computer languages include BASIC, but they offer
significantly less flexibility than for loops in C. Although semicolons are
required, any or all of the headers may be omitted. In addition, the statements
for the statement initialization, the condition, or the expression can have any
valid C statement that contains variables unrelated to each other. There may
be some solutions to rare programming problems with these unusual
statements.
while

While loops will continue to loop indefinitely until the argument within the
parenthesis turns false. Unless something changes the variable being tested,
the loop will never terminate. In your code, this can be internal, like an
incremented variable, or outside the code, like testing a sensor.

while (someVariable ?? value)

{
doSomething;
}
In the example below, ‘someVariable’ is tested to see if it is smaller than 200
and loops until ‘someVariable’ becomes greater than 200 and executes the
statements within the brackets.

while (someVariable < 200) // tests if less than 200

{
doSomething; // executes enclosed statements
someVariable++; // increments variable by 1
}

do... while

do loops work similarly to while loops as they are bottom-driven, except that
at the finish of the loop the condition is tested; therefore, the do loop will
always perform at least once.
do
{
doSomething;
} while (someVariable ?? value);

Following is an example where readSensors() is assigned to the variable ‘x’,

followed by a 50 millisecond delay, and then loops indefinitely until the
value of ‘x’ stops being less than 100:

do
{
x = readSensors(); // assigns the value of
// readSensors() to x
delay(50); // pauses 50 milliseconds
} while (x < 100); // loops if x is less than 100

pinMode(pin, mode)
Following is an example where readSensors() is assigned to the variable ‘x’,
followed by a 50 millisecond delay, and then loops indefinitely until the
value of ‘x’ stops being less than 100:
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); // sets ‘pin’ to output

Inputs are default for Arduino digital pins, so pinMode() is not required to
declare them as inputs explicitly. Impedance state is said to exist on pins
designated as INPUTS.
The Atmega chip comes with 20KQ pull-up resistors which are easily
accessible from software. There is one way to gain access to these pull-up
resistors:

pinMode(pin, INPUT); // set ‘pin’ to input

digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistors

Connectors such as switches are normally connected to pull-up resistors.

Here, you see that pin does not become an output, but merely the means by
which internal pull-ups are activated.
Those pins specified for OUTPUT are thought to contain low resistance and
provide a current of up to 40 mA (milliamps) to other instruments / circuits.
Neither current nor voltage are sufficient to run most relay, solenoid, or
motor devices.
The output pin on an Arduino can be damaged or destroyed or the whole
Atmega chip can be damaged and fried if they are short circuited or if they
receive too much current. A resistor of 4700 or 1KO can be connected in
series with the OUTPUT pin of a computer if it needs external connecting.
digitalRead(pin)
This method results in a HIGH or a LOW result from the value of a specified
digital pin. You can specify pins either as constants or variables (0-13).

value = digitalRead(Pin); // sets 'value' equal to

// the input pin

digitalWrite(pin, value)
Outputs the specified digital pin as either HIGH or LOW. Either a constant or
a variable can be used to define this pin.

digitalWrite (pin, HIGH); // sets 'pin' to high

Here's an example of an LED that's linked to a digital output that reads a

pushbutton connected to a digital input:

int led = 13; // connect LED to pin 13

int pin = 7; // connect pushbutton to pin 7
int value = 0; // Variable to store the read value
void setup()
{
pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // sets pin 13 as output
pinMode(pin, INPUT); // sets pin 7 as input
}
void loop()
{
value = digitalRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to
// the input pin
digitalWrite(led, value); // sets ‘led' to the
} // button's value

analogRead(pin)
This function interprets the value from a 10-bit analog pin. These functions
only work on pins 0-5 in the analog input. There are a total of 1023 possible
integer values.

value = analogRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to ‘pin’

Note: An analog pin is not required to be declared before it can be used as an

input or output; it can be used either way.

analogWrite(pin, value)

An output pin marked PWM is used to write a pseudo-analog value utilizing

hardware provided pulse width modulation (PWM). This function is available
by default on Arduinos with the ATmega168 chip beginning at version 2.0.
The ATmega8 chip used in older Arduinos only supports pins 9, 10, and 11.
Variables and constants may be specified with values ranging from 0-255.

analogWrite(pin, value); // writes ‘value' to analog ‘pin'

At 255, a steady 5-volt signal is produced at the specified pin while a value of
0 generates a constant 0-volt output. For values in When the value is 0 to 255,
the pin alternates quickly between 0 and 5 volts. The greater the value, the
fewer times the pin is HIGH (5 volts). The value 64, for example, will be 0
volts three quarters of the time, and 5 volts one quarter of the time; 128 volts
equals 0 volts half the time and 255 volts the other half; and 192 volts equals
0 volts one quarter of the time and 5 volts two-thirds of the time.
As the pin is considered to be hardware, it will continue to generate a wave in
the background until another analogWrite call (or another call to digitalRead
or digitalWrite on similar pin) is received.
Note: Unlike digital pins, analog pins do not need to be stated as INPUT or
OUTPUT beforehand.
This example outputs a PWM signal to a PWM pin when we read an analog
value from an analog input pin, convert the value by dividing it by 4, and
convert it back into an analog value.
int led = 10; // LED with 220 resistor on pin 10
int pin = 0; // potentiometer on analog pin 0
int value; // value for reading
void setup(){} // no setup needed
void loop()
{
value = analogRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to ‘pin'
value /= 4; // converts 90-1023 to 0-255
analogWrite(led, value); // outputs PWM signal to led
}

delay(ms)
A time period of 1000 milliseconds will pause your program.
delay(1000) ; // waits for one second

millis()
The time within milliseconds since the current program began running on the
Arduino board as an unsigned long quantity.

value = millis(); // sets ‘value’ equal to millis()

Note: Within approximately 9 hours, this number will overflow and reset to
zero.

min(x, y)
This function finds the smaller number between two numbers of any
information kind and returns it.

value = min(value, 100); // sets 'value' to the smaller of

// ‘value’ or 100, ensuring that
// it never gets above 100.

max(x, y)
A function that returns the largest number from a set of data types.

value = max(value, 100); // sets ‘value’ to the Larger of

// ‘value’ or 100, ensuring that
// it is at least 100.

randomSeed(seed)
The random() function starts with the value, or seed, specified by random().

randomSeed( value) ; // sets ‘value’ as the random seed

The Arduino does not produce a truly random number, so randomSeed lets
you place variables, constants, and functions into the random function, in
order to increase the number of random numbers. Several different functions,
or seeds such as millis() or even analogRead() can be utilized in this function
to read an analog pin's electrical noise.

random(max)
random(min, max)

The random function executes pseudo-random computations based on the

input values and returns a result.

value = random(100, 200); // sets ‘value’ to a random

// number between 100-200

Note: You need to utilize this after you have utilized the randomSeed()
function.
Below is an example that creates a stochastic value between 0-255 and
outputs on a PWM pin a PVVM signal similar to that quantity.

int randNumber; // variable to store the random value

int led = 10; // LED with 220 resistor on pin 10

void setup() {} // no setup needed

void loop()
{
randomSeed(millis()); // sets millis() as seed
randNumber = random( 255); // random number from 0-255
analogWrite(led, randNumber); // outputs PWM signal
delay (500); // pauses for half a second
}

Serial.begin(rate)

Opens serial port and sets the baud rate for serial data transmission. The
typical baud rate for communicating with the computer is 9600 although
other speeds are supported.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port
} // sets data rate to 9600 bps

Note: You cannot use two digital pins at the same time when using serial
communication.

Serial.printin(data)
The printing commands include a carriage return and a line feed, followed by
printing data on the serial port. Printing data on the Serial Monitor is easier
with this command than the Serial.print() command.

Serial.println(analogValue); // sends the value of

// ‘analogValue'

Note: Please refer to the Arduino website to learn more about the
serial.printin() and serial.print() functions and their various permutations.
Below is a straightforward example transmitting information every 1 second
from analog pinO to the computer.
void setup()
{
Serial. begin(9600) ; // sets serial to 9600bps
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(analogRead(0)); // sends analog value
delay(1000) ; // pauses for 1 second
}

Digital output
It simply turns something on or off using a simple ‘hello world’ program. In
this instance, an LED becomes visible by connecting pin13 to GND, which
blinks every second. Due to the Arduino's built-in resistor, it is possible to
omit the resistor on this pin.

Digital input

There are two possible states for this type of input: on or off. We're reading
from pin2 a simple switch or pushbutton. Input pin HIGH turns an LED on
when the switch is closed.
High current output

Controlling more than 40ma can sometimes be necessary with the Arduino.
Switching higher currents could be achieved by utilizing MOSFETs or
transistors. Using an instance, we can rapidly turn the MOSFET on and off
five times a second.
Note: On the schematic the diode is shown only as a protection to the motor.
But other eddy current devices would also be able to be utilized without the
diode.

PWM output

Pulse width modulation (PWM) can be used to reproduce analog signals by

pulsing the output. Dimming and brightening an LED could result in servo
motor control. A for loop is used to control the brightness and dimmer of an
LED slowly.
Potentiometer input

You can read values from 0-1024 using an analog potentiometer and an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) pin on an Arduino. An LED’s blinking
rate can be controlled by adjusting the potentiometer in the following
example.

To connect the Arduino board, we connect three wires. Potentiometers have

two pairs of pins, one of which is connected to ground.
A second connector connects the 5 volts to the outer pin of the potentiometer.
Third, there is a potentiometer that goes from analog input 2 to the middle
pin.
Variable resistor input
Thermistors, thermistors, flex sensors and the like are all examples of
variable resistors. In this example, the analog value is read using a function
and the delay time is set using a delay function. LEDs can be dimmed by
adjusting their brightness.
Servo output
Motors used in hobby products are self-contained and also able to move in a
full circle. A pulse every 20ms is all that is needed. In this example, the
motor is moved from 10° -170° and then back again, using a servoPulse
function.
Using Libraries
You’ll find it helpful to only contain code that you’d actually use on the
board, since Arduinos have a small amount of memory. By using libraries,
this can be achieved. Libraries are used in Arduino, and by extension in C
programming in general.
The Arduino IDE contains a library that contains instructions on how to use
an LCD display. The program memory used here is approximately 1.5kB. If
you don't use this library, there is no point in including it. It is “included”
when required. A #include directive is used right at the start of your sketch
for this purpose. Using the Sketch | Import Library... menu option, you can
include the libraries installed by the Arduino IDE.
A significant collection of official libraries is included in the Arduino IDE,
including:
EEPROM for storing data in EEPROM memory
Ethernet For system programming
Firmata The serial transmission standard for Arduino to pc
LiquidCrystal For alphanumeric LCD exhibits
SD For reading and writing SD flash memory cards
Servo For directing servo motors
SPI The Arduino to peripheral transmission bus
Software Serial For serial communication utilizing nonserial pins
Stepper For handling stepper motors
WiFi For WiFi network access
Wire For I2C communication with peripherals
Some facilities are particular form of Arduino board:
Keyboard USB keyboard emulation (Leonardo, Due, and Micro)
Mouse USB mouse emulation (Leonardo, Due, and Micro)
Audio Audio playing utilities (Due only)
Scheduler For managing multiple execution threads (Due only)
USBHost USB peripherals (Due only)
Also, the Arduino community has contributed a vast number of libraries
that are available on the Internet. Ones that are extremely popular include
OneWire using the 1-wire bus interface, Dallas Semiconductor's range of
 digital devices can be read.
Xbee For Wireless serial communication
GFX. A graphics library from Adafruit that plays efficiently on several
various types of displays
Capacitive Sensing For proximity detection
FFT Frequency analysis library
The official Arduino website has a lot of the latest collections
(http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries). You can also find them on the
Internet. If you want to utilize these libraries, you must save them in your
Arduino Documents folder Libraries. Please download the libraries and save
them there. You must create the libraries folder if it does not already exist
before adding a library. The Arduino IDE needs to be exited and restarted in
order to recognize a library that has been installed.
Summary
It has been condensed very much in order to provide a condensed explanation
of Arduino. At https://www.arduino.cc/, you can find free Arduino tutorials
that you can refer to if you want to learn more about the Programming
fundamentals. In the next chapter, we will get started with Arduino projects.
Learn by doing more than 30 projects, we hope it will give you a fascinated
experience.
 CHAPTER 4
ARDUINO PROJECTS LEARN BY DOING

Project 1: Blink an LED

We will learn how to make an LED blink in this practical session
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires
Principle:
We are going to learn how to program Arduino's GPIO outputs at both high
and low levels, and make an LED linked to Arduino’s general-purpose input
(GPIO) flicker with a specified frequency.
What is the LED?
The LED stands for light emitting diode. Gallium arsenide and gallium
phosphide are the most common semiconductor materials in these devices.
There are two electrodes in the LED: one positive, the other negative.
Flashing red, blue, green, yellow and others, it only lights up when an electric
current pass through it. Light varies in colour depending on the material it is
made from. By using a lower value resistor, more current is allowed to flow,
so the LED is brighter.
With higher resistor values, the LED will become dimmer because of the
restriction in current flow. A majority of LEDs also have polarity, meaning
that they need to be connected in the right directionless have just about the
longest life span of any lighting solution when compared to traditional
lighting solutions. A fluorescent or metal halide light will last only two to
four times as long as a sodium vapor light.
 Procedure

Step 1: Build the circuit as

below:

Pin definition
LED UNO R3
Long pin -> +5V
Short pin -> GND
Note: Digital signal port 13(D13) is connected to the longest LED on the pin.
Step 2: Make an LED Blink Program using Arduino IDE.

Step 3: Compile the sketch and upload to the Arduino UNO board. A Big
Kudos. As a result, you can see the LED blinking.
Uploading the Program
Ø Please connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable before
uploading code.
Ø Select Tools→Board→ Identify your board in the Arduino menu by
 looking for Arduino Uno. You can also find the Arduino Mega,
Arduino's smaller cousin, through this menu.

Please make sure that you are connecting to the correct serial port on your
board, The list of accessible serial ports can be found by selecting,
Tools→Serial Port→ comX, as soon as your Arduino is linked to a
Windows laptop, it will take the largest number port, such as COM 3 or
COM 15.
} Click Verify the LED Blink Sketch will be checked
} Click Upload Consequently, the program is sent to the Arduino
microcontroller board
Project 2: Traffic Light 3 Way Controller
Overview:
The previous lesson covered how to get LEDs to light up when you program
the Arduino. Here, we use the Arduino to control various LEDs, and the
LEDs will be colored differently to make the lights shown in the traffic signal
system
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
3 x 200Ω Resistor
3 x 5mm RED LED
3 x 5mm YELLOW LED
3 x 5mm GREEN LED
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle:
The experiment used in this lecture is very similar to the lesson in the
previous lesson. Traffic light controller based on an Arduino is an easy
project which is useful to know how traffic lights function in our everyday
lives. The traffic light circuit has been shown in this post. In this circuit, three
sides or ways have been demonstrated. Let's move on to the project.
One of the easiest Arduino projects to understand or code is the Traffic Light
Controller. Traffic Lights are demonstrated on the three-way road using the
LEDs on all three sides in the same method they would really work. This
results in either one of the two sides having two red traffic light signals and
one green light for their neighbour’s side. In between changes from Red to
Green, yellow light remains on, also for 1 second, but at progressively shorter
intervals; in other words, the first 5 seconds are on Red, followed by 1 on
Yellow, before the final second is on Green. The use of traffic control signals
ensures the flow of traffic in an orderly manner. In addition, they are helpful
in reducing the frequency of right-angle accidents. To allow other traffic to
safely cross an intersection, they intercept heavy traffic.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/**********************************************************
TRAFFIC LIGHT 3 WAY CONTROLLER
LET LED BLINKS.
**********************************************************/
void setup() {
// configure the output pins
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(2,1); //enables the 1st set of signals
digitalWrite(7,1);
digitalWrite(10,1);
digitalWrite(4,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(3,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(6,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(7,0);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4,1); //enables the 2nd set of signals
digitalWrite(5,1);
digitalWrite(10,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(7,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(9,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(6,1);
digitalWrite(10,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
digitalWrite(4,0);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,1); //enables the 3rd set of signals
digitalWrite(4,1);
digitalWrite(7,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(10,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(9,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(3,1);
digitalWrite(7,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(4,0);
delay(1000);
}

Step 3: The program was compiled and uploaded to the Arduino UNO
board.
As a result, it is possible to keep the traffic flowing at a constant speed on a
given route or route. In certain types of accidents or crashes, including right-
angle crashes, it helps reduce their severity and frequency IIHS concluded
that red-light cameras in all 79 large U.S. cities included in the study saved
nearly 1,300 lives since they were implemented through 2014.
As well as ensuring a smooth flow of traffic, traffic signals provide an
opportunity for pedestrians and vehicles to cross an intersection and reduce
conflicts between vehicles entering intersections from different directions.
The use of traffic control signals ensures the flow of traffic in an orderly
manner. As a result, there will be a decrease in the frequency of an accident
of a special nature, such as an accident at right angles. As a result, heavy
traffic can safely cross the road intersection while heavy traffic is stopped.
Project 3: Push button - LED Blinking
Overview:
We will learn in this lesson how to detect a button's state and toggle the
LED's state based on the button's state.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x 10KΩ Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Push Button
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle
Button
It is a common component of electronic devices to use buttons to control
them. Connecting and disconnecting circuits is often one of their main
functions. Despite the wide range of button shapes and sizes, we will use a
single 12mm button in this experiment.

A normally open button is what we used. A button has two open contacts
under normal circumstances; only when pressed are they closed. In an open
state (unpressed), no electrical connection exists between the two legs of the
pushbutton. Thus, we read a HIGH reading because the pin is set to 5 volts
(through the pull-up resistor). The button closes (reaches a connection) when
it is pressed, so when it hits a pin, it makes a connection to ground, so we
read LOW. (The pin will still be connected to 5 volts, but the resistor in-
between it will cause it to be closer to ground.)
It seems that the button jitters in the process of use. The jitter waveform can
be seen here:

The Arduino will consider a press of the button as having been made many
times since it will jitter. The jitteriness of the buttons should be dealt with
prior to use. By using software programming, jitter can be eliminated. You
can also solve the issue by using a capacitor. Here's an example of a software
method. The first step is to determine whether the interface consists of low
level or top buttons. If the level of the event is low, a delay of 510ms is
needed. Then determine if you have a low or high level of button interface.
With a low signal volume, you can surmise that the button has been pushed
once. The jitter from buttons can also be avoided by using a 0.1uF capacitor.
Interrupt
A hardware interrupt was implemented to minimize the amount of time spent
waiting for external events in polling loops. Their implementation may take
the form of a distinct system with control lines, or they may appear within the
memory subsystem.
Key functions:
attachInterrupt(interrupt, ISR, mode) Names one or more Interrupt Service
Routines (ISRs) to be named when an interrupt happens.

Procedure:
 Step 1: Build the circuit

Schematic:
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
Push button - LED Blinking
**********************************************************/
int ledpin=13;// definition digital interface
int inpin=5;//Define the number 5 Interface
int val;//Define the variable val
void setup() {
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);//Define led as Output
pinMode(inpin,INPUT);//Button interface is defined as input
}
void loop() {
val=digitalRead(inpin);//Read digitalpin 5 level value assigned to val
if(val==HIGH)//Test button is pressed
{
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Now that the code has been compiled and uploaded to the Arduino
UNO board, press the button, and you'll see that the LED will turn ON or
OFF.
Push-buttons turn things on when pressed, completing a circuit. Release of
the button will result in the circuit breaking and turn it off as soon as the
connection is broken. As well as push-button switches, momentary and
normally-open switches are found in computer keyboards, for instance. The
push-button has four pins, but you generally only connect two at a time,
unlike a toggle switch, which stays in one position until you toggle it to the
other. Despite the two unused pins at the bottom of the board being able to do
the same thing, you will be using the top connections on this project.
Project 4: RGB Blinking LED (Common Anode)
Overview:

With the Arduino, we will

learn how to make the LEDs emit several colors of light, and we will
program the Arduino to control RGB LEDs.
Components:
1 X Arduino UNO
1 X USB Cable
1 X RGB LED
3 X 220Ω Resistor
1 X Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle:
Red, green and blue LEDs make up RGB LEDs. Any colour can be produced
by using these three LEDs. Three-color LEDs that consist of anode, cathode
and red emitters.

A common anode LED RGB is used in

this experiment. The longest pin of the three LEDs is called the common
anode. With a current limiting resistor back-to-back, pins D8, D9, and D10
are connected to pin +5V and the 12 pins are connected to pins D8, D9, and
D10.
With this approach, RGB LEDs can be controlled by 3-channel PWM
signals

Schematic:
Common Anode
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/**********************************************************
RGB LED Blinks, (Common Anode)
**********************************************************/
void setup() {
pinMode (8,OUTPUT);
pinMode (9,OUTPUT);
pinMode (10,OUTPUT);
}
Void loop() {
digitalWrite (8,HIGH);
digitalWrite (10,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite (9,HIGH);
digitalWrite (8,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite (10,HIGH);
digitalWrite (9,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: It is important to compile and upload the program to the Arduino
UNO. Now, you can see the RGB LED flash blue, yellow, white, green, and
purple, then go out. The LED changes hues repeatedly in the same sequence
for 1s each time.
Application:
An LED circuit that dances can be used to indicate highway signs as well as
advertising hoardings, Using LED blinking circuits for signaling (to signal
for help if you are in danger) can be useful.
Using an LED blinking circuit as a flashing beacon is possible. When a
vehicle breaks down, a blinking LED circuit can serve as an indicator.
Operation theaters and office spaces can use it to indicate work is in progress.
 Project 5: Interfacing with Keypad Module
Overview:
With the Arduino UNO R3 board, we will be able to read the keys pressed by
a user so that the board can communicate with that keyboard.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Membrane switch module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle
The keypad is present in everything from cell phones to microwaves
to door locks. There are practically thousands of them. Users can
feed them into tons of electronic devices.
Making very different types of commercial products requires the
knowledge of how to connect a keypad to microcontrollers like the
Arduino UNO.
Eventually, when all has been properly connected and programmed,
the signal will appear in your computer's Serial Monitor when you
press a key. The Serial Monitor shows every key press on the
computer. Further down the line, in another project, the circuit will
be connected to an LCD, from where results will be observed on the
screen. Let's start with just showing the key pressed on the pc right
now for simplicity's sake.

A matrix keypad will be the most appropriate type of keypad for this
project. There are far fewer output pins on this keypad than there are
keys, allowing it to have much less encoding. There are 16 keys on
the matrix keyboard we are utilizing, but only 8 output pins on the
circuit. If you were to build a linear keyboard, you would have to
put 17 output pins on the board (one for each key and a ground pin).
Matrix encoding saves a lot of connections for the keyboard since
smaller pins need to be utilized to have the keypad work. Because
they require less wiring, they are less inefficient than linear keypads.
Schematic:

The Arduino UNO board uses the digital output pins, D9-D2, when the pins
are connected to the pins. The first pin of the keypad is connected to D9, next
to D8, then to D7, fourth pin to D6, then to D5, next to D4, next to D2, and
the eighth pin to D2. These are the connections in a table.
There is also a code and wiring diagram for a 3X4 matrix keypad. For the
purpose of this article, I'll be utilizing a matrix membrane keypad. It's easy to
stick membrane style keypads to flat surfaces because they have an adhesive
backing. For people who like the telephone style keypad style, there are
thicker buttons as well. Using an Arduino, even an old telephone keypad can
be converted to work with the device.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

/*****************************************************
Project 05 - Interfacing with Keypad Module
*****************************************************/
#include <Keypad.h>
const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows
const byte COLS = 4; //four columns
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1','2','3','A'},
{'4','5','6','B'},
{'7','8','9','C'},
{'*','0','#','D'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {9, 8, 7, 6}; //connect to the Rows of the keypad pin
8, 7, 6, 5 respectively
byte colPins[COLS] = {5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the Columns of the keypad
pin 4, 3, 2, 1 respectively
Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins,
colPins, ROWS, COLS);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
if (customKey){
Serial.println(customKey); // Send the pressed key value to the arduino serial
monitor
}
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Summary
I know this is a very simple example, but I think you can see how easy it is to
input keypad data into an Arduino program. These inputs can be used for a
variety of different projects, such as:
Door lock
Input PWM
Alarm clock
Security lock
Well, that pretty much sums it up. Setting up a keypad isn't hard at all. By
modifying the code above a little and trying it out, you should be able to get
the keypad to work with most of the projects you'd want to use it for.
 Project 6: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
Overview:
A variable resistor (a potentiometer) is utilized to change the blink rate of an
LED using the three digital inputs on the Arduino board. As the analog inputs
work using voltages, the resistor's value is read in this manner.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x 5mm RED LED
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x 10kΩ Potentiometer
Jumper wires
Principle
Your pot should be linked to a 5V supply, the center pin to analogue pin A2,
and the remaining pin to ground. An LED is then connected to digital pin 13
with a 220-ohm resistor connected in series. LEDs should be connected to the
resistance through the anode (the positive leg) and the cathode (the negative
leg) to ground with the positive leg connected to negative ground
This type of function is mostly seen in light strings. In order to control the
blinking delay time, we replace the potentiometer reading variable with the
delay time value. The analogRead function on Arduino is used to read
Analog values. Potentiometers are used to adjust voltage.
 Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 06: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
*****************************************************/
int potPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int ledPin = 9; // select the pin for the LED
int val = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT
}
void loop() {
val = analogRead(potPin); // read the value from the sensor
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on
delay(val); // stop the program for some time
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off
delay(val); // stop the program for some time
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
This code can be modified according to your needs. A
microcontroller/Arduino that controls LED brightness is flexible. In either
direction, you can fade the lead as voltage increases or decreases. Depending
on your preferences, you can program the controller. When you insert other
hardware like the motor controller circuit, you can control the fan speed and
the direction the motor rotates. A microcontroller in the intelligent unit is the
only thing that makes it all possible.
If we rotate the potentiometer contact, the serial monitor will display values
between 0 and 1023. Accordingly, whenever the potentiometer output voltage
is high, the Flashing rate is slower because the delay and flashing rate are
both high. As the output value is decreased, the delay will be less, the LED
will blink faster, and every value will be displayed as an output on the #Serial
Monitor
Project 7: Multiple tones with one Piezo Buzzer
Overview:
The purpose of this lesson is to teach you how to use a buzzer.
COMPONENTS
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Buzzer
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires
Principles
To generate air vibrations, buzzers use PWM (pulse width modulation) to
generate audio. Changed appropriately, the vibration can produce different
sounds as long as the frequency is appropriate. The pulse of 523 Hz, for
instance, can be sent to produce Alto Do, the pulse of 587Hz can be used to
produce midrange Re, and the pulse of 659Hz can be used to produce mi.
Play a song with a buzzer.
The pulse output of analog Write () on the UNO R3 board is fixed (500 Hz),
so we should be careful not to use it to generate a pulse to the buzzer.
To use the tone() command, take over one of the Atmega's internal timers, set
the frequency to what you want, and then pulse one of the output pins with
the timer. It only allows you to play one note at a time since it only uses a
single timer. Sequentially playing notes on different pins is possible,
however. This can be accomplished by turning off the timer for one pin
before proceeding to the next.
Are you planning on making some noise with Arduino? We all have our teen
years, but maybe make the Super Mario Brothers soundtrack play to occupy
your minds (it's OK -- we've all been there).
No matter what your audible need, using the tone() function and piezo
speaker with your Arduino will likely be the easiest, quickest, and cheapest
way to make some noise.
 Schematic:
Procedure:

Step 1:
Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
File Name: Multiple Tones with One Piezo Buzzer
**********************************************************/
const int buzzer= 8;
void setup() {
pinMode (buzzer,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
tone(buzzer,1000);
delay(1000);
noTone(buzzer);
delay(1000);
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

TONE () FUNCTION HAS LIMITS YOU SHOULD KNOW
Tones () have some limitations, like everything else in life. You should be
aware of them. Here are some of the points we need to discuss:

When using pins 3 or 11, you can't simultaneously use tone() and
analogWrite(). Trying to use either of these in the same way results in wacky
results. Since the tone() function for pins 3 and 11 uses the same timer that
analogWrite() does, it's because it uses the same built-in timer. Just for the
sake of hearing the weird noises, it's well worth the effort.

Tones lower than 31 Hz cannot be generated. Tones with values 31 and

below can be passed to the tone() function, however, it does not necessarily
mean you will get a good representation of them.

Tone() cannot be used by two different pins simultaneously. Suppose you

have two piezo speakers connected to different pins. Playing both of them
simultaneously isn't possible. You have to turn one on, after which you have
to turn the other one on. Additionally, for the other pin to utilize the tone()
function, the previous pin's tone must be turned off by calling the noTone()
function.
Project 8: Seeing the light using Photo resistor with an Arduino
Overview:
Let's see how photo resistors are used to measure light intensity in this lesson.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB cable
1 x 10kΩ Resistor
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Photo Resistor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Essentially, a photoresist or is a variable resistor that is sensitive to light.
Photo resistors exhibit photoconductivity, implying that their resistance
decreases with increased intensity of incident light. A photo resistor can be
applied in light-sensitive detector circuits.
High resistance semiconductors are used to make photo resistors. At low
levels of illumination, however, a photo-resistor can perform with a few
hundred ohms as opposed to a few megohms in the dark. The semiconductor
gives electrons bound to the semiconductor the energy necessary to jump into
the conduction band when they are exposed to light above a certain
frequency. The free electrons create resistance by conducting electricity
(along with their partners). Photo resistors can have a wide resistance range
as well as considerably different sensitivities between dissimilar devices. In
addition, photo resistors following certain wavelength bands will react very
differently.
Schematic:

In order to make this circuit work, we installed a photo resistor in analog pin
0 (any analog pin would work) and an auxiliary 5V supply on the right side
of the breadboard. An unsealed 1K ohm resistor is used as a grounding
element. An LED (of any color) was attached to pin 13 of the breadboard (a
digital pin would also work) and it was powered by a 220-ohm resistor (one
hundred ohms would also work). Next, there is a wired LED of a different
color connected to a different digital pin, just as the first LED was.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 8 Seeing the light using photo resistor with an Arduino
*****************************************************/
const int sensorPin = 0;
const int ledPin = 9;
int lightCal;
int lightVal;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
lightCal = analogRead(sensorPin);
}
void loop() {
lightVal = analogRead(sensorPin);
if (lightVal < lightCal - 50) {
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 9: Arduino Flame Sensor
Overview:
We will be studying a flame sensor built with an Arduino board in this
project.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Flame Sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wire
Principle:
The flame detector module on the KY-026 is interacting with a lighter or a
candle through its digital and analog interfaces. When the fire sensor detects
fire, a HIGH signal is sent to the Arduino (pin A0), lighting up the LED. The
detection threshold may be increased by turning the potentiometer
clockwise, or decreased by turning it counterclockwise .
Industrial buildings and commercial buildings are very commonly equipped
with fire alarm systems. Sensors are usually contained in these devices, and
they continuously monitor for flames, gas, and fires in the building and
trigger an alarm if they are detected. IR flame sensors contain an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light and is therefore one of the simplest
ways of detecting fire. In a fire, fire does not only produce heat and light, but
also emits infrared rays, yes, every burning flame emits some degree of
infrared light. Flame sensors detect this light, which cannot be seen by human
eyes, and inform microcontrollers such as Arduino that a fire has been
detected.
A photodiode detects light, and an op-amp determines the sensitivity of the
flame sensor. It detects fire and sends a HIGH signal as soon as it is detected.
The Arduino reacts to the signals and activates the LED and buzzer to
provide alert.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/*********************************************************
Project 9 Arduino Flame Sensor.ino Description:
Let, fire is detected by the sensor turning on the LED
**********************************************************/
const int sensorMin = 0; // sensor minimum
const int sensorMax = 1024; // sensor maximum
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
int range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 3);
switch (range) {
case 0: // A fire closer than 1.5 feet away.
Serial.println("** Close Fire **");
break;
case 1: // A fire between 1-3 feet away.
Serial.println("** Distant Fire **");
break;
case 2: // No fire detected.
Serial.println("No Fire");
break;
}
delay(1); // delay between reads
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications of flame sensors
Detecting fire in Hydrogen stations
Monitors for burner combustion
Petroleum and natural gas pipelines
Production facilities for the automotive industry
Facilities related to nuclear energy
Keeping aircraft in hangars
Enclosures for turbines
Project 10: LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219)
Overview:
Here we will learn about Arduino Microcontroller connections with 8x8 LED
matrix displays (MAX7219).
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Dot Matrix (MAX7219)
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Essentially a programmable LED display at a lower cost than conventional
LCD displays, these MAX7219/MAX7221 displays can be driven by either a
microcontroller or a microprocessor. The MAX7219 microprocessor is
equipped with a code-B decoder included in the circuit, MPC scan circuitry,
88-bit static RAM, a segment and digit driver, and a segment decoder (used
for identifying letters and numbers). All segment currents of LEDs can be set
with only one external resistor. A number of interfaces are supported,
including SPI, QSPI, and MICROWIRE, and the MAX7221 has slew-rate-
limited section drivers to minimize EMI. It is possible to address and update
specific numbers in the connected LED display without addressing and
altering the whole display. Attempting to encode each digit in the
MAX7219/MAX7221 can be achieved through code-B decoding the digits or
by leaving they unencoded.
Applications:
MAX7219 utilized in Bar-Graph Displays, 7-Segment Displays, Industrial
Controllers, Electronic Panel Meters, LED Matrix Displays, PIXEL gaming,
Character design, measuring instruments, Hobby projects, Display of
symbols, simple graphics and texts.

Features:
 A Breadboard can be easily installed
The LED lights are bright
Designed compactly.
The LED is 3mm in diameter
Schematic:

Two methods can be used to control the LED matrix. It is possible to send
parallel (parallel data for each row or column) or serial (serial data is sent in
serial format and a conversion IC is used to turn it into parallel data). MAX
7219 Driver supports serial and parallel outputs on common cathode displays.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers can be interfaced with 64 LEDs (8 x 8
LED matrix has 64 LEDs, for example), seven segment displays up to 8
digits, or bar graph displays.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File Name: 10- LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219).ino Description:
Let, LED Matrix Displays 8×8 dots (MAX7219) Interface with Arduino.
***************************************************/
#include <LedControl.h>
int DIN = 12;
int CS = 11;
int CLK = 10;
byte e[8]= {0x7C,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x7C};
byte d[8]= {0x78,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x78};
byte u[8]= {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte c[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x7E,0x7E};
byte eight[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte s[8]= {0x7E,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x3E,0x06,0x3E,0x7E};
byte dot[8]= {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18};
byte o[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte m[8]= {0xE7,0xFF,0xFF,0xDB,0xDB,0xDB,0xC3,0xC3};
LedControl lc=LedControl(DIN,CLK,CS,0);
void setup() {
lc.shutdown(0,false); //The MAX72XX is in power-saving mode on startup
lc.setIntensity(0,15); // Set the brightness to maximum value
lc.clearDisplay(0); // and clear the display
}
void loop() {
byte smile[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0xA5,0x99,0x42,0x3C};
byte neutral[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0xBD,0x81,0x42,0x3C};
byte frown[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0x99,0xA5,0x42,0x3C};
printByte(smile);
delay(1000);
printByte(neutral);
delay(1000);
printByte(frown);
delay(1000);
printEduc8s();
lc.clearDisplay(0);
delay(1000);
}
void printEduc8s() {
printByte(e);
delay(1000);
printByte(d);
delay(1000);
printByte(u);
delay(1000);
printByte(c);
delay(1000);
printByte(eight);
delay(1000);
printByte(s);
delay(1000);
printByte(dot);
delay(1000);
printByte(c);
delay(1000);
printByte(o);
delay(1000);
printByte(m);
delay(1000);
}
void printByte(byte character []) {
int i = 0;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
lc.setRow(0,i,character[i]);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Internal structure of an 8*8 LED matrix
First, you must understand a simple LED to understand the LED matrix.
LEDs are powered by DC power with two pins that give out a light. There are
8 numbers of rows and 8 numbers of columns in the matrix. Since LED
positive pins share common ground with those of adjacent LEDs in rows, and
LED negative pins share common ground with those of adjacent LEDs in
columns. One LED will be turned on when the power is turned on and single
rows and columns are selected. A row 3 or column 3 led will come on if
current is applied to those two rows or columns.
The 8x8 LED matrix has the following features
LED matrix can be operated from any device with LOW voltage.
Drawing text or images on the matrix is possible.
Only 1.5-2V are required to drive the matrix in the forward bias.
There is no special requirement for the LED matrix since it can be
designed with simple LEDs.
It may be difficult for some developers to understand the
programming. So, there is a driver that helps simplify the
programming process as well.
It is possible to perform various patterns on the matrix, such as
scrolling and blinking.
Applications for LED matrix
Text signs are the most common application for LED matrix.
It is used most often by developers to create snake games.
In addition to the matrix clock, there are companies that use it
A matrix can also be found on most watches to make it look even
more attractive and unique.
Project 11: Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display
Overview:
This lesson shows you how to use an LCD1602 character display system on
the Arduino environment. Let's display "Hello World!" on the LCD1602 first.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x potentiometer
1 x LCD (16 x 2) Display
1 x Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Principle
Displays like LCD1602 show characters. Microcontrollers have a parallel
interface, which means that they have to manipulate several interface pins
simultaneously to control the display. Three pins are present on the interface:
pins:
There is a register select RS pin on the LCD that governs where in the ram
you need to write data. The LCD's controller may look for instructions in
either the data register or an instruction register - what goes on the screen has
to be in the data register.
Read/Write pins are used to switch between reading mode and writing mode.
Write access to the register is enabled by an Enable pin. This card contains 8
data pins (D0-D7). When the pins are high or low, the data that is being
written to a register (or read), is represented by bits.
Additionally, there are three display pins (Vo, Bklt+ and Bklt-) as well as
power supply and LED backlight pins to power the LCD and control the
display contrast, respectively.
Display control involves putting data read from the data registers into the
display's instruction register, and then writing commands into the information
registers.
So that you don't have to know these low-level instructions, the Liquid
Crystal Library simplifies these tasks for you. Two modes of control are
available for the Hitachi LCDs: 4-bit and 8-bit. For text displays on the
screen, you can do most anything in 4-bit mode. The 8-bit mode requires 11
I/O pins. Potentiometers have two contacts and at least three terminals each,
making it possible to adjust the voltage divider. If only one terminal and the
wiper are used, the resistor behaves like a variable resistor.

Schematic:

Connection to 16x2 Character LCD with Arduino Uno

Now that we've got the LCD hooked up to the Arduino, let's get started
uploading code and sending data.
We'll show you how to wire up the LCD's 16 pins (total total of 16 pins). It is
good to know that we do not need to connect all of these pins to the Arduino.
We know that the display contains 8 data lines carrying raw data. HD44780
LCDs are designed such that 4 data pins (4-bit mode) can be used to
communicate with them instead of 8 data pins (8-bit mode). We will save
four pins this way!
Therefore, we will be interacting with the LCD using 4-bit mode and only
need six pins to interface with it: RS, EN, D7, D6, D5, and D4.
The LCD Display now needs to be connected to the Arduino. The LCD will
be connected to Arduino's digital pins #4-7 via four data pins (D4-D7). A pin
on the LCD will be connected to Enable on Arduino #2 and a pin on the LCD
will be connected to RS on Arduino #1.
You can see how everything is wired in the following diagram.
Once that's done, all you need to do is upload some code and the display will
start printing.
Procedure:
 Step 1:
Build the circuit as below
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/****************************************************
File name: 11 Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display.ino Description:
Let, LCD display print HELLO WORLD.
*****************************************************/
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 6, 4);
void setup() {
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("hello, world!");
}
void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print the number of seconds since reset:
lcd.print(millis()/1000);
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

The LCD16x2 has the following features
The LCD is mainly equipped with the following features.
Its operating voltage ranges from 4.7V to 5.3V
You can create 16 characters from each row in two rows.
There is no backlight and the consumption of current is 1mA
A 5 by 8-pixel box can be used to create any character
Alphabets and numbers are displayed on the alphanumeric LCDs
There are two modes for the display: 8-bit and 4-bit
You can choose between a blue or green backlight, several characters are
generated specifically for it
Project 12: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor with Arduino
Overview:
This lesson explains the use of an ultrasonic distance sensor to measure
distance.
Component:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Ultrasonic sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wire
Principle:
It has the same functions as the GP2D12 module except it uses sound instead
of light. When an object passes in front of the sensor the HC-SR04 sends a
ping and measures the period between transmitting a signal and receiving a
response.
Our measurement techniques use sound to reach a maximum distance of 4
meters. There is a connector with four pins on the module, larger than
45x20x15mm. The module should be powered with five volts by two pins. 15
mA is the working current. Several pins serve different functions. The first
one is for triggering the measurements while the last one reads the result of
that measurement, the echo pin. HC-SR04's measurement angle is 15 degrees.
There should be about one meter of beam at 4 meters distance. Using 1m as
the measuring point, this is 26cm, so remember this when utilizing this
information.
You must set the trigger pin to the high state for 10 seconds in order to create
an ultrasound. It is at the speed of sound that these pulses will travel to the
Echo Pin and be received there. Using this tool, you can display the time in
microseconds in which the sound wave traveled. In the case of an object 20
cm from the sensor and sound speed of 340 m/s, the sound wave will travel
approximately 588 microseconds. Due to the fact that a sound wave travels
forward and then bounces back, you will get twice the amount of echo from
an Echo pin.
As a result, the distance measured in cm is calculated by multiplying the
received travel time value by 0.034 and dividing it by 2 and converting it to
centimetres.

