1.What is Testing?

Ans: A means of determining the capability of an item to meet specified requirements by

subjecting the item to a set of physical, chemical, environmental or operating actions, and
conditions.

2.What is Textile Testing?

Ans :Applying engineering knowledge and science to detect the criteria and properties of any
textile material or product (such as fiber, yarn, and fabric) is called textile testing.

3.What are the Reasons or objectives for Textile Testing?

Ans : Checking the quality and suitability of raw material and selection of material. Monitoring
of production i.e. process control. Assessment of final product, whether the quality is
acceptable or not, (how will be the yarn performance in weaving? etc). Investigation of faulty
materials (analysis of customer complaint, identification of fault in machine etc.). Product
development and research. Specification testing: Specifications are formed and the materials
are tested to prove whether they fall within the limits allowed in the specification (e.g. specified
by a customer).
4.Why do we do textile testing?
Textile testing is a key in gauging product quality, ensuring regulatory compliance and assessing
the performance of textile materials. It is a vital basic tool during the processing of a textile raw
material into the product. It also helps the distributors and consumer to determine the end
product's quality
5.What is Textile standard ?
Ans : Textile standards provide the specifications and test methods for the physical, mechanical,
and chemical properties of textiles, fabrics, and cloths, as well as the natural and artificial fibers
that constitute them. Standard is a prescribed required level of performance of material
6.What are the sources of testing standards?
Ans : Various national and international organizations have established standards for textile
testing. Some of the organizations involved developing textile testing standards are as
follows:

AATCC- American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

BSI - British Standards Institute

7.How many types of Textile Testing ?

Ans: There are three types of textile testing : physical ,mechanical and chemical
8.What is physical Testing of Textile ?
Ans : physical tests, in which a sample of textile material is examined closely for feel and
appearance. Such tests are done on individual fibers or strands of material and on yarns,
threads made of several fibers twisted together. Textiles are also subjected to light and other
elements to see how they react

9.What is Mechanical tests of Textile ?

Ans : Mechanical tests are those in which textiles are subjected to different pressure and
stressors, usually in specialized testing machines. These include tests to measure breaking
strength, the force needed to break a fabric under tension. Such tests can ensure fabrics are
strong enough to maintain integrity even when under great stress.
10.What is chemical tests of Textile ?
Ans : Chemical tests are in which a textile is analyzed through chemical means to determine
what it contains. These tests are often done in laboratories, and they're important to determine
whether textiles might have harmful substances in them like lead or other heavy metals,
banned chemical dyes or pesticides that could possibly endanger the consumer.
11.What are the physical Test of Textiles ?
Ans : The physical test are as follows : Breaking strength ,Tearing strength Bursting strength
Pilling Propensity ,Air permeability Abrasion Resistance
12.What are chemical Testing of Textiles ?
 Ans:Chemical Testing are: Color fastness properties ,Chemical solubility test
13.What types of Textile Testing in Textile sector ?
Ans: There are mainly three types of testing followed in textile sector, those are: Fiber test ,yarn
test and fabric test

14.Which testing is done in Fibre test?

