CHAPTER 8:

HEAT
DR. NURUL NADIA ADNAN
Abridged by: DR. AHMAD HASSAN
 8.1:
Heat: Specific Heat Capacity,
Calorimetry
and Latent Heat

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 Heat , Q

 Heat is a type of energy

 Heat is energy transferred from one object to another
because of a difference in temperature.
 Once transferred, the energy becomes part of the total
energy of molecules of the object system, its internal
energy.
 It can result in internal energy changes.
 Unit of heat : Joule (J) or Calorie (Cal)

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 Thermal Equilibrium
(Bodies in contact)

A B

 If TA > TB, heat transfer from A to B

 Body that looses heat, temperature decrease

 Body that gain heat, temperature increase
 When TA = TB, No heat exchange
 Condition called thermal equilibrium.
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 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 If bodies A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with body
C, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

A B A B
Q

TA > TB TA = TB

A B C A B C
Q Q

TA = TB >TC TA = TB =TC

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 Heat Capacity, C

Q α ∆T (∆T is the change in temperature)

Hence, Q = C∆T , C is the heat capacity, so:

Q
C
T

Heat/energy needed to raise the temperature of sample

by 1⁰C or 1K

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 Specific Heat, c
Observational Fact; it is easy too change the temperature of
some things (e.g. air) and hard to change the temperature of
others (e.g. water).

The amount of heat (Q) added into a body of mass m to

change its temperature an amount ∆T is given by;

Q  mcT *Unit : Jkg⁰C -1

Where: Q = energy transfer (Joules)

m = mass of water (kg @ g)
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = Temperature change (K or C˚)
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 Exercise 8.3:

A 2.0 kg metal object requires 5.02 x103 J of heat to raise

its temperature from 20.0⁰C to 40.0⁰C. what is the specific
heat capacity of the metal?

(Ans: 126 Jkg⁰C -1)

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Calorimetry: study of heat transfer inside a
container impervious to heat
System-open and closed system.
Open system
- Mass may enter or leave (as may energy)

Closed system
- No mass enters or leaves (but energy may
be exchange with environment).
- Isolated (if no energy passing across
its boundaries).
- An isolated system at different
temperature: heat will flow (energy is
transferred).
- Higher temperatures to lower temperature.
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When completely isolated, no energy is transferred into or out
of it (calorimeter/calorimetry)
Conservation of energy,

Qloss  Qgain
Heat loss  Heat gain
Energy out of one part  Energy into another part
m AC A T  mB C B T
m ACm AC
(T A T
 To ) 
T C B TC
mBm o T
(  T )
T
A 0 A B B B 0

To = Equilibrium temperature

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 Unknown specific heat determined by calorimetry

Heat loss = Heat gain

Heat loss by alloy = (Heat gain by water) + (Heat gained by
calorimeter cup)
maCa T  mwCwT  mcal Ccal T

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 Exercise 9.4:

1. 50 g of water at 0 °C is added to 250 g of water at 90 °C.

determine final temperature of the water mixture. Specific
heat of water=4200 Jkg-1 °C-1
(Ans: 75 °C).

2. A 500 g piece of iron at 400 °C is dropped into 800 g of oil at

20 °C. find final temperature of the system.
[specific heat of iron is 460 Jkg-1 °C-1]
[specific heat of oil is 1674 Jkg-1 °C-1]
(Ans: 75.7 °C)

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3.A 75 g calorimeter contains 500 g of water at 24 °C. if 55 g Aluminum at
70 °C is dropped into the calorimeter, find the final temperature of the
system.
[specific heat capacity of Aluminum = 900 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity of water = 4186 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity copper = 387 Jkg-1 0C-1 ]
(Ans: 25 ⁰C)

4. A copper container of mass 0.50 kg contains 1 kg of water. Both the

container and water are initially at room temperature, 20 °C. A 1 kg
block of metal is heated to 100 °C and placed in the calorimeter. The
final temperature of the system is 40 °C. Find the specific heat capacity
of the metal block.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4186 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity copper = 387 Jkg-1 0C-1 ]
(Take home exercise)

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 Latent Heat
“Latent” means hidden

Transfer of heat often results in change in temperature.

But sometimes temperature remain constant even though heat is

being transferred.(graph in the next slides)

This happen during phase change, ie physical characteristic of

substance change from one to another.

Phase changes such as:

solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (boiling) and vise
versa.

Phase change involve change in internal energy but no change in

temperature.

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Energy used to break bonds Q:

Q=mLf
Q=mLv

Q is the latent heat or the heat required to change the form of a

unit mass of a substance.

Lf – latent heat of fusion, the amount of heat needed to change

a unit mass of substance from solid to liquid and vice versa

Lv – latent heat of vaporization, the amount of heat required to

change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas vice versa
Example: graph of change phase from ice water to vapor

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 Exercise 9.5:

1. How much heat is required to boil away 0.5 kg of water that is

initially at 100 °C. (Lvwater : 2.26 x 106 J/kg) (Ans: 1.13 x 106 J)

2. How much energy is required to change a 40 g ice cube from ice at

-10 °C to steam at 110 °C ?
(Lvwater : 2.26 x 106 J/kg, Lfice : 335 x 103 J/kg, cwater : 4200 J/kg °C,
cice: 2100 J/kg °C, csteam : 1996 J/kg °C)
(Ans: 1.2 x 105 J)

3. A 100 g ice cube at 0 °C is placed in 650 g of water at 25 °C. what

is the final temperature of the mixture? (Ans: 11 °C )

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 8.2 HEAT TRANSFER

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation
 Heat Conduction
• In heat conduction, the energy transferred due to the
vibrations and collisions.
• The molecules at the hot reservoir have greater vibrational
energy. This energy is transferred by collisions to the atoms
at the end face of the rod. These atoms in turn transfer
energy to their neighbors further along the rod. Finally, the
ice melts because of the heat transferred.
 Heat Conduction
• In Conduction, heat transfer takes place due to a
temperature difference in a body or between
bodies in thermal contact, without mixing of mass.

THot Heat TCold

Length
• Rate of heat energy flow through area A in steady
state : 𝑑𝑄 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝐻= = 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑇 𝐿
k thermal conductivity of material.
 Material Boundaries

Thot
A1 k1 H k2 A2 Tcold

L1 L2
TB
𝑘1 𝐴1 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝐵 ) 𝑘2 𝐴2 (𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )
𝐻1 = = 𝐻2 =
𝐿1 𝐿2
 Example
10°C 40°C
A1
L1 L2
TB
A rod of uniform cross section has its left end placed in water
of a temperature 10°C and its right end at 40°C. The left half
of the rod consists of material A with a thermal conductivity
of 400 W/m°C, the right half of material B with thermal
conductivity of 200 W/m°C. Find the temperature in the
middle of the rod is :
 Heat Convection
• Convection is the process by which heat flows from
hotter to colder region by the actual movement of
the particle of the medium.
• Occurs only when the temperature us unbalance.
• Energy transferred by the movement of the warm
substance from one place to another.
• Application of heat convection:
1. Land and sea breeze
2. Monsoons
 Radiation
• Heat energy transferred in the form of
electromagnetic waves just like visible light.
• If a body is at a lower temperature than its
surroundings, its rate of absorption is higher than
its rate of emission and its temperature rises.
• When the body is at the same temperature as its
surroundings, the two rates become equal; there is
no net gain or loss of energy and no change in
temperature.