Schematic:
The HC-SR04 can be interfaced in a 3-wire mode
Three-wire mode requires only one connection to a single digital I/O pin on
the Arduino instead of two. The exceptional parallax ping))) sensor is one of
the many ultrasonic sensors that only work in 3-Wire Mode.
One I/O pin is used in both input and output modes in 3-Wire mode. Due to
the fact that inputs and outputs are never used simultaneously, this is
possible. Then we can use the Arduino connection for something else by
eliminating one of the I/O pin requirements. This feature is also useful when
dealing with chips such as the ATtiny85 which have limited I/O pins.
This is how you can connect the HC-SR04 sensor to the Arduino using 3-
Wire mode.
Clearly, you simply need to connect pin 9 of the Arduino to both the trigger
and echo. There is only one difference you need to make in the sketch: you
must define both the Trigger and Echo pin values on pin 9. Everything else in
the sketch is the same.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 12 – HC-SR04 Project .ino Description:
Let, Distance measure with ultrasonic sensor.************************/
#include <HCSR04.h>
const int TriggerPin = 8; //Trig pin
const int EchoPin = 9; //Echo pin
long Duration = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(TriggerPin,OUTPUT); // Trigger is an output pin
pinMode(EchoPin,INPUT); // Echo is an input pin
Serial.begin(9600); // Serial Output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, HIGH); // Trigger pin to HIGH
delayMicroseconds(10); // 10us high
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW); // Trigger pin to HIGH
Duration = pulseIn(EchoPin,HIGH); // Waits for the echo pin to get high
long Distance_mm = Distance(Duration); // Use function to calculate the
distance
Serial.print("Distance = "); // Output to serial
Serial.print(Distance_mm);
Serial.println(" mm");
delay(1000); // Wait to do next measurement
}
long Distance(long time)
{
long DistanceCalc; // Calculation variable
DistanceCalc = ((time /2.9) / 2); // Actual calculation in mm
//DistanceCalc = time / 74 / 2; // Actual calculation in inches
return DistanceCalc; // return calculated value
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface
Overview:

Here we made a touch sensor based on Arduino using

a coin.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Touch Sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Principle
This device connects to your body through its own electrodes. Capacitances
of the circuit are changed when you touch the sensing pad. The output
changes states as a result of the capacitance change.
The first time I got this device, I thought it would frequently produce
unexpected results despite being functional.
It's possible I was wrong. The game seems to do whatever I expect it to do
after playing for a few hours. The following might do the trick if you are
looking for strong client input.
How to interface a touch sensor with an Arduino:
Our next step will be to interface the touch sensor with the Arduino. An
Arduino board will be required to control the onboard LED via a touch
sensor. In addition, three jumper wires are needed male to female. A
breadboard and three male-to-male jumper wires can also be used if you do
not have these jumper wires.
First you need to connect the jumper wires to the touch sensor PCB of the
touch sensor to begin. In fact, the touch sensor is a resistor. If you press on
the PCB, it will increase its resistance. The PCB detects this and sends a
HIGH signal to the Arduino when you touch the sensor. Our touch sensor can
now be plugged into the Arduino. Connecting red and black wires to 5V,
ground and pin 8, green wires to digital pin 8 constitutes the five-volt supply.
Now that our circuit is complete, we can move forward.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface .ino
Description: Let, Touch sensor using.
**********************************************************/
#define sensorPin 2 // capactitive touch sensor - Arduino Digital pin D2
int ledPin = 13; // Output display LED (on board LED) - Arduino Digital pin
D13
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
int senseValue = digitalRead(sensorPin);
if (senseValue == HIGH){
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.println("TOUCHED");
}
else{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
Serial.println("not touched");
}
delay(500);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 14: Relay Module interface with an Arduino
Overview:
We will take a look at relay modules using this lesson.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x Relay Module
Jumper wire
Principle
Relays are electrically operated switches. Other operating principles are also
used in solid-state relays, as well as electromagnets used in many relays.
Controlling a circuit with a relay is best suited where a low-power signal is
needed (with complete electrical isolation between one circuit and its control,
and one signal must control various circuits).
A relay was the first device used in wide-area telegraphy circuits as an
amplifier. This signal was repeated on another circuit after it came from one
circuit. Early computers performed logical operations with relays widely used
in telephone exchanges.
Often referred to as a contractor, these relays are capable of handling high-
powered loads such as electric motors. Instead of using moving parts,
semiconductors are used to switch power circuits on solid-state relays.
Electrical circuits are shielded from overload or defects by utilizing relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple coils. Digital
instruments known as protective relays perform these functions in modern
electric power systems.
LEDs will be powered by a 3v battery. To connect the positive and negative
sides of the battery, we have connected the positive side to the com of each
relay, and the negative side to the NO of each led. By giving a voltage range
of 5 to 24V DC, you can also power the four relay modules externally.
 Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 14: Relay Module with Arduino
****************************************************/
int relayPin = 3;
void setup() {
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW); // turn the relay on (Active LOW operation)
delay(2000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // turn the relay off by making the voltage
HIGH
delay(2000); // wait for a second
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Relays are used primarily in places where only low-power signals are suitable
for controlling circuits. With the advent of computers, they were also used for
Boolean operations and other logic operations. In order to drive electric
motors and other high power relay applications, high power is required.
Relays of this type are known as contactors.
Applications for relays
Logical functions are accomplished by relay circuits. The logic they
provide is extremely important for safety.
As a time-delay function, relays are utilized. Their purpose is to time
the delay open and delay close of contacts.
The use of relays for controlling high voltage circuits is based on
signals delivered at low voltages. Similar to this, they are used in
high current circuits by using signals with low current.
They can be used as protective relays as well. This function allows all
faults to be detected and isolated during transmissions and receptions.
Project 15: Control Servo Motor with Arduino
Overview:
There is only one way to rotate a servo motor, which is in turn a type of
geared motor. The Arduino UNO R3 board sends electric pulses to control it.
The servo is instructed to move to that position by these pulses. The three
conductors of the servo include the brown wire which is GND, the red one
which is VCC and the orange cable which is the signal wire.
About Servo Motor
There is a servo motor, which operates at angles between 0 and 180
degrees.
Microcontrollers control servo motors, which are only powered from
a microprocessor like the following: The Arduino/Genuino, The
Raspberry Pi, Micro:Bit
It has a DC motor that only consumes 35 milliamps. A potentiometer
allows it to determine which angle it is in as well as some gears.
Electrical pulses are sent through the control wires of servos in the form of
pulse width modulations (PWMs). Minimum pulse, maximum pulse, and
repetition rate are all specified. In general, servo motors have a maximum
turning circle of 180° in either direction. Neutral position refers to the servo
having equal rotational potential clockwise or counterclockwise. As the
motor receives a pulse via the control wire, it determines the position of the
shaft, and the rotor turns to that position based on the duration of the pulse, a
servo motor turns according to the length of the pulse it receives every 20
milliseconds (ms).
The motor will turn to the 90° position with a 1.5ms pulse. If the servo is
moved faster than 1.5ms, it moves in the counterclockwise direction toward
0o, and if the servo is moved faster than 1.5ms, it turns in the clockwise
direction toward 180o.

COMPONENTS:
 1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Servo Motor
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires

Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*******************************************************
File name: 15 Control Servo Motor .ino Description:
Let, servo motor rotate
**********************************************************/
# include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
void setup() {
myservo.attach(6);
}
void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 5) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 5) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 16: Stepper Motor Control with Arduino

Overview:
In this lesson we will learn how to control a stepper motor, a stepper motor is
controlled by a stepper motor’s rotational speed through an analog input,
analog input 0. Various control pins are available for unipolar or bipolar
motors including pins 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Stepper Motor
1 x Motor Driver Module
1 x Battery
Jumper wires
Principle
Motors that are operated by a stepper controller require the use of a driver
module. In our case, the motor will not be able to run since the controller
module (Arduino) is not capable of providing enough current through its I/O
pins. A module such as ULN2003 will be utilized.
There are many different types of driver modules that are used as stepper
motors. The rating of each driver module depends on the type of motor used.
Here is a circuit diagram showing how an Arduino stepper motor controller is
implemented. In our setup, we used a Stepper motor 28BYJ-48 as well as the
ULN2003 Driver module. A digital pin 8,9,10 and 11 is used to engage the
four coils on the stepper motor. Powered by the Arduino's 5V pin, the driver
module powers the Arduino Board.
When you connect the steppe motor to a load with an external power supply,
the driver should be powered. The +5V rail of the Arduino Board was used
because it is just being used as a demonstration. Keep in mind that you
should always link the ground of the Arduino to the ground of the Diver
module.

Pin definition
Connecting 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor and ULN2003 Driver to Arduino
Ø The motor is now ready to be hooked up to our Arduino! We can
begin connecting it to our Arduino now!
Ø The ULN2003 driver needs to be connected to the power supply.
Ø A stepper motor can be powered directly from the Arduino. As the
motor might induce electrical noise onto the Arduino's power supply
lines, this is not recommended since it could cause damage to the
board.
Ø You should therefore use a separate 5V power source for your
stepper motor.
 Ø Lastly, connect the ground of the power supply to the ground of the
Arduino. It is very important to establish a voltage reference that is
the same between the two.
Ø Assemble the driver board by connecting pins IN1, IN2, IN3, and
IN4 to the Arduino digital pins 8, 9, and 10.
Ø The motor cable from the stepper motor should then be connected to
the driver board.
Ø Upon completion, the illustration below should look like what you
have done.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
File name: 16 stepper Motor Control .ino Description:
Let, Control stepper motor.
*********************************************************/
#include <Stepper.h>
#define STEPS 64
Stepper stepper(STEPS, 8, 9, 10, 11);
int previous = 0;
void setup() {
stepper.setSpeed(30);
}
void loop() {
int val = analogRead(0);
stepper.step(val - previous);
previous = val;
}
Step 3: The motor will rotate clockwise once the program is uploaded to the
Arduino UNO board. Motor speed is increased by increasing the
potentiometer value. You may notice the motor, which is subject to a time
delay, is insensitive to changes in the sensor value when it is running at low
speeds since setSpeed() extends the length of the delay between steps.
The applications of stepper motors
Used in 3D printing equipment, Textile machines.
Various printing presses are used, utilized in the gaming machines.
Machines used in medical imaging, and a small robotics system.
Machines for CNC milling, Typically, welding equipment is used.
There are some benefits associated with stepper motors.
A motion sensor is not required for stepper motors because of their
internal structure. A motor's position can be determined by simply
counting the steps it takes to move.
As well, stepper motors are pretty easy to control. Although the
motor requires a driver, it does not require complex calculations or
tuning. Most motors require less control effort than others. It is
possible to achieve high position precision with micro stepping, up to
approximately 0.007 degrees.
A stepping motor offers good torque, holds positions well, and has a
long lifespan.
Project 17: Interfacing Soil Moisture Sensor with an Arduino
Overview:
We will be studying soil moisture sensors in this project which have been
specially developed to identify how much moisture or water a soil includes.

Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Soil Moisture Sensor
Jumper Wires
Principle
Soil Moisture sensors are utilized to precisely measure how much moisture
the soil includes. Dielectric constants are measured using capacitance in soil.
As the soil transmits electricity, the dielectric constant can be thought of as
the ability to conduct electricity.
Increased water content of the soil increases the soil's water content. Because
of its higher dielectric constant than any other portion of soil, water is used to
measure moisture in soil sensors. The sensor detects the moisture content in
the soil by generating a voltage proportional to its dielectric permittivity,
which consequently determines how much water is available.

The most important thing for us to take care of plants and turf is to take care
of them regularly when we have a home garden or a backyard with turf.
Watering your lawn and plants with sprinklers is one of the more popular
options, but for the best results, go for manual watering.
You must consider the amount of soil moisture when designing an Automatic
Plant Watering System, in which the water supply is either sprinklers or drip
irrigations.
A Microcontroller and a Water Pump can be used to precisely control the
amount of water supplied to the garden by measuring the soil moisture. By
integrating Soil Moisture with Arduino, I will demonstrate how to monitor
the soil moisture of a small pot.

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE”

/**********************************************************
Project: 17. Soil Moisture Sensor .ino Description:
Let, Detect the amount of moisture or water soil contains.
*********************************************************/
const int hygrometer = A0; // Soil moisture sensor analog pin output at pin
A0 of Arduino
int value;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
value = analogRead(hygrometer); // Read analog value
value = constrain(value,400,1023); // Keep the ranges!
value = map(value,400,1023,100,0); // Map value : 400 will be 100 and
1023 will be 0
Serial.print("Soil humidity: ");
Serial.print(value);
Serial.println("%");
delay(1000); // Read every 1 sec
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
 Project 18: Water Level Monitoring
Experiments
Overview
The water level is being measured, and it is easily achieved since only the
analog port value (A0) needs to be read, then it is converted to a percentage.
Specification
Operating voltage: DC3-5V
Operating current: less than 20mA
Sensor Type: Analog
Production process: FR4 double-sided HASL Humidity: 10% -90%
non-condensing
Detection Area: 40mmx16mm

Circuit
Diagram
Hardware Required
Material diagram Material name Number
LCD1602 1

Water Lever 1
Sensor
220/330Ω resistor 1
10KΩ 1
Potentiometer
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several

PIN Configuration
UNO R3 Water sensor
GND -> -
5V -> +
A0 -> S
UNO R3 LCD1602_IIC

GND -> GND

+5V -> VCC
SDA -> A4
SCL -> A5

Program
// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
//initialise the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

int resval = 0; // holds the value

int respin = A5; // sensor pin used

void setup() {

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("WATER LEVEL: ");
}

void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

resval = analogRead(respin); //Read data from analog pin and store it to

resval variable

if (resval<=100){ lcd.println("Empty "); } else if (resval>100 &&

resval<=300){ lcd.println("Low "); } else if (resval>300 && resval<=330){
lcd.println("Medium "); } else if (resval>330){
lcd.println("High ");
}
delay(1000);
}
Compile and Upload
The LiquidCrystal_I2C library file must be added to Arduino's library list,
otherwise the compiler may not pass. See Chapter 2 for information on
‘adding library files. If the LCD doesn’t display or if the brightness isn’t
enough, you can alter the potentiometer.
Project 19: Vibration Sensor Module
Overview:
Here we will use an Arduino board with an LCD and a vibration sensor.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Vibration Sensor Module
1 x LED
1 x BreadBoard
Jumper Wires
Principle
Trouble might be coming if there are vibrations. There's nothing more
dangerous than a machine gone haywire or a gear missing a tooth on a robot,
or even worse, a looming earthquake! We will see how to use specially
designed sensors to sense vibrations and an Arduino microcontroller for the
purpose in this vibration sensor tutorial. SW-420 and an 801S vibration
sensor are widely available on the market.
Arduino UNO requires only the input pin to be monitored in order to use a
vibration sensor, so programming it isn't too difficult. In the beginning, only
the headers are included. Because this tutorial was created using Eclipse IDE
and its Arduino extension, the Arduino header file is included. When this
sketch is used with Arduino IDE, no need for the Arduino IDE header file,
since this sketch works with Arduino IDE as well.
There is no need for an additional breadboard for this circuit. A test can be
done using the Arduino UNO Board. This led is monitored when the
vibratory sensor is hit or when its state changes. A led connected to Pin 13 on
Arduino UNO will blink when there is some vibration. The vibration sensor
will not work if the power is disconnected or if the connection is poor.
Connect the microcontroller and sensor without causing any loose
connections.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 18 - Vibration Sensor Module .ino Description:
Let, Vibration Sensor.
**********************************************************/
int vib_pin=7;
int led_pin=13;
void setup() {
pinMode(vib_pin,INPUT);
pinMode(led_pin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int val;
val=digitalRead(vib_pin);
if(val==1)
{
digitalWrite(led_pin,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led_pin,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
digitalWrite(led_pin,LOW);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications of the SW-420 Vibration Sensor
Geophysical earthquake detection
The alarm system
The Object Detection System
Automobiles with artificial intelligence
Analyzing the circuit
Upload the code. The module can either be tapped or moved and evaluated
by making some vibrations on the table. As long as it does not detect
anything, it will keep blinking.
Project: 20: Infrared Sensor Receiver Module with an Arduino
Overview:
In this tutorial we are using Receiver modules KY-022.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Infrared Receiver module
1 x Infrared remote control
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Now we are going to introduce an infrared transmitter and receiver module,
which, recently, has become increasingly common in daily life. Many
household appliances include them, including air conditioners, televisions,
DVDs, etc., It can be controlled by wireless remote control, and it uses
wireless sensing for its functionality.
Let's see how we can use IR emission LEDs to make a TV remote by using
this module.
Schematic:
Arduino GND --> Module pin GND
Arduino +5V --> Module PLUS (middle pin)
Arduino Digital pin 11 --> Module S
A command will execute once the signal has been demodulated. Modules that
receive IR signals are known as IR receivers. 3 and 8 KHz frequency are used
for these modules. The Vout output is equal to VS (power supply) in the
absence of any light at the sensor's working frequency. An infrared light with
frequency 38 kHz will result in no output.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/****************************************************
File name: 19 – Infrared sensor Receiver module KY-022
Let, Only Receiver modules.
****************************************************/
#include <IRremote.h>
int RECV_PIN = 11;
IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);
decode_results results;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
irrecv.enableIRIn(); // Start the receiver
}
void loop() {
if (irrecv.decode(&results)) {
Serial.println(results.value, HEX);
irrecv.resume(); // Receive the next value
}
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Project 21: IR Remote Control Experiment with Arduino

Overview

It is a study of the infrared transmission of data. Only the introduction of the

use of methods involves the use of the infrared decoder, so the experiment
utilizes the content of complex. There are lots of Arduino projects that utilize
IR communication. Simple IR transmitter and receivers can be used to control
robots, distance sensors, heart rate monitors, remote controls for DSLR
cameras, and TV remote controls, among many other things.

Pin definition
The infrared remote can be used to control the Arduino easily. This particular
remote control is available from many sources and is surprisingly affordable.
There are many similarities between them, including how they look and
operate.
A single Arduino is required for this project. The Arduino UNO that I used
should work just about with any Arduino. Connect your infrared receiver to
the kit's power supply. The wiring consists of three wires, PWR, GND, and
SIG. Port 11 was used for SIG. Important! It has been reported that some
readers have different wiring on their sensors. You should check it twice.
Hardware required
Material Material Name Number
diagram
IR Remote 1

IR Receiver 1

USB Cable 1

UNO R3 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires Several

Circuit diagram

UNO IR Receiver
R3
D2 -> OUT
GND -> GND
+5V -> VCC
Program
To find the key codes for your remote control, upload this code to your
Arduino and open the serial monitor:
#include <IRremote.h>

const int RECV_PIN = 7;

IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);
decode_results results;

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
irrecv.enableIRIn();
irrecv.blink13(true);
}

void loop(){
if (irrecv.decode(&results)){
Serial.println(results.value, HEX);
irrecv.resume();
}
}

Your computer must be connected to the USB port of the Arduino in order to
upload the sketch. Open up the Serial Monitor, grab the remote, and start
pressing the buttons. On the Serial Monitor, there should be some hex codes.
You can find the remote-control codes here. The FFFFFF command repeats,
so if you keep pressing a button, a stream of them will appear. Now press
each key on your remote and record the hexadecimal code printed for each
key press.
From the remote that came with my HX1838 IR receiver and remote set,
using the program above I derived a table of keys and their corresponding
codes. A 0XFFFFFFFF code will be displayed if you keep pressing the key
continuously.
Hexadecimal code

Key Code

CH- 0xFFA25D

CH 0xFF629D

CH+ 0xFFE21D
<< 0xFF22DD

>> 0xFF02FD

>|| 0xFFC23D

– 0xFFE01F

+ 0xFFA857

EQ 0xFF906F

100+ 0xFF9867

200+ 0xFFB04F

0 0XFF6897

1 0xFF30CF

2 0xFF18E7

3 0xFF7A85

4 0xFF10EF

5 0xFF38C7

6 0xFF5AA5

7 0xFF42BD

8 0xFF4AB5
 9 0xFF52AD

Compile and upload

Other than that, you need to contain the IR-remote library file directory to the
Arduino library. Otherwise, it won't compile. Please see Chapter 2 for a
description on adding library files.
Summary
There are several manufacturers of IR receivers available on the market. In
Europe, Siemens, Vishay, and Telefunken are the main suppliers. A Siemens
SFH506-xx series is available, where xx indicates that the modulation
frequency is 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56kHz. TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx0 are
Telefunken's modulation frequency oscillators, where xx indicates the
modulation frequency the device operates at. Apparently, these parts have
now become obsolete. The product series has been replaced by Vishay's
TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx, and TSOP62xx.
Three Asian IR receiver companies include Sharp, Xiamen Hualian, and
Japanese Electric. The Sharp GP1UD26xK, GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK
devices have very cryptic ID names, where x represents the modulation
frequency. There is the Hualian HRMx00 series, like the HRM3700 and
HRM3800. A series of devices from Japanese Electric do not indicate their
modulation frequency in their part IDs. IC-12042LM and IC-12043LM are
tuned to 36.7 kHz and 37.9 kHz, respectively.
IR Sensors Intended for consumer electronics, this theory describes the
operation of IR remote control systems. The issue of security is not addressed
here. As long as I'm controlling my VCR or TV, the security aspect is not
important. But turning the key to open a car or door becomes literally a 'key'
feature.
Project 22: Interfacing Sound Sensor Module with Arduino
Overview:
With this experiment, we will understand how to use a Sound Sensor module
with an Arduino.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Sound sensor module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
There are two outputs that come from the Sound Sensor: AO, analog output,
and DO, real-time digital output, the threshold-sensitivity of the noise to be
achieved by potentiometer adjustment will be achieved when a certain
threshold is reached for the intensity of the sound.
PIN Configuration
KY-037 Arduino
A0 -
+ 5v
G GND
D0 Pin 2
This type of sound sensor is inexpensive, easy to interface with, and detects
sounds like voices, claps, or doorbells. These sensors can be used for a
variety of purposes, such as making your lights clap-activated or tracking
your pets when you're away.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*****************************************************
File name: 20 –Sound sensor module
*****************************************************/
const int ledPin = 13; //pin 13 built-in led
const int soundPin = 2; //sound sensor attach to A0
int threshold = 600; //Set minimum threshold for LED lit
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);//set pin13 as OUTPUT
Serial.begin(9600); //initialize serial
}
void loop() {
int value = digitalRead(soundPin);//read the value of A0
Serial.println(value);//print the value
if(value > threshold) //if the value is greater than 600
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);//turn on the led
delay(200);//delay 200ms
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);//turn off the led
}
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 23: Analog Joystick Module with Arduino
Overview:
This tutorial will demonstrate how to use an analog joystick module. Adding
some control to your projects is straightforward with analog joysticks.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Joystick Module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle
Joystick
This module has 5 prongs: Vcc, Ground, X, Y, Key. Its labels may differ
from yours. The module will depend on where you receive it from. With the
thumb stick, you can pull the left side of the control stick to push down, and
the right side of the control stick to push down. Furthermore, you can activate
a „press to select" button by pressing the joystick down (which is quite hard
on mine).
The data from the X/Y pins will be read using the Analog Arduino pins, and
the button will be read with a digital pin. If the joystick is pushed, it connects
to the ground, but it floats otherwise. Key and Select pins must be connected
via a pull-up resistor to Vcc in order to yield stable readings. Digital pins on
Arduino are equipped with built in resistors. The following schematic will
guide you through activating pull-up resistors on Arduino pins that are
designed as inputs.
In terms of analog joysticks, they are similar to two potentiometers connected
together, one for the vertical movement (Y-axis), and another for the
horizontal movement (X-axis). In addition to the joystick, it also has a Select
button. A controller like this can be very handy for retro gaming, robotic
control, and RC cars.
Schematic
Procedure:

Step 1:
Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
File name: 21 - Analog Joystick Module. No
Description: Let, Analog Joystick Module
***********************************************/
const int SW_pin = 2; // digital pin connected to switch output
const int X_pin = A0; // analog pin connected to X output
const int Y_pin = A1; // analog pin connected to Y output
void setup() {
pinMode(SW_pin, INPUT);
digitalWrite(SW_pin, HIGH);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.print("Switch: ");
Serial.print(digitalRead(SW_pin));
Serial.print("\n");
Serial.print("X-axis: ");
Serial.print(analogRead(X_pin));
Serial.print("\n");
Serial.print("Y-axis: ");
Serial.println(analogRead(Y_pin));
Serial.print("\n\n");
delay(500);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Application
A camera's pan/tilt can be controlled
Controls and input for the game, Robotics control
Input of Analog Parameters, and Often used in DIY projects
Game controllers come to mind when we hear the word "Joystick". There are
many applications of the joystick in electronics. They are commonly used in
DIY robotics projects and Arduino-based projects. Having an analog output,
we can use this module to feed in an analog input based on movement or
direction. Alternatively, it can be controlled with a movable camera.
Project 24: Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino
Overview:
This project will answer all your questions on how to receive humidity and
temperature data using the DHT11 sensor and then send it to Arduino Ultra.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x DTH11 Temperature Sensor
1 x BreadBoard
Jumper Wires

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

This is the time when the Arduino IDE software should be running. Next, you
have to install the DHT Sensor library. This can be done via the Arduino
Library Manager:

Sketch→Include Library→Manage Libraries…

Look for the "DHT sensor library by Adafruit" within the "dht" search
field. Click "Install" or "Update" if you have an older version installed.

IMPORTANT: As of version 1.3.0 of the DHT library, the Adafruit_Sensor

library is also required. This is available under the Arduino Library Manager.

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 22 Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino .ino Description: Let,
Showing the temperature using DHT.
**********************************************************/
#include <SimpleDHT.h>
int pinDHT11 = 7;
SimpleDHT11 dht11;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.println("=================================");
Serial.println("Sample DHT11...");
byte temperature = 0;
byte humidity = 0;
byte data[40] = {0};
if (dht11.read(pinDHT11, &temperature, &humidity, data)) {
Serial.print("Read DHT11 failed");
return;
}
Serial.print("Sample RAW Bits: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
Serial.print((int)data[i]);
if (i > 0 && ((i + 1) % 4) == 0) {
Serial.print(' ');
}
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.print ("Sample OK: ");
Serial.print((int)temperature); Serial.print(" *C, ");
Serial.print((int)humidity); Serial.println(" %");
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications
The sensor is used for a wide range of applications, including the
measurement of humidity and temperature in HVAC systems. They can also
be used to predict weather conditions in weather stations. In homes where
humidity affects people, the humidity sensor provides a preventive measure.
The sensor is used for measuring humidity values in offices, cars, museums,
greenhouses, and industries as a safety measure.
This sensor gained popularity among hobbyists because of its small size and
high sampling rate. Besides the DHT11 sensor, there are some other sensors
that can be used instead, such as DHT22, AM2302, SHT71.
 Project 25: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Experiment

Overview

It consists of more complex experimentation, monitoring temperature and

humidity of the indoor air, and the LCD display of the value.
Working of the Project
With an Arduino UNO multi-tasking device and a DHT11 Humidity and
Temperature Sensor, a simple project built with Humidity and Temperature
sensors is able to determine Humidity and Temperature from the surrounding.
When we connect, the program already takes care of everything, so we do not
need to do anything else. The DHT11 module comes with a special library
called “DHT”, but we did not use it. This library must be downloaded
separately by Arduino users, and it must be added to the Arduino libraries.
Data timing diagrams in the datasheet were used in writing the program. By
logging the data from the sensor and displaying it on the LCD Display, the
program will automatically read the data from the Arduino.
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
DHT sensors come in different types, such as the DHT11, DHT21, DHT22,
DHT33, and DHT44. The difference is mostly in the accuracy and sampling
rate, which they all measure temperature and humidity. A side-by-side
comparison of DHT11 and DHT22, the two most popular sensors, is shown
in the table below. In terms of accuracy and range, the DHT22 is better, but it
has a slower sampling rate, is larger in size, and costs twice as much as the
DHT11.
Hardware required
Material Material name Number
diagram
LCD1602_IIC 1

DHT11 1

USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several

Connection
diagram
PIN Configure
Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3);
byte degree_symbol[8] =
{
0b00111,
0b00101,
0b00111,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000
};
int gate=11;
volatile unsigned long duration=0;
unsigned char i[5];
unsigned int j[40];
unsigned char value=0;
unsigned answer=0;
int z=0;
int b=1;
void setup()
{

lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("Temp = ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Humidity = ");
lcd.createChar(1, degree_symbol);
lcd.setCursor(9,0);
lcd.write(1);
lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("%");
}

void loop()
{

delay(1000);
while(1)
{
delay(1000);
pinMode(gate,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(gate,LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(gate,HIGH);
pinMode(gate,INPUT_PULLUP);//by default it will become high due to
internal pull up
// delayMicroseconds(40);

duration=pulseIn(gate, LOW);
if(duration <= 84 && duration >= 72)
{
while(1)
 {
duration=pulseIn(gate, HIGH);

if(duration <= 26 && duration >= 20){

value=0;}

else if(duration <= 74 && duration >= 65){

value=1;}

else if(z==40){
break;}

i[z/8]|=value<<(7- (z%8));
j[z]=value;
z++;
}
}
answer=i[0]+i[1]+i[2]+i[3];

if(answer==i[4] && answer!=0)

{
lcd.setCursor(7,0);
lcd.print(i[2]);
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print(i[0]);
}

z=0;
i[0]=i[1]=i[2]=i[3]=i[4]=0;
}
}

Compile and Upload

To add these libraries to the Arduino library directory and pass the
compiler, follow the instructions in 'How to add libraries in Chapter 2'. In
order to make the LCD display or provide sufficient brightness, please adjust
the potentiometer as below.

As a first step, the Arduino transmits a high to low start signal to DHT11
after a 18s delay to ensure that this device is detected. Once the data line is up
and running, Arduino waits for the data from DHT to come in for a period of
20-40 seconds. With a time, delay of about 80s, DHT sends low voltage level
response signals to Arduino once it detects the start signal. A DHT controller
pulls up the data line and holds it for 80s for the purpose of arranging the data
transmission.
A low voltage level on the data bus indicates that the DHT11 is transmitting a
response. After this is complete, DHT performs data line pull-up for 80s
again to prepare data transmission.
Every bit of data is sent by DHT by 50s of low voltage level and length of
high voltage level signal determining if it is "0" or "1".

A key requirement is to make sure the pull up resistor is rated at 5K if DHT

sensor is placed at 20 meters distance. Pull up resistors of appropriate value
should be used when installing DHT at distances exceeding 20 meters.
Applications
Various applications for the DHT11 Humidity and Temperature
Sensor include:
The HVAC system consists of ventilation, heating, and air
conditioning (HVAC).
Utilized in Weather Stations
Medicinal equipment that measures humidity
Automation Systems for the Home
Weather control applications in automotive and other industries
Project 26: One digit 7 Segment Displays with an Arduino

Overview
In this project, the control of the LEDs is the same as the LED experiment,
however, the experiment can record time.

Pin definition
Embedded systems and industrial applications using one-digit seven segment
displays commonly known beforehand the range of outputs that will be
displayed. 0-9 numbers, and a few characters, can be displayed on this 7-
segment display. The types of 7 segment displays differ, for example the
number of characters and digits they can display varies. Basic 7 segment
displays can display only one character or one digit, and they are essentially
single units. In multiplexed 7 segment displays, 2 digits, 3 digits, or 4 digits
are shown through the multiplexing of single unit displays. You can connect
your Arduino to a 7-segment display very easily! We'll begin the tutorial
now.
In regards to the number of characters the 7-segment display can display, it
has many limitations. On the market are displays that are much more
advanced than seven segment displays; they are capable of displaying nearly
every alphabetical character. Suppose, for example, that you have a 16*2
LCD – which can display almost any ASCII character. It makes you wonder
why there are still 7 segment displays available on the market today. There is
no doubt that 7 segment displays represent the most affordable option among
display devices available. A 7 segment display capable of displaying one
digit or one character is available for one tenth the price of a LCD module.
The rectangular plastic package contains one of the LEDs' connection pins
which led out from its positional segment. The LED pins are labelled "a"
through "g", with each LED representing one of the individual LEDs. Each
LED pin is connected to another LED pin, forming a common pin. When
Forward Biased in a specific order, some LED segments will brighten but
others will remain dim, thus showing the corresponding character on the
display.
Displays are generally classified according to their common pins. Pin
connections consist of two types: one pin with cathodes connected and
another with anodes connected, indicating Common Cathode (CC) and
Common Anode (CA). CA displays have all the anodes connected to the
cathodes, while CC displays have all the cathodes connected to the anodes.
Hardware required
Material Material Number
Diagram
1 digit LED 1
Segment
Displays
220/330Ω 1
resistor
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
 Jumper wires few

Connection diagram
Note: Pay attention to the direction of digital tube Connection:
UNO SEG
R3
D3 -> C
D4 -> D
D5 -> E
D6 -> G
D7 -> F
D8 -> A
D9 -> B
GND -> COM
Program
// declaring an array of integers
int numbers[] = { 90, 150, 30 };
int a, b;

void setup() {
a = numbers[0] + numbers[1]; // Sets variable a to 240
b = numbers[1] + numbers[2]; // Sets variable b to 180
}
// different ways of declaring arrays of chars
char string1[15];
char string2[7] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!'};
char string3[7] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!', ''};
char string4[] = "hello there!";

int a = 10;

// allocates an array for holding 10 characters

// (last position is for holding the '' or NULL string terminator
char *string5 = new char[a+1];
...
// releases the memory space allocated for string5
delete [] string5;
Compile and upload
After uploading code, you can see the number on the digital tube increased
from 0 to 9. As you can see from the code given above, the Arduino code is
extremely simple and follows the beginners' approach. An array or other
advanced programming element can allow a program to be written in a
smaller number of lines. As you can see in the following lines, the pin names
for the segments have been assigned. Additionally, we have configured all
the outputs that we will be using. Counting 0-9 is accomplished with a for
loop, and switching between the relevant statements is achieved using a
switch statement.
 Project 27: Four Digit 7 Segment Display
Module (TM1637)
Overview:
A four-digit, seven-segment display (TM1637) will be used in this lesson.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 4 Digit 7-segment Display
1 x Breadboard
Several Jumpers wire
Principle
The yellow pin of the 7-segment display is connected to the power source
when the 7-segment display is common anode; and the red pin is connected
to the GND when the 7-segment display is common cathode. Anodes or
cathodes control the digits in a four-digit 7-segment display by the common
electrode. The principle of Persistence of Vision allows you to recognize all
numbers displayed even though only one digit is working since the scanning
speed is so fast that you barely notice the intervals between the numbers.
A TM1637 LED driver from Titan Micro Electronics is at the heart of the
module, In addition to being able to control LED brightness and ON/OFF
state, the TM1637 can access those segments individually. Additionally, the
LEDs can be made brighter by adjusting their brightness in software.
Furthermore, once the microcontroller updates the display, the TM1637 then
takes care of all the work of refreshing the display. The microcontroller can
then concentrate on other important tasks, since the overhead has been
removed.
Pin definition

Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/*******************************************************
File name: 23_ Four Digital Seven Segment Display(TM1637) .ino
Description:
Let, four digital segment display.
********************************************************/
#include <TM1637Display.h>
const int CLK = 9; //Set the CLK pin connection to the display
const int DIO = 8; //Set the DIO pin connection to the display
int NumStep = 0; //Variable to interate
TM1637Display display(CLK, DIO); //set up the 4-Digit Display.
void setup() {
display.setBrightness(0x0a); //set the diplay to maximum brightness
}
void loop() {
for(NumStep = 0; NumStep < 9999; NumStep++) //Interrate NumStep
{
display.showNumberDec(NumStep); //Display the Variable value;
delay(500); //A half second delay between steps.
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 28: Heart-shaped display experiment with Arduino

Overview
Here you will learn about using an 8x8 dot matrix to make an animated
beating heart.
Pin definition

In this project, we will demonstrate the use of a MAX7219 8x8 LED matrix
with Arduino. We will do this by connecting an 8*8 LED matrix module to
an Arduino Uno board with a MAX7129 LED driver. 64 LEDs (Light
Emitting Diodes) make up an 8*8 LED matrix, which has eight rows and
eight columns. It is therefore known as a LED matrix.
Utilizing different Arduino codes, we will design and generate different LED
patterns; the patterns will be displayed on an LED matrix.