Ans :Gradding, ldentification of fibre, Strength and elongation i.e. tensile strength, Maturity
test, Fibre length, Linear density or fineness test, Trash, neps test etc.
Which testing is done in Yarn test?
Ans : Twist per unit length, Yarn count linear density, Appearance, Hairiness, Strength and
elongation ie. tensile properties, Evenness and regularity,
15.Which testing is done in Fabric test?
Ans : Fabric Width, Thckness, No. of ends per unit length, Tensile properties i.e. strength and
elongation, Design and construction of the cloth, Crease resistance and recovery, Shrinkage,
Abrasion, Thermal properties, Air permeability, Fabric weight per unit length, Pilling, The count
of yarn used, Stiffness, Handle, Drape, Water absorbency or resistance etc.
16.What is Quality?
Ans : According to international Organization for Standardization (|SO): "Ensemble of properties
and characteristics of a product or a service which confer on it the capacity to satisfy expressed
or implicit requirements" "suitable for use" or "fitness for use".
17.What is Quality Characteristics?
Ans : Every product possesses a number of properties that jointly describe what the user or
consumer thinks of as quality. These properties are known as quality characteristics.
18.What is Quality control?
Ans: QC is a set of activities for ensuring quality in products. The activities focus on identifying
defects in the actual products produced. The goal of QC is to identify defects after a product is
developed and before it's released. Validation/Software Testing is an example of Qc
19.What are the Benefits of quality control?
Ans: Encourages quality consciousness . Satisfaction of consumers . Reduction in production
Cost Most effective utilization of resources. Increased sales. Improved techniques and
methods of production
20.What is Quality Assurance ?
Ans : Quality Assurance is a set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which
products are developed . The goal of QA is to improve development and test processes so that
defects do not arise when the product is being developed. Verification is an example of QA
21.What is Sample?

Ans : It is a relatively smallfraction selected from a population; the sample is supposed to be a

true representative of the population.
22.What is Population?
Ans : All elements, individuals or units that meet the selection criteria for a group to be studied
and from which a representative sample is taken for detailed examination. It is the total system
that needs to be studied. Or, The group of individuals, or items, to be studied is called the
population

23.What is Consignment?
Ans : This is the quantity of material delivered at the same time. Each consignment may consist
of one or several lots.

24.What is Lot or batch?

Ans : This consists of all the containers of a textile material of one defined type and quality,
delivered to one customer according to one dispatch note.

25.What is Laboratory sample?

Ans: The final sample on which the tests are to be carried out iscalled the laboratory sample.
26.In which factor Sampling methods depends on?
Ans : Sampling methods depends on the following factors: 1. Form of the material
(fibre/yarn/fabric). 2. Amount of material available. 3. Nature of the test. 4. Type of testing
instruments. 5. Information required. 6. Degree of accuracy require
27.What is Random sample?
Ans : Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected as a sample. It is
free from bias, therefore it is a true representative of the population
28.What is Numerical sample?
Ans : Asample in which the proportion by number of, say, long, medium and short fibres, would
be the same in the sample as in the population.
29.What is Biased sample?
Ans :When the selection of an individual is influenced by factors other than chance, a sample
ceases to be truly representative of the bulk and leads to bias in results.

30.What is Relative Humidity (R.H %)?

Ans :It is a ratio, expressed in percent, of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative
to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated. Since the latter amount is
dependent on temperature, relative humidity is a function of both moisture content and
temperature.
(Actual Vapor Density)
Relative Humidity (RH) = x 1009%
(Saturation Vapor Density)

31.What is Moisture Regain ?

Ans: Is the weight of water in a material expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight:
Where Dis the dry weight and Wis the weight of absorbed water.
MR-10 %
32.What is Moisture content ?
Ans : It is the weight of water expressed as a percentage of the total MC100%
weight,
33.What is Standard Moisture Regain?
Ans : The moisture absorbed by a particular weight sample in standard atmosphere after
treating at 105+30C is called Standard Moisture Regain. It is also called official regain.
34.What is Correct Invoice Weight?
Ans : The weight obtained after adding standard moisture regain to the oven dry weight is
called Correct Invoice Weight or Conditioned weight.Correct Invoice weight= Oven dry weight +
Standard Moisture regain (0fficial allowance)

35.What is Elongation ?
Ans : The deformation in the direction of load caused by a tensile force. Elongation is measured
in units of length (inches, millimeters) or calculated as a percentage of the original specimen
length. Elongation may be measured at a specific load or at the breaking point.
36.What is Elongation at Break ?
Ans : The increase in length when the last component of the specimen breaks. Usually
expressed as %.

37.What is Flame Resistant ?

Ans : Aterm used to describe a material that burns slowly, or is selfextinguishing after removal
of an external source of ignition.
38.What is Flame Retardant?

