Physics Notes- First Semester- Cycle Two ½ 12-SEM07 Develos, Khalil Andrei D.

Lesson IV: Forces and Newton’s Laws of Net force -is the vector sum of all the forces
Motion acting on a body simultaneously. The
purpose served when a net force acts on an
object is not to sustain the object’s velocity,
Force – a push or a pull that one object exerts but, rather, to change it.
on another object
Law of Inertia
Types of Forces:
“Tendency of an object an object to resist a
❑Contact Forces -Force arises form the change in motion.”
physical contact between two objects Mass of an object -the quantitative measure
❑Noncontact Forces (action-at-a-distance of inertia
forces) -Arises when two objects exert forces
on one another even though they are not Inertia -means that the object’s motion will
touching stay constant in terms of speed and direction

Balanced Forces vs. Unbalanced Forces -SI Unit: kilogram (kg) -CGS: gram (g) -BE:
slug (sl)
 Balanced Forces
Law of Inertia
• Equal in size or magnitude
➢Depends on the mass of an object
• Opposite in direction
➢Does NOT depend of the presence of
• Balanced forces do NOT cause a change in
gravity ➢Objects with a greater mass have
motion
greater inertia (SI unit: Kg)
 Unbalanced Forces
➢Is an object’s inertia the same on Earth and
◦ Not equal in size and/or magnitude in space?
◦ Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion An Inertial Reference Frame
◦ An unbalanced force is called a NET An inertial reference frame is one in which
FORCE Newton’s Law of Inertia is valid. The
acceleration of an inertial reference frame is
Newton’s Laws of Motion zero, so it moves with a constant velocity. e.g.
Newton’s First Law of Motion earth

Law of Inertia Non-inertial Reference Frame

“An object continues in a state of rest or in a The acceleration is not zero and using
state of motion at a constant speed along a accelerating objects as its frame of reference.
straight line, unless compelled to change that
state by a net force.”
Friction NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Law of Action-Reaction
-net force that acts on an object in motion.
Four main types “Whenever one body exerts a force on a
second body, the second body exerts an
• Sliding friction: ice skating oppositely directed force of equal magnitude
on the first body.”
• Rolling friction: bowling
• Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water -“Action-Reaction” Law,
resistance “For every action (force) there is an equal, but
opposite, reaction.”
• Static friction: initial friction when moving
an object

Types of External Forces:

1. Gravitational Force
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
2. Normal Force
Law of Acceleration 3. Frictional Forces
4. Tension Force
Force equals mass times acceleration. F = ma
Note: The net force in F=ma includes only the Two General Types of Forces:
1. Fundamental – ones that are truly
forces that the environment exerts on the
unique ( all other forces can be
object of interest explained in terms of them).
--- External Forces. 2. Non-Fundamental

The forces that one part of an object exerts on Three Fundamental Forces:
another part of the object and are not included 1. Gravitational Force
in F=ma 2. Strong Nuclear Force
Plays a primary role in the stability of
--- Internal Forces. the nucleus of the atom
SI: kg ·m/ s2 = N 3. Electroweak Force
Single force that manifests itself in two
CGS: 1 dyne = 1 g·cm/s2 ways: -electromagnetic force that
electrically charged particles exert on one
BE: lb·ft/s 2 another
ACCELERATION of GRAVITY(Earth) = -weak nuclear force that plays a role in
9.8 m/s2 the radioactive disintegration of certain
Weight (force) = mass x gravity nuclei.
Moon’s gravity is 1/6 of the Earth’s.
.
Free – Body Diagram
-a diagram that represents the object and the
forces that act on it
-only the forces that act on the object appear
in a FBD
 Relation Between Mass and Weight
Although massive objects weigh a lot on the
Universal Gravitational Constant, G: earth, mass and weight are not the same
Two forces quantity.
-equal magnitudes and opposite directions. Mass:
-mutually attracted -is a quantitative measure of inertia
-action–reaction pair -Mass is an intrinsic property of matter and
does not change as an object is moved from
-The gravitational forces that the spheres one location to another
exert on each other are the same as if the
entire mass of each were concentrated at its Weight:
center. -Is the gravitational force acting on the object
-In this case, r is the distance between the and can vary, depending on how far the object
centers of the spheres and not the distance is above the earth’s surface or whether it is
between the outer surfaces. located near another body such as the moon.

Weight and Mass

• On or above the earth, the weight W
of an object is the gravitational force
exerted on the object by the earth.
• The weight of object arises because of
the gravitational pull of the earth.

Weight
The weight of an object on or above the
earth is the gravitational force that the earth
exerts on the object.
Apparent weight
The weight always acts downward, toward –the force that the object exerts on the scales
the center of the earth. with which it is in contact

On or above another astronomical body, the True Weight

weight is the gravitational force exerted on –gravitational force
the object by that body.
SI Unit of Weight: newton (N)
FRICTIONAL FORCES Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s
Laws of Motion
•The component of the force that is parallel to
the surface -lack of change in the sense that the velocity
of the object is not changing and if so, an
•An object moving on a surface or through a object is not accelerating
viscous medium such as air or water
encounters resistance as it interacts with its -“An object is in equilibrium when it has zero
surroundings. acceleration.”

STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTIONAL

FORCES

STATIC FRICTION
–A FORCE THAT KEEPS AN OBJECT AT
REST
–It must be overcome to start moving the
object.

Static friction opposes the impending relative

motion between two objects, while kinetic
friction opposes the relative sliding motion
that actually does occur. In either case,
relative motion is opposed. However, this
opposition to relative motion does not mean
that friction prevents or works against the
motion of all objects.
For instance, the foot of a person walking
exerts a force on the earth, and the earth
exerts a reaction force on the foot. This
reaction force is a static frictional force, and
it opposes the impending backward motion of
the foot, propelling the person forward in the
process. Kinetic friction can also cause an
object to move.
Lesson V: Work and Energy POWER
Power is defined as the rate at which work
WORK is done
•Doing work involves applying a force to an
object while moving it at a given distance UNITS OF POWER
• One watt (W) is work done at the rate
of one joule per second.
1 W = 1 J/sand 1 kW = 1000 W
• One ft lb/s is an older (USCS) unit of
power.
• One horsepower is work done at the
rate of 550 ft lb/s. ( 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s
)(1hp = 746 W)
Energy
POWER AND VELOCITY
Energy is anything that can be con-verted
Recall that average or constant velocity is
into work; i.e., anything that can exert a force
distance covered per unit of time v = x/t.
through a distance.
Energy is the capability for doing work.
SUMMARY
Potential Energy: Ability to do work by
POTENTIAL ENERGY virtue of position or condition. U=mgh
Potential Energy: Ability to do work by
virtue of position or condition. Kinetic Energy: Ability to do work by virtue
of motion. (Mass with velocity) K= ½ mv2
KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic Energy:Ability to do work by virtue The Work-Energy Theorem: The work
of motion. (Mass with velocity) done by a resultant force is equal to the
change in kinetic energy that it produces.

Work = ½mvf2 -½mvo2

Power is defined as the rate at which work is

done: (P = dW/dt ) P= Work/t

WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY

A resultant force changes the velocity of an
object and does work on that object.

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

Work is equal to the change in ½mv2. If we
define kinetic energy as ½mv2then we can
state a very important physical principle:
The Work-Energy Theorem: The work
done by a resultant force is equal to the
change in kinetic energy that it produces.
Lesson VI: Impulse and Momentum Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The theorem states that the impulse acting
Linear Momentum, p on a system is equal to the change in
Momentum is defined as “Inertia in momentum of the system
motion”.
Newton’s Law and Momentum
Refers to the quantity of motion that an
Newton’s Second Law can be used to
object has.
relate the momentum of an object to the
resultant force acting on it
The change in an object’s momentum
divided by the elapsed time equals the
constant net force acting on the object

Impulse – Momentum Theorem

This theorem reveals some interesting
relationships such as the INVERSE
relationship between FORCE and TIME
𝒎∆𝒗
where 𝑭 = 𝒕

Why is the speed of the cannonball greater

when shot from a cannon with a longer
Impulse barrel?
Since TIME is directly related to the
VELOCITY when the force and mass are
constant, the LONGER the cannonball is in
the barrel the greater the velocity.
Also, you could say that the force acts
over a larger displacement, thus there is more
WORK. The work done on the cannonball
turns into kinetic energy.

Collisions
- is any event in which two or more
bodies exert forces on each other in a
relatively short time.
- Consider 2 objects speeding toward
each other. When they collide......
- Due to Newton’s 3rdLaw the
• When a single, constant force acts on FORCE they exert on each other are
the object, there is an impulse EQUAL and OPPOSITE.
delivered to the object - The TIMES of impact are also equal.
- Therefore, the IMPULSES of the 2
objects colliding are also equal.
 - If the Impulses are equal then the Sometimes objects stick together or blow
MOMENTUMS are also equal. apart. In this case, momentum is ALWAYS
conserved.
The Law of Conservation of Momentum: Elastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is
Conserved
“In the absence of an external force Inelastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is
(gravity, friction), the total momentum NOT Conserved
before the collision is equal to the total
momentum after the collision.”

Types of Collisions

A situation where the objects DO NOT

STICK is one type of collision
Notice that in EACH case, you have TWO
objects BEFORE and AFTER the collision.

• A “no stick” type collision (Elastic)

• A “stick” type of collision (inelastic)-
Another type of collision is one where
the objects “STICK” together. Notice
you have TWO objects before the
collision and ONE object after the
collision.
• The “explosion” type- This type is
often referred to as “backwards
inelastic”. Notice you have ONE
object (we treat this as a SYSTEM)
before the explosion and TWO
objects after the explosion.