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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
FORCE
1
Contents:
3.1 Definition of force
3.2 Types of Forces
3.3 Newton’s: Law of Motion and its
application
3.4 Static equilibrium under concurrent
force
2
3.1:
Introduction of force
Sub-topic:
Force.
3
Introduction of force
Force
• A force is push or pull exerted on an object.
• Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude and
direction.
• The unit of force is Newton ( or kg ms-2).
• Can cause object to accelerate / change in velocity.
• Examples:
– Gravitational force,
– electromagnetic force,
– nuclear forces between subatomic particles etc
4
FORCE
An object at rest needs a force
to get it moving; a moving
object needs a force to change
its velocity.
Gravitational force.
Normal force
Frictional force
Tensional force
6
Types of Forces
1. Gravitational Force
is the force with which the gravity pulls downward
upon it
Gravitational force 7
Weight, W
Weight is the force exerted on that object by
gravity.
W = mg
8
Normal Force, N
N
9
Frictional Force , f
is defined as a force that resists the motion of one surface
relative to another with which it is in contact.
is independent of the area of contact between the two
surfaces..
is directly proportional to the reaction force
10
Tensional Force, T
is the force with which the strings pulls upon the object to
which it is attached.
The magnitude of the tensile force is the tension (T)
11
3.3:
Newton Law of Motion and its
application
Sub-topic:
12
Newton’s First Law, Second Law and Third
Law of Motion
If ∑ F = 0 , then v = constant , or a = 0
13
Inertia and Mass
• Inertia is the tendency for an object to continue its
motion in the absence of a force.
• Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to
changes in its motion due to a force.
(Mass is a measure of inertia)
- Scalar quantity
- SI units are kg
• Mass is not weight:
• Mass is a property of an object. Weight is the force
exerted on that object by gravity.
– If you go to the moon, whose gravitational
acceleration is about 1/6 g, you will weigh much less.
Your mass, however, will be the same.
14
Situation Involving Inertia 1 - Jerking a Card
Jerking a Card
When the cardboard is jerked quickly,
the coin will fall into the glass.
Explanation:
•The inertia of the coin resists the
change of its initial state, which is
stationary.
•As a result, the coin does not move with
the cardboard and falls into the glass
because of gravity.
15
Situation Involving Inertia 2 - Pulling a Book
Pulling a Book
Explanation:
Inertia tries to oppose the change to
the stationary situation, that is,
when the book is pulled out, the
books on top do not follow suit.
16
Relationship between mass and inertia
Explanation:
Object with more mass offers a
greater resistance to change from its
state of motion. Object with larger
mass has larger inertia to resist the
attempt to change the state of
motion.
17
Empty Cart is easier to be moved
18
QUESTION!
19
• Study case:
What happen to the passengers in the bus when the
driver suddenly had an emergency brake?
21
Example
Determine the accelerations which result when a 12-N net
force is applied to a 3-kg object and then to a 6-kg
object.
Solution :
F m a F m a
12 N 3 kg a 12 N 6 kg a
2 2
a 4.0 ms a 2.0 ms
22
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Any time a force is exerted on an object, that force is
caused by another object.
…or
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object,
the second exerts an equal force in the opposite
direction on the first.
23
24
Application of 2nd Newton’s Law
• From the Newton’s 2nd law of motion,
ΣF = Fnett = ma
25
3. Draw a free body diagram for each object.
• Is define as a diagram showing the chosen body by
itself, with vectors applied to the body by the other
bodies that interact with it.
26
Object on horizontal surfaces
28
Example 3.1:
1 kg F= 2N
(c)
F1=
1 kg 2N
F=
floor F3= 2
1N 4N
(b) floor
F1= 2N
1 kg F2= 4N
floor
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2. Find the normal force for object (d) and (e).
(d) N
200 N
30o
(e)
N
200 N
30o
floor
W = 150 N
(Ans: 250 N)
30
3. Two blocks, each of mass 4 kg and 2 kg respectively, are pushed
by a 10 N force, as shown in Figure below. If the floor is
frictionless, calculate the acceleration of the system. (Past
year:mar2012/phy130) a
10 N 10 N FBA
4 kg 4 kg
2 kg
floor a
Solution: FAB
m = 4 + 2 = 6 kg 2 kg
F = ma
a = F/m
= 10 N/6 kg = 1.67 ms-2
31
4. A boy pulls a box of toys on a smooth horizontal floor with a
force of 100 N in a direction of 37.0o above the horizontal. If
the mass of the box and the toys is 40.0 kg,
a. Draw the forces acting on the box.
b. What is the normal force on the box?
c. What is the acceleration of the box?
(Ref:past year:Apr2001/phy103)
Solution:
(a) Sketch of forces acting on the box
N F sin 37 F = 100 N
F cos 37
W = mg 32
(b) From the figure, determine an equation to find normal force
Fy 0
N F sin 37 mg 0
N mg F sin 37
N (40)(9.8) 100 sin 37 331.82 N
25 N
30
Fig. 1
35
6. A girl pushes a 25 kg lawn mower as shown in Fig. 2. If F=
30 N and θ = 37, (a) what is the acceleration of the mower,
and (b) what is the normal force exerted on the mower by
the lawn? Ignore friction.
