Chapter 3: Integration

Kavikumar PhD

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia

November 8, 2020
Outline

The integral for a Single Variable

Techniques of Integration
Integration by Substitution
Integration by Parts
Integration by Rational Functions
Some Basic

I Mapping
1. many - to - many
2. one - to - many
3. one - to - one
4. many - to - one
I Function
I every x ∈ R domain ⇒ unique image y = f (x) in R co-domain
Basic
Differentiation

f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f 0 (x) ≈
∆x
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
 the i th subregion. Letting fi be the associated function value, the single integ
e limit
Single Variable Integration
Z X n
I Physical interpretation
f (x)dx = lim fi xi . of a 1-dimensional/single variable inte-
gral asn!1
area under
i =1
curve.
I Consider xi !0
f (x) defined over some bounded region R of x, and
divided up R into n subregions, where ∆xi - width of the ith
subregion.
Region R

f(x i )

δxi
x
a b
Z n
xi
b X
f (x)dx = lim f (xi )∆xi as n → ∞.
a
Figure ∆x
4.1: The integral
i →0 for one variable
i=1

I Now we have similar problem if we replace the function of two

2 Double Integral
variables.
Integration by Substitution
I It can be try for any integral problem. The purpose of this
method is to transform complicated integrand into an expres-
sion of basic integral forms.
I In general, the integral that we want to evaluate is in the form
Z
f (x)dx.

I Make a appropriate choice of u, say u = g(x) and du =

g 0 (x)dx, the integral can be expressed in the form
Z Z   Z
du
f (x)dx = F (u) dx = F (u)du.
dx
I Now, the integral will be easier to evaluate when it compared
to the original integral.
I At the end, replace u by g(x), so that the final answer will be
in terms of x.
Some integral forms that can be evaluated by substitution are

Z
f (ax + b)dx,

Z
f 0 (x)
dx,
f (x)

and
Z
f 0 (x)[f (x)]n dx.
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral (4x + 1)2 dx by using the substitution u =
4x + 1.
Solution
du 1
If u = 4x + 1, then = 4, that is du = dx. Thus
dx 4
Z Z
1
(4x + 1)2 dx = u2 du
4
1
= u3 + C
12
1
= (4x + 1)3 + C.
12
In general, it can be shown by substitution u = ax + b

Z
(ax + b)n+1
(ax + b)n dx = + C, n 6= 1, a 6= 0.
(n + 1)a
Problem Z
c
Evaluate the integral dx.
ax + b
Solution
du 1
If u = ax + b, then = a, that is du = dx. Thus
dx a
Z Z
c c du
dx =
ax + b a u
c
= ln |u| + C
a
c
= ln |ax + b| + C.
a

From this example, if a = b = c = 1, then

Z
dx
= ln |x + 1| + C.
x+1
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral cos(2x + 3)dx.

Solution
du 1
If u = 2x + 3, then = 2, that is du = dx. Thus
dx 2
Z Z
1
cos(2x + 3)dx = cos udu
2
1
= sin u + C
2
1
= sin(2x + 3) + C.
2
Problem Z
12x2 + 16
Evaluate the integral dx.
x3 + 4x
Solution
du
If u = x3 + 4x, then = 3x2 + 4, that is
dx
du = (3x2 + 4)dx.

Thus
Z Z
12x2 + 16 4(3x2 + 4)
dx = dx
x3 + 4x x3 + 4x
Z
du
=4 +C
u
= 4 ln |u| + C
= 4 ln |x3 + 4x| + C.
Problem Z
x + cos x
Evaluate the integral dx.
3x2 + 6 sin x
Solution
du
If u = 3x2 + 6 sin x, then = 6x + 6 cos x, that is
dx
1
du = (x + cos x)dx.
6
Thus
Z Z
x + cos x 1 du
2
dx =
3x + 6 sin x 6 u
1
= ln |u| + C
6
1
= ln |3x2 + 6 sin x| + C.
6
Problem Z
4x + 6
Evaluate the integral dx.
(x2 + 3x + 7)4
Solution
du
If u = x2 + 3x + 7 sin x, then = 2x + 3, that is du = (2x +
dx
3)dx.Thus
Z Z
4x + 6 2x + 3
dx = 2 dx
(x2 + 3x + 7)4 (x2 + 3x + 7)4
Z
du
=2
u4
Z
= 2 u−4 du
2
=− +C
3u3
2
= + C.
3(x2 + 3x + 7)4
Problem Z
sec2 x
Evaluate the integral dx.
tan x
Solution
du
If u = tan x, then = sec2 x, that is du = sec2 xdx.Thus
dx
Z Z
sec2 x du
dx = 2 dx
tan x u
= ln |u| + C
= ln | tan x| + C.
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral sin x cos4 xdx.