Material Material name Number Hardware required

diagram
8*8 Dot-matrix 1
Display
220/330Ω 8
resistor
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several
Connection diagram
Pin Configuration:

Note ： Some pin ports need connection resistance

Program
// Name: #define
// replaces COUNT with number 1000
// doesn't allocate ram for a variable
#define COUNT 1000

int i = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
if (i < COUNT) {
Serial.print("i = ");
Serial.println(i);
}
i = i+1;
// i will overflow to -32768 eventually
// printing again
}
// replaces MYLED with number 8

// doesn't allocate ram for a variable

#define MYLED 8

void setup()
{
pinMode(MYLED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(MYLED, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(MYLED, LOW);
delay(100);
}

// Name: unsigned char

unsigned char m; // Declare variable "m" of type char
m = 'A'; // Assign "m" the value "A"
m = 200; // Assign "m" the value 200

Compile and upload

Tips: By changing the “unsigned char table1 [8][8] = {}” or “unsigned char
table2[8][8] = {}” function, you can show various animations.
Result
You will see the heart beating animation after ensuring that the connection is
correct and uploading the code.
Project 29: Interfacing tilt sensor with Arduino
Overview:
The purpose of this lesson is to demonstrate the function of the tilt sensor
module, which is equipped with a tilt sensor and a potentiometer.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Tilt Switch Module
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle
These days, security alarms are built with tilt sensors. Individual tilt sensors
sense movement or angle of tilt. There are numerous mounting methods such
as threading, magnets, and adhesives for tilt sensors; the method it is used for
mounting may differ based on the type of surface being used.
PIN Configuration
Tilt Sensor Module Arduino
D0 2
G GND
+ 5v
For the Arduino to operate, the tilt sensor must be connected to 5v DC.
Arduino UNO is used to supply the 5V, and Pin 4 of the Arduino is used to
receive the tilt sensor's output. In order to limit the current to a safe level, the
LED is connected to PIN 2 of the Arduino UNO through a 220-ohm resistor.
In addition, the buzzer interacts directly with Arduino UNO Pin 3.
Procedure: Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 24 Interfacing tilt sensor with arduino. ino
**********************************************************/
const int sigPin = 2; // the number of the tilt switch pin
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin
// variables will change:
boolean sigState = 0; // variable for reading the tilt switch status
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the tilt switch pin as an input:
pinMode(sigPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the tilt switch value:
sigState = digitalRead(sigPin);
if (sigState == HIGH) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
else {
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 30: Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino
Overview:
The RC522 RFID Reader Module will be applied in this project to UNO R3.
These modules communicate with controllers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
beagle board, etc. through the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Rc522 module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:

With the MFRC522

reader you will have the ability to communicate with contactless technology
at 13.56 MHz while providing support for ISO 14443A / MIFARE®
compatibility
It can drive the reader or writer antenna of the MFRC522's inner transmitter
part with no extra active circuitry. Receivers are provided with demodulation
and decoding circuits that are robust enough to process signals from ISO/IEC
14443A/MIFARE® compatible cards and transponders. ISO/IEC 14443A
(Parity & CRC) specifies requirements for framing and error detection. In
addition to MIFARE Classic products, the MFRC522 supports devices
utilizing MIFARE® Standard. MIFARE® higher-speed wireless technology
supported by the MFRC522 enables faster communication with higher
transfer speeds of about 848 Kbit/s in both directions.
RFID WORKING
An RFID reader generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field, which
induces a voltage in the tag's antenna coil when it is in close proximity to it.
Consequently, the tag receives its power from this voltage. A reader reads the
signal from the tag, which then converts it to power

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/*************************************************
File name: 25- Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino.ino
Description:
Let, RFID module. **********************************/
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
#define RST_PIN 9 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above
#define SS_PIN 10 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance
#define NEW_UID {0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF}
MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with the PC
while (!Serial); // Do nothing if no serial port is opened (added for Arduinos
based on ATMEGA32U4)
SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522 card
Serial.println(F("Warning: this example overwrites the UID of your UID
changeable card, use with care!"));
for (byte i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF;
}
}
void loop() {
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !
mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial() ) {
delay(50);
return;
}
Serial.print(F("Card UID:"));
for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++) {
Serial.print (mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
byte newUid[] = NEW_UID;
if ( mfrc522.MIFARE_SetUid(newUid, (byte)4, true) ) {
Serial.println (F ("Wrote new UID to card."));
}
mfrc522.PICC_HaltA();
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !
mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial() ) {
return;
}
Serial.println(F("New UID and contents:"));
mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid));
delay(2000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
In this 13.56MHz RFID Card Reader Module based on MFRC522, there is a
low-cost RFID Reader Module that can be used for a wide range of
applications at a low price. An integrated reader/writer IC with a frequency of
13.56 MHz, the MFRC522 is suitable for contactless communication.
In the development of portable hand-held devices and smart meters, the NXP
RC522, a highly integrated RFID card reader working on non-contact
13.56mhz communication, is the best choice since it is low power, low cost
and compact in size.
Project 31: Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino
Overview:
This project will help you understand the Arduino using the HC-05 Bluetooth
module.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Bluetooth Module HC-05
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Bluetooth modules such as HC-05 (master/slave) allow Arduino to
communicate with other devices. Using it, the Arduino can connect to
smartphones, computers or other microcontrollers and exchange information
with them. With Bluetooth communication, you can control robots remotely,
view and store data remotely on your PC or smartphone inside your home,
for example.
PIN Configuration:
Key – Arduino Pin 9
Vcc – Arduino 5v
GND – Arduino GND
TXD – Arduino Pin 10
RXD – Arduino Pin 11
A Brief Introduction to Bluetooth Protocols and Communication
There are several wireless communication methods, such as NRF, ZigBee,
Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. PAN communication with Bluetooth protocol; a
wireless communication method with a maximum data rate of 1 Mb/S,
working on 2.4 G frequency, at a distance of up to 100 meters is a prevalent
method of wireless communication.
The HC05 Bluetooth module, usually used in electronics projects, is a serial
communications Bluetooth module. The following are important
specifications for the Bluetooth module HC05: An internal antenna is
included with the device. Automatic connection to the last device is available.
Bluetooth data transmission to Arduino
You can connect the HC05 module to a 5V voltage because it has an internal
3.3v regulator. The serial communication pins of the HC05 module operate at
3.3V, so we strongly recommend 3.3V voltage from the power supply.
Modules that receive 5V voltage may be damaged. A resistance division
circuit (5v to 3.3v) should be used between the Arduino TX and module RX
pins to prevent damage to the module. A blue and red LED on each board
blinks every 2 seconds when the master and slave are connected. When they
are not connected, only the blue light blinks every 2 seconds.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 26 – Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino Let,
Bluetooth module HC 05.
**********************************************************/
// This program shown how to control arduino from PC Via Bluetooth
// Connect ... // arduino>>bluetooth
// D11 >>> Rx // D10 >>> Tx
//Written By Mohannad Rawashdeh
//for http://www.genotronex.com/
// you will need arduino 1.0.1 or higher to run this sketch

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>// import the serial library

SoftwareSerial Genotronex(10, 11); // RX, TX
int ledpin=13; // led on D13 will show blink on / off
int BluetoothData; // the data given from Computer

void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Genotronex.begin(9600);
Genotronex.println("Bluetooth On please press 1 or 0 blink LED ..");
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Genotronex.available()) {
BluetoothData=Genotronex.read();
if(BluetoothData=='1') { // if number 1 pressed ....
digitalWrite(ledpin,1);
Genotronex.println("LED On D13 ON ! ");
}
if (BluetoothData=='0')
{ // if number 0 pressed ....
digitalWrite(ledpin,0);
Genotronex.println("LED On D13 Off ! ");
}}
delay(100); // prepare for next data ...
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
AT Commands
In general, typing the command AT+<command>? will prompt the saved
parameter (ex: AT+PSWD? will display the module PIN code). If you enter
AT+<command>=<Param>, you can set the parameter value(ex:
AT+PWSD=0000 to modify the PIN code to 0000).
Following is a list of AT commands:
If everything is setup correctly, enter AT in the serial monitor on the
Arduino IDE. If the communication was successful, it should show OK.
To change the component name, enter AT+NAME=<Param>. The
component should answer OK (Defaut HC-05, Ex: To modification the
name to BTM1 enter AT+NAME=BTM1).
To modify the PIN code, enter AT+PSWD=<Param> . The module
should answer OK(Default 1234 Ex: To change the PIN to 0000 enter
AT+PSWD=0000).
AT+ROLE=<Param> to midy the role of the module as slave or master
(Default 0, Ex: to change the role as master enter AT+ROLE=1, as slave
enter AT+ROLE=0).
To modify the baudrate, enter AT+UART=<Param1>,<Param2>,
<Param3> with Param1, 2 and 3 serial communication parameters:
baudrate, stop bit and parity bit respectively (By default,set to 9600,0,0.
Ex: to modify the baudrate to 115200 enter AT+UART=115200, 0, 0).
There are multiple AT commands available for the HC-05 Bluetooth
module on the Internet.
https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/FOR/4FP2/HKZAVRT6/FOR4FP2HKZAVRT6.pdf
Slave Configuration
To set the module as a slave, you can change the name as
AT+NAME=HC05-Slave and choose the communication parameters and the
PIN code that you want. You’ll need to make sure that master and slave as
the same communication parameters.
AT returns OK
AT+NAME=HC05-Slave
AT+UART=9600,0,0
 AT+ROLE=0
Enter AT+ADDR to obtain the module address (ex:
+ADDR:98d3:32:21450e)
Master Configuration
The slave module needs to be made master by changing the module's role and
setting the same communication parameters as the master module.
AT returns OK
AT+NAME=HC05-Master
AT+UART=9600,0,0
AT+ROLE=1
The slave module address must be entered in the master module to allows it
to appair: AT+BIND=98d3,32,21450e (replace dots “:” by coma “,”)
How do these AT commands work?
Hayes developed a simple command language from 1981 until 1984 to
control his smart modem, eventually combining a series of short text strings
into instructions for tasks strings which can be combined to produce
commands for operations such as dialing, hanging up, and changing the
parameters of the connection. It is from this point that the idea of enhancing
the Hayes set or the AT commands set and interacting with more devices
with a prefix character is born.
You can interface the Bluetooth modules with AT commands in order to set
their parameters like the other devices. For this reason, before we can use AT
commands on a Bluetooth module, it must first be switched to AT mode. This
tutorial will use the HC-05 and HC-06 Bluetooth modules, which are the
most common Bluetooth modules. If you use a breakout board, you can tell
the difference between these two Bluetooth from the pins
Project 32: Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino - To measure
Temperature
Overview:
In this project, we will look at an implementation of the Thermistor Sensor
Module that takes temperature information and converts it into output signals.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Thermal sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Temperature is sensed using Thermistor Sensor Module that gives off output
signals. There are two different pins associated with it, each labelled as AO
or DO on the board. Semiconductor materials are used in Thermistor Sensor
Module. NTC thermistors generally have a negative resistance when
subjected to a temperature increase, i.e., they will have negative electrical
resistance if their body temperature increases. An adjustment potentiometer
has been involved in this module to modify the thermistor's sensitivity
towards temperature.
Configure:
Thermistor Arduino
A0 A5
D0 -
G GND
+ 5v
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 27 – Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino:
To measure Temperature Let, Thermistor sensor module
**********************************************************/
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
unsigned int AnalogValue;
AnalogValue = analogRead(A5);
Serial.println(AnalogValue);
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project: 33: DC Motor Direction Control
Overview:
With these projects we have examined how DC Motors can be controlled to
drive forward or to reverse through the use of RGB LEDs.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 X USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x RGB LED
1 x Push Button
1 x Dc Motor
1 x 10kΩ Resistor
Jumper wires
Principle:
Make the RGB LED into the motion indicator and control the rotation of the
DC Motor either clockwise or counter clockwise. There are DC Motors in
everything, from electronic equipment to toys, fans, tools, discs, and pumps.
A DC motor is an actuator that converts DC energy into rotational motion. It
is possible to get a DC motor in different designs: Brushed DC motor,
Brushless DC motor, Geared DC motor, Servo motor, Stepper motor and DC
Linear Actuator.
In different applications such as robotics, precision positioning, and industrial
automation, different types of motors are used.
Motor Driver ICs are used to supply the necessary current to run any DC
motor in a microcontroller-based system. The IC is what drives the DC
motor. They can also control the speed of the motor. Using Arduino as the
motor driver IC, the project aims to control the speed and direction of a DC
motor without the use of an IC.
It is not possible to connect a DC Motor to a Microcontroller since the output
current of the Microcontroller is very small and can't drive the motor.
Applications
A single DC motor can be driven with this circuit without Motor
Driver IC.
It is possible to implement dual H-bridges and connect two motors in
the circuit.
Control of speed and direction of single motors can be achieved by
using this device in simple robotics applications.
Schematic:

The main processing unit of the project is the Arduino. A0 is the Analog Pin
of the Arduino connected to the wiper terminal of the POT. The other
terminals of the POT are connected to Vcc and GND. On the circuit diagram
you can see four transistors connected together.
They connect together as an H - bridge when the load, i.e. DC motor, is in the
middle. In a backward direction, transistor Q1 is the dominant component,
while transistor Q3 is dominant.
Inputs to the transistors are provided by the Arduino. The Arduino pins 3 and
2 are connected to Q4's base and Q1/Q4's base, respectively. A pin 5 is
connected to the base of Q2, and a pin 4 is connected to the base of Q3. A
total of four 1K resistors are used to connect each pin.
We can generate back EMF from DC motors when we change their direction,
as they are inductive loads. The two collectors and emitters of each transistor
are connected together through four diodes in order to eliminate any back
EMF.
Procedure:

Step
1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Write a Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 28 DC Motor Direction Control.ino Description:
Let, DC motor control by RGB LED.
*********************************************************/
const int inputPin=1;
const int blue=3;
const int red=4;
const int motorPin1=5, motorPin2=6;
int dir = LOW;
int prevState=0, currentState=0;
void setup() {
pinMode(inputPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue, OUTPUT);
pinMode(red, OUTPUT);
}
void loop () {
currentState=digitalRead(inputPin);
if (currentState!= prevState)
{
if (currentState == HIGH)
{
}
}
prevState = currentState;
if (dir==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(motorPin1,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Summary
This chapter has covered a lot of Arduino projects with the hope that you
have completed many of them. There will be 100 Arduino project ideas in the
next chapter. Using them will help you to come up with ideas that will help
you to visualize your dream project.
 CHAPTER 5
TOP 100 ARDUINO PROJECTS IDEAS
1. Arduino Based Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
Firefighters can independently detect fires with this sophisticated
firefighting robotic system. Fire fighters face an increasing risk of death as
technology leads to an automated system and self-traveling vehicles. If a fire
is not controlled, it will spread rapidly. Even an explosion is possible in the
event of a gas leak. The system delivers by overcoming this issue,
safeguarding the lives of our heroes. An Arduino Uno is used to power this
firefighting robotic system which is comprised of an ultrasonic sensor
positioned on a servo motor for obstacle detection and free route navigation.
Despite its small size, it has the capability to detect and extinguish fires. It
also has water tank and spray mechanism for extinguishing flames. Servo
motor is used to cover maximum area with water spraying nozzle. The 12V
pump uses an electric motor to pump water from the main tank to the water
nozzle. Because of its constant current consumption, this pump needs driver
circuit.
Hardware Specifications
Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic Sensor
Fire Fighter Robot Body
Fire Sensor
Buzzer
LCD Display
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Firefighting robotic systems are designed with specific tasks in mind. The
primary aspects of fire control and suppression are analyzing and locating
fires as well as conducting search and rescue operations. Robotic systems for
controlling fire, such as automatically activating fire alarms and sprinklers,
can quickly extinguish anything in a heavily populated or hazardous area.
These systems are usually simpler and primarily rely on UV or infrared
sensors. Since they are fixed, they don't typically change over time.
Software Specifications
1. Arduino Compiler
2. Programming Language: C
Block Diagram:

2 Robot Snake based on Arduino controlled by Android

Twelve servo motors drive the snake's segments, which are joined with metal
brackets. A 7.4-volt battery pack powers the servos and controls them with an
Arduino Mega. An android app can be used to control the snake using
Bluetooth. In addition to autonomous movement, the snake is additionally
capable of passive activity. Various different types of servos and brackets can
be used to construct such a robot. There are 12 segments of the robot, each
containing a servo motor, a C-bracket, a side bracket, a set of Lego wheels,
and a wire clip. The Lego wheel axle must have two screw holes for the C-
bracket to be attached to it.
In spite of the fact that nine segments are already connected, they need to be
expanded with two tail segments in order to accommodate the Arduino and
batteries. The side brackets and C-brackets are connected to the side brackets.
A 5AA battery holder is used to power the Arduino and therefore the tail of
the snake. A separate energy supply powers the servos. That is the 7.4-volt
battery pack. The voltage pin is attached to a five-volt Arduino pin. On the
receiver, the lower pin is attached to ground.
Block Diagram:

Hardware Specifications
 Arduino mega
IR Sensor
Servo Motors
Bluetooth module
Camera
Cables and Connectors
PCB and Breadboards
Push Buttons
Switch
IC

Software Specifications
1. Arduino Compiler
2. Programming Language: C
3. Intelligent Gas Leakage Detector based on IoT
LPG leaks, which result in explosions, are common occurrences in day-to-
day life. If leakage is not detected early, it can cause major damage. The
MQ5 gas sensor can detect gas leakage but we were not able to use it before.
In this IOT gas leak sensor, the machine will get attached to Wi-Fi, and the
device will enable you to adjust parameters accordingly. Installed in gas
storage areas, hotels, homes, and hotels, such IoT and Arduino systems detect
leaks of LPG.
It uses a gas sensor called the MQ5 to detect the presence of LPG gas. LPG
gas present in the air will be monitored continuously by this device. A green
LED on the control circuit will light up if the value of LPG gas in the air is
within the set limit, thereby giving a safe signal. In addition, if excessive gas
levels are detected in excess of the predefined boundary, the RGB LED will
turn red, and the solenoid will shut off and update the IoT value. Detecting
gas leakage in the surrounding will be easy and effective with this Arduino
and Internet of Things project.
The advantages and future development of LPG leakage detection
system
IOT and Arduino systems for the detection of LPG leaks can be
installed in hotels, homes, and any area that maintains LPG cylinders.
 One of the major advantages of this project is that it can identify
leaks, and send the data into a website, where it can then be
monitored and corrective action taken.
The IOT can save lives and property if appropriate measures are
taken quickly after they are reported.
The project can detect toxic gases by enhancing the gas leakage
detection system. Furthermore, we can install detectors that detect
fires as well.

Block Diagram:

Hardware Specifications

Arduino
LCD
Wi-Fi module
Dc fan
Gas sensor
Buzzer
Regulator
 Crystal Oscillator
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
Programming Language: C
4. Wireless Black Box for Cars
The project is about “Wireless recording systems for cars”. This project has a
primary objective of developing a vehicle black box system that would allow
the installation of it into any vehicle all over the world. These paradigms are
usually designed with a minimal range of circuits. Wi-Fi black boxes tell us
about crashes and store information like the time, date, temperature,
vibration, alcohol level, etc. in real-time every three seconds.
The system built into the car will send a message to the registered telephone
numbers, such as emergency numbers of the police station, hospitals,
relatives, and vehicle owners, depending on their location.

Sensors including temperature and humidity sensors (DTH11) have been

used. Vibration sensors from cars monitor vibrations during accidents. A
steering wheel mounted alcohol sensor would tell if the driver was drunk.
The tilt is detected by the gyroscopic sensor during an accident. Arduino
mega2560 will receive a signal from all the sensors, which will then be sent
to the microcontroller.

These projects used GSM, SD card, GPS, and the like. Their contributions
were vital to the completion of the project. This project may be enhanced by
adding video cameras, voice recorders, voice-controlled systems, and
automatic warning systems in the future.
Hardware Specifications
Arduino 2560
GPS/Gsm module
Temperature Scanner
Alcohol Scanner
Vibration sensor
Gyroscope
SD card module
LCD
L293D
DC motor
Power supply
Buzzer
LED
Switch
LCD
Crystal
Push Buttons
Capacitors
Resistors
Software Specifications:
1. Arduino ide
2. MC Programming Language: C

Project Implementation:
As a part of this project, there are specific sensors, like the temperature
sensor (DTH11), which calculates temperature and humidity. Vibration
sensors pick up sensations felt by drivers throughout an accident.
If a driver is drunk, indicators on the steering wheel will indicate this. A
gyroscopic detector is used during a crash to show tilt. All parameters are
measured and sent directly to the Arduino. By uploading all data to the fire
department's server, the ESP8266 module collects data. This model utilizes
the GSM module, the SD card module, and the GPS module to achieve the
desired outcome.

Block Diagram:

5. Smart Charger Monitoring System using Arduino

Batteries are charged or recharged by transferring energy into them via the
use of a device called a battery charger or recharger. There are a variety of
charging protocols available for batteries of different sizes and types. Smart
battery chargers are primarily switch-mode power supplies that function in
concert with battery handling and storage devices to control and monitor
charging processes.
An Arduino is used to power this smart charger. This intelligent charging
system charges three batteries with 12V power simultaneously. During full
charge, a battery is automatically disconnected from the mains.
It has an automatic power cut-off system. A smart charger is mainly an
inverter for switching on and off power supplies. It also communicates with
the smart battery packs. Moreover, the LCD display module periodically
displays the charge level for the battery.

Hardware Specifications
Arduino Uno
Relay
Relay Drivers
LCD Display
Crystal Oscillator
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets

Block Diagram:
6. Arduino Based Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
This sophisticated firefighting robotic system independently detects and
extinguishes fire. Today, as the world slowly grows toward the automation of
systems and self-driving cars, firefighters continue to run the risk of dying in
the line of duty. When fire is not controlled it spreads rapidly. An explosion
may occur in the case of a gas leak. Therefore, to meet the challenge of
overcoming this issue and protecting our hero, the systems we have in place
come to the rescue. An Arduino Uno development board is used to power the
firefighting robotic system, which utilizes an ultrasonic sensor and servo
motor for obstacles sensing and free route guidance. Fire flame sensors
ensure that the sensor can detect and move in close proximity to the fire.
Firefighters extinguish the fire with water tanks and spray mechanisms. Servo
motors drive water spraying nozzles to cover maximum area. The primary
water tank has a 12V pump which pumps water up to the water nozzle. As
such a pump consumes much more current than a controller can handle it
needs its own driver circuit.
Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications

Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic Sensor
Fire Fighter Robot Body
Fire Sensor
Buzzer
LCD Display
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
 Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets

Software Specifications
1. Arduino Compiler
2. Programming Language: C
7. Automatic Sketching Machine Project
With the advent of machines, machines can now also draw perfect sketches.
Using the process proposed here, a machine can sketch pictures accurately
and fast just like a human. With an Arduino based circuit, which is attached
to motors and belt-based machinery, the designed system will be able to draw
a sketch with a pen.
In order to transmit movement commands according to the image fed into the
Arduino based circuit, two stepper motors are interfaced with it. The
sketching process is controlled then with a well-planned mechanism to
achieve this task. The motor raises the pen above the page where it is not
needed, so the pen touches the paper only where a dot has to be placed. A 2D
sketching mechanism has been created using this mechanism in conjunction
with the motion of the x and y axes.

Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications:
Arduino UNO
Stepper Motors
Servo Motor
LED’s
Resistors
Capacitors
Diodes
Connectors & Cables
Connecting Rods
Pulley
Rubber Belts
Bed Frame
Bearings
Screws & Joints
Software Specifications:
 Arduino IDE
MC Programming Language: C
7. Arduino based Sun Tracking Solar Panel
The future of mankind depends upon harnessing solar energy properly, in
place of the traditional energy sources it has used for a long time. We
branched out from the existing project to design this so solar energy can be
harnessed even more efficiently.
This project is designed to be controlled by a solar panel using a controller
board based on the Arduino controller board. Solar panels harness the power
of the sun. The solar panel is attached to a motor so it can gather more solar
energy since it is incident on the sun. Electrical connections are made
between this motor and the controller board. Checking on the availability of
solar energy constantly from one horizon to another, the system makes sure
that this is happening. In the scan, the scanner determines which direction
receives the greatest amount of solar energy and therefore captures the
brightest incident sunlight. As a result, the system utilises the maximum
amount of power it can generate with the Solar Panel.

Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications

Arduino Uno R3
Solar Panel
Stepper Motor
Crystal Oscillator
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables & Connectors
Diodes
 PCB
LED’s
Transformer/Adapter
Push Button
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
Programming Language: C
9. Fire Department Alerting System using Internet of Things and
Arduino
Accidental deaths occurring due to fires are among the most common. Fire
departments need to be alerted instantly in order to ensure immediate
response. Every second can make all the difference in these situations. The
system lets the fire department know about the situation at any time
instantaneously and automatically, so instant activity may be taken. Fire
sensors are used in conjunction with a PIR system to sense flames and alert
fire departments through the Internet of Things. Arduinos are used to check if
a sensor has been triggered. Then it uses temperature sensors to confirm that
there is truly an outbreak of a fire. The system connects to an internet-
connected server via Wi-Fi and transmits data about this incident over the
Internet. IoT Gecko is the platform we here use to develop the IoT interface.
It displays device id (named after area/flat id) data immediately upon
receiving sensor data from I0T Gecko. In the 21st century, the fire
department begins to receive alerts via the internet about fire incidents so it
can act quickly.

Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications:
Rectifier
Regulator
Power Supply
LCD Display
PIR Sensor
Arduino Uno
Wi-Fi Module

Software Specifications:
Arduino Compiler
MC Programming Language: C
10. Internet of Things based Irrigation Monitoring & Controller System
using Arduino
A farmer is typically a person who works on a huge plot of land in order to
grow several kinds of crops. Not all farmlands can be monitored by one
person at any one time. There are times when a particular patch of land can
get so much water that it becomes water-logged, or it might get so little water
that it becomes dry. A farmer could suffer losses in either case if his crops are
damaged, or if the crops are damaged by a storm. We propose an “Internet of
Things Irrigation Monitoring and Control” project to solve this problem. One
of the features of this project is that the utility company may monitor and
regulate the supply of water from a faraway place. The Internet of Things
concept is used in this system. As such, our system uses a wireless module to
connect to the internet. A web server is connected to our desired website
using an Arduino Uno board.
In these project, two concepts are shown; a) Motor status b) Moisture level a
moisture sensor is equipped in the circuit, which keeps an eye on the soil
moisture content. Users can then control the water supply remotely by
checking the current moisture level on the website. Using the motor control
switch, the water pump can be switched from ‘ON-OFF’ to ‘OFF-ON’.
Therefore, the issue of ‘soil hydration’ can be monitored and the ‘supply of
water’ manipulated just by turning on or off the ‘motor’. Thus, there is no
need for the user to worry about his crops getting damaged because of
‘waterlogging’ or ‘drought’. A person may not be able to constantly be
present at their garden for people having small gardens. This project could be
used to keep track of “soil-moisture” and supply water even from a distance.
Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications
Rectifier
Regulator
LCD Display
Power Supply
Wi-Fi Modem
Water Pump
Soil Moisture Sensor
Arduino Uno

Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
MC Programming Language: C
IOT Gecko

11. Internet of Things based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System

Project
Since ancient times, agriculture has been practiced in every country.
Science and art are both involved in cultivating plants. In human civilization's
rise to sedentary civilization, agriculture was paramount. Farmers have been
cultivating crops by hand for ages. Agriculture needs to adopt new
technologies and implement implements to keep up with the trending of the
world.
Agriculture is becoming smarter with the use of IoT. Technology such as IoT
sensors has the potential to provide valuable information about agricultural
fields. By automating IoT-connected smart agriculture systems, we propose a
new model. In order to monitor agriculture using IoT, wireless sensor
networks were deployed throughout the system and sent the collected data to
remote nodes using a wireless protocol.
IoT technology used in this smart agriculture consists of an Arduino, a
Temperature, and Water level, GPRS, and Moisture sensor. Monitoring the
water level, moisture, and moisture content of the soil is part of the IoT-based
agriculture monitoring system. Whenever there's a problem, it sends an alert
to the user's phone. Water level sensors sense a fall and start the pump
automatically if necessary. The fan starts when the temperature reaches that
level. The LCD display module displays all of this. This is also seen in the
Internet of Things, which provides information on Humidity, Moisture and
water level by the minute based on the date and time.
Different crops demand different temperatures; they are cultivated at different
altitudes and temperatures. If it is desired to forcefully stop the water flow
using the IOT, a button is available from which it can be forcibly stopped.
Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications
Arduino
GSM Modem
Wi-Fi Modem
Temperature Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Water Sensor
Mini Exhaust Fan
 Water Pump
Crystal Oscillator
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
12. Arduino Ultrasonic Sonar/Radar Monitor Project
These advanced Arduino sonar technologies can be utilized to screen the
patch area as well as detect suspicious objects. A car that has explosive
material in it can be controlled remotely. We are able to prevent enemies
from entering the public with this Arduino sonar radar, which in turn will
save many lives.
The Sonar Arduino system continuously scans the surrounding area and
produces a beep upon detecting a moving target that is within our range.
Moreover, the radar measures the angle and distance of the target from our
source. Our system enables us to track the exact position of the object in real
time and traces its path.
Radar: How does it work?
Radio detection and range technology is used in RADAR systems.
Microwaves are used by radar to determine the range, altitude, direction, and
speed of objects within a radius of about 100 miles of their location. By using
a radar antenna, radio wave/microwave signals are transmitted and bounced
off various objects on their path. As a result, we can estimate the proximity of
a certain object.
The operating principle is:
With the use of electromagnetic sensors, a radar can detect and locate
objects. Radiation from a radar is in the form of microwave waves or radio
waves. Reflections from objects around them can intercept the waves.

Radio waves intercepted by radar are reflected in many directions after they
reach their target. The radar can direct these waves back to the receiver after
receiving and amplifying them. Once again receiving these waves at their
origin indicates that an object is in the propagation direction.
In addition to air traffic control and air defense, radar astronomy, antimissile
systems, and outer space surveillance are some applications of modern radar
systems.
Hardware Specifications
Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic Sensor
Servo Motor
LCD Display
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
 LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets

Software Specifications
1. Arduino Compiler
2. Programming Language: C
Block Diagram:

13. Smart Dustbin with IOT Notifications

Increasing populations result in an increase in trash in urban areas. With IoT
and sensor-based circuitry, we present here an intelligent dustbin that can
assist in solving this problem. In the normal dustbin, you must open it with
your foot and throw garbage. Also, a person must remember to empty their
trash cans when they are at capacity, so they do not overflow. In this paper
we develop a smart dustbin which can do all of these tasks without any
human involvement. Essentially, our system pairs a clap sensor with a foot
switch. In response to the clap or foot tap, the door opens and closes
automatically by itself.
Upon receiving the signal, the dustbin opens its hatch and closes it.
Additionally, the dustbin has an ultrasonic level sensor that continuously
looks for level changes and triggers an automatic alarm if garbage is expected
to fill the bin. A smart circuitry inside the dustbin sends data to the garbage
collector over the internet, so he can empty it, if necessary. Web development
of the IoT system is carried out using IoT Gecko. In offices, homes and
public places this bin is of great use for garbage disposal. Therefore, garbage
can be automatically cleaned with the help of an automated smart dustbin.
Block Diagram
Hardware Specifications
Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic Sensor
Mic Sensor
Wi-Fi Module
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Bin Frame
Mounts & Joints
Supporting Frame
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
Programming Language: C
IoT Gecko
14. IOT Solar Power Monitoring System
It is important that solar power plants are monitored for maximum voltage
output. This monitoring system helps in recovering optimum power from
plants by detecting problems like faulty solar panels, connections, dust
accumulating on panels, and decreased production in addition to other such
things. In response, we propose an IOT-based monitoring system for solar
power that allows for the automated monitoring of solar power from any
internet-connected device.
A 10Watt solar panel is monitored by an Arduino based system. The solar
panel is continuously monitored by our system and the power output is
transmitted to the IoT system via the internet. IOT Gecko is used here to send
solar power parameters remotely to an IOT Gecko server. The new program
also displays these parameters in a user-friendly interface so that you can
alert the system manager when the output falls below certain limits. Solar
plants can be monitored via the Internet from anywhere in the world,
ensuring the best power output.
Block Diagram:

Hardware Specifications:
Rectifier
Regulator
Power Supply
LCD Display
Voltage Sensor
Current Sensor
 Wi-Fi Module
Arduino Uno
Solar Panel
Software Specifications:
Arduino Compiler
Programming Language: C

15. Arduino PID based DC Motor Position Control System

This motor placement control project involves the implementation of a PID
Control System for an Arduino using the Derivative-Integral Formula. A PID
controller with Arduino and a basic DC motor allows position control to be
precise. With one shaft connected to the encoder and the other side connected
to a pointer, a DC gear motor with two shafts can also be used as a power
source. One encoder connected to Arduino interrupt pins points to the angle
that is set on the protractor; one L293D motor IC is connected to our system,
and an HC-05 module is used to connect it to an android device. The encoder
sends a real-time input to Arduino in the meantime when sending a
predefined angle set point from the robot device. If Arduino detects the
encoder pulse matches a required position, it halts the DC motor at that
position. A PID system controls the entire process for sleek, accurate motion.

Block Diagram
Hardware Specifications
Arduino
Dc motor
Protractor
L293d IC
Optical encoder
Crystal Oscillator
Resistors
Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
 PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
MC Programming Language: C
16. Open-Source COVID-19 Pulmonary Ventilator
The non-invasive, open-source ventilator is easy to build and is low-cost if
there are no ventilators available and no patient is sedated or intubated while
the patient needs to be ventilated. This project was inspired by a challenge I
accepted from my former teacher and friend Serafim Pires. He presented a
Spanish project to me and asked me to create a project to help fight the
worldwide economic crisis. This functional prototype was built on the basis
of two existing technologies, after conducting several researches and tests on
the topic of non-invasive ventilation. All tests were successful and the
functional test lasted in excess of 20 days without any interruption.
Components Required
Arduino UNO
Arduino 4 Relay Shield
Digital Servo MG995, LM2596S Module
10k linear Multi-turn Potentiometer
Digilent 60W PCle 12V 5A Power Supply
5mm LED Red, 5mm LED Green
Alphanumeric LCD 20*4
Switch button 220V
Snorke Full Face, Solenoid Valve, 2 ways
Software Specifications
 Arduino Compiler
MC Programming Language: C

Circuit Diagram of COVID-19 Pulmonary Ventilator

Through the use of nasal and face masks, non-invasive ventilation is made
possible by delivering controlled amounts of compressed air into the lungs.
This helps the body fight infection and recover when the lungs are failing
from disease. During the height of the coronavirus outbreak, and based on
research conducted in Italy, I turned a Decathlon snorkel mask into an
emergency ventilator for patients suffering from COVID-19, in order to
reduce the lack of ventilators. Because of their low cost and ease of
adaptation, these masks are used throughout the world.

WARNING:
This prototype does not have official validation, nor will I accept any
responsibility with it.
Furthermore, this equipment is intended to save lives in an extreme
peak situation and will be used as a last resort by trained medical
personnel.
 In Portugal, the Portuguese authorities may approve the duplication
of the non-profit project in bulk.
17. Arduino based Snake Robot Controlled using Android
Twelve segments are driven by servo motors, all of which are joined together
with metal brackets. An Arduino Mega controls the servos, which are
powered by a 7.4-volt battery pack. A mobile device can control the snake
via a Bluetooth app. The snake can also move autonomously. Servos and
brackets can be used to make such a robot. One set of Lego wheels is built
with each segment. Each segment includes a servo motor, a side bracket, a
wire clip, and a C-bracket.
A Lego wheel axle had to be drilled with two screw holes so it can be
connected to a C-bracket. It would be recommended to add rows and columns
at the head and tail so that the Arduino and batteries can be accommodated.
The brackets have two long C-braces that can connect on the side. A battery
holder for 5AA batteries will power the Arduino, which is installed in the tail
section of the snake. Battery packs with 7.4 volts powered the servos, which
were mounted in the snake's head. An Arduino is connected to the receiver's
ground on the bottom pin. A 5-volt pin from the Arduino is connected to the
voltage pin.
Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications

Arduino mega
IR Sensor
Servo Motors
Bluetooth module
Camera
Cables and Connectors
PCB and Breadboards
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
Software Specifications
 1. Arduino Compiler
2. Programming Language: C

18. Advanced Automatic Self-Car Parking using Arduino

Both developed and developing countries facing a major car parking
issue in urban areas. Several cities lack car parking areas as a result of the
rapid rise of car ownership. A significant part of this imbalance results from
ineffective land use planning and a miscalculation of space requirements at
the start of the planning process. There are several examples of problems that
arise from parking throughout the day, such as lack of parking space, high
parking rates, and the congestion of traffic caused by visitors in search of a
parking spot. Parallel parking is generally the worst nightmare a driver has
because not only is it difficult if you do it well, but it increases the risk of
other drivers hitting your parked vehicle. We developed an automated
parking system to solve the above parking problems, thus enabling cars to
park themselves. A self-parking car project is a self-parking car which
utilizes an Arduino board, obstacle sensor, ultrasonic range finder to identify
the parking distance. This robot uses a small LCD module to display various
program information, a DC motor and servo motor for steering, and several
algorithms for path finding.
Hardware Specifications
Robotic Chassis
Arduino
Ultrasonic
Servo Motor
Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes, PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons, Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Block Diagram
Software Specifications
Programming Language: C
19. IOT Industry Protection System Arduino
A Smart Industry Protection System, which is designed for industries to
protect themselves from losses caused by incidents using the Internet of
Things, protects them from unnecessary costs. Gas leaks can cause fires,
which can cause massive industrial losses, as well as needing instant fire
detection in case of blasts in furnaces, etc.
In addition, dim lighting may lead to improper lighting conditions in certain
industries, which may result in increased accident risks. Arduino is used to
make this system work. Temperature, light, and gas sensing make up the
system, which works diligently to facilitate industrial accidents and loss
prevention by detecting fire, gas leakage, and low lighting.
Sensors for light, gas, and temperature are interfaced to Arduino devices and
an LCD screen to constitute the system, which has a display and a keyboard.
Sensors continuously scan data for fire, gas leak or low light exposures,
record values, and then submit this information online for transmission. The
internet is achieved via the Wi-Fi module. Once this data is stored, it is
displayed online using IOT gecko, and the desired output can be achieved.
Block Diagram:

Hardware Specifications
Arduino Uno
LCD Display
Wi-Fi Module
LDR Sensor
LPG CNG Gas Sensor
Temperature Sensor
Resistors
 Capacitors
Transistors
Cables and Connectors
Diodes
PCB and Breadboards
LED
Transformer/Adapter
Push Buttons
Switch
IC
IC Sockets
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
MC Programming Language: C
IoT Gecko
20. Rotating Solar Panel Using Arduino
The energy demand in the commercial and residential markets is growing
rapidly over the last few years. It leaves no other choice but to rely on
renewable resources to generate usable energy as non-renewable resources
are rapidly dwindling. Solar panels are another way to harness solar energy as
it is the easiest and most abundant resource. Using this method, solar energy
can be harnessed more efficiently.
It uses a Solar Panel attached to a rotating platform, which is powered by a
motor, to charge a 12VDC Battery. An Atmega328 microcontroller attached
to an Arduino Uno board, mounted on the PCB, is controlling this motor. In
order to know the current position of the sun, the Rotating Solar Panel system
scans from one horizon to another. This allows the greatest solar energy to be
harnessed from that position. It is chosen to charge the Battery at the position
that has the highest energy capacity. By aligning the Solar panel against the
Sun, we can harness the most benefit from it. Thus, harnessing solar energy
under this project is more efficient and thus smarter.

Block Diagram:
Hardware Specifications
Arduino
Servo Motor
Solar Panel
Solar Panel Mount
Resistors
Capacitors
Diodes
Screws
Software Specifications
Arduino Compiler
Programming Language: C
21. GPS Clock using Arduino
An exact time can be obtained from GPS synchronized clocks. Generally,
clocks like this are used at railway stations, airports and other transport
stands. In general, these are also used in military applications.
An Arduino Uno R3 with six simple pin inputs and 14 digital inputs and
outputs (I/O) pins referred to as a GPS clock has been developed. Its flash
memory is 32kB, its EEPROM memory is 2kB, and its ISP flash memory is
8kB.

Circuit diagram
A serial connection can be made between the board and the computer via
UART, SPI, and I2C.
 Block diagram of GPS
clock using Arduino

22. Touch Free Hand sanitizer dispenser using LDR

Touch-free hand sanitizer dispenser that automatically dispenses sanitizer
utilizing LDR sensors and MOSFETs to switch the motor we designed this to
be in accordance with COVID 19 coronavirus.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is spreading across the world. Nearly every

country is experiencing the devastating effects of the Coronavirus. A
Pandemic disease has been declared by WHO and many cities are in
lockdown situations. Many people's lifestyles have been changed drastically.
Globally, the WHO is advising disease control officials to maintain Healthy
Hand washing and Sanitation Habits, but our problem mainly involves our
physical contact when we do this. The virus can be spread by touching
infected bottles of alcohol or sanitizers with infected hands. We will make an
automated hand sanitizer dispenser by using infrared sensors to detect a hand,
and an automatic pump will pour the liquid on the hand.
Many Arduinos automated liquid dispensers are floating around the web.
Nevertheless, my aim is to keep it straightforward and inexpensive, so
anyone can produce it. A simple transistor or MOSFET with an IR proximity
sensor would probably be the easiest solution for this purpose, and it would
drastically reduce the costs as well. Because no microcontroller is present,
spills are unlikely to be controlled, but the use of a smaller nozzle may reduce
the flow of liquid.
Components Required
Arduino UNO & Genuine UNO
Fairchild semiconductor
Power MOSFET N-Channel
LDR, 5 Mohm
Fairchild semiconductor 1n4004.
1N4007 – High Voltage, High Current Rated Diode
Fairchild semiconductor 1n4004.
1N4007 - High Voltage, High Current Rated Diode
09590 01
LED (generic)
Resistor 220 ohm
Keystone 233 image 75px
9V Battery Clip
Automatic Dispenser
A basic working principle of the automatic sanitizer dispenser is that when
the distance sensor detects an obstruction within its line-of-sight, it will
trigger the servo to turn on the sanitizer tap.
When the person's hand gets in the way of the sensor and obstructs the line of
sight, the Arduino board detects the low distance and instructs the servo
motor to activate the sanitizer.
Circuit Diagram:
Here is the Circuit Diagram of a sanitizer or alcohol dispenser based on IR
sensor. No microcontroller is required.
23. Line Follower Robot with Arduino
An object that is near can be detected by detecting its proximity without
physical contact. Sensors that detect proximity usually emit electromagnetic
fields (outside infrared light, for instance) in which changes in these fields or
returns are monitored.

Concepts of Line Follower

Line following involves the use of light. This article discusses the behaviour
of light at white and black surfaces. White surfaces reflect light almost
completely while black surfaces absorb it entirely. An automated line
follower robot is built using this behaviour of light.

IR Transmitters are an essential part of this Arduino Line Follower Robot,

also referred to as photodiodes. These devices are used to send and receive
light. Infrared transmitters transmit infrared lights. Photodiodes generate
voltage changes when infrared rays fall on white surfaces, and they reflect
back. The photodiode does not receive any light or rays when infrared waves
fall on a dark surface, since light is absorbed by the dark surface.
This Arduino line following robot receives 1 input as the sensor detects white
surfaces while 0 input is received when it detects black surfaces.
There are three sections in the robot:
1. A sensor section,
2. Control section and
3. A Driver section.
Sensor section:
In this section, you will find IR diodes, potentiometers, comparators (Op-
Amps) and LEDs. The comparator’s two terminals receive their references
through a potentiometer, while IR sensors provide the voltage change at the
comparator’s second terminal. Using the comparator, then, both voltage
signals are compared, producing a digital signal. Using two comparators for
two sensors we have implemented a line follower circuit here. A comparator
is created using the LM 358, which has two ultra-low noise Op-amps inbuilt.
Working of Line Follower Robot using Arduino
It is very fascinating to operate as a line follower. It uses a sensor that senses
a black line and then transmits the signal to an Arduino board, Afterwards,
the motor is driven by Arduino based on the sensors' output
Basic Components
Arduino UNO & Genuino UNO
SparkFun Dual H-Bridge motor drivers L298
Proximity Sensor
24. IoT Based Home Automation controlled by smartphone
Human life is increasingly driven by the use of automation, whether it's at
home or at work. Automation in the manufacturing industry is a concept that
is frequently used to automate large machines and/or robots to facilitate
increased production, energy, and time efficiency.
In contrast, home automation affects the environment of the homeowners.
The smartphone and the internet have allowed us to do this. There are two
main ways of home automation. One type is controlled by just a smartphone,
while the other type involves sensors and actuators to control lighting,
temperature, door locks, electronic gadgets, and electrical appliances.