Ans: Achemical compound that can be incorporated into a textile fiber during manufacture, or
applied toa fiber, fabric, or other textile item during processing to reduce its flammability.
39. What is Diagonal Flame Test
Ans : In this test for flame resistance, a specimen is mounted at a 45° angle and exposed to an
open flame for a specific time. The test measures the ease of ignition and the rate of burning;
40.What is Horizontal Flame Test ?
Ans : A test for flame resistance in which a specimen is mounted in a horizontal holder and
exposed to an open flame for a specific time to measure the burning rate and char-hole
diameter;
41.What is Vertical Flame Test

Ans : A test for flame resistance in which a specimen is mounted in vertical holder and
exposed to an open flame for a specific time. The open flame is then extinguished and
continued flaming time and char-length of the sample are measured.
42.What is Heat Resistance ?
Ans A property of certain fibers or yarns whereby they resist degradation at high
temperatures. Heat resistance can be a quality inherent in a yarn, or it may be imparted by
additives or treatment of the resulting fabric.
43.What is Heat Setting ?
Ans : The process of conferring dimensional stability and other desirable properties (wrinkle
resistance and improved heat resistance) by means of either moist or dry heat.
44.What is Heat Stabilized ?
Ans : Aterm used to describe fiber or yarn heat-treated to reduce the tendency of the fiber to
shrink, elongate under a load, or at elevated temperatures.

45.What is Routine Process Testing?

The testing which results can get very quickly in working field is known as routine process
testing.
46.What is Quality Record Testing?
Ans : The testing which result is to be recorded for various objects to finish the work is known as
quality record testing.
47.What is Abrasion Mark?
Ans: An area where a fabric has been damaged by friction.

48.What is Abrasion Resistance?

Ans : The ability of a fiber or fabric to withstand surface wear and rubbing. Garments that are
made from fibers that possess both high breaking strength and abrasion resistance can be worn
after and for a long period of time before signs of physical wear appear. Nylon is high in
abrasion resistance so it is used widely in action outer.

49.What is Absorbance ?
Ans : The ability of a substance to transform radiant energy into a different form, usually with a
resulting rise in temperature. Mathematically, absorbance is the negative logarithm to the base
10 of transmittance.

50.What is Absorbency ?
Ans: The ability of one material to take up another material.

51.What is Absorption ?
Ans: The process of gases or liquids being taken up into the pores of a fiber, yarn, or fabric

52.What is Adsorption ?
Ans: The attraction of gases, liquids, or solids to surface areas of textile fibers, yarns, fabrics, or
any material.

53.What is Air Permeability ?

Ans: Air permeability is defined as the volume of air in milliliters which is passed in one second
through 100s mm2 of the fabric at a pressure difference of 10mm head of water. It also
influences the warmth or coolness of a fabric. Air permeability is expressed as cubic feet per
square foot of fabric at a stated pressure differential between two surfaces of fabric.

54.What are Variables which affect Air Permeability ?

Ans : Fiber Content : More crimp ,lower air permeability ,yarn size : Heavier yarns lower air
permeability yarn Twist : Less twist ,less air permeability .Fabric Thickness : Thicker fabric
lower air permeability .Multiple Layers : More layers lower air permeability. Fabric yarns per
inch or stitches per inch : Greater density ,lower air permeability.
55.What is Bending Length ?
Ans : A measure of fabric stiffness based on how the fabric bends in one plane under the force
of gravity

56.What is Bond strength ?

Ans : The amount of force required to delaminate a piece of woven or knitted fabric from its
backing. The amount of force required to break the fusion points found in certain
nonwovens. The amount of force required to break the chemical bonds between atoms in
molecules and crystalline salts.
57.What is Break factor ?
Ans : A measure of yarn strength calculated as: (1) the product of breaking strength times
indirect yarn number, or (2) the product of breaking strength times the reciprocal of the direct
yarn number.

58.What is Breaking Length ?