Solution
du
If u = cos x, then = − sin x, that is −du = sin xdx.Thus
dx
Z Z
sin x cos xdx = − u4 du
4

1
= − u5 + C
5
1
= − cos5 x + C.
5
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral ex (ex + 1)3 dx.

Solution
du
If u = ex + 1, then = ex , that is du = ex dx.Thus
dx
Z Z
e (e + 1) dx = u3 du
x x 3

1
= u4 + C
4
1
= (ex + 1)4 + C.
4
Problem Z Z
ln x dx
Evaluate the integrals dx and .
x x ln x
Solution
du 1 dx
If u = ln x, then = , that is du = .Thus
dx x x
Z Z
ln x 1 1
dx = udu = u2 + C = ln x + C.
x 2 2
Again,
Z Z
dx du
= = ln |u| + C = ln | ln x|x + C.
x ln x u
Problem Z
√
Evaluate the integral x 3x − 2dx.

Solution
du 1 u+2
If u = 3x − 2, then = 3, that is du = dx and also x = .
dx 3 3
Thus
Z Z  
√ 1 u+2 1
x 3x − 2dx = u 2 du
3 3
Z  
1 3 1
= u + 2u du
2 2
9
 
1 2 5 4 3
= u + u
2 2 +C
9 5 3
2 3
= u 2 (3u + 10) + C
135
2 3
= (3x − 2) 2 (9x + 4) + C.
135
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral e2 tanh x sech2 xdx.

Solution
du 1
If u = 2 tanh x, then = 2 sech2 x, that is du = sech2 xdx and
dx 2
u+2
also x = . Thus
3
Z Z
2 tanh x 2 1
e sech xdx = eu du
2
1
= eu + C
2
1
= e2 tanh x + C.
2
Problem Z
dx
Evaluate the integral √ .
1+ x
Solution
√ du 1 √
If u = 1 + x, then = √ , that is 2 xdu = dx and also
√ dx 2 x
x = u − 1. Thus
Z Z Z  
dx 2u − 2 2
√ = du = 2− du
1+ x u u
= 2u − 2 ln |u| + C
√ √
= 2(1 + x) − 2 ln |1 + x| + C
√ √
= 2 x − 2 ln |1 + x| + 2 + C
√ √
= 2 x − 2 ln |1 + x| + A, A = 2 + C.
Problem Z 1
2 4x2
Evaluate the integral √ dx by using x = sin θ.
0 1 − x2
Solution
By using substitution x = sin θ, we obtain dx = cos θdθ and when

x = 0 ⇒ θ = 0,
x = 12 ⇒ θ = 61 π

Z 1 Z π Z π
2 4x2 4 sin2 θ cos θ
6 6
√ dx = p dθ = 4 sin2 θdθ
0 1 − x2 0 2
1 − sin θ 0
 π
1 6 π
= 4 (2θ − sin 2θ) = [2θ − sin 2θ]06
4 0
π π π 1√ 1 √ 
= − sin = − 3= 2π − 3 3 .
3 3 3 2 6
Integration by Parts
I Integration by parts is another important method to evaluate
integrals.
I When the integrands involve products of algebraic and tran-
scendental functions.
Z Z Z
I For example, x ln xdx, xex dx, and ex cos xdx.
I Integration by parts is derived from the formula for the differ-
entiation of product.
I if u and v are differentiable functions, then

d dv du
(uv) = u +v .
dx dx dx
I Integrating both sides, we obtain
Z   Z  
d dv du
(uv) dx = u +v dx
dx dx dx
Integration by Parts

Z   Z  
dv du
uv = u dx + v dx
dx dx
Z Z
dv du
u dx = uv − v dx
dx dx
or simply
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu.
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral x ln xdx.