Essential Components
Arduino UNO
12 V Relay X 4
HC – 05 Bluetooth Module
Prototyping board (Bread board)
Connecting wires
12 V Power supply
Smartphone or tablet (Bluetooth enabled)

Modern homes require sophisticated control in the electronic appliances they

have in their homes. As a result of the integration of home appliances with
smart phone and tablet connectivity, the home automation field has been
transformed, enabling a greater level of affordability and simplicity. In
addition to the features, they have already, smart phones can be made to
communicate with any other device in an ad hoc network through
connectivity options like Bluetooth. As mobile phones have become more
prevalent, development of mobile applications has also increased. A mobile
phone commonly found in a traditional household can be connected to the
electronic equipment of a smart home in a temporary network using the
opportunity of automating tasks for a smart home. The Android mobile
application platform is provided by Google Inc., which is used to develop
applications for Android phones and tablets. Android-based home automation
system will benefit the masses as it targets a large market who uses it for their
mobile devices. Android maintained its leadership position in the Worldwide
Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, published by International Data
Corporation (IDC). Using Bluetooth for home appliances and mobile phones
in an ad hoc network environment, such as in your home, is an excellent
solution for short-range wireless communication. A wireless technology
works over 2.4 GHz frequency range up to a distance of 100 m with 1
Megabit per second, making it a secure and efficient method for controlling
home automation.

25. Covid-19 Patient Monitoring Device based on LoRa using The Things
UNO
Lora network based covid-19 patient monitoring device.
Using sensors and connected networks, we have developed a patient
monitoring system that can autonomously monitor patients’ health
conditions. The Covid-19 system was specially manufactured for patients
with this condition. The biological behaviour of a patient can be gathered by
several sensors. Information about biological processes then goes into the IoT
cloud. By processing sensor data, the system is more intelligent, and can tell
when a patient is in critical condition. Nurses and doctors receive instant
alerts and hospital personnel receive push notifications. Nurses and doctors’
benefit from this system because they can observe the patients remotely
without having to visit them personally. Relatives of patients can also gain
access to the system with limited access.

This monitoring system is controlled using the Things UNO, a Lora

development board. This board collects information from various health
sensors (described in the Hardware Components section) that provide
information about patient health parameters. Data transmission from the
Things UNO to the Lora Gateway (The Things Gateway) is also handled by
the Things UNO. The Lora gateway provides a connection to the Amazon
Web Services IoT cloud platform. This cloud is used for managing this
system.

The data has been visualized using a Mobile application. For displaying real-
time sensors data, such as the present health condition of a patient, various
charts and gauges have been employed. Doctors and nurses can use this
application remotely to monitor patients without visiting an ICU unit. A push
notification is sent to appropriate doctors or nurses regarding the emergency
situation of the patient due to the nature of intelligence, by processing the
sensor data, Equation -I identifies the patient's emergency condition. During a
24-hour period, the hospital in charge personnel (ICU in charge person)
continuously monitored multiple patients online via our cloud-based desktop
application (shown in Figure), which makes the ICU process more efficient,
Throughout the application's lifetime, all of the applications tapped into the
Internet of Things and visualized the data in real-time, using visualizations
such as gauges, Sparklines, and Text.

26. Open-Source Pulse Oximeter for COVID-19

This is an easy-to-make, USB-powered pulse oximeter that can be built for

around $20 and features an OLED display.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, a
disease which mostly attacks the respiratory system. Fever, chills, and muscle
aches and pains are some of the milder symptoms, but a severe case can lead
to pneumonia. A person suffering from pneumonia or even slight shortness of
breath might not recognize when to seek medical attention, especially when
they begin to feel even worse. Hence, I am developing this open-source pulse
oximeter so that the people can be better informed about their current
condition and which can assist them in getting the help they need.
Disclaimer
Using this device for accurate medical diagnosis is not recommended!
27. Touch less doorbells can operate without touching the switch.
One of the most effective ways to escape from COVID-19 is through social
isolation. Staying at home is strongly recommended in the beginning days.
However, we still have to make some emergency visits to certain homes. We
first searched the doorbell button of a house when we arrived. Then press the
doorbell button. However, in this specific situation, this doorbell button can
cause the virus to spread. A virus is held on the button when someone who is
not infected presses the button, and when a second person touches the button,
the virus is spread. A touchless doorbell will help to eliminate this danger.
Touchless doorbells are available to convert existing doorbells.
Working
Infrared LED transmitters transmit light within the range of the infrared
spectrum. Wave length of IR waves is longer than wave length of visible
light. This transmitted IR light will be picked up by the photodiode receiver.
The photodiode will only conduct when it is illuminated. The semiconductor
is reverse biased as well.
It can be shown that the current flow is directly proportional to the amount of
light it receives. In this photo, we see the LM358 Operational amplifier in
voltage comparator mode. Comparison is made between the voltage set by
the variable resistor and the voltage set by the photodiode series resistor
(PSR voltage). A ground connection is maintained between the
"OUTPUT" pin and the OP-AMP output.
The PSR Voltage has dropped below the Threshold Voltage - the
output is HIGH
Voltage drops on PSR < Threshold Voltage - Output is LOW
By calibrating the variable resistor, the distance at which objects
should be detected can be determined.
Key point
In case an object is presented in front of the sensor, the sensor output will be
HIGH, but if not, the sensor output will be LOW
Essential Components
Arduino Nano R3, Relay, IR Sensor, Buzzer
A signal will be sent to the Arduino board when we show our hand to the IR
Sensor. And Arduino drives the relay. The relay is connected to the doorbell.
The bell will ring the moment the relay is activated.
28. Social Distancing Device (Safety Card)

During this pandemic, we trust everyone is following social distancing and

keeping safe, which is why we made an ultrasonic sensor device at my home
to do social distancing. With this device, a buzzer sounds and vibration
occurs when the distance between two people is less than one meter,
signaling that the distance needs to be maintained.
Parts
Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic Sensors, Buzzer, LED
The device automatically turns off if the space is greater than 1 meter.
I think this is a very interesting and useful project that you can easily build at
home. Wearable’s can be manufactured by using an Arduino Nano or you can
shrink their size by using an Arduino Micro. Put together the materials like
Arduino Uno Arduino Nano, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, vibrator motor, 9v
battery, switch, card or cardboard box, Velcro strips, take the card and glue
the face of the box with the electronics, proceed to upload the code, Once the
code has been uploaded, place the Arduino inside the box, along with the
switch, nine-volt battery, and circuit symbols, and do circuit connections.
Attach the front portion of the box and then check that everything functions
well, now decorate the box and stick it with Velcro.
29. Automatic Faucet (Touchless) for COVID-19 Using Arduino
Wash your hands comfortably and avoid getting coronavirus disease. Don't
touch the surface of the faucet after you wash them.
A disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is
known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19), also known as the coronavirus
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2). More than a million
people worldwide have been affected by COVID-19 and hundreds of
thousands of people have lost their lives as a result. People are affected by
this disease in different ways. Many people develop mild to moderate
illnesses that require no hospitalization or special treatment, while others
develop severe illnesses that ultimately lead to death. A person infected with
this virus can incubate for an average of 5-6 days, but it can also incubate for
2 weeks. It could be contagious during this period, even though the person
may not be experiencing any symptoms. If the person doesn't take any
precautions, he will be a virus carrier and will spread the illness easily.
Components Required
Arduino Nano R3
Solderless Breadboard Half Size
Jumper wires (generic)
Ultrasonic Sensor - HC-SR04 (Generic)
Submersible water pump - 5V
Relay Module (Generic)
Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world and will continue to
spread. The second wave of the coronavirus is still affecting some countries
while others are still in lockdown and still aren't seeing any recovery .

Program

#define trig 5
#define echo 4
const int Relay = 6;
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
pinMode(trig, OUTPUT); // Set the trigger pin as OUTPUT
pinMode(echo, INPUT); // Set the echo pin as INPUT

pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT); // Configure the pin of the relay module as

OUTPUT
Serial.begin(9600); // Set baud rate as 9600
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH); // Calculate time taken (in microseconds)

for the pulse emitted by the trigger pin to reach the echo pin.

distance = (duration/2) * (331.3/10000); // Calculate the distance from the

sensor to the obstacle in cm, using the speed of sound in air(m/s) and the time
taken (stored in duration variable)

Serial.println(distance);
if(distance>1 && distance<10){
digitalWrite(Relay, HIGH); //Turns on the submersible water pump or
solenoid water valve
}
Else
{
digitalWrite(Relay, LOW); //Turns off the submersible water pump or
solenoid water valve
}
delay(2000); // Set a delay period of 2 seconds to prevent the clicking of the
relay module
}
30. Automatic Hand Sensing Water and Soap Tank with Tap
This automatic tank for water and soap prevents the spread of coronaviruses
in public places while, at the same time, prohibiting touch-ups of the faucet.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global

pandemic of a novel coronavirus outbreak that caused a respiratory illness
that was first discovered in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization
estimates that the number of confirmed HIV cases and deaths is over 3
million by the end of April 2020.
People can contract the disease directly from an infected person or indirectly
through touching surfaces contaminated with viral droplets. Since specific
treatments for the outbreak or a vaccine are not yet available, it is crucial to
prevent the outbreak from spreading from person to person and affecting
people's lives, health, livelihoods, and the healthcare systems we are all
relying on.
Infected people spread the COVID-19 virus mainly by sneezing or coughing
droplets of saliva. It is important to properly wash your hands in order to
prevent COVID-19.
By providing safe water, sanitation and basic hygiene measures during hand
washing, as well as prohibiting retouching of the faucet to avoid
decontaminating the water source or tap and posing further risks to another
user, this can be achieved.
People who obtain automatic hand sensing water and soap dispensers will not
only be able to wash their hands with ease, but will also be afforded proper
hygiene facilities, however limiting the time in which people are in contact
with the tap would prevent recontamination.
Statement of Problems.
In order to prevent the spread of this virus, the government of Nigeria has
taken the necessary measures by ensuring a lockdown policy in states with
high incidence of the coronavirus. The major contact point for people moving
out of and into the city after lockdown when they're using the Motor Parks
doesn't have running water. Spreading the virus in this manner would make
one more vulnerable to infection by infecting one another. Recent data from
UNICEF indicates that worldwide, only three out of five people have basic
hand washing facilities.
People should thus be taught to keep proper hygiene, as well as wash their
hands often in order to remain safe and alive in these parks. The most
important thing is to reduce the spread of this virus and defeat coronavirus.
31. DIY GPS Speedometer using Arduino and OLED

Speedometers are used to determine how fast a vehicle is traveling. We

previously built Analog speedometer and digital speedometer using the IR
and hall sensors respectively. The vehicle speed will be measured using a
GPS today. It is more accurate to use a GPS speedometer than a conventional
speedometer because it can constantly locate the vehicle and can calculate the
speed. Smartphones and vehicles incorporate GPS technology to provide
navigation and traffic alerts.
Materials Used
Arduino Nano
NEO6M GPS Module
1.3 inch I2C OLED display
Breadboard
 Connecting Jumpers
32. Automatic Bottle Filling System using Arduino
The industry which uses automatic bottle filling machines the most is the
beverage & soft drink industry. With a conveyor belt being used, these
machines are an economical and efficient way to fill bottles. Automation of
bottle filling machines is mostly done using PLCs, but an Arduino can also
be put to work in this regard. IR or ultrasonic sensors can be programmed to
automatically detect the bottle and stop the conveyor belt for a short period of
time thereby permitting the bottler to fill the bottle. Continue to move the belt
where you stopped when the next bottle was detected.
With an Arduino Uno, conveyor belt, solenoid valve, infrared sensor, and
stepper motor, we are going to build a prototype for an Automatic Bottle
Filling Machine. An electronic stepper motor controls the speed of the belt
conveyor. Once the IR sensor is detecting the bottle, the stepper motor will
continue driving the belt. As an external trigger, we used the IR sensor. A
solid-state relay switches on the solenoid valve whenever the IR sensor goes
high. For bottle filling, the code already describes a delay that is necessary. In
that case the Arduino will continually power on the solenoid valve and turn
off the stepper motor. A solenoid valve turns off the filling after a fixed
amount of time, enabling the conveyor to move to the next bottle.
Previously, we used Arduino with an IR Sensor and Solenoid valve, so you
can learn more about the basics of interfacing Arduino with these
components by visiting the links.

Components Required
Arduino Uno
Stepper Motor (Nema17)
Relay
Solenoid Valve
IR Sensor
A4988 Motor Driver
Battery
Circuit Diagram
Following is the circuit diagram for the Automated Bottle Filling System
using Arduino.

33. Control a Solenoid Valve with Arduino

In many process automation systems, solenoids play an important role in
actuating the components. In addition to solenoid valves, there are solenoid
plungers which produce linear motion and can be used to open and close
water or gas pipelines. In most homes and offices, we are all familiar with
ding-dong doorbells, which use solenoid technology. Upon being energized
with AC power, a small rod will be moved up and down by the Doorbell's
plunger-type solenoid coil. A rod attached to the solenoid will strike metal
plates connected to each side, producing the soothing sound. It's also used as
a starter for vehicles or in sprinkler systems and RO systems.
Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram for controlling solenoid valve with Arduino is shown
below:
Components Required
Arduino UNO
Solenoid Valve
IRF540 MOSFET
Pushbutton - 2 nos.
Resistor (10k, 100k)
Diode - 1N4007
Breadboard
Connecting Wires
How Does a Solenoid Valve Work?
Solenoids are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In this setup, there is a coil wrapped around conductive material, acting as an
electromagnet. Electric magnets are better than natural magnets, because they
can be switched on or off using a coil electrically charged. As a conductor is
turned energized, a magnetic field is generated around it because the current-
carrying conductor is a coil. Since a coil is a magnet, a strong magnetic field
is created that magnetizes the material, thus creating linear movement.
A type of relay, it operates by means of a coil which when energized pulls a
conductor (piston) inside it, which then lets liquid flow through it. The spring
force pushes the piston back in the previous position when the electric motor
is de-energized, which again blocks the liquid flow.
Therefore, it is not possible to control a Solenoid coil directly through a logic
circuit during this process, as it draws large amounts of current and produces
hysteresis problems. It is common to control flow of liquids with a 12V
solenoid valve when building a pump. Because this particular solenoid valve
draws up to 1.2A of peak or continuous current during energization, it has to
be taken into consideration when designing the solenoid driver circuit.
34. An Arduino-based Gesture Controlled Air Mouse that uses
Accelerometer
Did you ever wonder why we're moving toward an immersive reality? With
the advent of virtual reality, mixed reality, augmented reality, etc., we are
constantly finding new ways to interact with our surroundings. We are
continually impressed by these fast-paced interactive technologies of new
devices coming out every day.
They are used in a wide variety of applications, including gaming,
entertainment and interactive activities. In this tutorial, you will learn about a
new sort of user interface that will replace the traditional mouse with
something more interesting. It is obvious to our game geeks that Nintendo
was the company to devise a way to interact with video games with a 3D
interactive motion console known as a Wii. Gestures for games are sent
wirelessly through the accelerometer to the system using the accelerometer.
Check out their patent EP1854518B1 to find out more information about this
technology. This will give you a complete understanding of how it works.
Pre-requisites
Arduino Nano (any model)
Accelerometer ADXL335 Module
Bluetooth HC-05 Module
Push buttons
Python Installed computer
Circuit Diagram

This idea inspired us to create an "Air mouse", which will make it possible to
control a system just by waving it in the air, however, instead of using 3D
coordinates, we will only be using 2D coordinates in order to make the
computer mouse mimic actions since the mouse works in two dimensions X
and Y.With the Wireless 3D Air Mouse, the technical concept is very simple,
through the use of an accelerometer we will measure the speed of the actions
and motions of the Air Mouse along the x and y axis, with the help of the
Python software drivers running on the computer, we will control the mouse
cursor and perform certain actions based on the values of the accelerometer.
Flow Chart
35. Arduino Whistle Detector Switch using Sound Sensor

In my childhood I was fascinated by a music car that got triggered when you
clapped your hands, and as I grew up, I wondered if we can use the same
thing to control lights and fans in a home. My fan and light switches could be
operated with a simple handclap rather than walking up to them. As this
circuit constantly responds to any loud noise, like a loud radio or my
neighbour’s lawn mower, it would often malfunction. However, clap
switches can also be fun to build.
That is when I discovered this whistle detecting circuit, which detects a
whistle. Like speech or music, a whistle has a specific frequency that is
constant for a particular duration, thus can be distinguished from other
sounds. We'll see how to identify whistles by using a Sound Sensor and an
Arduino for this tutorial, and we will use an AC lamp and a relay to control it
when a whistle is heard.
As we proceed, we will learn how sound signals are received by devices such
as microphones and learn how to use Arduino to measure frequency. This
sounds interesting, so let's get started with our home automation project using
Arduino.

Materials Required
Arduino UNO
Sound Sensor Module
Relay Module
AC Lamp
Connecting Wires
Breadboard
Sound Sensor Working
As we know, the microphone is the part of the sound sensor that converts
acoustical vibrations, called sound waves, into electrical energy. An
electronic signal is created on an output pin when the microphone's
diaphragm vibrates to sound waves in the environment. A microcontroller
like Arduino cannot directly process these signals since they are very small in
magnitude (mV). The output from the microphone is by default analog, so it
is a sine wave of variable frequency, but electronic microcontroller are digital
devices and hence can handle square waves better.

36. Obstacle Avoiding Robot using Arduino

A simple Robot Obstacle avoidance project is designed here. The field of
robotics is fast growing and has a lot to offer. Technology advances are
increasing the applications of robotics since it is a branch of engineering.
Mobile Robots are becoming more and more complex, and the number of
mobile robots and their applications are increasing rapidly.
The navigation techniques used for mobile robots include path planning, self-
localization and map interpretation. Robot-type vehicles known as Obstacle
Avoiding Robots are designed to avoid collisions with unexpected obstacles.
We have designed an obstacle avoidance robot in this project. Ultrasonic
range finders are the key to avoid collisions with this Arduino-based robot.
Hardware Required
Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic Range Finder Sensor – HC – SR04
Motor Driver IC – L293D
Servo Motor (Tower Pro SG90)
Geared Motors x 2
Robot Chassis
Power Supply
Battery Connector
Battery Holder
Ultrasonic Sensor

You need to know how the ultrasonic sensor works before tackling the
project, read chapter 1 for more information on ultrasonic sensors. Ultrasonic
Ranger - uses ultrasonic waves to measure distance between sensors and
objects based on the time between generating the ultrasonic wave and
receiving its echoes. There are four pins on the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor:
Vcc+, Trigger, Echo, and Ground.
37. Speed, Distance and Angle Measurement for Mobile Robots using
Arduino and LM393 Sensor (H206)

Throughout human history, robots have gradually made our lives easier.
Starship has already deployed six wheeled robotic food delivery vehicles on
the UK's roads, smartly avoiding motorists to reach their destinations. All
mobile robots that navigate within the environment need to be aware of their
own position and orientation with regard to the environment. A variety of
technologies can be used to accomplish this, including GPS, RF
Triangulation, Accelerometers, and Gyroscopes. All of the techniques have
their own advantages, so each is unique in its own way. Here we will be
reading speed and distance from the Arduino microcontroller using the
simple and readily-available LM393 speed sensor. By using these parameters,
the robot will be able to gain an understanding of its current status in the real
world and, as a result, navigate safely.
Required Components
Arduino Nano
16x2 LCD module
L298N H-Bridge Motor Driver
Analog Joystick
H206 Sensor
LM393 Speed Sensor
Circuit Diagram
Here is the circuit diagram for this speed and distance sensing robot. A
L298N H-Bridge Motor Driver module drives two DC motors powered by
the Arduino Nano as the Robot's brain. Both the Joystick and the H206 speed
sensors are used for controlling speed, direction, and angle of the bot, while
the Joystick and second speed sensor are used to measure distance, speed,
and angle of the bot respectively. Displayed in the LCD 16x2 module are the
measured values. LCD contrast can be adjusted by the potentiometer
connected to it, and the resistor is used to limit the current flowing through
the LC’s backlight.

This 7.4V Lithium cell is used to power the whole circuit. Its 12.0V pin is
connected to the Motor driver module. Once the motor driver module is
connected to the Arduino, +5V is regulated by the voltage regulator, which
powers the LCD, Sensors, and Joystick.
Using Ariana’s digital pins 8,9,10, and 11, the Motor can be controlled. In
order to control the motor's speed, PWM signals must be provided to the
positive terminal of the motor. We have a PWM capable pin which
corresponds with pin 9 and an analog pin A2, which is read from the
Joystick.
When a gap in the grid plate is detected by the H206 sensor, it will generate a
trigger. Both the triggers (output pins) from both boards are connected to
External interrupt pins 2 and 3 of the Arduino board since they should not
always be read accurately to calculate the correct speed and distance. I
assembled my bot like the following, with the circuit board mounted on the
chassis and the speed sensor installed as explained, after the connections
were made, it looked like this.
38. Build a Smart Watch by Interfacing OLED Display with Android
Phone using Arduino
A 162 Dot matrix LCD display is probably familiar to most of us, but we are
also familiar with the 16x2 LCD display used as some kind of information
display in our everyday lives. However, there are many limitations in what
these LCD displays can do.
 Fig.Smartwatch Project Picture

The basic information from the Android smartphone will be displayed using
OLED in this tutorial like the time, date, network strength, and battery level.
Here is a collection of simple tools and pictures that will allow you to build a
simple but powerful Arduino based Smartwatch, which will also act as a
watch for incoming calls and messages on your OLED display.
In this case, we are using an android phone application to fetch data from the
OLED Display and then Bluetooth Module and Arduino Pro Mini are used to
send this data to the OLED Display. Bluetooth modules with Arduino work
well for sending data to Android smartphones. It is also possible to use the
Bluetooth module HC-05 instead of HC-06.
The Arduino is connected to the mobile phone by means of a String,
which fetches data from the mobile phone and is sent to the Arduino. When
Arduino receives the string of bytes, it decodes it into a string of temporary
variables that will be displayed on an OLED display. In OLED displays,
some graphics have been created that help with displaying values
Hardware Required
128×64 OLED display Module (SSD1306)
 Arduino (we have used Arduino Pro Mini. But we can use any
Arduino Board)
Bluetooth HC05/HC06
Connecting Wires
3.7v Li-On Battery
Jumper
Circuit Diagram
Here is a simple circuit for using an SSD1306 OLED board with Arduino.

Our board for controlling all the operations is an Arduino Mini. One of the
reasons why Arduino pro mini should be chosen is that it uses 3.3v power
supply.
The HC-06 OLED can be operated at 3.3v as well. Therefore, all of these
modules can be operated from a single 3.7v Li-on. Li-on batteries are the
most compact and lightweight type of battery. Wearable devices benefit
greatly from this technology. This project also includes a wearable
smartwatch that connects to a smartphone.
Several questions arise regarding the power supply. All the modules are
working on 3.3v but the 3.7V Li-ion battery is causing damage to the
modules. The solution to this problem we used was to apply 3.7 volts of
battery power to a raw pin of Arduino pro mini that could change that voltage
into 3.3 volts.
39. Arduino Bluetooth with MATLAB for Wireless Communication
This protocol is the most popular solution for wireless communication in
embedded systems due to its simplicity and ability to support short range
communication. Besides being used to transfer data between two devices but
also to control them wirelessly, Bluetooth is also used for controlling certain
devices. Bluetooth is built into almost every electronic gadget nowadays, so
securing Bluetooth control in your embedded app is a wise choice.
Using Bluetooth in MATLAB and wireless communication, we will learn
how to accomplish this in this tutorial. On one side, we will use Bluetooth in
MATLAB, and on the other, we will use HC-05 with Arduino. MATLAB
and Arduino can communicate via Bluetooth in two ways, one via the
command window and the other via MATLAB GUI. Both of these methods
use the same Arduino code.
Components Required
MATLAB installed Laptop (Preference: R2016a or above versions)
Arduino UNO, Bluetooth Module (HC-05)
LED (any color)
Resistor (330 ohm), Jumper Wires

Circuit Diagram
The following schematics are needed to communicate between MATLAB
and Arduino using Bluetooth.
The Arduino UNO needs to be uploaded with the given code and then
MATLAB Command Window should be used to start programming.
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
int TxD;
int RxD;
int data;
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(TxD, RxD);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available() > 0)
{
data = bluetooth.read();
Serial.print(data);
Serial.print("\n");
if(data == '1')
{
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
}
else if(data == '0')
{
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
}}}
Then, copy and paste the below MATLAB code in the Command window for
Bluetooth communication between MATLAB and Arduino.

Arduino can be programmed in MATLAB. For MATLAB to run on Arduino

target hardware, you need to install a support package from add-ons. The
Bluetooth modules HC-05 or HC-06 can be used.
For more information about Bluetooth communication through MATLAB,
please refer to the below link
https://www.mathworks.com/help/instrument/reading-and-writing-data-over-
the-bluetooth-interface.html
40. Smartphone Controlled Arduino Mood Light with Alarm
It's quite impressive how this LED strip works, I've recently
purchased the NeoPixel LED strip. We control each LED individually on the
board by using a driver IC which delivers a vibrant spectrum of colors. As an
obsessive color freak, I was intrigued by the tiny LED’s changing colors
during night times, which is why I realized that I could build a similar project
for myself.
This LED light should not only be able to change color, but should
have a rational reasoning behind it as well. A professor of Color Science and
Technology at University of Leeds by the name of Stephen Westland, I
discovered that article. In response to colored light, humans exhibit a physical
and psychological response based on the color. There have been many studies
conducted on this process under the name of chronotherapy and the
equipment used to accomplish this has been called a Mood Lamp.
Hence, I decided to venture deeper into chronotherapy and build a
lamp with color changing capabilities that also can be controlled by a phone.
Also, I enhanced the setting by adding a daytime dimming screen and an
option to set a bright orange wake-up light (sunshine), This alarm allows you
to sleep by putting the LEDs into sleep mode in a mild purple (night sky)
color. Isn’t that cool? Let’s get building.
Materials Required
Enough science we are supposed to be working with electronics, so
let’s gather the required components.
NeoPixel LEDs
Arduino, DS3231 RTC module
HC-05 Bluetooth Module
LDR, 100K resistor, 12V Power supply.
Chronotherapy - Mood Lamp
Many of these DIY mood lamps offer nothing more than switch on and off at
random, without any purpose behind it. A mood lamp should have a
minimum brightness, be gradually colored, and have progressively varying
intensities. After a bit of research, I discovered that such a lamp should have
a minimum brightness. Below is a table which compares how each color
affects mental and physical level.
Circuit Diagram
The complete circuit diagram for this Bluetooth Controlled Arduino Mood
Lamp Project is given below.

41. Interfacing nRF24L01 with Arduino: Controlling Servo Motor

Wireless communication is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, with more
machines/devices communicating on cloud-based platforms such as Internet
of things (IoT), Industry 4.0, Machine to Machine communication, etc.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE 4.0), Zigbee, ESP43 Wi-Fi modules, 433MHz
RF modules, Lora, nRF etc. are some of the wireless communication systems
that engineers use, and their choice of medium is determined by the type of
application.
Most popular among all is the nRF24L01, which is a radio frequency-based
interconnect system. In addition, modules of this type operate on 2.4GHz
bands with baud rates between 250Kbps and 2Mbps and have been legal
throughout the world.

They claim that they can also transmit and receive 100-meter distances with
proper antennas. So, what will this tutorial teach you? This tutorial will give
you a deeper understanding of how to successfully interface this module with
microcontroller platforms such as Arduino. This module also provides
solutions to some of the problems that may occur when using it.
Getting to know the nRF24L01 RF Module

A transceiver, the nRF24L01 modules are capable of communicating in both

directions but are half-duplex, which means they can only send or receive
data at the same time. It uses the Nordic semiconductors nRF24L01 chip,
which is responsible for transmit and receive functions. SPI is the protocol
the IC uses, so it can communicate with any microcontroller. Because
Arduino has libraries readily available, it gets a lot easier. Here is a list of
pinouts of nRF24L01 modules.
Operating at voltage levels from 1.9V to 3.6V (typically 3.3V), the module
consumes only 12mA during normal operation, making it battery efficient
and therefore allowing the module to run on coin cells. The pins are tolerant
of 5V despite the operating voltage of 3.3V, and so can be directly connected
to 5V microcontrollers like Arduino.

Using these modules has another advantage in that each one comes with 6
Pipelines. Specifically, each module can communicate with 6 other modules
each time data is transmitted and received. As a result, the module can be
used to create star networks and mesh networks in IoT applications. Their
address range is wide as well, 125 unique identifiers are capable of being
used in a closed area, so if you have 125 of them you can't interfere with each
other.
42. Build your own self-balancing robot with Arduino
After being inspired by and wanting to create something similar to
the Segway self-balancing scooter models, I built the RYNO motor. I decided
to build a self-balancing Arduino robot based on my thinking. Therefore, I
can learn about the PID algorithms while understanding the underlying
theory behind these scooters.
I realized that building this bot was quite difficult the first time I did it. With
so many options to choose from, including motor selection and PID tuning, it
is only natural to be confused. There are a number of variables to consider,
including the CoG, the battery type, the battery location, wheel grips, motor
drivers, etc.
However, let me reveal to you that once you learn how to do it, you will see
for yourself that it’s not as difficult as it sounds. In this tutorial we'll discuss
the path I took in order to build the self-balancing robot. This may be the first
time you are getting started with bots or maybe you have been frustrated for a
long time and are now looking for help. Having arrived here, you will feel
like you have arrived at your final destination.

Required Components
Arduino UNO
Geared DC motors (Yellow colored) – 2Nos
 L298N Motor Driver Module
MPU6050
A pair of wheels
7.4V Li-ion Battery
Connecting wires
3D Printed Body
Circuit Diagram

43. Automatic Water Dispenser using Arduino

 Water covers about 71% of the earth, but sadly there is only drinking
water in 2.5% of it. In 2025 we can expect perennial water shortages due to
increased population, pollution, and climate change. We waste a lot of
drinking water each year due to human negligence. On one hand, there are a
number of minor disputes among nations and states regarding water sharing
rivers, and on the other, there are national disputes among states regarding
water sharing rivers.
One gallon of water is enough for an average human to live two days if your
tap drips a drop of water every second. This might not seem like a big
amount of water at first, but it would take you about five hours to waste one
gallon of water. This problem can be solved through technology
improvement. The answer always lies in technology development. The water
consumption rate can be drastically decreased by replacing all manual taps
with a smart faucet that automatically opens and closes without requiring us
to touch the handle. Therefore, we will build a Solenoid Valves and Arduino
based Automated Water Dispenser that can automatically dispense water to a
glass when it is placed near it.
Materials Required
Solenoid Valve, Arduino Uno (any version)
HCSR04 – Ultrasonic Sensor
IRF540 MOSFET, 1k and 10k Resistor
Breadboard, Connecting Wires
Working Concept
The water dispenser works by dispensing water at the touch of a button. A
HCSR04 Ultrasonic Sensor will be used to verify that no glass is placed in
front of the dispenser. A solenoid valve will control the flow of
water. Which generates electricity to operate when activated, and de-
energizes when not in use. The solenoid will be turned on and will wait until
the object is removed. We will write an Arduino program that checks if
anything is placed near the tap, on the other hand if it is, the solenoid will be
turned off, when you remove the object, the solenoid will turn off the water
supply automatically.
Circuit Diagram
An electromechanical solenoid containing a 12-volt battery is used in this
project. It has a continuous current capacity of 700mA. In other words, when
the valve is on, it uses about 700mA to keep it on. Hence, a Solenoid driver
circuit needs a switching driver to operate an Arduino board that operates
with 5V and hence requires a 5V switching driver circuit.
IRF540N is the MOSFET used in this project and its switching device is
referred to as a N-Channel MOSFET with the Gate, Source and Drain pins
originating from pin 1. According to the circuit diagram, the Arduino's Vin
pin powers the solenoid's positive terminal.
As the Arduino will be powered by a 12V adapter and its Vin pin is 12V, the
control of the solenoid can be performed. Several connections are made
between the negative terminal and the ground via the MOSFET’s Source and
Drain pins. Only if the MOSFET is switched on will the solenoid be
powered. Turning the MOSFET on or off is done with the gate pin. A gate
pin grounded to ground will remain off while a gate voltage applied to it will
turn it on. The gate pin of the MOSFET is pulled down to ground by a 10k
resistor when no power is applied to it. A 1K resistor limits the current
flowing to Arduino pin 12, which controls the MOSFET.
The Ultrasonic Sensor is powered by connecting a power supply to the
Arduino's +5V and ground pins. To pins 8 and 9, respectively, are connected
the trigger and echo pins. The Ultrasonic sensor can then be programmed to
make use of the Arduino in order to detect objects and turn on the MOSFET
if one is detected. My circuit was somewhat like this below after connecting
all the wires. The whole circuit is simple and can be easily built on a
breadboard.
44. Interfacing Flame Sensor with Arduino to Build a Fire Alarm System
Generally, a flame detector is a sensor that is designed to detect and respond
if there is a fire present or if it is rapidly spreading. An alarm would sound, a
fuel line would be deactivated, a fire suppression system would activate, and
so on. Responses to a detected flame vary based on the installation.
Flame detection methods differ. They include: Infrared detectors, UV/IR
detectors, near-IR arrays, infrared thermal cameras, Ultraviolet detectors, and
many others.
Circuit Diagram

An infrared light sensor is utilized to detect the amount of Infra-red light

emitted by the fire. An Op-Amp is then used to assess if any change has
occurred in voltage across the IR Receiver, so that if there has been a fire the
output pin (DO) will read 0V (LOW), and otherwise it will read 5V (HIGH).
In this project, we are using an IR flame sensor. This sensor utilizes a silicon
phototransistor, the YG1006, which is extremely sensitive and has a high
speed. Detectors for infrared light can detect wavelengths between 700nm
and 1000nm, and have detection angles of 60° or greater. An integrated
circuit which contains a photodiode, a resistor, a capacitor, a potentiometer,
and an LM393 comparator is called a flame sensor. By adjusting the onboard
potentiometer, the sensitivity can be adjusted. With a digital output, the
working voltage ranges from 3.3v to 5v DC. On the output, logic high
indicates the presence of fire or flame. On the output, logic low indicates the
absence of fire or flame.
Applications of flame sensors
Hydrogen stations
Combustion monitors for burners
Oil and gas pipelines
Automotive manufacturing facilities
Nuclear facilities
Aircraft hangars
Turbine enclosures
Components Required
Arduino Uno (any Arduino board can be used)
Flame sensor
LED, Buzzer
Resistor, Jumper wires
45. IoT Based Electricity Energy Meter using ESP12 and Arduino
Every home in the world is equipped with electricity energy meters
that measure electricity consumption. At the end of every month, many of us
get worried about the high electricity bill and we have to look at the energy
meter once in a while. How about being able to monitor your consumption
from anywhere in the world and receive an SMS/email when the threshold
value is reached? IoT-powered Energy Meters are what we're building here.
An Energy Meter circuit was previously built using the GSM module which
provides you with SMS notifications about your bill. Designed using the
Arduino and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, we build a Smart Electricity Energy
meter that can send you an SMS/Email of the electricity bill along with real-
time monitoring of your energy usage from anywhere and anytime. Our
current sensor ACS712 has been used here to determine the energy
consumption, and we will learn more about it shortly.
In addition, we will utilize MQTT Dashboard for Android to monitor our
Energy usage. Through this project, we will utilize the IFTTT platform to
link our Wi-Fi with SMS and E-Mail notifications.
Circuit Diagram

Materials Required:
Arduino Uno, ESP12/NodeMCU
ACS712-30Amp Current sensor, Any AC Appliance
Male-Female Wires
46. Coronavirus Sterilizer Box | Food Mask Sterilizer
 The Covid technology revolutionized 2020 for all of humanity. The
way it spread rapidly forced us to wear face masks and gloves to protect our
skin from everything we touched. Certainly, we can put on a mask when we
are outside but what do we do if we bring something home from the store or
trade with someone else? The fact that patients and employees exchange files
and paperwork with doctors or with each other, cannot be sanitized by
applying sanitizers to these outside items.
Circuit Diagram

Using an arduino-powered system powered by a smart electronics chip, we

solve this huge problem. To solve the problem, we designed an ultraviolet-
sanitizing box that has a 60-degree angle. 8 uv tubes are employed by the
system in order to achieve this task. All viruses have been killed by UV C in
a matter of seconds:
Components
 Arduino Uno
LCD Display,Buzzer
Lid Sensor
UV-C Tubes, Buttons
Metal Mesh, LED’s
IC’s , Resistors
Capacitors
Diodes, Transistors
Transformer
Base frame, Supporting Frame
Mounts and Joints
Screws and Bolts

The Arduino COVID Disinfection box has the following Key Aspects
A 360-degree approach to disinfection
All Coronaviruses can be deactivated.
Shutdown and alerts based on timers
Sterilizes masks, packaged foods, electronics etc.
Specifying the duration of the sterilization
Shut off automatically
 Easy To Use
We use no water and no chemicals | Environmentally friendly
Sterilization starts when the start button on the Arduino controller is pressed
and the controller takes user inputs for time setting. This device shuts off
automatically after it reaches the sterilization temperature. Another shutoff
system also prevents lipids from being opened by users while sterilization is
taking place.

Advantages
No Chemicals or Water Sterilization
Sterilization at 360 degrees
Demonstrated to deactivate Bacteria and Viruses
Sterilization time that can be adjusted
Untimely opening will result in automatic safety shut off.
Disadvantages
Since it is not large enough to sterilize large objects, it is not suitable.
It does not have a battery and is not suitable for car use.
47. Play the Space Race Game using the Arduino and Nokia 5110
Graphic Display
Developing with Arduino is fun, and programming has been that way for
years. Everyone out here has used the language they are learning or
practicing to develop some kind of game. They have fun while practicing
programming in this way. My interest in Arduino has been on the rise ever
since I was introduced to it and wanted to do something cool with it. When I
saw how smooth an interface could be using a Graphical LCD like the Nokia
5110 along with Arduino, the idea of developing a game came to me. So, you
might also enjoy developing your game since it was an effective way to
practice programming skills. As a result, in this tutorial, you will learn how to
build an entertaining game employing the Arduino microcontroller and the
graphics LCD display.
This time around we are going to try a new version of the Snake game using
Arduino, which we have named Future Race, in which the player needs to
keep their vessel safe from enemy ships by using a joystick.

Game Plan:
The method by which your game would work is very important before we
start. A graphics LCD and joystick was the hardware that I chose for my
hardware selection. You have likely selected the same option in this tutorial
as well.
We have had to plan our entire game inside the 84 * 48-pixel dimensions of
the Nokia 5110 display because it doesn't have a lot of free space. The Nokia
5110 LCD has been reprogrammed to be used with the Arduino, as well as
the Nokia Joystick for Arduino.

