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    L19

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    kienkien

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    L19

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    10 views12 pages

    L19

    Uploaded by

    kienkien

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    of 12

    Lecture 19: Double Integrals over Rectangles

    In Calculus 1, given a continuous function f (x) ≥ 0 on


    an interval [a, b], we define the area under the curve as a
    definite integral
    Z b Xn
    f (x) dx = lim f (xi)∆x
    a n→∞
    i=1

    y = f (x)

    a b

    We wish to use a similar technique to motivate the definition


    of a definite integral of a function of two variables:
    Consider a continuous function f (x, y) ≥ 0 on a rectangular
    region R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d} = [a, b]×[c, d].
    L19 - 2

    Goal: Find the volume of the solid that lies above R and
    under the surface z = f (x, y).

    We divide the region R into small rectangle Rij and we


    simplify the process by
    1. partitioning the intervals equally,
    b−a
    a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xi < · · · < xm = b, ∆x =
    m
    d−c
    c = y0 < y1 < · · · < yj < · · · < yn = d, ∆y =
    n
    and
    2. choosing the upper right-hand corner point of the sub-
    rectangle Rij as the sample point.

    Then volume under the surface can be approximated by

    V ≈
    L19 - 3

    Next, let both m and n go to infinity and we define the


    volume of the solid under the surface f (x, y) and above the
    rectangle R is

    V =
    if the limit exists.

    Def. The double integral of f (x, y) over a rectangle R


    is defined as
    ZZ
    f (x, y) dA =
    R

    If the limit exists, we say that f is integrable over R.


    ZZ
    ex. Evaluate (8 − 2y) dA, where R = [0, 3] × [0, 4].
    R
    L19 - 4

    Iterated Integrals
    To calculate the volume of the solid given in the definition
    of double integral, we can take the solid, slice it into thin
    sections perpendicular to the y-axis, and add the volumes
    of the each slice.

    Therefore, V =

    ZZ Z dZ b
    V = f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy
    c a
    R

    The right-hand side of the equality is an iterated integral


    and we work from inside out.
    L19 - 5

    ex. Evaluate the iterated integral


    Z 9Z 4
    1
    √ dx dy
    1 1 xy

    Z 4Z 9
    1
    Try it later: √ dy dx = 8
    1 1 xy
    L19 - 6

    Fubini’s Theorem
    If f is continuous on the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d], then
    ZZ
    f (x, y) dA =
    R

    While the order of integration of a double integral may not


    affect its value, the ease of integration may be dependent
    on the order of integration.
    Z 1Z 2
    y
    ex. Evaluate: dy dx
    0 0 (xy + 1)2
    L19 - 7

    Z 1Z 2
    y
    ex. Evaluate 2
    dy dx by changing the
    0 0 (xy + 1)
    order of integration.
    L19 - 8

    ex. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant enclosed
    by z = 4 − x2 and y = 2.

    y
    x
    L19 - 9

    Special case: If f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) on R = [a, b] × [c, d],


    then
    ZZ
    g(x)h(y) dA =
    R

    Z 1Z 1
    ex. Evaluate: yex+y dy dx
    0 0
    L19 - 10

    Now You Try It (NYTI):


    ZZ
    1. Evaluate (4 − 2y) dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] by interpreting it as
    R
    the volume of the solid. 3

    Z 1Z 1 Z 1Z 1
    x−y 1 x−y 1
    2. Given dy dx = and dx dy = − .
    0 0 (x + y)3 2 0 0 (x + y)3 2
    Do the answers contradict Fubini’s Theorem and why? no
    L19 - 11

    3. Evaluate
    Z 1Z 2
    (a) yex−y dx dy (e2 − 1)(1 − 2e−1 )
    0 0

    Z 1Z 1 p √
    (b) xy x2 + y 2 dy dx 2
    15 (22 − 1)
    0 0
    L19 - 12

    ZZ
    √
    (c) x sin(x + y) dA, R = [0, π/6] × [0, π/3] 3−1
    2 − π
    12

    ZZ
    x
    (d) dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] 2 ln(2) − 1
    1 + xy
    R

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