Solution
u = ln x and dv = xdx
dx x2
du = and v=
x 2
Z   Z  2
x2 x dx
x ln xdx = ln x −
2 2 x
 2 Z  
x x
= ln x − dx
2 2
 2  2
x x
= ln x − +C
2 4
Problem Z 1
Evaluate the integral xe−x dx.
0

Solution

Z Z
e−x
u=x and dv = e−x dx ⇒ dv = e−x dx =
−1
du = dx and v = −e−x

Z Z
xe−x dx = −xe−x − −e−x dx
Z
−x
= −xe + e−x dx

= −xe−x − e−x + C
Z 1
 1
xe−x dx = −xe−x − e−x 0 = (−e−1 − e−1 ) − (−1) = 1 − 2e−1 .
0
Problem Z π
2
Evaluate the integral x cos xdx.
0

Solution

Z Z
u=x and dv = cos xdx ⇒ dv = cos xdx = sin x
du = dx and v = sin x

Z Z
x cos xdx = x sin x − sin xdx

= x sin x + cos x + C
Z π
2 π π
x cos xdx = [x sin x + cos x]02 = − 1.
0 2
Problem Z π
2
Evaluate the integral x2 sin xdx.
0

Solution Z Z
u= x2 and dv = sin xdx ⇒ dv = sin xdx = − cos x
du = 2xdx and v = − cos x

Z Z
2 2
x sin xdx = −x cos x − −2x cos xdx
Z
= −x2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx

= −x2 cos x + 2 [x sin x + cos x] + C

= (2 − x2 ) cos x + 2x sin x + C
Z π
2  π
x sin xdx = (2 − x2 ) cos x + 2x sin x 02 = π − 2.
0
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral ex cos 2xdx by using integration by parts.

Solution Z Z
u = cos 2x and dv = ex dx ⇒ dv = ex xdx = ex
du = −2 sin 2xdx and v = ex
Z Z
e cos 2xdx = e cos 2x − ex (−2 sin 2x)dx
x x

Z
Z = e cos 2x + 2 ex sin 2xdx.
x
(1)
x
Integrate e sin 2xdx by parts again,
Z Z
u = sin 2x and dv = ex dx ⇒ dv = ex xdx = ex
du = −2 cos 2xdx and v = ex
Z Z
ex sin 2xdx = ex sin 2x − ex (2 cos 2x)dx
Z
= ex sin 2x − 2 ex cos 2xdx. (2)
Substitute Equation (2) into Equation (1), we have
Z  Z 
ex cos 2xdx = ex cos 2x + 2 ex sin 2x − 2 ex cos 2xdx
Z
= e cos 2x + 2e sin 2x − 4 ex cos 2xdx
x x

Rearrange the terms, we obtain

Z Z
ex cos 2xdx + 4 ex cos 2xdx = ex cos 2x + 2ex sin 2x
Z
5 ex cos 2xdx = ex cos 2x + 2ex sin 2x
Z
ex (cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)
ex cos 2xdx = + C.
5
Problem Z 1
Evaluate the integral x2 ex dx.
0
Solution Z Z
u= x2 and dv = ex dx ⇒ dv = ex dx = ex
du = 2xdx and v = ex
Z Z
x e dx = x e − 2 xex dx
2 x 2 x
Z Z
u=x and dv = ex dx ⇒ dv = ex dx = ex
du = dx and v = ex
Z Z
x e dx = x e − 2(xe − ex dx)
2 x 2 x x

= x2 ex − 2(xex − ex ) + C
= ex (x2 − 2x + 2) + C.
Z 1  1
x2 ex dx = ex (x2 − 2x + 2) 0 = e − 2.
0
Problem
UsingZ the given substitutions, evaluate the following integrals
2
(a) x3 ex dx, z = x2 .
Z
sin(e−x )
(b) dx, z = e−x .
e2x

Solution
1
(a) Let z = x2 , then dz = 2xdx, that is
dz = xdx. Thus
2
Z Z  Z 
3 x2 1 z 1 1
x e dx = ze dz = ze − e dz = [zez − ez ] + C
z z
2 2 2
h
1 2 x2 2
i
= x e − ex + C.
2
Solution
dz
(b) Let z = e−x , then dz = −e−x dx = −zdx, that is − = dx.
z
Thus
Z Z Z  
sin(e−x ) −x 2 −x 2 dz
dx = (e ) sin(e )dx = z sin(z) −
e2x z
Z
= − z sin zdz
Z Z
u=z and dv = sin zdz ⇒ dv = sin zdz = − cos z
du = dz and v = − cos z
Z  Z 
sin(e−x )
dx = − −z cos z − (− cos z)dz + C
e2x
= z cos z − sin z + C
= e−x cos(e−x ) − sin(e−x ) + C.
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral x3 e2x dx.