It will be difficult to arrange the gaming area within this space, as well as the
scoreboard area, which displays things like score and things. In order to
update your screen with the pixel locations, it is very important to know
where the pixel locations are.
Circuit Diagram:
It's very easy to make this game with Arduino; we just need to interface the
Nokia 5110 LCD module, and the Joystick to Arduino.
Our game characters need to be decided after we determine the appearance of
the game screen. I have designed a game based on a spaceship over a planet
and an enemy spacecraft disguised as a planet. So, I used the Nokia LCD's
bitmap feature and my spaceship and enemies were displayed on the screen.
A spacecraft will race against the alien spaceships, and have the capability to
change lanes to avoid a contact with them. It should never be possible for an
alien to occupy more than two tracks at a time and the player should always
be able to drive over a free track. Our goal is to finish the Hardware and
complete the Programming once the ideas are concluded.
48. Interfacing Tilt Sensor with Arduino
When a tilt sensor is activated, it determines whether the object is upright or
tilted, and outputs high or low based on its orientation. In essence, it consists
of a mercury ball which moves inside to create a circuit. Therefore, the tilt
sensor is able to either turn on or off the circuit according to the orientation.
We are interfacing an Arduino UNO with a Mercury switch / tilt sensor. We
are controlling a LED and buzzer based on the tilt sensor's output. The alarm
will be triggered upon tilting the sensor. This tilt sensor circuit also
demonstrates the workings of tilt sensors.
Material Required
Mercury Switch/ Tilt Sensor
Arduino UNO
Buzzer
LED
Resistor - 220 ohm
Breadboard
Connecting wires
An Arduino interface for tilt sensors.
A schematic of the easy connection between the sensor and Arduino follows
below. Sensor pin VCC is connected to Arduino terminal 5V and sensor pin
GND is connected to ground. The DO pin can be connected to any digital pin
of the Arduino board.
Circuit Diagram
The Arduino needs 5v dc power to be able to operate the Tilt sensor. The 5V
supply and Tilt sensor output is obtained by wires connected to pins 3 and 4
of Arduino. In order to prevent an overcurrent, the LED is connected with the
Arduino UNO PIN 2 with a 230-ohm resistor. In addition, the buzzer is
connected directly to Arduino UNO PIN 3.
Designed to measure tilt angle, this Mercury switch-based tilt sensor gives
high on its output pin. 5V is required to power this device. It consists of
input, ground, and output terminals. It is composed of a glass tube containing
a liquid mercury ball and two electrodes. As the mercury ball is inclined a
certain way, it closes and opens the circuit. Here is how the module works
and is organized internally:
Working of Tilt Sensor
49. Bluetooth Controlled Servo Motor using Arduino
Robots are controlled precisely by using a Servo motor. Using an Arduino
UNO and an Android device via Bluetooth, we will show you how to control
a Servo motor via Bluetooth connection. Previously we controlled servo via
Arduino, this time we will use Bluetooth Module HC-6 to control Servo
wirelessly.
Material Required
Arduino UNO,
HC-05 or HC-06 Bluetooth module
Servo Motor,
Roboremo App from PlayStore
 Breadboard,
Connecting wire
HC-06 Bluetooth Module
How it works
Sending data packets to the Bluetooth module is done by the android app.
These data packets are then transmitted via serial communication to the
Arduino Uno. A servo motor is controlled by Arduino Uno based on the
value of the data packet. The flowchart below illustrates how this works.

Bluetooth can operate in the following two modes:

1. Command Mode
2. Operating Mode
Command Mode will allow us to change the Bluetooth properties, like the
name of the Bluetooth signal as well as the password, baud rate and range of
features. This is the mode in which the PIC Microcontroller can transfer and
receive data with a Bluetooth module.
Thus, the Operating Mode will be our only discussion in this tutorial. We will
use the default settings for the Command mode. All Bluetooth modules will
use a default baud rate of 9600. The Device Name is HC-05 and the password
is 0000 or 1234.
50. Controlling Multiple Servo Motors with Arduino
Arduino is great for controlling one or two Servos, but how do we control
more than one Servo?
We will be demonstrating how multiple servo motors can be controlled using
Arduino. When connected to Arduino supply pins multiple Servo Motors
seem to be simple, but they won’t work correctly because there is not enough
current to drive all the motors. Therefore, you need to supply each motor with
a separate power supply, whether from some adapters (5v 2A) or from good
quality batteries (9v).
While integrating more than two servos into one Arduino, we all experience
current difficulties. There is only one solution to this problem, which is to
connect an external power source rated appropriately (that is, I used a 9V
supply that was rated for 2A). Powering small Servos can be accomplished
by wiring in an external power supply through adapters, RPSs (Regulated
Power Supplies), or good quality 9-volt batteries. When using a laptop, you
can also connect your USB port to power your Servos. The Arduino ground
must be shorted to the external supply ground in order to use the external
supply.
Circuit Diagram

Material Required
Arduino UNO
Servo Motor
Power Supply
Breadboard
Connecting Wires
51. Arduino Based Countdown Timer
A timer refers to a type of clock that measures time intervals.
Counting upwards from zero is one type of timer when measuring the elapsed
time is called a stopwatch. It also has a second option, generally termed a
Countdown Timer, which counts down based on the time duration provided
by the user.
The following tutorial will provide you with detailed instructions in order to
make a Countdown Timer using Arduino. Our implementation does not use
the Real Time Clock (RTC) for time synchronization. With the help of the
Keypad and 16x2 LCD, the time duration is provided by the user. The buzzer
will be used to alert the user according to Zero on the timer.
Material Required
Arduino UNO
LCD 16*2
4*4 matrix keypad
Buzzer
Pushbutton
Potentiometer (10k)
Resistor (10k, 100 ohm)
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram
The main controller here is the Arduino Uno. The time duration is fed into
the keypad and the countdown is displayed on a 16*2 LCD. To start the time,
the pushbutton is pressed. Here is an Arduino tutorial on how to connect a
4x4 keypad with an LCD and a 16x2 LCD with Arduino.
52. Automatic Pet Feeder using Arduino
A Pet Feeder based on Arduino can automatically deliver food to your pet on
schedule. Your pet should be fed on time and date set by the DS3231 Real
Time Clock module. The device drops or fills the food bowl depending on
your pet’s eating schedule, so set the time accordingly.
Circuit Diagram
DS3231 RTC Module and Arduino UNO are used in this circuit to display
the time on a 16*2 LCD. Also, a servo motor is used to provide the food by
rotating the containers and a 4*4 matrix keypad should be used to set the
feeding time. Depending on the quantity you want to serve your pet, you can
set the rotation angle and duration of dish opening. Aside from the size of
your pet, the amount of food you ought to give him also depends on whether
he is a cat, a dog, or a bird.
Material Required
Arduino UNO, 4*4 Matrix Keypad
16*2 LCD, Push Button
Servo Motor
Resistor
Connecting Wires
Breadboard
We have used RTC (Real Time Clock) Module for time and date acquisition
in this Arduino based Cat Feeder. With the help of the 16x2 LCD, we made
the Stepper control Pet’s eating time by using a four-by-four matrix keypad.
When the user sets the time, the Servo motor rotates the container and drops
the food on the determined date and time. In the video on the end, you can
see complete working of the LCD. Date and Time can be displayed on the
LCD.
DS3231 RTC Module

RTC (Real Time Clock) module DS3231 works with the DS3231
microcontroller. Many of the Electronics projects rely on it to keep track of
the date and time. When the main power is removed from the module or if
the MCU has undergone a hard reset, the module will maintain the date and
time using the coin cell battery power supply.
This module will always keep track of the date and time once the date and
time have been set. In our circuit, we are using the DS3231 to make the pet’s
owner set the feeding schedule, like an alarm, to the pet’s daily food
requirements. The clock opens the container gate when the timer reaches the
set time and drops the food into the Pet’s bowl.
Note: You can also use the RTC IC DS1307 to read the time if you use this
module for the first time.

3D-Printed Pet Feeder Model

The Arduino Pet Feeder container prototype is printed with a 3D printer.
53. Arduino Based AC Home Appliances controlling with thermistor and
relay
If you were sitting in a cold room and you wanted your heater to be
automatically turned on, then that might be possible. Usually, when a room
temperature increases, appliances are turned on for some time and then off,
making the project useful for controlling home appliances according to the
temperature. With Arduino, we control our home air conditioning systems
based on the temperature. A Thermistor was used to measure temperature in
this case. The Thermistor was interfaced with Arduino and the temperature
was displayed on LCD.
We will use the Arduino temperature-controlled system in this tutorial to be
able to control an AC appliance using a Relay. Displayed on the 16*2 LCD
display with connection to the circuit are the current temperature and
appliance status.
A variety of components are used in this Home Automation System,
including an Arduino board, LCD display, relay and thermistor. Basically,
the whole system works by using a relay and a thermistor; as the temperature
rises, the relay will turn on and as the temperature drops below the threshold,
the relay will turn off.
Relays will also enable and disable the appliance attached to them. CFL bulbs
are used as AC appliances in this system.
Circuit Diagram

The Temperature based Home Automation System contains components such

as an Arduino board, LCD display, thermistor, Relay, and Relay. The relay
and the thermistor are key elements in this system. As the temperature
increases so does the relay. If it drops below the preset temperature the relay
is turned off.
The Relay will also control the home appliance connected with it. For this
example, an AC appliance is connected as a CFL bulb. The Arduino board is
programmed to trigger the entire triggering procedure and set the temperature
value. On the LCD screen, we can see the temperature at every half second,
as well as the status of the appliances.
The Arduino Servo Motor library takes care of all electronic properties of the
servo, so you just need to enter this angle and there is a function
servo1.write(angle); which will rotate the servo to the desired angle.
Material Required
Arduino UNO
Relay (5v)
16*2 LCD display
Light Bulb (CFL)
NTC thermistor 10k
Connecting wires
Resistors (1k and 10k ohms)
Potentiometer (10k)
Thermistor

Thermistor is the key component in this circuit, which is responsible for

detecting temperature rise. Temperature-sensitive resistors measure resistance
by changing according to temperature, called thermocouples. We are being
tested with a NTC thermistor.
Both types of thermistors have negative temperature coefficients and positive
temperature coefficients. The resistance of an NTC thermistor increases with
rising temperature, while the resistance of a PTC thermistor increases with
rising temperature.
54. DIY Arduino Inclinometer using MPU6050

This accelerometer and gyroscope are an integrated circuit (IC) that measures
three axes of movement at the same time. Besides the temperature sensor and
DCM, the module contains additional features for complex tasks. In the
production of self-balancing robots and other remote devices, the MPU6050
is often used. We will build an Inclinometer or Spirit Leveler using the
MPU6050 and learn how to use it.
A digital inclinometer or a spirit bubble inclinometer is used to measure
inclination, but they can also be used as inclinometers to level a surface. A
Digital Inclinometer is being developed in this project and it can be
monitored by an Android application. By using a mobile phone for displaying
the data from the MPU6050, we can do so without having to look at the
hardware; this could be very useful when the MPU6050 is mounted on a
drone or inaccessible place.
Materials Required:
Arduino Pro-mini (5V)
 MPU6050 Gyro Sensor
HC-05 or HC-06 Bluetooth module
FTDI board
Breadboard
Connecting wires
Smart Phone
An image of the circuit diagram is shown below for this Arduino Tilt Sensor
Project. A breadboard can be used to build the circuit with just three
components.
The I2C communication protocol is used by the MPU6050. Hence the SDA
pin on the MPU6050 is connected to the SDA pin on the Arduino and its SCL
pin is connected to its SCL pin on the Arduino.
The HC-06 Bluetooth Module is connected to pin D11 of the Arduino and pin
D10 of D4 of the Bluetooth module, which means the Rx pin and the Tx pin
of Bluetooth are connected. Programming an Arduino will enable these pins
as Serial pins by configuring D10 and D11. Hence, they are powered via the
Vcc pin of the Arduino, and they are powered by the HC-05 module and the
MSP6050 module.
Circuit Diagram
The following circuit diagram shows how Arduino Inclinometer uses
MPU6050
Powering your setup:
It depends on your power options. You may use the FTDI programming
board, use a battery, or an adapter, but for powering your circuit you'll need a
9volt battery or 12volt adapter. An in-built voltage regulator on the Arduino
Pro-mini will convert the +5V external voltage into the preferred 2.4V.
As the breadboard moves, you can observe these values changing as the zeros
become values. You should check your connections if they change, otherwise
make sure your connection is correct. Look at the three values Pitches, Roll
and Yaw as you tilt your sensor and note how they vary according to your
tilt. Once the Arduino has been reset, you can take a look at its values in one
direction and you will be able to recognize which value changes. Below is an
illustration of that.
55. Smart Blind Stick using Arduino
Were you ever talked about the famous American rock climber Hugh Herr?
He has broken the limitations of his disabilities; Technology can help people
with disabilities live a normal life. He is a strong believer in this. A TED talk
given by Herr said “There is no such thing as a disabled person. a person can
never be broken”. Buildings and technology within our society are broken,
disenfranchised, and lacking. It is not necessary for us to accept our
limitations. Through technological innovation, we can transform disability”.
Then, and now, he lived his life by these words, now using prosthetic legs
and claiming to live a normal life. Therefore, technology can indeed
neutralize human disability; to this end, let us take advantage of the power of
Arduino and some simple sensors to create a Blind man's stick that can
perform more than just serve blind persons.
Materials Required:
Arduino Nano (Any version will work)
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
LDR,
Buzzer and LED
7805,
Push button
433MHz RF transmitter and receiver
Resistors, Capacitors
Perf board
Soldering Kit
9V batteries
An Ultrasonic sensor will be used on this Smart stick to assess distance from
any obstacle. A light detection radio receiver to facilitate remote locating of
the man's stick and a wireless RF remote control. Through a Buzzer, the blind
person will get all feedback. Of course, you can swap Buzzer out for a
vibrating motor, and do even more, just by putting your own creativity into it.
Circuit Diagram:
Two circuits are required to build this Smart Blind Stick. A large portion of
the electrical power source will go into the main circuit, which will be
mounted on the blind man’s stick. This small RF transmitter circuit is
intended to locate the main circuit board. The circuit diagram on the main
board is shown below:

As you can see, all the sensors are controlled by an Arduino Nano. With a 9V
battery plugged into the board, a Voltage regulator of 7805 rate voltage to
+5V. Powered by 5V, the ultrasonic device is connected to the trigger and
echo pins on the Arduino Nano.
Taking advantage of a LDR that will expose the ground through a resistor
valued at 10K, Arduino ADC pin A1 detects any difference in voltage across
pin A1, which can be used to measure the distance between the plugged-in
electrode and the ground. In the output circuit, Pin 12 is connected to the
buzzer which reads the signal from pin A0 of the ADC.

RF Remote Transmitter Circuit

An RF transmitter transmits the missing alert to the smart stick, which
receives it via a receiver circuit. A small PCB sub-assembly houses the RF
transmitter module.
56. Home Automation Using Arduino with Bluetooth Control
A human's life can be enhanced through technology today. As technology
evolves, we live in progressively more advanced times. Automation used to
be a science fiction story before, but is not so today. Our home can be
awesome if we combine the latest technology with it. A home automation
system can be created with the Arduino Uno and Windows 10 to allow home
devices to operate on their own automatically.
Home automation can do more than ensure the safety of your family and
provide easy control of temperature, lighting, and music. Automating your
home theater allows you to have perfectly balanced sound and perfect
lighting that can be adapted to the time of day or the film you are watching

57. Control your Computer with Hand Gestures using Arduino

 Recent market research indicates that the number of wireless
computer keyboards is rapidly increasing. We can control certain functions of
our computer and/or laptop by using a motion that we call Leap Motion.
These laptops are rather expensive, but they are cool. Let us use the Power of
Arduino and Python to provide Gesture Control for our Laptop/Computer.

A VLC media player will be controlled based on the position of our hand
using Ultrasonic sensors. When you are familiar with this project, however,
you are able to do anything just by changing a few lines of code and
manipulate your favourite application in your favourite way.
Pre-requisites:
Python has already been used in several Arduino projects before. Assuming
you've already set up Python and its serial library, and have executed a few
basic projects like blinking LEDs, this is what you can expect. Don’t be
alarmed, here’s a tutorial you can use to learn how to program your led
directly using Arduino and Python. Please ensure Python and the Python
Serial library are installed before moving on.
Concept behind the project:
The project's concept is extremely straightforward. Our approach is to place
two Ultrasonic sensors on our monitor and use Arduino to read the distance
between it and our hand. We will then do what the distance reading tells us,
based on it. pyautogui is an open-source Python library that allows us to
perform actions on our computer. A USB connection is used to connect
Arduino to the computer and send commands. Python is run on the computer
and Python will read the read data and subsequently perform an action based
on the read data.
Circuit Diagram:
The Arduino will connect to the two Ultrasonic sensors and control the
computer with hand gestures. Knowing that US sensors require 5 Volts of
Voltage, Arduino's on-board voltage regulators are powering them. Besides
being connected to the PC/Laptop for powering the board and serial
communication, the Arduino can also be used as a computer control system.
The connection should look like this once it's finished. You can use your own
creativity to stick it to your monitor but I used double sided tape to do so. We
can then begin the programming process after securing the device in place.

For example, we can program five actions to be controlled by gestures by

reading the distance value and adjusting our program accordingly.

Action 1: In VLC player, the video should Play/Pause when both hands are
placed in proximity to the sensor.
Action 2: A video should Fast Forward one step when the right hand is held
up in front of the sensor at a certain distance.
Action 3: At a particular distance from the sensor, the video should Rewind
one step when the left hand is placed before it.
Action 4: When your right hand is placed up in front of the camera at a
certain distance, and then your hand is moved towards the camera, and you
move away, the video should fast forward and rewind.
Action 5: After placing the left hand close to the sensor, it should increase
the video volume and when it is moved away from the sensor, it should
decrease the volume.

Here, we will see how the program is built to accomplish the above actions.
So, just like any other program, we define the I/O pins first as you can see
above. Digital pin 2, 3, 4, and 5 are used to power the two US sensors which
are powered by +5V pins.
The Arduino's trigger pins are input pins, and the Arduino's echo pins are
output pins. Serial communication takes place with a baud rate of 9600 for
the Arduino and Python programs.
58. Floor Cleaning Robot using Ultrasonic Sensor with an Arduino
Floor cleaning machines don't do anything new, but they all share the same
problem. There are currently no Robots for House cleaning that aren't too
expensive for what they do. So today, we are making an Automatic Robotic
Cleaning Machine. Its cost will be a small fraction of the one on the market.
In the event the Robot detects obstacles it can continue progressing, avoiding
obstructions, until the entire room has been cleaned. The floor is cleaned with
the help of a small brush on the side of the machine.
Component Required:
Arduino UNO R3.
Ultrasonic Sensor.
Arduino Motor Driver shield.
Wheel Drive Robot Chassis.
Computer to Program the Arduino.
Battery for the Motors.
A Power Bank to Power the Arduino
A Shoe Brush.
A Scotch Brite Scrub Pad.
Note:
A four-stranded wire can be used instead of batteries. That is what we did. If
it is not something you plan to use in the real world every day, it is a feasible
solution even though it is not elegant or practical. Confirm that the cable’s
length is sufficient.
Wiring and Connections:
The circuit for this Robotic Home Cleaning Machine is very simple. Mount
the Motor Driver shield on the Arduino and connect the Ultrasonic sensor as
mentioned below.
How to assemble a floor cleaner robot:
The Arduino must be mounted to the chassis. Assuming your chassis is made
of metal, take care not to short circuit anything. Getting a box for the Arduino
and the motor controller shield is a good idea. Mount the motors using screws
on the chassis and wheels. If the chassis doesn't come with this option from
the factory, you can improvise. Epoxy is an option that can work well. Place
the shoe brush on the front of the chassis. This was done with M-Seal epoxy
and drilled screws; however, you could use any other solution you prefer.
The Scotch Brite scrub pad should be installed behind the brush. It is held in
play with a shaft across the chassis, but the mechanism can be improvised. A
spring-loaded shaft can be employed to hold it in play. The batteries (or
cables) are mounted on the back of the chassis. A battery holder or epoxy can
be used to mount the batteries. Hot glue can also be used.

It is connected to ultrasonics Trig pin (attached to pin 12), Ultrasonics Echo

pin (attached to pin 13), the voltage pin (connected to the 5V pin), and the
ground pin to the ground pin on the Arduino. A power supply and ground
pins connect the sensor to the Arduino and allow it to receive power from
both. The Trig and Echo pins allow the Arduino to communicate with it, and
also serve to send data to and from the sensor. Here you can learn more about
how you can interface Ultrasonic sensors with Arduino.
Motor shields ought to have at least 2 outputs, and the direct connections
between them and your two motors should be made. The outputs of these
channels are normally labelled as “M1” and “M2”. Connect the motor shield
and the Arduino to the batteries, and your power bank to the power bank.
Motor shields should have input channels, so do not cross connect them.
Please connect wires to AC adapters if you're using them.
59. Controlling a Stepper Motor using Potentiometer with Arduino
As stepper motors become increasingly popular in electronic products, they
will continue to hold a stronghold in the electronics market. Everywhere,
stepper motors are used as actuators for easy control ranging from
surveillance cameras to complex CNC machines and robots. This tutorial
demonstrates the 28-BYJ48 stepper motor, commonly available and cheaply.
We'll also explore the ULN2003 stepper module that enables us to interface
the 28-BYJ48 with an Arduino controller.
The last project we did was Interface Stepper Motor with Arduino, where you
could control the rotation angle of the stepper motor through the Serial
Monitor. In this project, we are going to rotate Stepper Motor using Arduino
and Potentiometer, the potentiometer will rotate clockwise when you turn it
clockwise, and will rotate anticlockwise when you turn it the other way.
Stepper Motors:
Let's take a look at the 28BYJ48 stepper motor.

Its wires are all fancy colours and are not connected to a normal DC motor, it
is just the opposite. Why? Before understanding this, we need to know how
steppers work and what their specialties are.
A stepper motor does not rotate, but its movements are linear, hence it is
commonly referred to as a step motor. Each step will be taken one after the
other. A series of coils are embedded in these motors, and these coils have to
be wired in an energized manner in order for the motor to rotate. A motor
takes steps when each coil is energized, and a series of the energizations
makes the motor turn continuously, thus causing it to spin. Here is what these
coils in the motor look like to determine exactly where they come from.
A five-lead unipolar coil arrangement can be seen on the motor. Each coil
requires an individual sequence of energizing. A + 5V supply will be applied
to the red wires while the rest of the wires will be pulled to ground for
triggering the respective coils. These coils are energized in a particular
sequence using a microcontroller such as Arduino.
Now that I think about it - I have no idea why this motor is called 28-BYJ48.
It doesn't appear that this motor has any technical reason for its title; perhaps
we should delve further into it. In the picture below we have taken some
important technical data from the data sheet of this motor.

Here is an example that shows using the Arduino Stepper Library to control a
stepper motor using a potentiometer (or other sensor) on analog input 0. With
either unipolar or bipolar motors, the stepper can be controlled via digital
pins 8, 9, 10, and 11.
If you are using a unipolar stepper, you will connect the Arduino board to a
U2004 Darlington array; if you are using a bipolar motor, you will connect it
to a SN754410NE H-bridge.
Circuit Diagram

What are the reasons for the need for Driver Modules for Stepper Motors? A
driver module is usually required to operate most stepper motors. We cannot
drive the motor with the controller module (In our case Arduino) because the
controller's I/O pins won't deliver enough current. So, we will use the ULN
2003 stepper motor driver as an external module. Different types of driver
modules are used for different types of motors so the rating will change
accordingly. For any driver module, the primary function will be to
source/sink sufficient current for the motor to operate.
Using Potentiometer and Arduino to control a stepper motor is shown in the
circuit diagram above. The ULN2003 driver module and the 28BYJ-48
Stepper motor were used. A driver module connected to the Arduino board's
digital pin 8 is used to energize the four coils on the stepper motor. The
Arduino 5V pin is used to power the stepper motor. We will rotate the
Stepper motor based on the values of a potentiometer connected to A0.
If you are connecting some load to the stepper motor, then power the driver
with an external power supply. The motor has been used on the +5V rail of
the Arduino Board for demonstration purposes. Make sure the Arduino is
connected to the ground of the Driver module as well.
60. Arduino Based 3-Way Traffic Light Controller
An Arduino based 3-Way Traffic Light Controller demonstrates the working
of traffic lights which we see around us. This is a simple, yet useful project to
help you understand the way traffic lights work. Here we are demonstrating a
simpler version of traffic lights that are used in three-sided or way traffic
signals. Now let us move on to the project...
Components Required:
3 Red LED Lights, 3 Green LED Lights
3 Yellow LED Lights, 3n 220ohm Resistors, Breadboard
Male To Male Connectors, Arduino Uno with Ide Cable
Circuit Diagram
The following circuit diagram demonstrates how to build the Arduino Traffic
Light Controller.

This project uses an Arduino to drive traffic lights. A breadboard can easily
be used to build it, as detailed in the below steps:
1. Red, Green, and Yellow LEDs should be connected in the
breadboard.
2. Attach the 220ohm resistor in series with the negative terminal of the
LEDs.
3. Attach your connectors in accordance with their instructions.
4. Make sure that the corresponding pins (2, 3, 4...10) on the Arduino
Uno are connected to the other end.
5. The breadboard can be powered using Arduino's 5v and GND pins.
61. Simple Arduino Audio Player and Amplifier with LM386
Adding music or sounds will always make our project look a lot cooler and
more appealing. The best way to add sound effects to your project is by
investing in an extra SD card module and a normal speaker, especially if you
are using an Arduino and you have lots of open pins. Using your Arduino
Board, I have created a simple Music Player/Sound Maker. Thank you to the
Arduino community for developing some libraries for you to build this
quickly and easily. The IC LM386 was also used here to increase the volume
and cancel out the noise.
Hardware Required:
Arduino UNO
SD Card Reader module
SD card
LM386 Audio Amplifier
10uf Capacitor (2 Nos)
100uf Capacitor (2 Nos)
1K, 10K Resistor
Push buttons (2 Nos)
Breadboard
Connecting Wires
Circuit Diagram
The goal of this project is to play the .wav music files stored on the SD card.
Through the LM386 Audio amplifier, we will play these .wav files on a
speaker using an Arduino programmed to read them. This project cannot
technically be called an Arduino Mp3 Player since this code can only read
.wav files, but you still get to hear the music. Alternatively, consider an
Arduino music player without SD card if you are looking for a simple
alternative
Prepare your audio files with your WAV files:
Audio files in .wav format are necessary for playing sounds from SD cards
using Arduino. Due to the inherent limitations of the Arduino Board, only
wav format audio can be played. An Arduino mp3 player can be made using
many different mp3 shields which are available for Arduino. Alternatively,
many websites provide instruments for the conversion of audio files into
WAV files on your computer.
Following the steps below will help you convert any audio file to wav format:
Step 1: Go to “https://audio.online-convert.com/convert-to-wav” website.
Step 2 : The following format is supported by Arduino. You can experiment
with different settings later, however, the following settings were
experimentally the best in quality.

Bit Resolution 8 Bit

Sampling Rate 16000 Hz

Audio Channel Mono

PCM format PCM unsigned 8-bit

Step 3:
In the website, check the "choose file" box and select the file you will be
converting. Then feed the settings into the field. Once done, your conversion
should look like the image below.
Step 4: Afterwards, click on “Convert File” and your Audio will be
converted into .WAV format. Once the conversion is completed, the .WAV
file will be downloaded.
Step 5:
Once you've formatted your SD card, save the audio .wav file onto it. Before
adding this file, make sure it is formatted correctly. Keep in mind the name of
your audio file as well. You can do the same with your four audio files,
selecting any one of them and saving them as 1, 2, 3, and 4. As shown below,
I have converted four songs created by a particular digital music converter to
wav, mp3, mp4, and mp3 audio formats.
We interface the Arduino with a SD card reader module since we haven't
been able to interface our Arduino directly with some of our audio files. With
the SD card and Arduino, communication is accomplished using SPI. Thus,
the Module is connected to the Arduino's SPI pins as shown above in the
diagram. The following table provides further details.

Arduino SD card module

+5V Vcc

Gnd Gnd

Pin 12 MISO (Master in

Slave out)

Pin 11 MOSI (Master Out

Slave In)

Pin 13 SCK (Synchronous

Clock)

Pin 4 CS (Chip Select)

After the SD card is read, the Arduino will be capable of playing the music
on pin number 9. On pin 9, the audio signals generated by the Arduino are
not loud enough to be audible much. Therefore, LM386 Low voltage Audio
amplifier IC is used to amplify it.
Amplifiers like the one shown above have Gains as high as 200 and the 5V
pin of the Arduino is powering the Vdd pin. If you want to adjust the volume,
the voltage applied to this pin can be increased/decreased. There are 200
watts of gain amplification in this device, which is ideal for use in low power
circuits for LM386.
Additional buttons are also connected to pins 2 and 3 on the Arduino. The
switches can play/pause the music and play/skip the next track of a song
respectively. The buttons below were used only to demonstrate the song's
capabilities; you can play the song whenever desired.
62. Arduino based Bluetooth Biped Bob (Walking & Dancing Robot)
Welcome back to another site where we will build a small robot that can walk
and dance. This project encompasses the use of Arduino and open-source
software to allow the creation of 2D robotic devices (robots). This robot takes
commands from an Android Mobile Phone to walk and dance following
predefined actions at the end of the project. You can also control the
movement of your robot by using the Serial monitor to control the position
and motion of the servo motors. The program is included at the end of the
tutorial. This project will be more interesting and cooler if it uses a 3D
printer. In the absence of such an item, you may use an online service or take
advantage of cardboard to recreate the same thing.

The following are the materials required for building this robot:
Arduino Nano
 Servo SG90 – 4Nos
Male berg sticks
HC-05/HC-06 Bluetooth module
3D printer
This 3D printed robotics creation requires the bare minimum number of
electronic components to assemble it so that project costs are kept at a
minimum. This project is purely experimental and has no immediate real-
time applications so far.
Hardware and Schematics:
This Arduino biped robot controlled using a mobile phone has a simple
circuit; the complete schematic is shown below.

The connections I have made above were made on a perf board. You need to
make sure that the circuit also fits into the head of the robot. The result
should look something like below once your Perf board is ready.
Assembling the robot:
We can assemble the robot using the completed hardware and 3D printed
parts. Make sure the motors are placed at the angles below so that the
program works flawlessly before you fix them.
 Motor Number Motor place Motor position

1 Left Hip motor 110

2 Right Hip motor 100

4 Right Ankle Motor 90

5 Right Hip motor 80

A program given at the end of the tutorial can be used to set these angles.
Once you have connected the Arduino to the serial monitor and uploaded the
program, enter the following commands in it.
(Note: Baud rate is 57600).

You should see the following in your Serial Monitor after all your motors
have been placed.

After the motors are set to the corresponding angles, they should be mounted
like in the following figure.
63. Arduino Radar System Processing with Ultrasonic Sensor
The aim of this project is to demonstrate the power of an Arduino and
Arduino software is used to develop a Surveillance device that transmits
information via Bluetooth to an Android application.
Safety and Security have always been a top priority for us. Installing a
surveillance camera with night vision, tilting, and panning options will burn a
big hole in our pocket. Thus, we should create an affordable device with
similar functions but without video.
Using an ultrasonic sensor, it detects objects and can therefore be used during
the night as well. We are also mounting the ultrasonic sensor on a servo
motor, which is able to scan an area automatically or manually, depending on
whether it is set up for automated rotation or whether it is manually rotated
via our Mobile app, Our ultrasonic sensors are focused in our preferred
direction, allowing us to detect objects nearby. With the US sensor, we will
be able to broadcast selected information to our smart phone, similar to a
sonar or a radar.
Requirements: Hardware:
A +5V power supply ( I am using my Arduino (another) board for
power supply)
Arduino Mega (You can use anything from pro mini to Yun)
Servo Motor (any rating)
Bluetooth Module (HC-05)
UltraSonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
Breadboard (not mandatory)
Connecting wires
Android mobile

Computer for programming

Software:
Arduino Software
Android SDK
Processing Android (To create mobile application)
Let's start building the hardware once we have the materials ready. For ease
of understanding, I have divided the tutorial into two parts: the Arduino Part
and the Processing Part. The tutorial's code is complete and can be used
directly by anyone who has no experience with Processing.
The servo motor, Bluetooth module, Ultrasonic sensor and other components
all play an important role in the project. As such, beginners should start with
some tutorials that cover these components before returning to this one. Here
are our various projects involving Servo Motors, Bluetooth Modules, and
Ultrasonic Sensors.
In this project, the Arduino is not responsible for powering any components
as the servo motor, Bluetooth module and US sensor all draw a great deal of
current that the Arduino cannot supply. Therefore, any external +5V power
supply is highly recommended. I have used two Arduino boards to share the
components when I did not have access to an external +5V supply. A second
Arduino mega board (red colour) has been used to power the Servos. I have
also mounted the Bluetooth module HC-05 and the ultrasonic sensor HC-
SR04 on the Mega. CAUTION: The voltage regulator on the Arduino will be
damaged if all these modules are powered with one Arduino board.
To mount the sensor, I used a piece of junk I had in my junk box, along with
double-sided tape. To do the same, you can think of your own idea. Markets
also offer servo holders for use with the same type of device.
Android Mobile Application for Ultrasonic Radar:
To install the same application used in this tutorial if you do not want to
make your own application, you can follow the steps below.
 Figure. Zealotbt App
1. This APK app is compatible with Android version 4.4.2 and above (Kitkat
and above). The APK file can be downloaded directly from the link below.
https://circuitdigest.com/sites/default/files/Radar-zealotbt_1.0_apk_file.zip
(App Name: Zelobt)
2. APK files should be transferred from your computer to your phone.
3. Make sure your Android settings allow you to install applications from
unknown sources.
4. Install the application.
If the app was successfully installed, you will see "Zelobt" installed as shown
below.
At this point, both the hardware and software are ready. Your Bluetooth
module should be powered on and paired with your mobile device. You
should see your Bluetooth module (HC-05) automatically get connected to
your phone once you have paired them. Open the "Zelobt" application we just
installed and wait a second.
You will get the following message once the connection has been established:

Figure. Radar data in the zealotbt mobile App

The top of the screen shows you that it is connected to: Device name
(hardware address). Moreover, it shows the angle of the servomotor and the
distance between the US sensors. On the red background, a blue graph is also
plotted based on the measured distance. In the blue region, the closer the
object, the taller it becomes. A mobile app can be used to control your servo
motor, as we mentioned earlier. You can stop the servo from sweeping
automatically by clicking the stop button. On the bottom of the screen, you
will find a circular wheel that will rotate clockwise or anticlockwise when
swiped. If you swipe this wheel, your servo motor will also turn in the same
direction.
64. Heart Beat Monitoring over Internet using Arduino and ThingSpeak
The objective of this project is to create a Heart Beat Detection
System using Arduino which will detect the heartbeat with the help of a pulse
sensor and display the results of the measurement on an LCD connected to
the Arduino board. Heart Beats can also be monitored remotely from
anywhere in the world via the internet, using the Wi-Fi module ESP8266.
With ThingSpeak, you can display the data online, access it when you want
and where you want.
Previously, we developed a simple Heartbeat Monitor without displaying
results online. Our project uses ThingSpeak for remote monitoring, so it falls
under the Internet of Things category.
Components Required:
Pulse sensor
Wi-Fi module ESP8266
Arduino Uno
LCD
Bread Board
10k potentiometer
1k resistors
220-ohm resistors
LED
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
In order to use ESP8266, we need to first connect it to the Arduino. The
ESP8266 runs on 3.3V and is not able to function properly if you give it 5V
from the Arduino. You need to connect the VCC and CH_PD pins of the
Arduino to 3.3V. When we connect ESP8266 directly to the Arduino, its RX
pin will not transmit when it operates at 3.3V. Thus, we will need to create a
voltage divider so that the 5V can be converted into 3.3V. You can do this by
increasing the resistance of three resistors as we did in the circuit. The
ESP8266's TX pin is connected to pin 9 of Arduino while its RX pin is
connected to pin 10 through the resistors.

Your projects can connect to the internet and Wi-Fi using an ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module. Your projects become very powerful with this device, which is very
cheap. In the IOT platform, it is among the most prominent devices because it
can be used with any microcontroller. Check out this article to learn how you
can use an ESP8266 with Arduino.
Once the Pulse Sensor is connected to the Arduino, it is ready to be used. I
love how easy it is to connect the pulse sensor. An Arduino is connected to
the pulse sensor through the ground pin and 5V pin. The signal pin of the
pulse sensor is connected to the A0 pin.
ThingSpeak Setup:
In regard to IoT projects, ThingSpeak offers a very useful tool. Our systems
can be monitored and controlled using ThingSpeak's channel and webpages,
which make monitoring and controlling our systems possible. ThingSpeak
collects data, analyses it, and develops a response. We have previously used
ThingSpeak in Raspberry Pi weather station projects and Arduino weather
station projects. The following is a short description of the IoT Heart Beat
Monitoring project as it is implemented using ThingSpeak.
Features of ThingSpeak
With ThingSpeak you can aggregate, visualize, and analyze live data streams
on a cloud environment. Some of the features that ThingSpeak offers include:
Connect ThingSpeak to a variety of IoT devices easily using popular
protocols.
Get real-time data from your sensors.
On-demand access to aggregated data from third-parties.
Analyze IoT data using the powerful MATLAB programming
language.
Automatically run your IoT analytics in response to schedules and
events.
IoT prototypes can be built without launching servers or creating
web-based applications.
You can use Twilio® or Twitter® to communicate using data that is
automatically processed.
Creating an account on ThingSpeak.com is the first step, followed by signing
in and clicking on Get Started.
Go to channels once you've created an account to create a channel. Put the
name of the Channel and the Fields on the paper. You should also check the
box below for the Make Public option before saving the channel. You have
now successfully created your new channel.

Once you have copied your API key, go to API Keys. It's needed in the code.
Examine the full code at the end.
Working Explanation:
The pulse sensor must first be attached to any organ of the body where it can
readily detect the pulse, like a finger, as shown in the video. As the heart
pumps blood into the body, the Pulse Sensor will measure the change in
volume of blood. In the same way, the change in blood volume affects the
brightness of the light that filters through the organ. Once this change is
observed, the Arduino will convert it to heart beats per minute (BPM).
Additionally, the LED connected to pin 13 will flash in response to the Heart
Beat.

An Arduino will communicate with the ESP8266 through ThingSpeak, which

will send data to it. With the help of the ESP8266, you can get the data from
the sensor and transfer it online via the network of your router. These
readings will appear in a graph format and can be accessed from anywhere
with a web browser. In addition to the BPM, the LCD connected will also
display it.
65. IoT based Air Pollution Monitoring System using Arduino
This project involves the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) based
service that monitors air pollution over the Internet through a web server, and
it will sound a warning if sufficient amounts of hazardous gasses like carbon
dioxide, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3 enter the air at a certain level. On
the LCD and on the webpage, we will be able to read the air quality in PPM,
so we can easily monitor it. This time the air quality sensor was the MQ135
sensor instead of the MQ6 sensor, which we used previously for making LPG
detectors. The MQ135 sensor can detect most harmful gases without
affecting their amount.
You can monitor pollution levels in this IOT project using your computer or
mobile device no matter where you are. In addition to installing this system
anywhere, we can also set up some device that will turn on the exhaust fan or
send SMS/email notifications to the user when pollution reaches some level.
Required Components:
MQ135 Gas sensor
Arduino Uno
Wi-Fi module ESP8266
16X2 LCD
Breadboard
10K potentiometer
1K ohm resistors
220-ohm resistor
Buzzer
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
In order to use ESP8266, we need to first connect it to the Arduino. You can't
use Arduino to power an ESP8266 as it runs on 3.3V, but if you give it 5V,
then it won't function properly and might even be damaged. 3.3V should be
connected to VCC and CH_PD on Arduino. When connected directly to the
Arduino, the RX pin of the ESP8266 works with 3.3V voltage and thus
cannot communicate with the Arduino. Thus, we will need to create a voltage
divider so that the 5V can be converted into 3.3V. You can do this by
increasing the resistance of three resistors as we did in the circuit. By
connecting the ESP8266's TX pin to Arduino pin 10, and its RX pin to
Arduino pin 9, you can make the ESP8266 transmit data.