Ans : A measure of the breaking strength of a yarn; the calculated length of a specimen whose
weight is equal to its breaking load. The breaking length expressed in kilometers is numerically
equal to the breaking tenacity expressed in grams-force per tex.
59.What is Breaking Load ?
Ans: The maximum load (or force) applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture. It
is commonly expressed in grams-force (kilograms-force), pounds, or newton's
60.What is Breaking strength ?
Ans : Breaking strength is the force required to break a fabric when it is under tension (being
pulled ).Mainly used for wOven fabric because the tests are unidirectional and woven fabrics
have unidirectional yarns .Breaking strength is expressed in pounds

61.Why Breaking Strength is important ?

Ans : Breaking strength is important in various end uses such as automotive safety belts
,parachute harness and pants .It can also be used to test the effects of destructive forces upon a
woven fabric including sunlight ,abrasion and laundering etc.

62.What is Breaking Tenacity ?

Ans: The tensile stress at rupture of a specimen (fiber, filament, yarn, cord, or similar
structure)
expressed as newtons per tex, grams-force per tex, or gram-force per denier. The breaking
tenacity is calculated from the breaking load and linear density of the unstrained
specimen, or
obtained directly from tensile testing machines which can be suitably adjusted to indicate
tenacity instead of breaking load for specimens of known linear density. Breaking tenacity
expressed in grams-force per tex is numerically equal to breaking length expressed in
kilometers.
63.What is Burning Rate ?
Ans : The speed at which a fabric burns. It can be expressed as the amount of fabric affected
per unit time, in terms of distance or area traveled by the flame, afterglow, or char.

64.What is Bursting strength ?

Ans .. The force required to rupture a fabric by distending it with a force applied at right angles
to the plane of the fabric under specified condition. Bursting strength is a measure widely
used
for knit fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and felts where the constructions do not lend
themselves to
tensile tests.Bursting strength is expressed in pounds.
65.What is Breaking Elongation ?
Ans : Breaking Elongation is the increase in length that has occurred when the fabrics break
.Breaking elongation is expressed as a percent.
66.What is Tearing strength?
Ans : Tearing strength is the force required to continue a tear or rip already stated in a fabric
.this test is used mainly in woven fabrics because the test is unidirectional and woven fabrics
have unidirectional yarns Tearing strength is expressed either in pounds or grams.
67.What is Tenacity ?
Ans : The tensile stress when expressed as force per unit linear density the unstrained
specimen (e-g., grams-force per denier or newtons per tex).
68.What is Tensile factor ?

Ans :The empirical factor TxE1/2 that describes the tenacity elongation exchange relationship
for a large number of manufactured fiber systems.

69.What is Tensile Strain?

Ans : The relative length deformation exhibited by a specimen subjected to a tensile force.
Strain may be expressed asa fraction of the nominal gauge length or as a percentage.
70.What is Tensile strength ?
Ans In general, the strength shown by a specimen subjected to tension as distinct from
torsion, compression, or shear. Specifically, the maximum tensile stress expressed in force per
unit croSS-sectional area of the unstrained specimen, e.g., kilograms per square millimeter,
pounds per square inch. (For maximum stress per unit linear density,
71.What is Tensile Stress ?
Ans The resistance to deformation developed within a specimen subjected to tension by
external force. The tensile stress is commonly expressed in two ways, either as (1) the tensile
strength, i.e., the force per unit cross-sectional area of the unstrained specimen, or as (2)
tenacity, i.e., the force per unit linear density of the unstrained specimen. The latter is more
frequently used in textile testing.
72.What is Tensile test ?
Ans : A method of measuring the resistance of a yarn or fabric to a force
tending to stretch the
specimen in one direction.
73.What is Time to Brealk ?
Ans : In tensile testing, the time interval during which a specimen is under
of tension and is absorbing the energy required to reach
prescribed conditions
maximum load.
74.What is Tongue Tear strength ?
Ans: The average force required to tear a rectangular sample with a cut
in the edge at the
center of the shorter side. The two tongues are gripped in a tensile tester and the
force
required to continue and tear is measured.

75.What is True Tensile Strength ?