Solution
Dif f erentiation Integration

x3 + e2 x
1 2x
3x2 − 2e
1 2x
6x + 4e
1 2x
6 − 8e
1 2x
0 16 e

Z
1 3 6 6
x3 e2x dx = x3 e2x − x2 e2x + xe2x − e2x + C
2 4 8 16
1 3
= [4x − 6x2 + 6x − 3]e2x + C.
8
Problem Z
Evaluate the integral cos 5x sin 4xdx.

Solution
Dif f erentiation Integration

cos 5x + sin 4x
−5 sin 5x − − 14 cos 4x
+ 1
−25 cos 5x − 16 sin 4x

Z Z
1 5 25
cos 5x sin 4xdx = − cos 5x cos 4x − sin 5x sin 4x + cos 5x sin 4x
4 16 16
Z
9 1 5
− cos 5x sin 4xdx = − cos 5x sin 4x − sin 5x sin 4x
16 4 16
Z
4 5
cos 5x sin 4xdx = − cos 5x cos 4x + sin 5x sin 4x + C.
9 9
Integration by Rational Functions

I In this section, we examine the method of partial fraction de-

composition, which allows us to decompose rational functions
into sums of simpler, more easily integrated rational functions.
I The important point in applying partial fraction decomposition
f (x)
into a ration function is only if deg(f (x)) < deg(g(x)).
g(x)
I In case, when deg(f (x)) ≥ deg(g(x)), it must be rewrite the
f (x) p(x)
quotient by perform long division in the form q(x)+ ,
g(x) g(x)
where deg(p(x)) < deg(g(x)).
f (x)
I When we do partial fraction decomposition on , the factor
g(x)
g(x) into the product of linear and irreducible quadratic factors.
I The factor g(x) either repeated or non-repeated linear factors.
Non-repeated linear factor

If g(x) can be factored as

(a1 x + b1 )(a2 x + b2 ) . . . (an x + bn ),

where each linear factor is distinct, then it is possible to find con-

stants A1 , A2 , . . . , An satisfying

f (x) A1 A2 An
= + + ··· + .
g(x) a1 x + b1 a2 x + b2 an x + bn
Problem Z
1
Evaluate the integral dx.
(x − 2)(x − 3)
Solution
The integrand has at first to be written in the form of partial fraction,
1 A B
that is = + . Combining the terms on
(x − 2)(x − 3) x−2 x−3
the right, we have

1 A(x − 3) + B(x − 2)
=
(x − 2)(x − 3) (x − 2)(x − 3)

Now two rational functions with equal denominators are equal only
if their numerators are also equal; hence we must have

1 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2)

for all values of x. In particular, for x = 2 we obtain A = −1, which

follows that x = 3 we have B = 1.
Thus
1 1 1
=− + ,
(x − 2)(x − 3) x−2 x−3
so
Z Z Z
1 1 1
dx = − dx + dx
(x − 2)(x − 3) x−2 x−3
= − ln |x − 2| + ln |x − 3| + C.
Problem Z
3x + 2
Evaluate the integral dx.
x3 − x2 − 2x
Solution
Factoring the denominator, x3 − x2 − 2x = x(x − 2)(x + 1). Thus,
there are constants A, B, and C satisfying
3x + 2 A B C
= + + .
x3 2
− x − 2x x x−2 x+1
By getting a common denominator on the right,

3x + 2 A(x − 2)(x + 1) + Bx(x + 1) + Cx(x − 2)

=
x(x − 2)(x − 1) x(x − 2)(x + 1)

⇒ 3x + 2 = A(x − 2)(x + 1) + Bx(x + 1) + Cx(x − 2)