Your projects can connect to the internet and Wi-Fi using an ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module. You can create very powerful projects with this inexpensive device.
ESP8266 is a leading IOT device, capable of communicating with any
microcontroller. Discover more about using ESP8266 with Arduino here.
Our next step will be to connect the MQ135 sensor to the Arduino. The
sensor's VCC and ground pins should be connected to the Arduino's 5V and
ground, while the sensor's Analog pin should be connected to the Arduino's
A0. In addition, we'd like to connect the LCD to the Arduino through pin 8,
which is responsible for beeping when the condition occurs.
Working Explanation:
A gas sensor can detect NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene, smoke, CO2, and a few
other gases, so the MQ135 sensor is ideal for our Air Quality Monitoring
Project. With Arduino we can detect the pollutants, and we will get their
concentration in parts per million. Gas sensors such as MQ135 provide
output based on voltage levels that must be converted into PPM. Therefore, I
have used a library for MQ135 to convert the output in PPM, and you can
find the details below in the "Code Explanation" section.
Despite being within a safe limit of air quality (350 PPM), the sensor gave us
a value of 90 when no gas was close by. It causes headaches, sleepiness,
stagnant, stale air, and increased heart rate when it exceeds 1000 PPM and
changes can be seen in other conditions when it exceeds 2000 PPM.
The LCD and webpage will display "Fresh Air" when the value is less than
1000 PPM. A buzzer will start beeping every time the value reaches 1000
PPM, displaying "Poor Air, Open Windows" on the LCD and webpage. In
the event that it reaches 2000, the buzzer will continue to beep and the LCD
and webpage will indicate "Stay away from fresh air".
66. IOT Based Dumpster Monitoring using Arduino & ESP8266
We will build an Internet of Things (IOT) based garbage can
monitoring system in this DIY that will let us know when the trash can is full
or empty by monitoring the webserver, enabling you to control the trash can
from anywhere. Aside from being highly useful, it can also be placed on trash
cans in public areas and private homes.
Within this Internet of Things project, ultrasonic sensors are used to detect
trash can content. The Ultrasonic Sensor is mounted on top of the trash can
and measures how far the trash is from the sensor. Based on the size of the
trash can, a threshold value can be set for the distance between the trash and
the sensor.
When the distance is less than this threshold value, the trash can will be full
of garbage, and a message "Basket Full" will be printed on the webpage. If
the distance is greater than this threshold value, however, the container will
be empty. The threshold value has been set to 5 cm in our program code. A
Wi-Fi module called ESP8266 is used to communicate between the Arduino
and the webserver. On a local web server, we demonstrated our Garbage
Monitoring System.
Components Required:
Arduino Uno (you can use any other)
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor
1K Resistors
Breadboard
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
In order to use ESP8266, we need to first connect it to the Arduino. You
cannot power the ESP8266 with 5V from an Arduino or it won't function
properly and may get damaged. It runs on 3.3V. 3.3V should be connected to
VCC and CH_PD on Arduino. When connected directly to the Arduino, the
RX pin of the ESP8266 works with 3.3V voltage and thus cannot
communicate with the Arduino. A voltage divider will be needed, so we will
be using three 1-k resistors in series. In the circuit diagram below, you will
see the RX is connected to pin 11 of the Arduino, along with the TX, as well
as the TX of the Arduino is connected to pin 10.
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor now needs to be connected to the Arduino.
Ultrasonic sensors connect to Arduino boards in a very simple manner. An
ultrasonic sensor's VCC and ground should be connected to the Arduino's 5V
and ground. You should connect pin 8 and pin 9 of the Arduino to the TRIG
and ECHO pins of the ultrasonic sensor, respectively.
DEMO OUTPUT
In the Serial Monitor, you can view the IP address of the code after it has
been uploaded.

The output is shown below if you type in this IP address into your browser.
For a second look at whether the trash can is empty, you must refresh the
page again.
67. Arduino based Vehicle Tracker using GPS and GSM
We are taking GPS one step further in this project by tracking the vehicle
using GPS and GSM. With a few hardware and software changes, this system
could also be used for Accident Detection Alerts, Soldier Tracking, and many
more.
Vehicle tracking consists of tracking the location of the vehicle using GPS
coordinates (latitude and longitude). GPS coordinates represent the location
of a point. A system like this is a great choice for outdoor applications.
In order to track Cabs/Taxis, stolen cars, school/college buses, etc., this type
of Vehicle Tracking System Project is widely used.
Components Required:
Arduino
GSM Module
GPS Module
16x2 LCD
Power Supply
Connecting Wires
10 K POT
GPS Module and Its Working:
With the Global Positioning System, you can find the position of any place
on the planet in exact UTC time (Universal Coordinated Time). GPS stands
for Global Positioning System. Vehicle tracking systems are primarily built
with a GPS module as the key component. Using this device, satellite
coordinates are received every second from the earth, as well as time and
date.
Tracking position data is sent in real time via GPS module, and all the
information is formatted in NMEA (see the screenshot below). We only need
one sentence in the NMEA format, which consists of several sentences.
Starting from $GPGGA, this sentence contains coordinates, times, and other
relevant information. The GPS fix data is known as the GPGGA, or Global
Positioning System Fix Data. Read more about GPS data and its string here.
Counting the commas in $GPGGA allows us to extract the coordinates for
this string. Consider how Latitude and Longitude can be found from a string
stored in a $GPGGA array; after two commas Latitude can be found and after
four commas Longitude can be found. Latitudes and longitudes from the
array can now be inserted into other arrays.
Below is the $GPGGA String, along with its description:
$GPGGA,104534.000,7791.0381,
N,06727.4434,E,1,08,0.9,510.4,M,43.9,M,,*47
$GPGGA,HHMMSS.SSS,latitude,N,longitude,E,FQ,NOS,HDP,altitude,M,height,
A, checksum data

Identifier Description

$GPGGA Global Positioning system fix data

HHMMSS.SSS Time in hour minute seconds and milliseconds format.

Latitude Latitude (Coordinate)

N Direction N=North, S=South

Longitude Longitude (Coordinate)

E Direction E= East, W=West

FQ Fix Quality Data

NOS No. of Satellites being Used

HPD Horizontal Dilution of Precision

 Altitude Altitude from sea level

M Meter

Height Height

Checksum Checksum Data

Circuit Explanation:
A Vehicle Tracking System uses a simple circuit where TX pin number 10 of
the Arduino is connected directly to Tx pin number 9 of the GPS module. By
using the Software Serial Library here, pins 10 and 11 have been enabled for
serial communication and have been set to Rx and Tx respectively, leaving
the RX pin of the GPS Module open.
By default, serial communication is limited to Pin 0 and 1 of the Arduino
board. However, the SoftwareSerial library enables serial communication on
almost any pin of the board. In order to power the GPS Module, a 12-volt
power supply is used.
Rx and Tx pins of the GSM module are wired directly to pins Rx and Tx of
the Arduino. A 12v power supply is also required for GSM modules. Pin
numbers 5, 4, 3, and 2 of the Arduino are connected to the LCD's data pins
D4, D5, D6 and D7. The RW pin of the LCD is connected directly to ground.
Command pins EN and RS are connected to pins 2 and 3 of Arduino. The
LCD can also be controlled by the potentiometer by setting the contrast or
brightness.
Working Explanation:
This project uses an Arduino board along with a GPS module and GSM
module to control the whole process. GSM module is used for sending GPS
coordinates via SMS to the user. GPS receiver detects the location of the
vehicle. Furthermore, a 16x2 LCD allows status messages and coordinates to
be displayed. This module was integrated with the GPS module SKG13BL
and the GSM module SIM900A.

Creating our hardware is the final step in programming our vehicle. The
hardware is now ready to be mounted on our vehicle and powered up. Our
vehicle will receive a message stating "Track Vehicle" as soon as we send it
to the tracking device. In projects like these, we have incorporated prefixes
(#) and suffixes (*) to indicate the beginning and the end of the string.
Similarly, we did the following in these projects: Wireless Notice Board and
Home Automation With GSM
The sending GSM module receives the message data, which it sends to
Arduino, which reads it and extracts the main message.
It will be compared with a predefined message in Arduino. Once any match
occurs, the Arduino reads the coordinates by reading GPS module data and
extracting $GPGGA String, which it sends via the GSM module to the user.
The location of the vehicle is specified in this message.
 68. Snake Game on 8x8 Matrix using Arduino
From the beginning of the mobile phones, Snake has been incredibly popular.
Black and white mobile phones were initially available and became
extremely popular. Cell phones have changed this game dramatically as well,
which has led to a range of graphical and colorful versions being available
now.

Figure. Arduino Snake Game Project

Besides Snake, DIY electronics projects are also popular among students and
hobbyists. Keeping it simple and yet providing all its functions is what we
will be demonstrating today in the Arduino Snake Game.
Components Used:
Arduino UNO
8x8 LED Dot Matrix Display
Shift Register 74HC595
16x2 LCD
POT 1K
Push Buttons
Connecting wires
Bread Board
Power Supply
Working Explanation:
A complex game like this requires a lot of work. Fortunately, we have
simplified it in this tutorial for you. Our LCD screen displays the snake and
its food dot, the 8x8 red colour Dot matrix displays the score, 5 push buttons
to initiate the game and an Arduino UNO controls the entire process. An 8x8
LED Dot Matrix Display pin diagram has been provided below, along with
its original image:
Circuit Diagram

Project Snake's circuit is rather complicated. Shift Register 74HC595 is used

in this example to connect the dot matrix display. For driving the columns,
one shift register is used while the other drives the rows. On Arduino, pin
number 14 and 16 are connected directly to the control pins for both registers,
the Column Shift Register (SH, ST). Pins 15 and 17 of Arduino are directly
connected to the DS pins of column shift registers and rows shift registers,
respectively. Game controls are connected at pins 3, 4, 6, 2 and 5. Left and
right directions are linked at pins 3, 4 and 6, up and down directions are
connected at pin 5. Our hardware also includes an LCD that displays scores.
There is a direct connection between pin 13 and pin 12 for RS and EN. A
ground wire runs directly from the RW pin to pin 11 of the Arduino, and data
lines from d4-d7 are connected to pins 8, 9, and 10 of the board. Circuit
diagrams are used to show the rest of the connections.
After we power the circuit up, the LCD displays a "Press Start to Play"
message and a welcome message. A second dot matrix display appears with
two snakes and a single food dot, and the score is displayed as zero on the
LCD.

The game can now be started by pressing the middle button and the snake
automatically moves upwards. In order to move the snake, the user must
press the direction keys around the middle button. In this case we have used
five push buttons (left, right, up, down, and start) respectively.
Once the snake reaches the food dot or eats the food, its score will increase
by five points and its length will increase by a dot (LED) every time, making
it faster than before. The game would end whenever a snake struck any wall,
reached the end of the LED matrix, or reached the end of the game mat. Once
the user presses the start key, the game must be started again.
69. Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM and Arduino
Electricity Energy Meters with prepaid balances are a solid idea because they
allow you to refill them just like we do on our mobile phones. This project
involves the use of Arduino and GSM modules to create an automated
system. This system allows electricity balances to be recharged through SMS
messages. If the system is unbalanced or low, it can stop the power supply to
the house. And this system will automatically send users updates on their
mobile devices, such as low balance alerts, cut off alerts, resume alerts, and
recharge alerts, depending on the energy meter readings.

Working explanation:
Using an Arduino and the power meter's calibration LED, we have interfaced
the energy meter with Arduino. Our CAL LED only needs to be connected to
an Arduino by means of an Optocoupler IC.
Components used:
Arduino
GSM Module
16x2 LCD
Analogue Electricity Energy Meter
Optocoupler 4n35
Resistors
POT
Connecting wires
Bulb and holder
SIM card
Power supply
Mobile Phone
As soon as the system comes on, it reads previous rupee values from
EEPROM and restores them into variables; it compares the value with the
predefined one and decides whether to proceed. Use relays to switch on the
electricity of a house or office if the available amount is more than 15 rupees,
for example. Once the balance falls below 15 rupees, Arduino sends a SMS
to the phone of the user informing them of the low balance and asking them
to recharge soon. The Arduino turns off the electricity supply of the home
when the balance falls beneath 5 rupees and sends a SMS alerting the user of
a 'Light Cut' and requesting him to recharge soon. Here you can find
information on the GSM module and AT commands used to send and receive
messages.

Now that our system can be recharged through our cell phones, we can do so
simply by sending a SMS to it. We would send #45* if we want to recharge
45 dollars, here the # and * indicate the sum to be recharged. Upon receiving
this message, the system extracts the recharge amount to update the system
balance. In the video at the end, you will see how the system turns on the
electricity in the house or office.
Circuit Description:
A schematic of the project circuit connections is shown; an Arduino UNO
processor has been used to process all the components. Unit status and
remaining balance are displayed on a liquid crystal display. LCD pins RS,
EN, D4, D5, D6, D7 are connected to Arduino digital pin number 7, 6, 5, 4,
3, 2. GSM pins Rx and Tx are directly connected to Arduino pins Rx and Tx
respectively. An adapter powered by 12 volts is used to power a GSM
module. On pin 12 of Arduino, a relay is used to switch electricity through
the ULN2003 relay driver.

How to Connect Energy Meter with Arduino:

An Analogue Electricity Energy Meter must first be purchased by the user.
Once it has been opened, the user can locate the terminals of Pulse LEDs and
Cal LEDs (cathode and anode). Once you have soldered two wires in each
terminal, remove them from the meter and close it. Then tighten the screws.
Now the LED's anode terminal must be connected to pin number 1 of the
optocoupler. On an optocoupler, pin number two is connected to the cathode
terminal, and pin number four should be directly connected to ground. In the
pin number 5 of the optocoupler is an LED and Pull-up resistor. A similar
terminal should be connected to Arduino pin 8 as well.
The aim of this project is to gather information about the usage of energy by
a specific consumer or user, using a wireless communications system (not
requiring a visit to the consumer's home or office), and the system is called
AMR (Automatic Meter Reading). AMR would involve remotely
accumulating meter readings at a location through a wireless
telecommunications system, instead of individuals visiting the site physically
and taking notes.
70. Clap Switch using Arduino
Using ARDUINO UNO as a platform, we will prototype a Clapper
circuit using the ADC concept. In order to detect sound and generate a
response, we are going to use a MIC and Uno. Clap ON Clap OFF switches
the device by using clapping sound, however it does not work in reverse. The
555 Timer IC was previously used to build the Clap ON Clap OFF switch
and Clap ON Clap OFF switch.
In case of clapping, there is a peak signal in the microphone that is
much higher than normal. That signal is sent to the amplifier via a high-pass
filter. ADC converts this high voltage signal into a number using an
amplification circuit. In other words, the ADC reading for the UNO will peak
at that time. The project is described in detail below. When the peak is
detected, the LED on the board will be toggled.
MIC is a transducer that detects sound, converting audio energy into
electrical energy. Hence sound is represented as a changing voltage with this
sensor. A device like this is used mostly for recording or detecting sounds.
All mobile phones and laptops have this type of transducer. A typical MIC
looks like this
A typical MIC appears like, A typical MIC can be found in all mobile phones
and laptops.
A condenser mic's polarity can be determined in several ways.
There are two terminals for MIC, one is positive, the other is negative. Using
a multimeter, it is possible to check the polarity of the microphone. The
positive probe of the Multimeter (the meter must be in DIODE TESTING
mode) must be connected to the positive terminal of the MIC, and the
negative probe must be connected to the negative terminal of the MIC. On
the Multimeter, if the positive (MIC) terminal is at the negative terminal, it
indicates the positive (MIC) terminal is at the negative terminal. The negative
terminal has two or three soldering lines connected to the metal case. The
positive terminal is similar, with one soldering line connected to the metal
case. You can also check whether the connection between its metal case and
the negative terminal is intact using continuity tester, in order to discover the
negative terminal.
Components Required:
Hardware:
ARDUINO UNO, power supply (5v), a condenser mic (explained
above)
2N3904 NPN transistor,
100nF capacitors (2 pieces), one 100uF capacitor,
1K Ω resistor, 1MΩ resistor, 15KΩ resistor (2 pieces), one LED,
And Breadboard & Connecting wires.
Software: Arduino IDE
Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation:
In this figure, you can see the circuit diagram for the clapper project
There are four main parts to the process, namely: Filtration, Amplification,
Analog-Digital conversion, and programming to control the LED.
When sound is detected, the microphone can convert it into voltage that is
proportional to the level of sound. We would assign a higher value to a higher
sound, and a lower value to a lower sound. In order to filter this signal, it is
first fed into a High Pass Filter. This filtered value is then fed into the
transistor to produce an amplified output, which is delivered through the
collector. ADC0 of the UNO receives this collector signal, which is then
converted to a digital signal. The LED is programmed to turn on with every
increment of ADC channel A0, coupled into PIN 7 of PORTD.
There are four stages in each project:
1. Filtration:
In the first instance, we will talk briefly about R-C High Pass Filters, which
have been used to filter out noise. There is a single resistor and a single
capacitor in this simple device. Keeping the circuit simple is all we need for
this circuit, so we won't get bogged down in the details. Unlike low pass
filters, high pass filters allow high frequency signals to pass through their
input to output. In other words, input signals appear at the filter output if their
frequency exceeds the filter's prescribed frequency. For now, we are not
designing an audio amplifier, so we do not need to worry about these values.
Here is the circuit for a high pass filter. A transistor then amplifies the
voltage signal after passing through the filter.
2. Amplification:
In order to drive the voltage of MIC, we need a transistor amplifier. Since the
voltage of MIC is too low, it cannot be fed to the UNO for ADC (Analog to
Digital Conversion). The voltages of MICs are amplified here with a single
transistor amplifier. ADC0 of the Arduino receives the amplified voltage
signal.
3. Analog to Digital Conversion:
There are six analog to digital converter channels on the ARDUINO. You can
use any or all of them as analog voltage inputs. This means that input
voltages within the range of 0-5 volts are translated into integer values within
the range of 0-1023 using the UNO ADC of 10 bits. So, for every (5/1024=
4.9mV) per unit. We need to use the ADC channel of ARDUINO UNO in
order to transform analog signals into digital signals, such as the following:
Reference values for ADC channels on the Arduino UNO are set to 5V.
Therefore, we can provide feedback voltages of up to 5V on any input
channel for ADC conversion. We have an instruction that enables us to
change the reference value, as some sensors provide voltages of 0-2.5V, so
with a 5V reference, the accuracy is reduced. The analog reference value can
be changed using the "analogReference()" method.
The ADC channel 0 reading can be performed by directly calling the function
"analogRead(pin);", where "pin" represents the pin to which the analog signal
was connected in our circuit, for instance "A0". By adding this instruction to
the digital readout instruction "int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);", the value
from the ADC is taken and converted into an integer for storage in the
memory of the UNO.
4. Program Arduino to Toggle the LED on each Clap:
When the MIC is working properly, we get normal signals, so we also get
normal values in the UNO. The MIC provides a peak upon clapping; thanks
to this, we have a peak digital value in the UNO, the LED can then be
programmed to toggle ON when the peak is present. Thus, the LED
illuminates with the first clap and stays on. Once the LED has been turned
off, it will remain off until the next clap. Thus, we have a clapper circuit.
71. Bluetooth Controlled Toy Car using Arduino
Following the development of a few popular robotic projects like line
following robots, edge avoiding robots, DTMF robots, gesture-controlled
robots, etc. This project involves developing an Android-based application
that uses Bluetooth technology to control a robot car.
Components
Arduino UNO, DC Motors
Bluetooth module HC-05
Motor Driver L293D
9 Volt Battery and 6-volt battery
Battery Connector, Toy Car
Android-based mobile devices can control Bluetooth-enabled cars instead of
buttons, gestures, and other traditional control methods. In this case, I could
control the car with an Android phone by simply touching buttons forward,
backward or left and right. Here, the Android phone transmits data to the car's
Bluetooth module, which acts as the receiver. In order to move in the
required direction like forward and reverse, turning left and right, and
stopping, an Android phone will transmit commands via Bluetooth to the car.
Working Explanation
A toy car was used in this project to demonstrate the process. This RF toy car
has steering features that can be moved left and right. This car's RF circuit
was replaced by an Arduino circuit we purchased after buying it. Both the
front and rear of this car are equipped with DC motors. An engine on the
front of the car gives the car direction, such as turning left or right. Rear-
wheel drive energy is used to propel the car forwards and backwards. The
Arduino UNO is used to control the entire system, with Bluetooth modules
receiving directions from Android phones.

In the Bluetooth mobile application for Android, the car is driven by buttons
touched. Getting started with this project requires first downloading
Bluetooth apps from Google Play.
The apps that should work correctly include any that support or can send
data. These are some examples.
§ Bluetooth Spp pro
§ Bluetooth controller
It is necessary to open the app once it is installed and then search for the
Bluetooth device and choose it. Using the Bluetooth controller app, we have
set up the keys.
Download the Bluetooth Controller and install it.
1. Turned ON mobile Bluetooth.
2. Now open Bluetooth controller app
3. Press scan
4. Select desired Bluetooth device
Press the set buttons on the screen to set the keys. Keys can be set by pressing
the “Set” button and setting them according to the following picture:
Press OK after you have set the keys. The Bluetooth controller app starts
moving forward when we touch the forward button, and the car keeps moving
forward until we hit the next command.
The car moves backward when we touch the backward button in the
Bluetooth controller app and continues to move backward until the next
command is given.
In the app, we can tap the left button to cause the car to move in the left
direction. In addition, it continues moving left until the next command is
given. When the front motors are operating in this condition, the tires will
turn in the left direction, whereas the rear motors will run in the forward
direction.
If we touch the right button on the Bluetooth controller app, the car will start
moving in the right direction and it will continue to move until the next
command is received. Under this condition, the motors on the front side
move the wheels in the right direction, while the motors on the back move the
vehicle forward. We can stop the car by touching the stop button.

A Bluetooth-controlled car circuit diagram is shown in the above figure. To

drive the car, a motor driver is connected to Arduino. Arduino's digital pin
numbers 12, 11, 10 and 9 correspond to the motor driver's input pins 2, 7 and
15. This circuit uses two DC motors and a 6-volt battery to power the motors.
One motor is connected to the output pins 3 and 6 of the motor driver, while
the other motor is connected to pins 11 and 14. RX and TX pins of the
Bluetooth module are connected directly to the TX and Rx of the Arduino.
The Bluetooth module's VCC and GND pins are connected to Arduino's +5
volt and GND. An Arduino's Vin pins are powered by a 9V battery.
72. Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller using Arduino
We will use ultrasonic sensors to measure the water level in this Arduino
based automatic water level controller and indicator project. A fundamental
principle of ultrasonic distance measurements is based on ECHO. After
impacting on an obstacle, sound waves travel back to their source as ECHO.
We must then only calculate the sound's outgoing and returning times after
striking the obstacle, in other words, their traveling time. In addition, we can
calculate the distance and get a result from it. The water pump is
automatically turned on when the tank water level drops, so that we can use
this concept in our water controller project. For a simplified version of this
project, you can check out this simple water level indicator circuit.

Components
Arduino Uno
Ultrasonic sensor Module
16x2 LCD
Relay 6 Volt
ULN2003
7806, PVT
Copper wire
9-volt battery or 12 Volt Adaptor
Connecting wires
Working of Automatic Water Level Controller
Working on this project is very straightforward. This module uses ultrasonic
waves to generate sound waves which are reflected by the water in the tank
and senses the sound waves as ECHO. In order to send a signal to the
ultrasonic sensor module, we have to trigger Arduino to transmit it, and then
we will wait for the ECHO to arrive. Arduino measures the time between
triggering and receiving ECHOs. Using the following formula, we can
calculate the distance using the sound speed of 340 m/s:
Distance= (travel time/2) * speed of sound

Sound travels at an average speed of 340m per second.

We can compute distances from a sensor to the surface of the water using
these methods. In order to determine water level, we first need to determine
depth.
Effort must now be put into determining the total length of the water tank. By
subtracting the actual distance from the tank from the total length, we can
calculate the water level by subtracting the distance from the tank's length. In
the next step we'll need to calculate the distance between the water level and
the LCD display. We can then convert the distance into a percentage. Below
is a block diagram that explains the complete workings of the water level
indicator.

The circuit diagram for the water level controller below shows that pins 10
and 11 of the Arduino are connected directly to the Ultrasonic sensor
module's "trigger" and "echo" pins. Four-bit mode is used to connect a 16x2
LCD to the Arduino. In addition to the 3 control pins of Arduino RS, RW and
En, GND pins 5 and 6 are also connected through ULN2003 to the buzzer at
pin 12, while pin 8 of Arduino is wired through ULN2003 to operate the
water pump. The relay and the remaining circuit are powered by a voltage
regulator 7805.
Water level indicators measure and manage the level of water in multiple
different systems, including swimming pools, cooling towers, and pumps and
tanks. They act as a basic flow regulator and optimise the performance of a
system by controlling water flow.
Applications and Uses of Water Level Indicators
There are several applications for water level indicators, including:
Water level can be controlled in water tanks using this device
Activate/deactivate pumps automatically
Suitable for factories, commercial buildings, apartments, and homes
Measuring the level of fuel in tanks
Controlling the level of an oil tank
 A low-level alarm and a high-level alarm
Managing the level of the pool water
Switches between life stations
Monitoring the level of leachate
Controlling the level of water in cooling towers
Pump level control for sewage systems
Fluid monitoring via remote control
A mechanism to control water levels
Control panel for pumps
Monitoring of the stream at the individual level
Pumps for storing water
Tsunami warnings and monitoring sea levels
Controlling and monitoring batches of processes
Controlling irrigation systems
A Water Level Indicator and Water Alarm Has Many Benefits
Indicators and alarms for water levels provide several benefits, such as the
following:
The installation process is simple
There is very little maintenance required
You are alerted when the water level is either too high or too low
Alarms for low and high temperatures
The compact design
Water levels are automatically adjusted
Reduce your electricity and water consumption to save money
By keeping tanks from overflowing, we can prevent roof and wall
leaks
Manual labor is reduced to a minimum with automatic operation
Easily maintains multiple operations with a small amount of energy
Provides information about water levels in any type of tank or
reservoir
It is easy to hear a water alarm because it is loud
Circuit Diagram and Explanation

An Ultrasonic sensor module was placed on top of the water tank in the
circuit to demonstrate the mechanism. In this sensor module, a distance will
be measured between the sensor module and the water surface, and the
distance will be displayed on an LCD screen as "Water Surface in Tank is:".
In other words, we are displaying an empty space of volume or distance for
water rather than its level. As a result of this feature, this system can be
applied to any water tank. An Arduino will run a relay to turn the water pump
ON when empty water levels reach about 30 cm. A green LED will begin
glowing if the water level falls below the cut-off level and the motor is turned
on.
If the empty space is within 12 cm of the Arduino, the relay is turned off and
the display shows "Tanks are full" and "Motors are off". During this time, the
relay status LED will also turn off and the buzzer will beep.
73. Tachometer using Arduino
RPM is calculated by the Tachometer, which counts rotations per minute.
The mechanical tachometer and the digital tachometer are separate types of
instruments. Using an IR sensor module for object detection, we will design a
digital tachometer based on an Arduino board. The infrared (IR) transmitter
emits IR rays, which are reflected to the IR receiver, and the IR module
outputs a pulse which is detected during the start of the program by the
Arduino controller. There are 5 seconds of continuous counting.
Following the given formula, the Arduino calculates the revolutions per
minute for a minute.
RPM= Count x 12 for single object rotating body.

This project is demonstrated using ceiling fans. Therefore, we have made the
following changes:

RPM=count x 12 / objects
Were
Object = number of blades in fan.

Required Components
 Arduino
IR sensor Module
16x2 LCD
Push button
Bread board
9-volt battery
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram and Explanation
The Arduino Pro Mini is connected to an IR sensor, a buzzer and a LCD in
the tachometer circuit. IR sensor module generates the reading pulse that
Arduino controls. IR sensor module calculates RPM from detected objects
and displays the value on the LCD.
Sensors use infrared light to detect objects. Inbuilt potentiometers on the IR
module allow us to adjust the sensitivity of the sensor. They are designed to
detect or receive infrared rays and are composed of an IR transmitter and a
photodiode. This Line Follower Robot explains that infrared rays are
transmitted through IR transmitters, and they reflect back when they hit any
surface. An Arduino receives the output of the photodiode through a
comparator, which compares the photodiode's output voltage to a reference
voltage.
The Arduino Pro Mini is connected to an IR sensor, a buzzer and a LCD in
the tachometer circuit. Arduino controls the entire process, including reading
the pulses generated by the IR sensor module based on object detection,
calculating RPM, and sending RPM values to the LCD. It uses an inbuilt
potentiometer to set the sensitivity of this sensor. We can set the sensitivity of
this sensor by the inbuilt potentiometer on the IR module. They are designed
to detect or receive infrared rays and are composed of an IR transmitter and a
photodiode. This Line Follower Robot explains that infrared rays are
transmitted through IR transmitters, and they reflect back when they hit any
surface. An Arduino receives the output of the photodiode through a
comparator, which compares the photodiode's output voltage to a reference
voltage.
74. Automatic Room Light Controller with Bidirectional Visitor Counter
We can often find visitor counters in stadiums, malls, offices, and class
rooms. What do they do with the lights when nobody is present? How do they
turn them on or off? Using Arduino Uno, we have developed an automatic
light control project that also tallied visitors in the room in a bidirectional
manner. There is a lot of fun and learning to be had with the project for
hobbyists and students.
Components
Arduino UNO
Relay (5v)
Resisters
IR Sensor module
16x2 LCD display
Bread Board
Connecting Wires
Led
BC547 Transistor
This project uses Arduino to interface sensors, motors, and other components
with a visitor counter. This counter can count people in both directions. You
can use this circuit to count who enters a building, mall, home, or office. By
incrementing the count when a person exits the hall, the number of persons
left the hall can be counted. Sensors as well as gates of parking areas are
examples of other public places where sensors can be used. And it depends
on where they are placed in the mall/hall.
Sensors, controllers, counter displays and gates comprise the four parts of this
project. An interruption would be detected by the sensor, and its input would
be used by the controller to increase or decrease the counter based on whether
a person entered or exited. A 16x2 LCD screen displays the counting through
the controller.
We set a delay for the other sensor so that it won't work if the IR sensor is
interrupted by an object present in the room.
Circuit Explanation
A visitor counter circuit consists of the following sections: sensors, controls,
displays, and drivers.
Sensor section: Two IR sensor modules with LED's, potentiometers,
comparators (Op-Amps), and IR diodes were used in this chapter. Infrared
sensors sense objects and cause a change in voltage at the comparator's
second terminal. A potentiometer is used to measure voltage at the
comparator's first terminal. This is then compared with the output voltage by
the comparator and a digital signal resulted. Here in this circuit, two sensors
are being compared using two comparators. A comparison is performed with
LM358. LM358 has two Op-amps built into it.
Control Section: Throughout the process of this visitor counter project,
Arduino UNO is being utilized. A digital pin 14 and a digital pin 19 are
connected to the outputs of comparators. A relay driver circuit drives a relay
by sending commands to Arduino from the LED control circuit. You can
learn how to operate a relay with Arduino with this tutorial if you are having
problems working with relay.
Display section: A 16x2 LCD screen is provided in the display section.
During this time the number of people will be counted and the lighting status
will be shown. Suitable relay driver/section: The relay driver section consists
of a BC547 transistor and a 5-volt relay used to control the light bulb. Since
the Arduino will not supply enough current and voltage to operate the relay, a
transistor is used instead. Our relay driver circuit was added to provide
enough voltage and current to work the relay. This transistor drives a relay
connected to the Arduino and turns the light on/off accordingly.
Visitor Counter Circuit Diagram

The pins 14 (A0) and 19 (A5) of the Arduino digital board interface directly
with the outputs of IR sensors.
At digital pin 2, there is a Relay driver transistor. A four-bit LCD is
connected. In the LCD, the clock and data pins are connected directly to pins
13 and 12. A direct connection is made also between the Arduino D11-D8
and LCD pin D4-D7 respectively.
Additionally, this project can be equipped with a GSM modem so that the
operation can be controlled remotely by SMS. This would allow the
equipment to know the status and to be adjusted accordingly. Using simple
microcontrollers to design an automatic room controller is the subject of this
article. Therefore, it would be wise to implement this type of home
automation system for energy savings.
75. Electronic Voting Machine using Arduino
Despite the fact that we have covered some other electronic voting machines
here previously using RF and AVR microcontrollers, we are quite familiar
with voting machines. A voting machine made using an Arduino controller
has been created in this project.
Components
Arduino Uno
16x2 LCD
Push button
Bread board
Power
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation
Four different candidates have been assigned four push buttons in this
project. Despite the ability to increase the number of candidates, we have
decided to limit it to four candidates to better understand. Every time a voter
presses one of four buttons, the voting value will be incremented by one. The
results will be displayed after the voting is complete. In order to show the
total number of votes for each candidate, Arduino calculates the total votes
and displays them on the LCD display.

Arduino, push buttons and LCD are used in this project, which is a fairly
simple circuit. Arduino controls all the processes, including reading the
buttons, incrementing votes, creating results, and displaying them on the
LCD display. There are five buttons here, the first one showing BJP, the
second showing INC, the third showing AAP, the fourth representing OTH,
and the last button is for calculating and displaying results.

A5-A5 on the Arduino have direct connections to pin 15-19 of the buttons.
Four-bit mode is used to connect a 16x2 LCD to the Arduino. On the Arduino
board, pins 12, GND, and 11 serve as control pins for RS, RW, and En, and
pins 5, 4, 3, and 2 serve as data pins.
76. Humidity and Temperature Measurement using Arduino
Temperature and humidity are widely used as indicators of
environmental conditions. This project will use an Arduino board to measure
ambient temperature and humidity, displaying the results on a 16x2 LCD.
This Celsius scale thermometer and percentage scale humidity measure
project uses DHT11 temperature and humidity measurements in combination
with Arduino undo. Another project that I worked on previously involved
designing a digital thermometer based on the temperature sensor LM35.
There are three main parts to this project: in one, a humidity and temperature
sensor (DHT11) detects the humidity and temperature. Second, it determines
the temperature and humidity according to DHT sensor data and converts
them into percentages and Celsius values. The third component is an LCD
display that displays humidity and temperature.

Serial communication is used in working on this project. An Arduino first

sends a start signal to the DHT module, which then transmits temperature and
humidity data back to the Arduino. Two humidity and temperature
measurements are collected and extracted by Arduino and sent to a 16x2
LCD.
The DHT11 sensor module was used in this project. An integrated humidifier
and thermometer with a calibrated digital output are featured on the module.
The DHT11 sensor module provides a digital output signal that is calibrated
to measure humidity and temperature. DHT11's high accuracy and long-term
stability guarantee high reliability and long-term stability. Incorporated into
the 4-pin single row package is an eight-bit microcontroller that has an 8-bit
resistive humidity and temperature measurement component that is cost-
effective, has a fast response time, and is available in a 4-pin single row
package.
Single wire serial communication is the method used by the DHT11 module.
A pulse train of data is transmitted by this module over a specific period of
time. An initialization command with a time delay is required before data can
be sent to the Arduino. And the total processing time is four milliseconds. In
this process, there are 40 bits of data transmitted, and the format is as
follows:
Eight-bit integral RH + eight-bit decimal RH + eight-bit integral T + eight-bit
decimal T + an eight-bit checksum.
Complete Process
In order for DHT11 to be detected, Arduino sends a 18s delay high to low
start signal. Once the data line is pulled up, the Arduino waits for DHT to
respond. A low-voltage response signal will then be sent by the DHT to the
Arduino after 80s, when it detects the start signal. In addition, DHT
controllers pull up the data lines and keep them for 80s so that DHT can
arrange and send data.
A low voltage level on the data bus indicates that DHT11 is sending a
response signal. After that is completed, the DHT again prepares the data
lines for transmission by pulling up the 80s. Each bit of data is sent by DHT
to the Arduino as a 50s low voltage signal, and whether the bit is a "0" or a
"1" depends on the amount of high voltage signal.

It's important to make sure the resistor value is cranked up because, if the
DHTS is being installed at a distance of 20 meters, 5K pull-up resistors are
recommended. Whenever the DHT is placed beyond 20 meters, a suitable
pull-up resistor must be used.
A huge problem with humidity is also the sensitivity of other products to
moisture, such as pharmaceuticals. In fact, humidity and temperature can
drastically change the properties of the product and cause it to become
useless, which is why items such as medical pills and dry powders are stored
at precisely controlled conditions.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation

The temperature and humidity are displayed on the LCD directly connected
to the Arduino in 4-bit mode. There are five LCD pins connected to the
Arduino digital pins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Additionally, RS, EN, D4, D5, and D7
are located in the LCD. Additionally, a 5k pull-up resistor is connected to
digital pin 12 of the Arduino to connect the DHT11 sensor module.
77. Automatic Door Opener using Arduino
Automatic door openers are typically found in shopping malls and
commercial buildings. Whenever someone approaches the entrance, the door
is opened and then closed after a while. PIR sensors, Radar sensors, Laser
sensors, Infrared sensors, etc. are all examples of systems that can be created
according to various technologies. The same concept was tried in this project
with an Arduino based on a PIR sensor.
The door is opened or closed using a PIR sensor that detects the infrared
radiation emitted from the human body. An infrared sensor detects changes in
the infrared energy when a person approaches the door and responds by
opening the door when a person approach. This signal is passed on to
Arduino Uno, which subsequently activates the door.
Circuit Components
Arduino UNO
16x2 LCD
PIR Sensor
Connecting wires
Bread board
1 k resistor
Power supply
Motor driver
CD case (DVD Trolley)
PIR Sensor
It detects any change in heat and makes sure the output PIN is HIGH
whenever it detects any change. IR motion sensors are sometimes called
Pyroelectric ones.
It is worth noting that all objects emit some infrared rays when heated. In
addition, our bodies produce infrared because they are warm. Detecting small
variations in infrared is possible with PIR sensors. Infrared is produced by
friction between an object and the air, so when it passes through the sensor's
range, it is caught by PIR.
Figure shows the Pyroelectric sensor (rectangular crystal behind the plastic
cap) that is at the heart of the PIR sensor. Among the components used to
create PIR sensors were BISS0001, a micropower PIR motion sensor IC,
resistors, and capacitors. Input signal from sensor BISS0001 is processed by
BISS0001 IC to result in a HIGH or LOW output pin.
Pyroelectric sensors are divided in half, so that they sense the same level of
infrared no matter how fast the motion is. PIRs begin reacting when
somebody enters the first half of the room, and the output pin goes high once
the infrared level is larger in one half than the other.
There are multiple Fresnel lenses inside a plastic cap covering the
pyroelectric sensor. As a result, the lens covers a wide range so that the
sensor can cover as much area as possible.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation
The above diagram illustrates the connections needed to build an Arduino-
based door opener. An infrared sensor, based on the PIR principle, is used to
detect human motion, which has three terminals: Vcc, GND, and Dout.
Located at pin 14 (A0) of Arduino Uno, Doubt is directly connected to it. An
LCD with a resolution of 16x2 is used to display the status.
The LCD's RS and EN pins are connected to the Arduino's digital pin
numbers 13, 12, and 8 while its D0-D7 pins are directly connected to digital
pins 11, 10, 9, 8, respectively. The Arduino pins 0 and 1 are connected to the
L293D motor driver to open and close the gate. In this circuit we are using a
motor to move the gate.
78. LPG Gas Leakage Detector using Arduino
Leaking LPG may be a disaster even though it is an essential need of every
household. LPG leak detection is done by various products that detect the
leakage and prevent any mishappening. An LPG gas detection alarm is
developed using an Arduino. The circuit buzzes if there is a leak in gas and
that triggers a signal from the system. This system is extremely easy to
construct, and anyone with programming and electronics skills can do it.
The LPG gas was detected using an LPG sensor module. Whenever LPG
leaks, it sends a HIGH pulse to the DO pin, which Arduino stays in
continuous contact with. A 16x2 LCD displays the message "LPG Gas
Leakage Alert" when Arduino detects a HIGH pulse from LPG Gas module.
The gas detector module beeps repeatedly until no gas is detected in the
environment, leading to the buzzer being activated. The LCD displays a "No
LPG Gas Leakage" message when the LPG gas detector outputs a LOW
signal to the Arduino.

Components Used
Arduino Pro Mini
LPG Gas sensor Module
Buzzer, BC 547 Transistor
16x2 LCD, 1K resistor
Bread board
9-volt battery, Connecting wires
LPG Gas Sensor Module
In this module, we find a MQ3 sensor, which actually detects the presence of
LPG, and a comparator (LM393), which compares the sensor's output voltage
with the reference voltage. When LPG gas is present, it will emit a HIGH
output signal. Potentiometers are also used to control the sensitivity of gas
sensors. In addition, it can be made with LM358 or LM393 and MQ3, which
can be accessed by microcontrollers and Arduinos quite easily. There is also
a “LPG Gas Sensor Module” readily available on the market.
Circuit Diagram and Description

As you can see from the schematic diagram above, it has an Arduino board,
an LPG GAS Sensor Module, a buzzer, and a 16x2 LCD module. This
system is controlled by Arduino, which reads the gas sensor's output, sends
messages to the LCD and activates the buzzer. This sensor module has an
inbuilt potentiometer that we can use to set its sensitivity.
DO, pin 18 (A4), of the LPG sensor module is connected directly to
Arduino's Vcc and GND pins. A MQ3 sensor detects LPG gas in the LPG gas
sensor module. In order for the heater to heat up, the MQ3 sensor will require
some electrical power, and it may take up to fifteen minutes for it to get ready
for detecting LPG gas.
An analog to digital converter circuit converts the output of MQ3 to a digital
signal. Four-bit mode is used to connect a 16x2 LCD to Arduino. Arduino pin
2 and GND are directly connected to pins RS, RW and En while pins 4, 5, 6
and 7 of the Arduino are connected to the data pins. Through a binary NPN
BC547 transistor coupled to pin 13 of the Arduino, a buzzer is connected.
79. IR Controlled DC Motor using Arduino
Students and hobbyists are increasingly using Arduino
Microcontrollers in recent years. Since Arduino is easy to use and has a
smooth learning curve, everyone uses it to make any project. Many Arduino
projects are also available on our website, from basic interface modules to
more complex robotic modules.
Required Components:
Arduino UNO
5V-relay module
DC motor
IR sensor module
Breadboard
Connecting wires
IR Sensor, Relay Module and DC Motor are three basic components that we
will use in our project today. Arduino will be used to control an electric
motor with the IR sensor. In this case the IR sensor reads the output from the
IR sensor and makes the relay high when it detects an object in front of it. As
IR Sensor detects any objects in front of it, DC Motor will also be ON if relay
is connected to it.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
It is a simple circuit for controlling this DC Motor with an IR Sensor using
Arduino.