(Ans: 0.96 ms-2, 2.6 x 102 N)
Fig. 2
36
When object acting on incline surface (smooth surface
or frictionless)
N≠w
w sin θ θ
θ w cos θ
θ = 40o
38
Solution:
39
Exercise 3.2:
θ = 30o
Fig. 3
w = 50 N
= 37
f N
ƒ : frictional force
μ : coefficient of friction
N : reaction force
42
Coefficient of friction, μ
• Is defined as the ratio between frictional force to
reaction force.
f
N
• Depend on the nature of the surfaces.
• There are three types of frictional force:
– Static, fs (object static before moved)
– Kinetic, fk (when object moved)
– Rolling, fr (object when its rolling)
43
Important note
44
Friction: Horizontal surface
45
Example 3.3:
Solution:
N
F = 140 N
f
floor
W
46
The box does not move up or down, ay = 0. Therefore
ΣFy = may = 0
N – mg = 0
N = mg = (60 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
N = 588.6 N
Further, because the box is moving horizontally at constant speed,
ax = 0 and so
ΣFx = ma = 0
140 – f = 0
f = 140N
f 140
0.238
N 588.6
47
Exercise 4.3:
450
F1
floor
F = 900 N
floor
49
Friction: Inclined plane
Consider a box of mass m is pulled along an inclined
plane by a force, F as shown in figure,
F
y
x
wx
θ wy
w = mg,
50
x - component (parallel to the inclined plane):
ΣFx = ma
Fx F f mg sin ma
ΣFy = 0
Fy N mg cos 0
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Example 3.4:
θ = 40o
52
Solution:
(a) ΣFx = ma
mg sin 40 f 0
f mg sin 40 f
f (60 N ) sin 40
mg sin 40
f 38.6 N
θ mg cos 40
(b) Fy 0 w
N mg cos 40 0
f N
N mg cos 40 f 38.6
N (60 N ) cos 40 0.84
N 45.96
N 45.96 N 53
Exercise 4.4:
54
Tension, T
• When a cord (or rope, cable, or other such object) is
attached to a body and pullet taut, and the cord pulls
on the body with a force T directed away from the
body and the cord.
• Also known as tension force, T because the cord is
said to be in state of tension.
• A cord is massless.
• Exits only as a connection between the body.
• Tension without pulley and with pulley.
55
Tension: Without pulley (Horizontal movement)
Consider a box of mass mA connected to box mass mB is
pulled along a horizontal surface by a horizontal force, F
as shown in figure,
a
T
F mA mB
floor
Since the box pulls at same force, so the acceleration are same.
a
Equation for box A: T
F mA
F - T = m Aa
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Solution:
(a) The both box is moving horizontally to the right, so
m1 + m2 = 50 N
ΣFx = ma
50N = 50a
a = 1 ms-2
(b) ΣFx = ma
F - T = ma a a
T T
T = F - ma 10 kg 40 kg F
T = 50N – 40N
T = 10N
58
Exercise 3.5:
1. Assume that the three blocks in Figure below
move on a frictionless surface and that a 42 N
force acts as shown on the 3.0 kg block.
Determine:
a. the acceleration given this system.
b. the tension in the cord connecting the 3.0 kg and the
1.0 kg blocks.
W2 - T = m2a a m1 m2 a
w1 w2 60
Exercise 3.6:
1. Determine
T
a. the tension in the string and
T
b. the acceleration of the m1
objects.
(given m1 = 2 kg and m2 = 3 kg. g m2
=9.8 m/s) W1
W2
T = m1a m2
W2 - T = m2a a a
m3
m1 T m2 m3
Equation for block m3:
W3 - T1 = m3a w2 w3
62
Exercise 3.7:
T
(smooth)
2 kg
T2
6 kg
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Tension: other examples
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3.4:
Static equilibrium under
concurrent force
Sub-topic:
Equilibrium
Hanging object
65
Concurrent Force
• The force whose lines of action all pass through a common
point.
• The forces acting on a point object are concurrent because
they all pass through the same point, the point object.
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Equilibrium
• The object is in equilibrium under the action of
concurrent forces provided it is not accelerating.
• Because of the object not moving either in x-axis or y-
axis, therefore the equation can be write as;
∑ Fx = 0 for x-axis
∑ Fy = 0 for y-axis.
• Keep track of the signs of the various force
components.
• Examples:
– Hanging object (neglect air resistance)
67
Hanging object
W = mg Fx = 0 …. Eq (1)
Fy = 0 …. Eq (2)
T – W = 0 …. Eq (3)
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Example 3.6:
T2 = T1 cos 52 …… (1) T1
T2 52
y-component: T1 sin 52 – W = 0
W
T1 W
sin 52
T1 = 1116.74 N …… (2)
(Ans: T = 98 N)
71
2. Draw a free body diagram and find tension on the
strings. Given mass of the signboard is 10 kg.
ceiling
35o 45o