3x + 2 = (A + B + C)x2 + (−A + B − 2C)x + (−2A).
Equating coefficients of x2 , A + B + C = 0
Equating coefficients of x, -A + B − 2C = 3
Equating coefficients of constant, −2A = 2.
 4 1
To solve this system, we have A = −1, B = and C = − .
3 3
Z Z Z Z
3x + 2 1 4 1 1 1
3 2
dx = − dx + dx − dx
x − x − 2x x 3 x−2 3 x+1
4 1
= − ln |x| + ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 1| + C.
3 3
Problem Z
x2 + 3x + 1
Evaluate the integral dx.
x2 − 4
Solution
Since deg(x2 +3x+1) ≥ deg(x2 −4), we must perform long division
of polynomials. This results in

x2 + 3x + 1 3x + 5
2
=1+ 2
x −4 x −4

Factoring the denominator of x2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2). Thus, there

are constants A, and B satisfying
3x + 5 A B
= + .
(x + 2)(x − 2) x−2 x+2

By getting a common denominator on the right,

⇒ 3x + 5 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)
 11
When x = 2, we obtain A = and When x = −2, we obtain
4
1
B= .
4
Z 2 Z  
x + 3x + 1 11 1 1 1
dx = 1+ + dx
x2 − 4 4 x−2 4x+2
Z Z Z
11 dx 1 dx
= dx + +
4 x−2 4 x+2
11 1
=x+ ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2| + C.
4 4
Problem Z
cos x
Evaluate the integral 2 dx.
sin x − sin x
Solution
Let u = sin x which gives du = cos xdx, then we have
Z Z Z
cos x du du
2 dx = 2
= .
sin x − sin x u − u u(u − 1)

Applying partial fraction decomposition,

1 A B
= + ⇒ 1 = A(u − 1) + Bu.
u(u − 1) u u−1

When u = 0⇒ A = −1 and u = 1⇒ B = 1. Thus,

Z Z Z
cos x du du
2 dx = − +
sin x − sin x u u−1
= − ln |u| + ln |u − 1| + C
= − ln | sin x| + ln | sin x − 1| + C.
 11
When x = 2, we obtain A = and When x = −2, we obtain
4
1
B= .
4
Z 2 Z  
x + 3x + 1 11 1 1 1
dx = 1+ + dx
x2 − 4 4 x−2 4x+2
Z Z Z
11 dx 1 dx
= dx + +
4 x−2 4 x+2
11 1
=x+ ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2| + C.
4 4
Repeated Linear Factor

I If g(x) contains the repeated linear factor

(ax + b)n

, then the decomposition must contain

f (x) A1 A2 An
= + 2
+ ··· + .
g(x) ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b)n
Problem Z
x−2
Evaluate the integral dx.
(2x − 1)2 (x − 1)
Solution
I We have deg(x − 2) < deg((2x − 1)2 (x − 1)), so we can
proceed with the decomposition.
I Since (2x − 1)2 is a repeated linear factor, include

A B
+
2x − 1 (2x − 1)2

in the decomposition. Thus,

x−2 A B C
2
= + 2
+ .
(2x − 1) (x − 1) 2x − 1 (2x − 1) x−1

⇒ x − 2 = A(2x − 1)(x − 1) + B(x − 1) + C(2x − 1)2 .

x − 2 = (2A + 4C)x2 + (−3A + B − 4C)x + (A − B + C).
Equating coefficients yields, A = 2, B = 3 and C = −1.
 x−2 2 3 (−1)
= + +
(2x − 1)2 (x − 1) 2x − 1 (2x − 1)2 x − 1
Z Z Z Z
x−2 dx dx dx
2
dx = 2 +3 2
−
(2x − 1) (x − 1) 2x − 1 (2x − 1) x−1
3
= ln |2x − 1| − − ln |x − 1| + C.
2(2x − 1)
Problem Z
x+2
Evaluate the integral dx.
(x + 3)3 (x − 4)2
Solution
I We have deg(x + 2) < deg((x + 3)3 (x − 4)2 ), so we can
proceed with the decomposition.
I Since (x + 3)3 and (x − 4)2 are a repeated linear factors,
include
A B C D E
+ 2
+ + 2
+
x − 4 (x − 4) x + 3 (x + 3) (x + 3)3

in the decomposition. Thus,

x+2 A B C
3 2
= + 2
+ +
(x + 3) (x − 4) x − 4 (x − 4) x+3
D E
2
+
(x + 3) (x + 3)3
 x + 2 = A(x + 3)3 (x − 4) + B(x + 3)3 + C(x − 4)2 (x + 3)2 +
D(x + 3)3 (x − 4)2 + E(x − 4)2
= x4 (A + C) + x3 (5A + B − 2C + D)+
x2 (−9A + 9B − 23C − 5D + E)+
x(−81A + 27B + 24C − 8D − 8E)−
108A + 27B + 144C + 48D + 16E