On the circuit, the output of the IR sensor module is connected to pin 2 of the
Arduino and the input of the relay module to pin 7. The relay is additionally
connected to a DC Motor. Project management is straightforward in this case.
The IR sensor will turn on the output pin whenever it detects a movement in
front of it. Arduino reads the IR sensor's output pin, so pin 7 goes high to
activate the relay module, and Arduino reads pin 1 as well. Upon activation
of the relay, the DC motor will begin to rotate.
The output of the IR sensor remains low when nothing is in front of it, and
the DC motor remains in off state, as well. With the potentiometer mounted
on the module itself, the IR sensor's sensitivity can be adjusted. The
sensitivity of the sensor simply means the distance at which the object can be
detected.

80. DC Motor Speed Control using Arduino and Potentiometer

Electric motors are the most commonly used motors in robotics and
electronics projects. Various methods exist for controlling DC motor speed,
but in this project, we are using PWM to control DC motor speed. This
project uses a potentiometer for controlling the speed of the DC motor. By
rotating the knob of the potentiometer, the speed can be modified.
Pulse Width Modulation:
The PWM technique, also known as pulse width modulation, is used to
control voltage or power. Applying 5 volts to a motor will cause it to move at
a certain speed, and if we reduce a charging voltage by 2 volts, or applying 3
volts to the motor, the motor speed will also decrease. In the project, PWM is
used to control the voltage using this concept.
Material Required
Arduino UNO
DC motor
Transistor 2N2222
Potentiometer 100k ohm
Capacitor 0.1uF
Breadboard
Jumping Wires
Working and Circuit Diagram
We use a 100K ohm potentiometer to change the duty cycle of the
PWM signal in this circuit to control the speed of the DC motor. Connecting
the 100K ohm potentiometer to the Arduino UNO's A0 analog input pin, and
connecting the DC motor to the PWM pin 12 of the Arduino, creates a simple
controller to oscillate a DC motor. Using an Arduino program only requires
that the voltage be read from analog pin A0. By using the potentiometer, the
voltage can be varied at the analog pin. A duty cycle is then adjusted as
necessary after doing some calculations.
The HIGH time, for example, will be 768ms (256-1024) and the LOW time,
256ms when we input 256 values to the analog input. It is only implied that
75% of frequency oscillation is being observed by our eyes. High frequency
oscillation is almost imperceptible to our eyes, which makes the motor appear
to run continuously with 75% of speed. This is how the speed can be
controlled using a potentiometer.
81. DIY Smart Vacuum Cleaning Robot using Arduino
Robotic vacuum cleaner with four wheels that intelligently avoids obstacles
while also vacuuming the floor. Robot Roomba, which appears in the image
below, inspired the idea of this vacuum cleaner.

Required Components:
I think we already know what our Automatic Vacuum Cleaner Robot is, but
now we need to make it real. Thus, let's find the best position for our
execution to begin. The first step in building our concept robot would be to
determine the following:
Microcontroller type
Sensors required
Motors required
Robot chassis material
Battery capacity
Let's now consider each of the above points. By doing so, you will have the
opportunity to build not only this home cleaning robot but also any other
robot that strikes your imagination.
Required Components lets list them down
Wooden sheets for chassis
IR and US sensors
Vacuum cleaner which runs on DC current
Arduino Uno
12V 20Ah battery
Motor driver IC (L293D)
Working tools
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram

Building and Testing the Robot:

The most critical component of robotic placement is the vacuum cleaner. The
vacuum must be tilted at the angle in the photo so that it can provide effective
vacuum action. Vacuum cleaners are not controlled by Arduino; they are
powered on directly when the robot is powered on.
We found that the wooden work was the most exhausting part of building our
robot. For the sensors and vacuum cleaner, we will have to drill holes in the
wood and carve them.
Whenever you have the motor and the motor driver in place, it is
recommended to Test Ride your robot before connecting the sensors.
Passionate energy for learning and working.
Once you've verified that everything works properly, attach the sensors to
Arduino using the circuit diagram provided at the end. On top and on both
sides of the robot, I have added an Ultrasonic sensor and two IR sensors. On
the L293D, the heat sink is fitted to prevent the IC from overheating.
There are also some extra parts you can add.
We used a BLDC fan to create the vacuum and had it enclosed in a box.
Those who are on a tight budget can adopt this strategy. Similarly, this
approach looks good but isn't efficient.
Detailed code for this robot vacuum cleaner is located below. Your robot can
get started once you've connected the Arduino and loaded the program. These
comments explain how a program works. The following video will show you
the robot in action.
Additionally, I plan to completely 3D-print the parts in the next version. It
will also have some cool features and complex algorithms for covering the
entire carpet area and will also be easy to use and compact. You can look
forward to future updates.
82.Robot Car controlled by a mobile phone using a G-Sensor and
Arduino
In this project, we will use a mobile phone's G sensor to control a
robot car and you will be able to tilt the phone to control it. The G-Sensor
Controlled Robot will also be controlled by Arduino and the RemoteXY app.
A smartphone app called RemoteXY is used to control the Robot from the
Smartphone. It will also be possible to control Robot by both tilting the
phone and the joystick when the interface has a joystick.
Gravity sensors or Gravity sensors are acceleration sensors in smartphones
that allow them to know the screen orientation. As the Gravitational force
moves in X, Y, Z directions, the accelerometer senses how the screen rotates
in accordance with it. In modern mobiles, the orientation of the screen is
determined by a Gyroscope sensor that is a lot more sensitive and accurate.
The Robot car in this project will follow the angle that the phone is tilted in.
For example, if we tilt the phone forward then it will move forward. The car
will then move backward when the tilt is lowered. A G sensor is used in most
car games in Mobile, too, so the car moves accordingly.
Required Components:
Two-wheel robot car chassis
Arduino UNO
L298N Motor Controller
HC-06 Bluetooth module (HC-05 will work too)
Power supply or Cells
Connecting wires
Creating Interface for Robot using RemoteXY app:
You will need to access the following link in order to create the
interface for controlling the robot car with RemoteXy.
http://remotexy.com/en/editor/ the webpage will look like this
Circuit Diagram

Put the switch button and joystick into the mobile interface from the left side
of the screen. By pressing the button, you'll turn on Pin 13 on the Arduino,
which is internally connected to the car, and by pressing the joystick, you'll
control it. After you have placed the switch and joystick, you will see the
following webpage.
After that, we will need to connect the G sensor enable/disable button to the
joystick, to enable us to move the Robot Car with the phone by tilting it left,
right, up and down. The G sensor can be turned on and off using that button,
and the car can be controlled using the joystick when the G sensor is
disabled.
Click the joystick you placed on the interface to place the G sensor
enable/disable button. You will see the properties section on the left, and at
the end, there is an option to place the G sensor button near the joystick, so
you can place it wherever you like. This is what the webpage will look like
after this.

You should then click the "Get source code" button and save it on your
computer. Download the library from here http://remotexy.com/en/library/
and save it into the Arduino library directory. Make sure that the downloaded
code is error-free by compiling it. These are not the actual Robot code, but
rather the code that helps to utilize the Arduino with the App. Download the
app from here http://remotexy.com/en/download/ or. You can download
RemoteXY from the Google Play Store on your Android smartphone.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
The L298N motor controller needs to be interfaced with the Arduino first.
Motor controller pin ENA and ENB should be connected to Arduino pins 12
and 11, respectively. The motor can be controlled with these two pins via
PWM. Our car can be sped up or slowed down using these pins. To connect
the IN1, IN2, IN3 and IN4 to the Arduino pins 10, 9 and 8, follow the steps
below. The motors will rotate both clockwise and anticlockwise with these
pins.

Battery positive and negative should be connected to 12V and ground on the
motor controller to power the motor. To connect the Arduino to the motor
controller, connect the motor controller's 5V and ground lines to the Arduino
Vin and ground lines.
If you have an HC-06, you can connect it to the Arduino, but if you have an
HC-05, it will work too. The 5V and ground of the Bluetooth module should
be connected to the Arduino's 5V and ground. After that, connect the RX pin
of the Bluetooth Module to pin 3 of the Arduino and the TX pin to pin 2 of
the Bluetooth Module. You can also learn about Bluetooth controlling a toy
car with an Arduino using Bluetooth Controlled Toy Car.
83. Weight measurement using Arduino, the HX711 Module, and a load
cell
The Load Cell and Weight Sensor HX711 will be connected to the Arduino
to measure weight. The weight of an item is displayed by an automated
weight machine in many shops. Users place the item on the platform and the
machine displays the weight. Therefore, there is a weighing machine that has
been built with Arduino and Load cells, which is capable of weighing up to
40kg. Further increase of the limit is possible by using more capable load
cells.
Required Components:
 Arduino Uno
Load cell (40kg)
HX711 Load cell Amplifier Module
16x2 LCD
Connecting wires
USB cable
Breadboard
Nut bolts, Frame and base
Load Cell and HX711 Weight Sensor Module:
Load cells are electronic transducers that create an electrical signal from
force or pressure. Indirectly related to the force applied is the magnitude of
the electrical output. During application of pressure, strain gauges in load
cells deform. When the strain gauge is deformed, the effective resistance
changes, so electrical signals are generated. Four strain gauges are typically
used as part of a Wheatstone bridge to form a load cell. These load cells can
weigh up to 40kg, and come in different ranges like 5kg, 10kg, 100kg and
even more. Here, we are using a Load cell that can weigh up to 40kg.

Because the load cell has an output voltage in the range of a few millivolts,
these signals require further amplification, hence the HX711 Weighing
Sensor is required. An HX711 chip is used in the HX711 Weighing Sensor
Module, which is an A/D converter with 24 high-precision channels. Two
analog input channels can be programmed in the HX711 for gains up to 128
by programming them. So the HX711 module outputs the low electrical
signal from the load cells which is then amplified and digitally converted
before being fed to Arduino to calculate weight.

Four wires are used to connect the load cell to the HX711 Amplifier. Red,
black, white and green/blue wires make up these wires. Wire colors may vary
slightly from one module to another.
RED Wire is connected to E+
BLACK Wire is connected to E-
WHITE Wire is connected to A-
GREEN Wire is connected to A+
Fixing Load Cell with Platform and Base:
Weights may be applied directly to the load cell without the Platform step.
Although the clamp can simply be attached to the plate without a base, a
platform should be attached for putting large objects on it, which should be
fixed to a base so that it stands still. Therefore, the frame or platform is
necessary in order to place the weight measuring equipment. Furthermore, a
load cell needs to be fixed to a base using bolts and nuts. The base is made
out of a hard board, which has been covered with hard cardboard. Once the
connections are made according to the schematic, you are ready to go.

Circuit Explanation:
Schematic and connections are provided below for this project. Pin numbers
8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of Arduino are connected to 16x2 LCD pins RS, EN,
d4, d5, d6, and d7 respectively. Arduino's A0 and A1 pins are connected
directly to the DT and SCK pins of HX711 Module. Circuit diagrams of the
HX711 module and load cell connections have also been explained earlier.
Working Explanation:

It is easy to execute this Arduino weight measurement project. In advance of

discussing details, this system needs to be calibrated for accurate weight
measurements. A calibration process starts automatically when the system is
powered up. In case the user wishes to calibrate it manually, he or she can use
the push button. The following code describes how we created a void
calibrate() function for calibration purposes.
When calibrating the load cell, wait for the LCD display to appear once 100
grams of load is placed on the cell as demonstrated in the picture below. You
should put the 100g weight over the load cell when the LCD reads "put 100g"
and then wait for it to appear on the LCD. Upon completion of the calibration
procedure, the process will take a few seconds. Any weight can be put over
the load cell after calibration (maximum 40kg) and the calculated value will
appear over the LCD in grams.

Arduino was used to manage the entire process in this project. HX711 Load
Amplifier Module receives the weight signal from the load cell in the form of
an electrical analog voltage. Using the HX711 ADC, a 24bit input signal is
amplified, and then digitally converted into a 24-bit output, which is then fed
to the Arduino. After the data from HX711 has been calculated by Arduino,
the weight values are converted into grams and displayed on LCD. The
calibration of the system is accomplished by pushing a button. In order to
facilitate the process, we created an Arduino program.
84. Automated Plant Irrigation System Using Arduino with Message
Alerts
It is always difficult to leave our plants unattended if we are going out of
town for a few days. Our plants require regular watering. We are making an
Arduino-based Automated Plant Irrigation System, which sends out messages
to you as well as automatically provides water to plants.
Water is provided to the plant through a water pump if the soil moisture level
drops due to a low moisture level detected by the soil moisture sensor. Once
the system detects sufficient soil moisture, it automatically turns off the water
pump. An update on the status of the water pump and soil moisture is sent to
the user whenever the water pump is turned on or off via the GSM module.
Farms, gardens, homes, etc, would benefit all from this system. No human
intervention is required because this system is completely automated.
Required Components for Arduino Plant Watering System Project
Arduino Uno
GSM Module
Transistor BC547 (2)
Connecting wires
16x2 LCD (optional)
Power supply 12v 1A
Relay 12v
Water cooler pump
Soil Moisture Sensor
Resistors (1k, 10k)
Variable Resistor (10k, 100k)
Terminal connector
Voltage Regulator IC LM317
GSM Module:
Using the SIM800 GSM module, we have used it here. Customers as well as
hobbyists can easily embed the SIM800's quad-band GSM/GPRS module.
GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, data is
provided by SIM900 GSM Module, while SIM800 GSM Module employs an
industry-standard interface. Slim and compact, the SIM800 GSM Module
follows a modern design aesthetic.
Quad - band GSM/GPRS module in small size.
GPRS Enabled
TTL Output
Circuit Explanation:
The homemade soil moisture sensor probe used in this system allows us to
measure moisture levels in the soil. As shown in the following image, a
copper clad board was cut and etched to make the probe. There is a direct
connection between the probe and Vcc, and the other probe terminal is
attached to BC547's base. Sensor sensitivity is adjusted using a potentiometer
connected to the base of the transistor.

This Automatic Plant Watering System is controlled entirely by an Arduino.

Directly connected to the digital pin D7 of Arduino is the soil sensor circuit's
output. The sensor circuit uses a LED, which indicates whether moisture is
present in the soil by its ON state and whether it is not present by its OFF
state.

An SMS can be sent to the user using the GSM module. As you can see, here
we are using a GSM SIM800 card, which is a device that directly gives and
takes TTL signals (to be used by any GSM module). The SIM800 GSM
module is powered by the LM317 voltage regulator. It is recommended to
read the data sheet of the LM317 before using it, since voltage rating is very
sensitive to that. 3.8 to 4.2 volts is its operating voltage rating (please use 3.8
volts when operating it). An example of a circuit diagram for the power
supply of a TTL sim800 GSM module is shown below
A SIM900 TTL Module should be used with 5V, and a SIM900 Module
should be used with 12v in the DC Jack slot on the board.
The 220VAC small water pump is controlled by a 12V Relay. An Arduino
digital pin 11 is connected to the BC547 transistor, which drives the relay.
Status and messages are also displayed on an optional LCD. Several LCD
pins are directly connected to the Arduino, including RS, EN, and D4-D7,
which are directly connected with the Arduino on pins 16, 17, 18 and 19. In
this case, Arduino uses the LCD library built into the board to drive a 4-bit
LCD display.
Working Explanation:
A Plant Irrigation System like this is pretty straightforward in terms of how it
works. The first thing to point out is that the system is completely automated,
and it does not require any manual labor. A GSM module sends alert
messages to the cell phone of the user based on the Arduino's handling of the
entire process.
The Irrigation System with Arduino and a Soil Moisture Sensor is shown on
the following block diagram: When soil contains moisture, conduction occurs
between the two probes of the Soil Moisture sensor, resulting in transistor Q2
remaining in the triggered/on state, and Arduino Pin D7 remaining low. The
Arduino sends the SMS message "Soil Moisture is Normal" when it detects
the LOW signal at D7. The water pump is still in an off state because the
motor switched off.
Transistor Q2 will become off if no moisture is present in soil, and Pin D7
will become high. A message is then sent to the user stating that "Low Soil
Moisture has been detected" and Arduino turns on the water motor. Motor
turned ON”. The soil will automatically turn off the motor when the moisture
content is sufficient.
85.Making calls and sending messages with Arduino and GSM modules
Microcontrollers sometimes have difficulty communicating with the GSM
Module, specifically for functions such as SMS, calls, and texting. With the
help of the Arduino, we will build a simple mobile phone. The GSM Module
involved in this project can make and receive calls, as well as send and
receive SMS, and the Arduino phone also has a Microphone and Speaker so
you can talk over it. Besides interfacing with the GSM Module, the project
will be able to run any phone's basic functions by using all the necessary code
on the Arduino.
Components Required:
Arduino Uno
GSM Module SIM900
16x2 LCD, 4x4 Keypad
Breadboard or PCB
Connecting jumper wire
Power supply
 Speaker, MIC
SIM Card
Working Explanation:
Arduino Uno is used to control all the features of this Arduino Mobile Phone
Project, as well as to interface all the components. An alphanumeric keypad
is used to make all kinds of inputs, such as entering mobile numbers, typing
messages, making and receiving calls, and sending and receiving SMS. The
GSM Module communicates with the network in order to make and receive
calls and messages. As well as ICs and speakers, a 16x2 LCD shows
messages, instructions, alerts, and a MIC picks up the voice call and ring
sound.
Using the same keypad for both numbers and alphabets, alphanumeric is a
way to enter data. Check out the Code in Code section below for the Arduino
code to accept the 4x4 keypad interface as well.

It is easy to work on this project. We will use an alphanumeric keypad to

handle all the features. For a full understanding of the process, please check
out the code and demo video below. In this section, we will describe all four
features of the following projects.
The Arduino Mobile Phone has the following four features:
1. Make a Call:
If you want to call someone from your Arduino Phone, you have to press the
'C' button, and then enter their Mobile Number. An alphanumeric keypad is
used for entering the number. Again, we need to press 'C' once the number
has been entered. As soon as Arduino receives the AT command, it will
attempt to make the call to the number entered:
ATDxxxxxxxxxx; <Enter> where xxxxxxxxx is entered Mobile Number.
2. Receive a Call:
Getting a call is a very straightforward process. In the event that a call is
made to your GSM module SIM number, then your system will display an
"Incoming... The LCD will display the incoming number of the caller. The
only thing we need to do now is press 'A' to attend this call. When we press
'A', Arduino will be programmed to send the following command to GSM
module:
ATA <enter>
3. Send SMS:
Our Arduino based mobile phone allows us to send a SMS by pressing the B
key. In order to send an SMS, we must enter the Recipient Number, which is
'to whom' we should send the SMS. The LCD now asks for a message once
we have entered the number and pressed 'D'. Once we've typed our message,
we need to hit 'D' to send it, like we do on a traditional mobile phone. When
we've done that, we should be able to send an SMS. An Arduino sends a
SMS by sending the following command:
AT+CMGF=1 <enter>
AT+CMGS=”xxxxxxxxxx” <enter> where: xxxxxxxxxx is entered mobile
number And send 26 to GSM to send SMS.
4. Receive and Read SMS:
In addition, this feature is easy to use. SIM cards are used to receive SMS,
which are then stored in GSM cards. With Arduino, the UART transmitting
SMS information is continuously monitored. If you see the SMS symbol
(look at the video at the end) on the LCD, you need to press 'D' to read the
SMS. As shown in the example below, the SMS Received indicator shows
that:
+CMTI: “SM” <SMS stored location>
+CMTI: “SM”,6. 6 refers to the SIM card location where the message is
stored.
Arduino extracts the SMS storing location and sends a command to GSM to
read the SMS when it receives this indication that an SMS has been received.
Afterward, the LCD will show a 'New Message Symbol'.
AT+CMGR=<SMS stored location><enter>
AT+CMGR=6
Next, Arduino receives the stored message from GSM and before reading this
message it shows it on the LCD, and then after reading the messages it clears
the 'New SMS symbol' on the LCD.
Note: There is no coding for the microphone and speaker.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:

Diagram showing how GSM SIM900 and Arduino can be interconnected is

shown above. Pin 14 is connected to pins 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 of Arduino, while
pins EN, D4, D5 and D6 are connected to pin 16 of the LCD. (Ground of
Arduino and GSM are connected.) The RX and TX pins of the GSM module
are directly connected to Arduino's pins D3 and D2. Row pins R1, R2, R3,
R4 of the 4x4 keypad are directly connected to pins 11, 10, 9, 8 of Arduino,
and column pins C1, C2, C3 are directly connected to pins 7, 6, 5, 4 of
Arduino. The MIC pins of the GSM Module are directly connected to mic+
and mic-, and the speaker pins are directly connected to pin SP+ and SP- for
the GSM Module.
86. Fingerprint Based Biometric Attendance System using Arduino
The presence of students in an office or school is typically marked by
attendance systems. The attendance management system has greatly
improved over the years, from marking attendance manually in attendance
registers to using high-tech applications and biometric systems. Other
electronic attendance system projects that we covered in previous projects
included RFID, AVR, and 8051 microcontrollers. We used an Arduino to
take attendance records and use a fingerprint module to take attendance data.
The system will become more secure for users if it uses a fingerprint sensor.
A biometric attendance system based on fingerprints is described in the next
section of the article.
Required Components
Arduino -1
Finger print module -1
Push Button - 4
LEDs -1
1K Resistor -2
2.2K resistor -1
Power
Connecting wires
Box
Buzzer -1
16x2 LCD -1
Bread Board -1
RTC Module -1
Project Description:
A fingerprint attendance system circuit includes a Fingerprint Sensor module
that operates by recognizing a person's fingerprint. This allows the system to
authenticate the person or employee. Four push buttons are being used here:
Up/Down, Delete, Enroll. A key has three functions: ENROLL, DEL, and
END. A new user is enrolled into the system by using the ENROLL key. The
user must then press the ENROLL key when enrolling a new finger. LCD
will then ask the user for an ID and where the fingerprint image is to be
stored. In this case, the user may press ENROLL again to return to the first
step if he or she does not want to go any further.
The ENROLL key behaves as the Back key this time. Enrollment and
backtracking are both possible with the ENROLL key. As well as
downloading attendance data over the serial monitor, the enroll key is also
used for enrollment. A similar double function is provided by DEL/OK, since
the user must select finger ID using UP and DOWN after enrolling a new
finger. After pressing the DEL/OK key (this time it acts like OK), the user
can proceed to selecting the ID. Deleting data from the EEPROM of Arduino
is accomplished by the Del key.
The fingerprint sensor module captures an image of the finger's print and uses
that to create an equivalent template. It then saves the template as selected by
Arduino into its memory. A fingerprint image is captured, the fingerprint is
converted into templates, and the finger is stored as an ID using Arduino.
 Fig.FingerPrint module
Our fingerprint module has a yellow LED that we have added to indicate that
it is ready to take a fingerprint image. Additionally, buzzers are used to
indicate various things. This system is controlled by an Arduino; it controls
the entire thing.
Working of fingerprint-based attendance systems
It is a relatively simple project, working with fingerprint attendance
systems. With the help of push buttons, the user first needs to register his or
her fingerprints. The user must press ENROLL to save the fingerprint in
memory by ID name and then the LCD will ask for the user's ID name. As a
consequence, an ID must now be entered by using the UP/DOWN keys. Press
the OK button (DEL) once the user has selected the ID. In order to use the
fingerprint module, LCD now asks the user to place their finger there. As a
result, the user must now place his finger over the fingerprint module in order
for it to generate an image. Once you take your finger off the fingerprint
module, the LCD will ask you to repeat the process. As soon as the user
places his finger again, the module takes an image and converts it into a
template which is stored by selecting the ID into the fingerprint module's
memory. By now, the user has been registered and can use the fingerprint
module to feed attendance. The system will allow all of the users to enrol in
the same way.
The user now needs to press the DEL key if he/she wants to delete the stored
fingerprint or ID. LCD will then prompt you for the ID to be deleted after
pressing the delete key. After selecting an ID, the user must press the OK key
(the same key as DEL). When the fingerprint is successfully deleted, the LCD
will let you know.
Circuit Diagram

In the above diagram, we can see that this fingerprint-based attendance

system project involves a fairly simple circuit. An Arduino controller controls
the entire process, push buttons for enrolment, deletion, selection of IDs, and
attendance, LEDs for indication, and an LCD to display the message to users.
It can be seen in the circuit diagram that the push button is directly connected
to pin A0 (ENROL), With respect to ground, pins A1(DEL), A2(UP), and
A3(DOWN) of an Arduino are connected to one k resistor, and pin D7 of the
Arduino is connected to the yellow LED via a 1k resistor. Arduino's Serial
pins D2 and D3 (Software Serial) are directly connected to the RX and TX of
the fingerprint module.
Power is supplied by a 5v supply to an Arduino board with a fingerprint
module. The pin A5 is also connected to a buzzer. In this example, a 16x2
LCD is configured in 4-bit mode, with D4, D5, D6 and D7 connected directly
to digital pins D13, D12, D11, D10, D9, and D8 of the Arduino.

How Attendance works:

After placing his finger over the fingerprint module, the user will see that the
fingerprint device is captured and that it is searching if any recorded ID is
associated with these fingerprints. Upon detecting a fingerprint ID, the LCD
will display Attendance registered, while a buzzer will burst out once and the
LED will turn off until a new input can be entered.
We have also implemented a Time and Date module with the fingerprint
module. The system keeps track of the time and date continuously. In this
context, Arduino automatically grabs time and date from a user's finger when
they place it over the fingerprint and saves them in the allocated memory slot.
This system allows us to create five user spaces for 30 days. When the
RESET key in Arduino is pressed and once the program is enrolled, the key
will download information from the Arduino EEPROM over the serial
monitor.
Memory Management:
Our Arduino UNO comes equipped with 1023 byte of memory of which
1018 byte are available for data storage, and we have taken five days'
attendance data from the Arduino UNO. In addition to recording time and
date, every attendance recording will be 7-bytes in size.
As a result, total memory requirements are
5*30*7=1050 so here we need more 32 bytes
However, if four users are used, then we need
4*30*7=840
Here, we have taken the memories of five users to demonstrate this project.
The 5th user's attendance records will be unable to be stored since we will not
be able to store 32 bytes of data each time. Change some lines in the code to
make it work with four users.
Fingerprint sensors are commonly used in mobile, lock and unlock, on a
mobile display, on a phone screen, in security systems, attendance systems,
and security locks.
87. Generating Tones by Tapping Fingers using Arduino
We will use Arduino to build an entertainment system in this project.
Creating random sounds out of the pen or table is an ingrained habit for all of
us. There's no doubt that doing this at least once is not considered good
manners, but we're all used to doing it. Therefore, I decided to take it one step
further by using Arduino's tone-playing abilities. With this project you will
be able to tap on anything conductive and generate tones, like playing the
Piano on your palm, and create your own rhythms.

Components required:
Below is a list of materials required for this project. There is no need to stick
to the list. You can build it based on your own design once you understand
the basic idea.
 Arduino Pro Mini
Piezo Speaker
Flex Sensor
Finger Gloves
10K Resistors
BC547 Transistors
9V Battery
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:

During the development of this project, we used a total of four sensors: two
flex sensors and two Darlington pairs functioning as a touch sensor.
Secondly, we have attached two 10k resistors R1 and R2 to the Flex sensor as
pull-down resistors. Using one finger to generate three distinct tones based on
how much it has bent, the Flex sensor here makes use of this technology.
This means that two fingers can generate six different sounds.
Darlington Pair:
It is important that we understand what Darlington is and how it relates to our
project before we move forward. The Darlington pair can be defined as two
bipolar transistors connected in a way that in case of current amplification by
the first transistor, the current is amplified further by the second transistor.
The following image shows a pair of Darlington:

This circuit consists of two BC547 transistors whose collectors are tied to
their respective collectors and whose emitters are connected to the bases of
their respective transistors, as shown above. A small signal applied to the first
transistor base will bias the second transistor base, which means that the
circuit functions as an amplifier.

Our body serves as a ground for the second transistor so the transistor
becomes biased whenever our bodies touch the base of the transistor. In order
to make this project a success, we utilized this knowledge to build the touch
sensor.
Two Arduino interrupt pins, numbers 2 and 3, are pulled high using internal
pull-up resistors. After the Darlington switch closes, these pins will be
grounded. The interrupt will be triggered every time the wire touches the base
of the transistor (1st transistor) on the Arduino.
I added a flex sensor that alters the tone according to how much the finger is
bent, so I can generate more tones using fewer fingers. I have programmed
the system to produce three different tones for each finger depending on how
far it is bent (flex sensor). Having access to more tones at your fingertips is
possible by increasing the number.
In order for the board to fit easily in my palms, I made it on a perf board,
however you can also build it on a breadboard. It is important that you touch
the ground of the circuit during the course. You should have something
similar to this once you've soldered everything
As displayed above, I have secured the Darlington pair wires and the flex
sensor with two finger gloves. While playing your tone, you can come up
with a better idea (if possible) to secure the earphones in place.
Working:
You can then mount them on your fingers once the hardware is ready. Ensure
that you are touching the ground at some point on the circuit. You should
now be able to hear the tone by touching any conductive material or your
body. The taps can be played at different intervals, at different positions, to
create your own melody.
88. The Arduino and Thingsboard are used to create a biometric
attendance system based on IoT
With this project, we are aiming to create a smart, efficient and engaging
attendance system by integrating IoT into the boring one. The vast majority
of modern attendance systems store data on a micro-SD card, which must be
accessed by computer software via a PC. This project is about building a
biometric attendance system using Arduino that can scan a fingerprint. If a
touch is successful, the data is sent to ThingsBoard via the ESP8266 wireless
module and logged there. It is capable of displaying all of this information on
the ThingsBoard dashboard, allowing authorities to easily view and analyze
information while not requiring direct physical access to the hardware. By
following the link, however, it is also possible to build the conventional
Attendance system without involving the Internet of Things, and the
Fingerprint sensor can be further used in further biometric applications such
as Voting Machines and Security System.

Preparing the ESP8266-01

This project will use both the AT command mode and the programming
mode of the ESP8266. The ESP8266 module can be powered with a LM317
regulator and the Tx and Rx pins can be hooked up to the FTDI board as
shown below.
Hardware Required
Arduino UNO
16x2 LCD Display
Arduino Wi-Fi Shield
ESP8266-01
GT511C3 Fingerprint sensor (FPS)
12V Adapter
In AT command mode, a toggle switch toggles the ESP8266 into AT
commands, and in programming mode, a push button can reset the module.
Every time you upload code to the ESP8266, it must be reset.

Circuit diagram
89. Real Time Face Detection and Tracking Robot using Arduino
Have you ever wanted to develop a robot while tracking your face by
just using an Arduino and without having to learn programming languages
such as OpenCV, Visual Basic and C#? If you're interested in learning more
about how we can implement face detection with Arduino and Android, read
on. In this project, you'll move the mobile camera with the help of servos to
follow you around.
Using an Android Mobile Phone offers the advantage of not having to invest
in a camera module, and all of the image detection is done on the phone
itself, so you do not need an Arduino-based computer for this. Our Bluetooth
Module communicates wirelessly with mobile devices using the Arduino
Uno.
Processing Android was used to create the Android application used in this
project. You can either download the APK file (see below for details) or
install the application directly from the Processing Android website.
Alternatively, you may use the Processing Code provided in the Tutorial to
create a more interesting Android Application. Our previous Processing
projects will give you more information about Processing.

After following this tutorial, you will be able to build a Mini Tilt and Span
Robotic Arm with the capability of tracking and moving along with your
face. This (with further advancement) can be used to record vlog videos or
even take selfies using the front and rear cameras on your mobile phones.
The exact centre of the screen is positioned exactly where your face is.
Therefore! How does that sound? The Demo Video at the end of this article
shows how it works. Let's figure out how to do it...
This project has been designed to be as simple as possible, anyone with a
basic understanding of hardware or programming can use these guidelines to
make it work in no time. However, once you make it, I suggest you dig deep
into the code so you can get a real understanding of how it works.
Materials Required:
Arduino Nano
 Servo motor SG90 – 2Nos
Android Phone with decent camera
HC-05/HC-06 Bluetooth Module
Computer for programming
3D printer (optional)
9V Battery
Two servo motors are used in the circuit, one for moving the mobile phone
left and right, and another for tilting it up and down. As a result, the Arduino
Nano will instruct the servo to move in the direction requested by the
Bluetooth module (HC-05). All of the circuit components are powered by a
9V battery.
I have soldered these on a small Perf board, but you can connect these easily
on a breadboard.
Setting up your Android Application:
Earlier I mentioned that this Android application is the brain behind the
project. Processing Android was used to develop this android application.
The steps below will show you how to download and launch the application
directly on your smartphone.
Download the APK file from here
http://bit.ly/face_tracking_download (Server 1) or
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SrPrcxjs8jOFUDYYw_FaHrk01cteqD8n/view?
usp=sharing (Server 2)
Circuits such as those shown above should be powered on.
Look for the Bluetooth module named "HC-05" in your phone's settings
The name should always be "HC-05", as only then the application will work
if you haven't named it anything else.
Use the password "1234" or "0000" to pair with your Bluetooth module.
The application will now launch in portrait mode. Across the top of the
screen, you will see your camera screen and "Connected to: HC-05".
The top left corner of your screen will also display the pixel's position when
you move your camera over a face.
By adding some additional advancements for which you won't have to code
your own Android application, you can take this Arduino Face Tracking
Project to the next level. You might think that creating an Android
application is a complicated thing, but trust me, it's very easy with
processing. With your own creativity, you can make any advancement you
want.
Working:
Then, once our hardware, code, and Android application are ready, we can
start the building process. Simply power your Arduino and open the android
application.
The HC-05 Bluetooth module (must be called HC-05) will automatically
connect to the application when it detects a face. In order to use our mobile
holder, simply place the phone in the holder and sit back. As your phone's
servo motors move, you should notice your face cantered on the display.
Your mobile phone will now follow your movements when you move within
the camera's range.
90. Arduino Touch Screen Calculator using TFT LCD
Building projects with Arduino is always easy and makes them more
appealing. Arduino libraries and shields made it really easy to program an
LCD screen with touch screen capability.

We will use a 2.4" Arduino TFT LCD screen in this project to build an
Arduino Touch Screen calculator that can perform basic arithmetic operations
like Addition, Subtraction, Division and Multiplication.
Materials Required:
Arduino Uno
2.4” TFT LCD display Shield
9V Battery.
Getting to know the TFT LCD Screen Module:
2.4" TFT LCD Modules come in many varieties, so it is important to
understand how they work before we proceed with the project. Here is what
the pinouts look like for a 2.4" TFT LCD screen.
These boards will perfectly fit into any Arduino Mega or Uno board, as can
be seen from the photo above. In the table below are some small
classifications of these pins.

There are four basic classifications for pins, namely LCD Command Pins,
LCD Data Pins, SD Card Pins and Power Pins. We do not need to understand
the details of how these pins work since the Arduino library will handle them.
Using the Arduino program, we can display the images on the TFT LCD
screen by loading them into an SD card, and this image can be displayed on
the SD card slot at the bottom of the module.
The Interface IC is another important aspect of the kit. There are many types
of TFT modules on the market, from the original Adafruit TFT LCD module
to inexpensive Chinese knockoffs. If your Adafruit shield works perfectly on
a Chinese breakout board, it may not work the same way on your Adafruit
shield. As a result, it's essential to know what kind of LCD display you have
in your hand. It is the vendor's responsibility to provide this information. If
you are using a cheap clone like mine, you are almost certain to be using the
ili9341 driver IC.
Calibrating the TFT LCD Screen for Touch Screen:
It is essential for you to calibrate your TFT LCD module if you intend to use
the touch screen functionality. If you touch one place on an LCD screen but
the TFT responds at another, for instance, you might not be able to use it.
You need to calibrate each board separately because the results won't be the
same for each of them.

Using the calibration example program (which comes with the library) or a
serial monitor is the best way to calibrate.
TFT LCD Connections with Arduino:
Arduino shields that have TFT LCD screens are ideal. The LCD screen will
slide perfectly into the Arduino Uno once you push it directly on top of it.
Cover the TFT LCD screen's Programming terminal with a small piece of
insulation tape as a matter of safety. Here is an example of how the LCD will
look when it is assembled on the UNO.
How to Program
To get our Arduino calculator code to work, we're using the SPFD5408
library. With this library, our LCD TFT Module can readily work with
Adafruit's LCD TFT Module.
Note: It is vital that you have this library installed in your Arduino IDE for
the program to compile correctly.
91. Arduino Motion Detector using PIR Sensor
Many projects have always required motion detection or movement tracking.
With the help of the PIR Sensor, it has become easy to detect movement from
people or animals. This project will demonstrate how a PIR sensor can be
connected to a microcontroller like an Arduino. The Arduino will be
interfaced with a PIR module so that whenever movement is detected, a
buzzer and LED will beep. In order to build this project, you'll need the
following components.
Materials Required:
PIR Sensor Module
Arduino UNO (any version)
LED
Buzzer
Breadboard
Connecting Wires
330-ohm resistor
PIR sensor:
Infrared passive sensors are referred to as PIR sensors. Using this sensor,
humans and animals can be detected without incurring high costs. In addition
to the pyroelectric crystal, the sensor also has a Fresnel lens to enhance the
range of the sensor. A pyroelectric crystal is used to track heat signatures of
living organisms (humans, animals). As shown below, we can also set the
sensor's working by adjusting the options provided by the PIR sensor
modules.

Sensor sensitivity and trigger time of the sensor may be controlled using the
two potentiometers (orange color). It is essentially the Dout pin that is present
between the Vcc and GND pins of the sensor. A 3.3V power supply may also
be used, but the module operates on 3.3V. Additionally, there is a trigger pin
setup on the left side of the module that can be used to make it work in two
different ways. In one mode, the "H" key is pressed and in the other, the "I"
key is pressed.
A person will be detected within range when the Dout output pin goes high
(3.3V) and will go low at a certain time (time is controlled by potentiometer).
It does not matter if the person remains inside the range or has left the area,
the output pin will stay high. In our project, our module is being used in the
"H" mode.
As long as a person remains within the limits of the sensor range, the output
pin Dout will go high (3.3V).
Note:
Depending on your PIR sensor vendor, potentiometers and pins may be
positioned differently. Pinouts can be determined by following the Silk
screen
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
The below image shows the schematic for the Arduino PIR motion detector
project by combining it with an LED/Buzzer and a PIR unit.
Our 5V rail of the Arduino is used to power the PIR sensor. On the Arduino,
the second digital pin is connected to the output pin of the PIR Sensor. The
Arduino INPUT pin will be connected to this pin. A buzzer and LED are then
connected to the 3rd pin of the Arduino. In this case, the output pin of the
Arduino will be used. An output at the 3rd pin will be triggered by an input at
the 2nd pin if an Arduino is programmed to do so.
92. Interfacing Hall Effect Sensor with Arduino
The use of sensors has always been crucial to any project. It is these that
create the digital/variable data that is used by electronics to process the real-
time environmental data. The market offers many types of sensors, and you
can choose one that suits your needs. We will use an Arduino to create a
project that uses Hall sensors, also known as Hall effect sensors. Using the
magnet sensor, you can determine the magnet's pole as well as detect its
magnetic field.
Magnets are detected for what reason? Perhaps you'd like to know. Actually,
there are a number of applications that use Hall Effect sensors, but most of us
probably are unaware of them. The speed of rotating machines or bicycles
can be measured using this sensor. BLDC motors also utilize this sensor to
track the Rotor Magnet position and immediately activate the Stator coils
accordingly. Let's learn how to add another tool to our arsenal by learning
how to interface Hall effect sensors with Arduino. Some projects involving
Hall sensors are as follows:
As part of this tutorial, we will utilize Arduino interrupts to detect a magnet
near a Hall sensor and flash an LED. We will use interrupts in our tutorial as
well, since Hall sensors will typically only be used with interrupts due to
their applications that require high reading and executing speeds.
Materials Required:
Hall Effect Sensor (any digital version)
Arduino (Any version)
10k ohm and 1K ohm Resistor
LED
Connecting Wires
Hall Effect Sensors:
Several things should be kept in mind before we dive into the connections for
Hall Effect sensors. Digital Hall sensors and analog Hall sensors are the two
main types of Hall sensors. As opposed to the digital Hall sensor, which
detects whether a magnet is present or not (0 or 1). The analog Hall sensor,
on the other hand, can detect the strength of or the distance from the magnet,
based on its output. Because these are the most common digital Hall sensors,
this project will only focus on them.
By its name, Hall Effect sensors work on the basis of the "Hall Effect".
Having carried out this experiment the law states that when current flows
perpendicular to the direction that the current is flowing, a voltage can be
measured at the angle at which the current flows. It will be possible for the
hall sensor to detect magnets around it using this technique. I'm done with
theory, let's move onto hardware.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:
This circuit diagram demonstrates how to connect a Hall sensor to an
Arduino.