 Ans : The maximum tensile stress expressed in force per unit area of the specimen at the time
of rupture

76.What is Wet Strength ?

Ans : The measurement of the strength of a material when it is saturated with water, normally
relative to the dry strength.
77.What is Char Length ?
Ans : In flammability testing, the distance from the edge of the sample exposed to the flame to
the upper edge of the charred or void area.

78.What is crease in textile?

Ans: This is afabric defect evidenced by a break line or mark orfold in afabric generally caused
by a sharp fold. Crease appears when the fabric is distorted in such a manner that part of it is
stretched beyond its elastic recovery
79.What is Crease Resistance?

Ans: The resistance to creasing of textile material during use is known as crease
resistance.Amongst the textile materials the decreasing order of crease resistance is wool, silk,
acetate rayon, viscose, rayon, cuprammonium rayon, cotton, flax etc.
80.What is Crease Recovery?
Ans : It is the property of a textile material by which it can return to its former shape after being
creased. The measure of crease resistance is specified quantitatively in terms of crease recovery
angle. The crease recovery of a fabric can be increased by resin treatment.

81.What is Specific Gravity ?

Ans Ratio of the mass of a material to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4°c. The range
for modern fibers is not t0o great and is dependent to some extent on the liquid used as an
immersant in measurements, because of fiber swelling and of possible absorption of liquid into
fiber voids.

82.What is Pilling?
Piling is formation of little bals of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by
abrasion wear.Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form
balled particles of fiber.
83.What are the Causes of Pilling?
Ans : Due to wear and abrasion. Due to rubbing action of fabric with particular parts of
garments and body. Due to soft twisted yarn. Due to excess short fibres. Due to migration of
fibres from constituent yarn in fabric. Due to protruding fibre / yarn hairiness. Due to heat in
case of thermoplastic fibres.
84.What are the Reduction or Minimizing Pilling?
Ans : By using high twisted yarn. By brushing and cropping of the fabric surface to remove loose
fibre ends. By using singeing process to reduce yarn hairiness, longer fibres. By using anti pilling
technique. By special chemical treatment such as adhesive, anti-rubbing agent.By reducing
migration of fibres by means of Air Jet spinning process. By increasing inter-fibre friction. By
increasing linear density of the fibre. By using a high number of threads per unit length.
85.What is pilling Propensity ?
Ans : Pilling usually occurs during normal wear and also while clothes are in the dryer
.Evaluation should be made taking into account the size ,number,visibility of the pills as well as
the type and degree of other surface change.
86.What is colorfastness ?
Ans : Color fastness is the resistance of a fabric to change in its color characteristics or to
transfer its colorant(s) to adjacent materials.
87.How can Color fastness issues caused ?
Ans : Fiber type: Fibers must be compatible with their chosen dye. A cellulosic fiber and a vat
dye together have good resistance to fading, for instance, while polyesters perform well with
substantive dyes. Dye type: The larger the dye molecule is, the easier it willattach to the fiber.
Some dyes are also water soluble, while other are insoluble.
88.Why is color fastness important?
Ans : Color fastness property of textile materials especially fabric is very important for
processing and using. It is the property to withstand color reducing from the surface of textile
materials during undergoing different process and treatment.
89.How can color fastness be prevented?
Ans : Use the lowest water temperature possible to wash colored clothes. Control rough
treatment of the fabric by not overcrowding the washer, skipping harsh detergents, and avoid
washing in hard water that can cause micro-breakages in the fibers and lead to the release of
dye
90.What is Color fastness to water ?
Ans :Color fastness to water is designed to measure the resistance to water of dyed, printed, or
otherwise colored textile yarns and fabrics. The test method by which this test is carried out is
AATCC 107-1991 or ISO 105 E01. ...The test measures the resistance to water of any colored
textiles.

91.What is color fastness to washing?

Ans : Color fastness to washing means, Aspecimen of the textile, in contact with one or two
specified adjacent fabrics, is mechanically agitated under described conditions of time and
temperature in a soap solution, then rinsed and dried

92.What is Color fastness to rubbing/crocking ?