11 6 11
Equating the coefficients, A = − ,B= ,C= ,
2401 343 2401
5 1
D= ,E=− .
343 49
Z Z Z
x+2 11 dx 6 dx
3 2
dx = − + +
(x + 3) (x − 4) 2401 x − 4 343 (x − 4)2
Z Z Z
11 dx 5 dx 1 dx
+ −
2401 x + 3 343 (x + 3)2 49 (x + 3)3
Z
x+2 11 12 1
dx = − ln |x − 4| − +
(x + 3)3 (x − 4)2 2401 343 (x − 4)3
Z
11 10 1 3 1
ln |x + 3| − +
2401 343 (x + 3)3 49 (x + 3)4
Repeated and Non-repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor
I For each irreducible quadratic factor

ax2 + bx + c

that g(x) contains, the decomposition must include

Ax + B
.
ax2 + bx + c
I Foe each repeated irreducible quadratic factor

(ax2 + bx + c)n ,

the decomposition must include

A1 x + B 1 A2 x + B 2 An x + Bn
2
+ 2 2
+ ··· + .
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + c)n
Problem Z
2x − 3
Evaluate the integral dx.
x3 + x
Solution
I We have deg(2x − 3) < deg(x3 + x), so we can proceed with
the decomposition.
I Since x3 + x = x(x2 + 1) is an irreducible quadratic factor
x2 + 1, include
Ax + B
x2 + 1
C
as part of the decomposition along with for the linear term
x
x. Thus,
2x + 3 Ax + B C
2
= 2 + .
x(x + 1) x +1 x
2x − 3 = (Ax + B)x + C(x2 + 1).
Solving for A, B, and C, we get A = 3, B = 2, and C = −3.
Thus,
Z Z Z
2x − 3 3x + 2 dx
3
dx = 2
dx − 3
x +x x +1 x
Z Z Z
x dx dx
=3 2
dx + 2 2
− 3
x +1 x +1 x
3
= ln |x2 + 1| + 2 tan−1 x − 3 ln |x| + C.
2
Problem Z
dx
Evaluate the integral .
x3−8
Solution
I We have deg(1) < deg(x3 − 8), so we can proceed with the
decomposition.
I Factorising x3 − 8 = (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4), since (x2 + 2x + 4)
is an irreducible quadratic factor, the decomposition is
1 A Bx + C
2
= + 2 .
(x − 2)(x + 2x + 4) x − 2 x + 2x + 4
Thus,

1 = A(x2 + 2x + 4) + (Bx + C)(x − 2).

1 1 1
Solving for A, B, and C, we get A = , B = − , and C = − .
12 12 3
Thus,
Z Z Z
dx 1 dx 1 x+4
= − dx
x3 − 8 12 x − 2 12 x2 + 2x + 4
Z
1 1 x+4
= ln |x − 2| − dx
12 12 (x + 1)2 + 3
Let u = x + 1 ⇒ du = dx
Z
1 1 u+3
= ln |x − 2| − du
12 12 u2 + 3
Z Z
1 1 u 1 3
= ln |x − 2| − du − du
12 12 u2 + 3 12 u2 + 3
Z Z √
1 1 2u 1 ( 3)2
= ln |x − 2| − du − √ du
12 24 u2 + 3 12 u2 + ( 3)2
 
1 1 2 3 −1 u
= ln |x − 2| − ln |u + 3| − √ tan √ +C
12 24 12 3 3
√  
1 1 2 3 −1 x + 1
= ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2x + 4| − tan √ +
12 24 12 3
Problem Z
2x5 − 5x
Evaluate the integral .
(x2 + 2)2
Solution
The integrand is an improper fraction. By long division, we have

2x5 − 5x 8x3 + 13x

= 2x − .
(x2 + 2)2 (x2 + 2)2

The second expression on the right side may now be written in the
form of partial fractions, that is

8x3 + 13x Ax + B Cx + D
2 2
= 2 + 2 .
(x + 2) x +2 (x + 2)2

Hence
2x5 − 5x 8x 3x
2 2
= 2x − 2 + 2 .
(x + 2) x + 2 (x + 2)2
Finally, we get

Z Z Z Z
2x5 − 5x x x
dx = 2 xdx − 8 dx + 3 dx
(x2 + 2)2 2
x +2 (x + 2)2
2

3
= x2 − 4 ln(x2 + 2) − 2
+ C.
2(x + 2)