This Arduino circuit diagram for a Hall Effect sensor is quite straightforward
as you can see. It is when we try to figure out hall sensor pin numbers that we
usually make mistakes. When positioned face-on, the Vcc and Ground pins
are on the left, followed by the Signal pin.
As we mentioned earlier, we will use interrupts, which is why pin 2 of the
Arduino is connected to the output pin of the Hall sensor. Magnets are
detected by switching on the Pin, which is connected to an LED.
Arduino Hall Effect Sensor Working:
You can now upload the Arduino code once you have created your code and
hardware. A 9V battery has been used to power the entire setup. Power can
be provided by any preferred source. You will see the LED light up as soon
as you place the magnet close to the sensor and it will turn off as soon as you
remove the magnet.
Note:
Hall sensors are pole sensitive, which means that each side of the sensor can
either detect only the North Pole or only the South Pole, only one side of the
sensor can detect both poles. Thus, if you bring the north sensing surface
close to the south pole, the LED will not glow.
Throughout the sensor, we bring the magnet near to it, causing it to change its
state when we do that. An interrupt pin is triggered by this change, which
then calls the toggle function, which changes the variable "state" from 0 to 1.
In this way, the LED will illuminate. Once the magnet is moved away from
the sensor, the sensor output will again change. We notice that this changes
again by using an interrupt statement and thus the variable "state" is set to
zero. The LED will darken if the switch is turned off. Each time you
approach the sensor with a magnet, the same happens.

93. Automatic Call answering Machine using Arduino and GSM Module
Across the world, we are all reliant on mobile communications as our
primary way to communicate. Although we have all encountered situations
when we were unable to answer our calls, they were either important personal
calls or business calls that changed our lives. Due to the fact that you could
not answer the call at that time, you might have missed that opportunity.
A number of Arduino and GSM modules will be used in this project in order
to create an Automatic Call Answering Machine to solve the problem. If you
are switching to a new number or going on a long pilgrimage, remember this
next time, or just record your voice stating your reason for absence while on
vacation or enjoying a well-deserved break and Your recordings will be
automatically played to all the people on this machine when you call them.
Your business numbers can also be used for answering customer calls during
off-hours. Sounds interesting right? So let us build it.
Materials Required:
Although it seems complicated, it is really easy to build, you just need the
following components to get started
Arduino Uno
GSM module – Flyscale SIM 900
 ISD 1820 Voice Module
12V adapter to power GSM module
9V battery to power Arduino
Connecting wires
Before we actually proceed into the project, let us get familiar with the GSM
module and ISD 1820 Voice Module
Fly Scale SIM900 GSM Module:
GSM modules are extremely useful to us in our project, especially when we
want to access the system remotely. In such a module, phone calls could be
placed and received, SMS messages could be sent and received, and GPRS
Internet connections could be made, for example.
An USB-to-RS232 adapter is included with GSM modules, which can be
plugged directly into a computer or to a microcontroller using either the TX
or RX pins. A microphone or a speaker can also be connected to other pins
besides MIC+ and MIC-. Power for this module can be provided by a 12V
adapter through a regular DC barrel jack.
Upon inserting your SIM card into the module, the LED should automatically
become active. During the next minute or two, you will see a red (or other
color) LED flashing every 3 seconds. Therefore, a connection was
established between the Module and the SIM card. Getting started is easy
once you have connected the module to a phone or microcontroller.
ISD1820 Voice module:
With the ISD 1820 Voice module, you can easily integrate voice
announcements into your Projects. A 10 second audio clip can be recorded in
this module, and you can play it when needed. An example of the device is
shown below. The module comes with a microphone and a speaker (8-ohm,
0.5W).
Powered by berg sticks on the left, the modules operate on +5V. Rec, PlayE,
and PlayL are the three buttons on the bottom of the screen. Click the
corresponding button. Recording your voice is as simple as pressing the Rec
button. By selecting PlayE, you will be able to play it. You can play the voice
by pressing and holding the PlayL button. On the left, we see pins that are
used to interface with a microcontroller. ESP8266/Arduino pins, which can
handle 3V-5V, can act as direct drivers. In our project, we control the
PLAYE pin on the Arduino module with the D8 pin.
Circuit Diagram and Explanation:

The circuit diagram above describes in detail this automatic voice call
answering machine project. There are a lot of simple connections to be seen.
The GSM module is powered by a 12V 1A adapter, while the Arduino runs
on a 5V battery. We can play back our voice recordings on the voice module
whenever we press the rec button on the voice module and then push P-E. In
this case, the microphone of the GSM module will be used to capture the
audio. Unlike the GSM module, the voice module has a microphone pin that
is connected to the speaker pin on the GSM module.
In order for the Arduino and the GSM module to communicate, you must use
a serial connection. A chain is connected between the Arduino's X and Y
pins. In this way, Arduino will have the ability to communicate with the
GSM module. The Arduino requests that the GSM module answer a call
when it is received by the GSM module. The Arduino demonstrates that the
call is active by turning pin 8 high for 200ms (connected to pins P-E on the
voice module).
94. Smart Blind Stick using Arduino
Has Hugh Herr ever caught your attention? His disability has not held him
back; he is a staunch believer in the ability of technology to provide the same
opportunities for disabled people as the able-bodied. Herr said in a TED talk
that human do not have disabilities. There is no such thing as a broken
person. We have a broken and disabled built environment and technology.
Through technological innovation, we the people do not have to accept our
limitations and can transfer them. In truth, he was living his life by these
words, today he wears prosthetics to walk and claims a normal existence.
Therefore, technology does indeed have the ability to neutralize human
disability. With this in mind, let's build a blind man's stick that can do more
than just assist the visually impaired.
Its ultrasonic sensor will detect the distance from an obstacle, its LDR will
detect lighting conditions, and its RF remote will allow the blind man to find
his stick remotely. Using a Buzzer, all feedback will be given to the blind
man. The buzzer can certainly be replaced with a vibrating motor and you can
advance a lot further using creativity.
Materials Required:
Arduino Nano (Any version will work)
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
LDR
Buzzer and LED
7805
433MHz RF transmitter and receiver
Resistors
Capacitors
Push button
Perf board
Soldering Kit
9V batteries
Circuit Diagram:
Two separate circuits are required for this Arduino Smart Blind Stick Project.
It consists of the main circuit, which is mounted on the stick by the blind
man. There will also be a small relay for locating the main circuit, which is
an RF transmitter. As seen in the following circuit diagram, the main board
consists of:

As can be seen, all the sensors are controlled by an Arduino Nano. With a
7805-voltage regulator, a 9V battery provides power to the entire board.
Powered by 5 volts, the Ultrasonic sensor's trigger and echo pins are
connected to the Arduino nano's pins 3 and 2 as shown in above diagram.
LDRs are connected to resistors of 10K, creating a potential divider, whose
differential voltages are read using Arduino ADC pin A1. Reading the RF
receiver signal from A0 is done using the ADC pin. Pin 12 of the board is
connected to the buzzer, which provides the board's output.

The goal of this project was to develop an ultrasonic blind walking stick that
utilized Arduino. There are 30 million permanently blind people and 285
billion people with some form of vision impairment according to WHO.
As soon as you notice them, you will realize that they are unable to walk
without the assistance of someone else. They require assistance to get to their
destination. As a result, they have more challenges to face in everyday life.
Blind sticks allow people to walk with greater confidence. In this stick, the
object in front of the person is detected and a response is given either through
vibrations or commands. This allows the individual to walk fearlessly. We
can help them overcome their difficulties with this device.
Below is a circuit diagram of the RF remote. The workings of this system are
also discussed.

Fig. RF transmitter Circuit

I have modified a remote-control circuit to make it function using a small
hack. It usually takes two MCUs or an encoder and decoder to use this 433
MHz module. We rely on the receiver and transmitter to detect if any signals
are being transmitted in our application. Thus, ground or Vcc is connected to
the Data pin of the transmitter.
An RC filter is used to pass the data pin from the receiver to the Arduino. The
example below illustrates this. Now, the Receiver continually outputs the
same ADC value whenever the button is pressed. It is impossible to observe
this repetition without pressing the button. To detect whether the button has
been pressed, we write an Arduino program that checks for repeated values.
Therefore, that is how Blind people can track their sticks. You can learn
about how RF transmitters and receivers work by visiting this page.
All connections were soldered using a perf board so that it would be intact
with the stick. A breadboard can also be used to make them.
95. Arduino Metal Detector
Metal Detectors are used in various places to detect metals that are
dangerous, such as airports, shopping malls, cinemas, etc. We have
previously made a very simple Metal detector without a microcontroller; now
we incorporate an Arduino to make the Metal Detector. The coil and
capacitor that will be used in this project will be responsible for detecting
metals. We have built this metal detector project using an Arduino Nano. All
electronics lovers should find this project very interesting. A very loud
buzzer will start beeping the moment the metal detector detects it.
Required Components:
Arduino (any)
Coil
10nF capacitor
Buzzer
The 1k resistor
330-ohm resistor
LED
1N4148 diode
Breadboard or PCB
 Connecting jumper wire
9v Battery
Working Concept:
Any time there is current passing through the coil, a magnetic field is
generated around it. Magnetic fields generate electric fields when they are
changed. The Faraday Law states that due to the Electric field, a voltage is
generated across the coil that opposes the change in magnetic field. The result
is an increase in current, causing the voltage to oppose the change in
magnetic field. The Inductance value is measured in Henrys using the
following formula

L = (μο * N2 * A) / l
Were,
L- Inductance in Henries
μο- Permeability, its 4π*10-7 for Air
N- Number of turns
A- Inner Core Area (πr2) in m2
l- Length of the Coil in meters

Any metal that comes into contact with the coil causes the coil to change its
inductance. The type of metal determines the change in inductance. Non-
magnetic metals have a smaller magnetic moment, while iron has a greater
magnetic moment.
Inductance value changes drastically depending on the core of the coil. As
you can see in the figure below, the inductors have an air-cored core, so there
is no solid core in these inductors. This is basically just a lot of coils lying
around. No matter what the inductor generates, its magnetic field flows in
nothing or air. Inductors with low inductances are used in these applications.
When the values of a few microHenry are required, these inductors are used.
If your value is greater than a few milliHenry, then this is not the right
choice. An inductor with ferrite core can be seen in the figure below. Despite
the large inductance values of these Ferrite Core inductors.

In this case, the coil wound within the inductor is air cored, so when a metal
object is brought to the coil it serves as a core. Inductance of the coil changes
or increases greatly when this metal acts as a core. By adding a metal piece to
the LC circuit, a significant amount of inductance is introduced, altering the
overall impedance or reactants of the circuit.
In this Arduino Metal Detector Project, we need to figure out how to detect
metals by measuring the inductance of the coil. Thus, we did this by using the
LR circuits (Resistor-Inductor Circuits) that we described previously. A coil
with about 20 turns has been used here with a winding of around 10 cm in
diameter. A tape roll has been used to wind up wire on, and the wire has been
wound around it.
Metal Detectors are used to detect land mines, detect weapons such as knives
and guns at airport security checkpoints, conduct geophysical prospecting,
archaeology and treasure hunting.
Circuit Diagram:

The whole Metal Detector Project has been controlled by an Arduino Nano.
Indicators such as LEDs and buzzers are used for metal detection. For the
detection of metals, coils and capacitors are used. Reduced voltage is also
achieved by using a signal diode. Additionally, a resistor is used to limit the
current flowing through the Arduino pin.
Working Explanation:
The metal detector on this Arduino is a little challenging to use. The high
pass filter of the LR is fed the block wave or pulse generated by the Arduino.
Therefore, each transition will be marked by short spikes caused by the coil.
Having a coil with a high inductance result in pulses with a shorter pulse
length. We can measure the inductance of a coil with the help of these shock
pulses. Due to the very short duration of the spikes (approx. 0.5
microseconds), it is very difficult to successfully measure inductance with
that.
The capacitor we used instead of this, is charged by rising impulses or spikes.
The capacitor was charged with a few pulses so that A5 on the Arduino can
read its voltage. This capacitor's voltage is read using ADC by Arduino. Cap
Pin was made the output pin as soon as the voltage was read and set to low,
quickly discharging the capacitor. About 200 microseconds are required to
complete this process. The measurement was repeated and the resulting
average was taken to produce the best results. Using that method, we can
calculate Coil's approximate inductance. Using the result, we transfer the data
to LED and buzzers to see whether metal is present. The complete code that
follows this article will help you understand how the program works.
At the end of this article, you will find the full Arduino code. We will use
two Arduino pins in this project, one to generate block waves that will be fed
into the coil, and the second to read voltage from the capacitor. We have also
connected LEDs and buzzers to two other Arduino pins besides these two.
96. Arduino Based Fire Fighting Robot

It is estimated that between 2010 and 2014 more than 1.2 lakh deaths were
caused by fire accidents in India, according to the National Crime Records
Bureau (NCRB). While there are many precautionary measures taken to
prevent Fire accidents, they do sometimes occur as a result of natural
disasters or human error. Human resources will be used to extinguish a fire in
the event of a fire breakout so that people can be rescued. It is very much
possible that humans can be replaced with robots for fighting fires thanks to
the advancements in technology, especially robotics. Firefighters would be
more effective, and they would also avoid endangering people on the job.
The goal of this tutorial is to create an Arduino Fire Fighting Robot, which
will detect fire and start the water pump automatically
This project will teach you how to make a simple robot that can pump out
water around a fire and move towards it to put it out. Once you understand
the following robotic basics, it will be easier for you to build more complex
robots. Okay, let's start at the beginning.
Material Required:
Arduino UNO
Fire sensor or Flame sensor (3 Nos)
Servo Motor (SG90)
L293D motor Driver module
Mini DC Submersible Pump
Small Breadboard
Robot chassis with motors (2) and wheels (2) (any type)
A small can
Connecting wires
Working Concept of Fire Fighting Robot:
The Arduino is the main processor of the project. For detecting fire, we are
using the Fire sensor module (flame sensor) as shown below.
It's possible to see that these sensors are equipped with an IR receiver
(Photodiode), which is used to detect fire. This is impossible, how is it
possible? An infrared receiver on the sensor module will be able to pick up
this light from the fire when it burns. Using an Op-Amp, we then monitor the
voltage change across the IR Receiver, so if there is a fire, our output pin
(DO) will be 0V (low) and if there is none, our output pin will be 5V (high).
To determine in which direction the fire is burning, we use three sensors
located in three directions on the robot.

By using the L293D module, we can drive our motors close to the fire once
we know the direction in which the fire is coming from. We must use water
to put out a fire when near one. The water is carried in a small container, a
5V pump is also tucked inside, and the entire device sits atop a servo motor
so that the water can be sprayed from any direction. Now that we have the
connections, let's move on
As a profession, firefighting is an important one, but it is very dangerous.
Robots are designed for that reason, so that they can find a fire before it rages
out of control. The system could be used to reduce victims' injury risks by
working with fire fighters.
Firefighting Robots are compact and portable emergency response robots that
assist firefighters, especially in highly dangerous environments where people
cannot enter, in fighting high-rise fires
Circuit Diagram:
On the following page you'll find the complete schematic for this Fire
Fighting Robot. It is either possible to connect each connection to upload the
bot to verify its functionality or you can assemble the bot completely. After
that, connect the devices. It's very simple to make both connections and you
should have no trouble doing it.
The container that I am using might not be the same for the robotic chassis
that you are using. Set up the pumping system then according to your own
creativity. It will, however, continue to be the same code. My pump is housed
in a small aluminum can (cool drinks can) that I filled with water and set it in
place. In order to control the direction of the water, I assembled the whole
can on top of a servo motor. I built my robot in a way that looks like this.
Servo fins were made by hot gluing the bottom of the container to the servo
motor, and servo motors were attached to the chassis by nuts and bolts. The
container just needs to be placed on top of the motor, then the pump inside it
can be triggered to force water outside via the tube. Using the servo to rotate
the whole container, the water can be directed in any direction.
97. Interfacing Joystick with Arduino
When we hear the word Joystick, we immediately think of the game
controller. The same applies here, and you can use it for gaming as well. The
technology is not only useful for gaming, but also in DIY electronic projects.
X and Y planes of this joystick are controlled with separate potentiometers.
Through the potentiometer, it can receive voltage and send it to Arduino as a
number. The number changes as we move the joystick shaft (which actually
is the potentiometer pointer).
We simply control four LEDs via the Joystick in this Circuit by interfacing it
with the Arduino. A motorized joystick is a device used to move the shaft of
the joystick. 4 LEDs indicate the direction of motion of the shaft. Besides the
joystick, it possesses a push button you can use to control other functions, or
you can leave it untouched. The joystick also has a LED, which, when
pressed, turns on as soon as the joystick button is pressed.
Circuit Diagram
Material Required
Arduino UNO
Joystick Module
LEDs-5
Resistor: 100ohm-3
Connecting wires
Breadboard
Joystick Module
Joysticks come in a variety of shapes and sizes. In the following figure you
can see a typical joystick module. The joystick module provides Analog
Outputs, which change voltage with the direction the joystick is pointed.
Through interpreting these voltage changes with a microcontroller, we can
determine the direction of the movement. Joysticks have been interfaced with
the AVR and Raspberry Pi in the past.

See how there are two axes on this joystick module. The X-axis is horizontal,
and the Y-axis is vertical. A potentiometer or potentiometer is mounted on
each axis of JOYSTICK. As the pots are driven out, the midpoints are
represented as Rx and Ry. These pots get their points based on Rx and Ry.
Rx and Ry work together as a voltage divider when the Joystick is in standby.
Whenever a joystick is moved horizontally, a change in voltage occurs at the
Rx pin. A similar change in voltage occurs at the Ry pin when the pin is
moved along the vertical axis. Therefore, we have four directions of joystick
output connected to two ADCs. A voltage difference between the pins occurs
when the stick is moved in either direction

Using this Joystick module, we are going to connect it to the Arduino UNO,
which comes with an inbuilt ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) mechanism
Controlling LEDs using Joystick with Arduino
The Arduino code has been uploaded to it, and the components have been
connected according to the circuit diagram. Now we can control the LEDs
using the joystick. The four LEDs can be turned ON in each direction
according to the Joystick shaft movement.
One potentiometer is used for movement along the X axis, and another for
movement along the Y axis, in the Joystick. The potentiometers are powered
by 5 volts from the Arduino. We can see here how driving the joystick will
change the voltage value and the analog values corresponding to Analog pins
A0 and A1. We are reading the analog values of the X and Y axes from the
Arduino and turning ON the LEDs in accordance with the joystick
movement.
98. Arduino RFID Door Lock
The RFID door lock mechanism can be seen in many hotels and other places
that don't require a key to unlock the doors. The key is provided to you, and
by simply inserting it into the RFID Reader box, you will hear a Beep and see
a blink of LEDs, unlocking the lock. Any door can be fitted with this RFID
door lock, which can be easily made and installed at home. It is simply a door
lock that operates when the door is turned on by a voltage (typically 12
volts).
The relay in this project is used to control the Electric Door Lock. RFID tags
will be used as keys, so the Arduino and the relay will be used to trigger the
lock. You will be alerted about the wrong card if you place it near the RFID
reader. Start by reading about RFIDs working and how it can be interfaced
with an Arduino.
Material Required:
Arduino UNO
EM-18 Reader Module with Tags
Relay 5v
LED
Buzzer
Connecting wire
Resistors
EM-18 RFID Reader:
A radio frequency identification system uses radio waves to identify objects.
It is possible to read the RFID card number by using a RFID reader, which
embeds a unique ID in the RFID card. The EM-18 RFID reader operates at
125 KHz and can be powered with a 5V power supply. While it comes with a
built-in antenna, it also comes with an on-chip antenna. Besides Weigand
output, it provides serial output as well. There is a range of approximately 8-
12cm. Data and stop bits for serial communication are 8 bytes, 9600bps.
There are many applications for wireless RF identification, for example
RFID Based Attendance System,
 Security systems,
Voting machines,
E-toll road pricing

In ASCII format, EM-18 RFID readers provide 12 digit output. In a card

number, the first 10 digits are the number of the card; the final two are the
result of XORing the number of the card. To check for errors, two digits are
added to the end.
Arduino RFID Door Lock Circuit Diagram

Working of Arduino Based RFID Door Lock

RFID systems are composed of two components: RFID tags and RFID
readers. Integrated circuits are used to store data, and antennas are used to
transmit the data to RFID readers. RFID tags consist of an integrated circuit
and an antenna. RFID tags are powered by RF signals whenever they are in
range of RFID readers. The tags transmit data serially when they are powered
by RF signals. Afterwards, the RFID reader reads the data and transmits it to
the Arduino microcontroller. Following that, different tasks are performed in
accordance with the microcontroller's code.
The value of the RFID tag has already been saved in the code of our circuit.
As a result, the relay gets activated when that tag gets within the range. To
demonstrate the power of a relay, a LED has been connected. However, you
can replace the LED with an Electric Door Lock to guarantee the lock will
open whenever a relay is activated.
If another RFID card is scanned, the buzzer will start beeping because it's the
wrong RFID tag. For this reason, the door lock system relies on the fact that
an RFID tag is required for it to open. It is possible to adjust the delay in
codes for when the relay itself gets deactivated after 5 seconds and when the
door is closed after 5 seconds.
99. An introduction to Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) and how
to control them on an Arduino
We have always enjoyed building things and getting them to work as we
wanted. It would definitely be an anxiety pump for hobbyists and hardware
tinkerers to build something that could fly. Absolutely! Among the various
aircraft I refer to are gliders, helicopters, planes, and primarily multi-copter
aircraft. Due to the community support available online today, it has become
very easy to build one on your own. The BLDC motor is a feature common to
all things that fly, but what is it? What is the purpose of it in order to fly?
How does it differ from other software? Is there a way you can interface your
motor with your controller and buy the right motor? What are ESCs and why
do we need them? These are just a few questions you can get answered in this
tutorial.
The main purpose of this tutorial is to control the speed of a 2112/13T
sensorless BLDC outrunner motor (commonly found in drones), using an
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller).
Materials Required
A2212/13T BLDC Motor
ESC (20A)
Power Source (12V 20A)
Arduino
Potentiometer
Understanding BLDC Motors
BLDC motors operate smoothly, which makes them common in ceiling fans
and electric vehicles. BLDC motors, on the other hand, are equipped with
three wires, thus forming three phases. Hold on... what!!??
BLDC motors still operate by using pulsed waves, though they are classified
as DC motors. The DC voltage from the battery is converted into pulses by
the electronic speed controller (ESC), and the motor receives the pulses via
its three wires. Current can only enter and leave the motor through two
phases at a given time, so that one phase powers the motor and the other
phase delivers power.
When the motor is in this position, the coil inside is energized, and therefore
the magnet on the rotor aligns itself with the energized coil. A motor is
rotated by energizing the next two wires and then turning them by the ESC.
In order to function, the coils need to be energized according to their order of
energization and their speed depends on its speed. The remainder of this
article will discuss ESC in greater detail.
A BLDC motor can be classified in several ways, some of which are more
common than others.
A BLDC motor can be installed in the in-runner or out-runner: In runner
BLDC motors work just like any other motor. In other words, the motor shaft
rotates, but the casing is stationary. BLDC motors with outrunners are the
opposite in that the coil inside remains fixed while the casing rotates along
with the shaft. A major advantage to the use of out-runner motors is that the
outer part of the motor (the one that rotates) turns into the tyre rim, so it is not
necessary to have a coupling mechanism. A motor without runners tends to
have more torque than those with in runners, which makes them a best choice
for EVs and drones. Also, the one we are using here is an outrunner type.
Note:
For the sake of this tutorial, let's skip a different type of motor called the
coreless BLDC motors, which are also used for pocket drones. They work on
a completely different principle, so we'll skip it for now.
Sensorless and sensor-loaded BLDC Motors: To ensure continuous rotation
of a BLDC motor, feedback must be provided. That is, the ESC must know
which magnets are where and on which pole in order to power the stator
appropriately. An inside hall sensor can be used to obtain this information, or
the motor can also be left open to collect this information. ESC receives the
information from the hall sensor about the magnet.
Motors like this are used in electric vehicles and are known as sensors-based
BLDC motors. Second, we can use the back EMF generated by the coils
when the magnets cross over them. This method does not require any
additional hardware or wires; the phase wire itself is a feedback mechanism
for measuring back EMF. We use this method in our motors, as well as in
drones and other flying projects.
Why do Drones and other multi-copters use BLDC Motors?
Drones come in many forms, from quadcopters to helicopters and gliders, all
of which have one thing in common: hardware. What are BLDC motors?
Why do they exist? Compared to DC Motors, what is the purpose of using
BLDC motors, which are a bit more expensive?

One important reason for this is the very high torque generated by these
motors, which is important for gaining thrust or losing thrust rapidly in order
to launch or land a drone. As well as having these motors as out runners, they
are offered as out runners as well, enhancing their thrust. Our drone will stay
steady in mid-air due to the smooth vibration less operation of the BLDC
motor.
BLDC motors have a powerful to light weight ratio. In order for drones to
perform well, they need motors that are both powerful (high speed and
torque) and lightweight. In order to match the performance and torque of a
BLDC motor with a DC motor, the motor would have to be twice as heavy.
Why do we need an ESC and what is its function?
In order to generate the phases for BLDC motors, DC voltage from the
battery has to be converted to pulses using a controller. The term Electronic
Speed Controller refers to this device. Controllers have the role of energizing
the phase wires so that the BLDC motors rotate. To do this, the coil is
energized when the magnet crosses the wire and the back EMF is detected. It
is beyond the scope of this tutorial to investigate all the hardware brilliance
found in the ESC. The speed controller and the battery eliminator are a few
other features.

Speed control using PWM: The ESC can read the PWM signal connected to
the orange wire to control the speed of the BLDC motor. This motor
functions very much like servo motors, the pulse width modulation signal
provides a 20ms period, and the duty cycle may be varied to vary the motor's
speed. Our Arduino program can utilize the same servo library to control the
position since the same logic applies to the servo motors. Here's how you can
use Servo with Arduino.
Battery Elimination Circuit: Almost all ESCs feature a Battery Elimination
Circuit (BEC). This circuit eliminates the need for a separate battery for the
microcontroller; it will provide a regulated +5V to the Arduino, so there is no
need for a separate power supply. It is normal for this voltage to be regulated
by one of a number of circuits, and on cheap ESCs, you'll usually hear linear
regulation, but there are also ones that use switching circuits.
Every ESC comes with a firmware program installed by the manufacturer. In
terms of ESC firmware, traditional firmware, Simon-K, and BL-Heli are
some of the more popular options. As we mentioned earlier, this firmware
can also be customized by users, but we won't go into too much detail about
this in this tutorial.
Arduino BLDC Motor Control Circuit Diagram

BLDC motors can be easily connected to Arduinos via a straightforward

interface. A minimum 12V and 5A source of power is required for the ESC.
My RPS has been used in this tutorial, but you can also use a Li-Po battery
because it's just as powerful. Connect the three phase wires of the ESC to the
three phase wires of the motors, there is no specific order in which the wires
should be connected, you can connect them in any order.

Controlling BLDC Motor with Arduino

The circuit diagram should be followed and the code uploaded to the
Arduino. The ESC should be powered up.
Make sure you mount the BLDC motors securely, or they will jump around
when they are rotating. In the event that the throttle signal is not within the
threshold limits within a few seconds after you start your setup, your ESC
will make a welcoming tone and keep beeping. The beeping tone will stop
when the POT from zero is gradually increased. The motor will start spinning
more slowly as you increase the PWM signal beyond the lower threshold
value. Once the voltage reaches the upper threshold limit, the motor will stop
due to a lack of power. The more voltage you provide, the more speed you
will see. Once you have completed the process, you can repeat it.
100. Automatic Medicine Reminder Using Arduino
It is always our intention to keep our dear ones in good shape when it comes
to health. The question is, what will happen when people get ill and forget to
take their medications.

Right? We'd be concerned, wouldn't we? Hospital patients need to be

reminded to take their medicine on time, but it's difficult to do so because
there are so many of them. To remind people to take their medicine on time,
the traditional methods require human effort. Machines can perform that task
in the digital era and we aren't bound by those rules. Besides doctors in
hospitals and patients at home, Smart Medicine Reminder has many other
uses.
When it comes to reminding, there can be many ways to remind it:
 Show it on a display
Send notification on email or Phone
Using mobile apps
Buzz alarm
Using Bluetooth/ Wi-Fi
Get a call
Remind for next medicine time while reminding current time
Depending on the circumstances, we can combine different methods. Our
Medicine Reminder has a simple Arduino circuit that reminds us to take our
medicines 1 or 2 or 3 times a day. Push buttons allow you to select a time
slot. Additionally, it displays the current date and time. This article will be
further extended into an IoT project, where a notification will be sent by
email or SMS to users. Patient Monitoring Systems can also be used to send
medication reminders.
Remembering to take medications may seem like an unnecessary task, but we
cannot emphasize its importance enough. Most seniors are prescribed
medication to manage illness due to increased visits to the doctor and
hospital. Many of the patients find it difficult to remember to take their
medication and not just because of their hectic schedules. Some patients have
trouble adhering to their medication regimen because of memory loss.
Our loved one's health and quality of life depend on making sure they follow
their doctor's orders for prescribed medications. One small change can make
all the difference in the effectiveness of a health care plan.
We value patient's health and ensure he or she takes their medication
properly. To facilitate this, this project and caregivers are standing by to
encourage your loved one to take their medications on time.

Arduino Medicine Reminder Circuit Diagram and Connections

Components Required
Arduino Uno (We can use other Arduino boards also, like Promini,
Nano)
RTC DS3231 module
16x2 LCD Display
Buzzer
LED (any color)
Breadboard
Push Buttons
10K Potentiometer
10K,1K Resistors
Jumper Wires
The DS3231 RTC is interfaced with Arduino Uno over I2C protocol in this
Medicine Reminder Project. Also, you can use an RTC IC DS1307 with
Arduino to read the time. Also included with the RTC DS3231 is a 32k
memory that may be used to store additional information. The RTC module
requires 3.3V to be powered from the Arduino uno.

The LCD display occupies a 16x2 area, and it is connected using SPI. It is
common for buzzers to be used to remind people before taking medication.
Each push button features a distinct feature that allows it to be selected. It
brings up a reminder to take your medication once a day using the first push
button. There is a second button for reminding twice a day, and a third for
reminding three times a day. Once a user has heard the alert, they can press
the fourth push button to turn off the buzzer.
Working of Automatic Medicine Reminder System
In order to power the Pill Reminder Alarm, 5V is required. When Circuit
Digest is first launched, it displays the welcome message "Welcome to
Circuit Digest". Three screens are displayed on the LCD screen at a time. As
soon as the screen loads, a message appears saying "Stay Healthy, Get Well
Soon". On the next screen, a help screen is displayed that instructs you how
to choose a time-slot to remember (once, twice, or three times per day). A
time slot can be configured in the program in accordance with the user's
preference. The duration has now been reduced to three, which are 8am, 2pm,
and 8pm.
There are three modes of dividing up the time slots. When the user presses
the first push button, the user is instructed to take medicine once a day at
8am. When the user presses the second push button in mode 2, the system
selects to take medicine twice daily at 8am and 8pm. In Mode 3, when the
third push button is pressed, the user will take their medication three times
daily at 8am, 2pm and 8pm.
Additionally, the buzzer can be snoozed for a period of ten minutes (not
included in this project). Push buttons allow the user to choose desired slots,
and a RTC is used to determine the current time. The buzzer starts to buzz
when the time matches the selected time slot. Users have the option of
stopping the buzzer by pressing the STOP button. Similarly, the next
reminder is sent by the same method.
Summary
The following chapter should be quite interesting to you, and we presume
that you have practiced more than 100 Arduino Project Ideas as they will be
useful to you in building your dream project. In upcoming sessions, we will
cover How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues as well as how to
repurpose your old Arduino.
 CHAPTER 6
How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues

There are times when your Arduino program and your hardware won't
function as expected. There are a number of causes to this problem, including
software or hardware incompatibility. Using this section, you can
troubleshoot Arduino and solve hardware and software related problems.
Can’t Load Programs on Arduino
The right board should make it easy for you to load programs once the
computer program is configured correctly. There are several reasons for why
codes cannot be loaded into the system.
An unknown problem may result from using the incorrect port, using the
wrong drivers, or missing the right drivers. Physical connection problems or
issues with the device's firmware can give rise to hardware problems.
Solution: Verify that the board model is compatible with the configured
model

As a first solution, you should confirm that you have configured the Arduino
model on the program properly. The program's users often select the incorrect
board type. If you haven't already done so, verify the model used within the
Arduino software by going to Tools > Board. You can then reload the code
to see if it was loaded when you selected the right board type.
Also, make sure the board has the right type of microcontroller. Many
Arduino boards, particularly the older ones, feature the ATmega160
microcontroller. In the newer models, an ATmega328 is used. Look at the
board's microcontroller and choose it on the device if you aren't sure which
one to select.
There are also many reasons why the code can't be loaded, such as driver
issues. Make sure the serial port driver is installed by going to Tools > Serial
Port. Make sure to verify this information with a computer connected to the
board.
Your computer's device manager is another place to look. Identify any items
in the device that are marked yellow or unidentified. It might be the Arduino-
specific driver that is causing the problem if you are unaware of the drivers
that are causing the problem. If you need to install a new driver, you can
access its properties and install it by accessing its driver installation tab.
Review the previous chapter for more information about installing drivers.
Solution: Ensure a Functioning Arduino
When the device isn't powered, it may not be detected by your computer. By
viewing its LED, you can determine whether the board itself is receiving
power. There must be some sort of problem with the electric system if it isn't
working. Check the power supply source to see if it's functioning.
Those boards with dual power options need to be set to receive power from
the appropriate source. In the case of USB power, look for a jumper direction
that points towards the side of the USB connector, which means the system
should be powered by this connector. To fix it, re-plug it after disconnecting
it, setting the jumper to ground, and resetting it to power. The LED indicator
should turn on to let you know if it is functioning.
Solution: Reset the Device
Arduino boards come with a reset button, which can be useful if you run into
problems loading codes. By pressing the reset button, the board can be reset.
Hold the button down for several seconds and then reset it. If it doesn't work
after waiting for a few minutes, reload the program.
Solution: Diagnose USB Connection Problem
In most cases, the inconsistency is caused by the hardware itself. If the data
pathway itself is down, the code transfer will not be completed. Change your
USB cable to solve this problem. Diagnosis of the cable problem can be done
in a variety of ways. The board may not be detected if it is plugged into your
computer with the wrong cable. Verify through the Arduino program whether
or not your board has the serial port that should be assigned.
Arduino Software is Not Working
There are times when programs don't perform as expected. Arduino software
that doesn't load correctly has probably been installed on the computer with
an outdated or incorrect version compared to what the operating system
requires. A computer program should not be installed if it is incompatible
with your system. For this case, you should uninstall the program, download
a newer installer, and reinstall.
There's also the possibility that you're using a third-party Arduino program.
Programs developed by third parties should work as advertised by Arduino
developers. Install the new third-party application after uninstalling the
current one
The official website of the developer. Downloading a file from another
source is not recommended. Installation is as simple as extracting and
installing.
If the previous solution does not work, you can download the Arduino
program. Upon installing the program, make sure it is loaded
Arduino Software is Freezing and Crashing
It is caused by a program inconsistency that causes Arduino software to
freeze. Programs installed with peripherals, drivers, or other files can conflict
with conflicting programs. By using MSConfig, identify likely conflicting
programs. Disable Start-up programs and services by loading this utility.
Load Arduino software and restart your computer. You might have an issue
with one of your starts up programs, even if the Arduino program loaded
flawlessly. Identify the cause of the problem by testing each program and
service. The result will be necessary to prevent lagging before you can load
Arduino software.
Although the program does not freeze or crash, sometimes it runs slowly.
Additionally, a device on your computer may be causing this issue. It is most
commonly caused by installation of the COM port interfering with loading.
To troubleshoot and disable program causes, use MSConfig again. Connect
all of your computers' other devices to your computer before turning it off.
Connect the device to the computer once it has been turned on. Try opening
the program and taking a look at how it responds.
Don’t Throw Damaged Arduino
Beginners have a high risk of damaging an Arduino PCB q43. This is part of
the learning process, so don't worry about it.
Never discard a board after it has been damaged. It still has value as a way
for you to become familiar with its components. In order to understand how
its parts are assembled, it's recommended that you take it apart. When you are
ready to build a custom board, this information will come in handy.
Essential Resources

1. Arduino Official Home Page https://www.arduino.cc/ Info on

hardware, some libraries for sensors, the integrated development
environment (IDE) and reference material on commands and
structures
2. www.instructables.com : Info on DIY projects prepared by others
3. Arduino Official Project Pages https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub
4. https://learn.adafruit.com Adafruit makes many shields and sensors,
and they have tutorials for almost everything they carry
5. http://www.arduinoclassroom.com/index.php/arduino-101 Arduino
Classroom is currently doing an intro series on Arduinos. Check it
for updates and more topics in the future
6. http://playground.arduino.cc/ Arduino playground is the wiki run by
the Arduino Company for its products. There is a lot of helpful
information on almost everything imaginable here.
7. Github Arduino Page
https://github.com/arduino/Arduino
8. Hackster Arduino Page
https://www.hackster.io/arduino
9. Hackster Arduino Projects https://www.hackster.io/arduino/projects
10. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-
projects
11. Electronics Hub Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-project-ideas/
12. Electronics for u Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicsforu.com/arduino-projects-ideas
13. Home of Make Magazine, which has lots of Arduino projects
www.makezine.com
14. Arduino Projects by All about circuits dot com
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/category/arduino
15. Arduino Projects by How to mechatronics dot com
https://howtomechatronics.com/arduino-projects/
16. Arduino Official YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/Arduino/videos
 Bibliography

[1]. Arduino official web site https://www.arduino.cc/

[2]. Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry;
2nd Ed; Jeremy Blum; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019;
[3]. Fritzing. Project web site: http://fritzing.org/
[4]. Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; 2nd Ed;
Simon Monk; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018;
[5]. Arduino. Project web site: https://www.arduino.cc
[6]. J. Fraden. Handbook of modern sensors. Springer Verlag, Berlin, third
edition, 2004.
[7]. Hackster Arduino Page https://www.hackster.io/arduino
[8]. Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; 1st Ed;
John Boxall; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013;
[9]. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-projects
[10]. Arduino For Dummies; 2nd Ed; John Nussey; John Wiley & Sons; 400
pages; 2018;
[11]. Arduino Official YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/Arduino/videos
[12]. Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd Ed; Massimo Banzi, Michael
Shiloh; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014;
[13]. Hackster Arduino Page https://www.hackster.io/arduino
[14]. Programming Arduino: Getting Started With Sketches; 2nd Ed;
[15]. Electronics for u Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicsforu.com/arduino-projects-ideas
[16]. Simon Monk; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016
[17]. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-
projects
[18]. Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino; 2nd
Ed; Jack Purdum; Apress; 388 pages; 2015;
[19]. Github Arduino Page https://github.com/arduino/Arduino
[20]. Electronics Hub Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-project-ideas/
[21]. Hackster Arduino Projects https://www.hackster.io/arduino/projects
[22]. Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd Ed; Maik Schmidt; Pragmatic
Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015;
[23]. Home of Make Magazine, which has lots of Arduino projects
www.makezine.com
[24]. Arduino Projects by How to mechatronics dot com
https://howtomechatronics.com/arduino-projects/
[25]. Make: Sensors; 1st Ed; Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville
Valtokari; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014;
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Arsath Natheem is an Indian Biomedical Engineer and YouTuber

who works primarily in the field of Data Science, He is best known for his
multimedia presentation regard "How Biomedical Engineers Save the lives"
displayed at VCET in Tamilnadu, he was honored best project award for
Human Interaction Intelligence Robot as Personal Assistance, and IoT Based
Voice Recognition Robot for defenses, also presented his project at
Adhiyamaan CET and won the first prize. He participated project competition
at Madras institute of technology (MIT) in Chennai, He completed his
Undergraduate Degree at VCET, and He Enthusiast in R&D at Data Science
and Online Content Creation, now he working on Amazon as a Self-
Publishing Author and Technical Writer.
.
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