Ans :Color fastness to rubbing/rocking is a basic test used by customers to determine the
quality of a coloured fabric and has been an area of concern for processors for many years. This
test is designed to determine the degree of colour that may transfer from the coloured textiles
to other surfaces by rubbing.
93.What is color fastness to perspiration?
Ans: Color fastness to perspiration refers to the ability not to fade and not to stain when dyed
fabric is perspired. The garments which come into contact with the body where perspiration is
heavy may suffer serious local discoloration

94.What is colour fastness to light?

Ans : Colour fastness to light is the resistance of printed or pigmented materials to fading or
colour change due to exposure to sunlight or an artificial light source. The light fastness of print
is predominantly governed by the pigment type used
95.What is Color Fastness to Pressing?
Ans : Color Fastness to Pressing is performed to determine of resistance of textiles to ironing
and to processing on cylinders. Different tests are performed according to when the textile is
dry, when it is wet, and when it is damp.

96.What is color fastness to sea water?

Ans :Color Fastness to Sea Water (ISO 105 E02) : The test method by which this test is carried
out is IS0 105 E02. This test in intended to determine the resistance of the color of dyed textiles
to immersion in sea water.
97.What is Color Fastness to Chlorinated Water (Swimming Pool Water) ?
Ans This method is intended to determine the resistance of colour of textiles of all kinds and in
all forms to the action of active chlorine in concentrations such as that used to disinfect
swimming pool water.
98.What is Color fastness to Frosting ?
Ans: Frosting is the change of color caused by a localized , flat abrasive action. Fabrics that
have poor dye penetration possess poor colorfastness to frosting. Fabric that are cross dyed also
possess poor color fastness (due to differences in the abrasion resistance)

99.What is Colour fastness to dry cleaning test?

Ans : Colour fastness to dry cleaning records the fabricLs fading resistance to dry cleaning. A
sample fabric is placed into perchorethylene together with steel discs to simulate the
mechanical action of dry cleaning equipment.
100.What is Colorfastness to burnt gas fumes?
Ans : This method is intended for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds
and in all forms except loose fibres, when exposed to atmospheric oxides of nitrogen as derived
from the combustion of butane (C.P)gas.This method may be used for rating colour fastness of
dyes by applying the dye to textiles by a specified procedure and at a specified depth of colour
and testing the dyed textiles.
101.What is Shrinkage?
Ans : Shrinkage is the process in which a fabric becomes smaller than its original size, usually
through the process of laundry. Cotton fabric suffers from two main disadvantages of shrinking
and creasing during subsequent washing. There are two types of shrinkage occurs during
washing: Length wise Width wise
102.What are Working Procedure of shrinkage Test ?
Ans : The sample which is done shrinkage test, spread on table. Then a glass template put on
sample fabric which is square size. There are six mark on glass template and distance between
two mark is 35 cm. Marking the sample fabric by unchangeable marker. Then sample is sewn by
hand sewing machine. Sample is ready for washing. Simple wash the fabric at 60'c temp for 90
min. after washing the fabric is taken out. Dry the sample as per any of the method. It can either
be Line Dry or Flat Dry or Tumble Dry. To find the dimensional change read the
Shrinkage/Stretch on 3 points on the Wrap side and 3 points on Weft Side. Get the mean value
of wrap-wise and weft wise readings to get the Accurate Shrinkage or Stretch.
103.How Shrinkage is determined ?
Shrinkage %= (length of fabric before wash)-(length of fabric after wash))/ (length of fabric after
wash) *100

104.What is Elasticity ?
Ans : The ability of a fiber fabric to return to its original length, shape, size immediately
after the removal of stress..

105.What is Elastic recovery?

Ans :The power of recovery from a given extension is called elastic recovery. Elastic recovery
depends on types of extension, fiber structure, types of molecular bonding and crystalline of
fiber. The power of recovery from a given extension is called elastic recovery