What is Physics?

Newton's Third Law (The Law of Reaction)

Physics is the branch of science that studies how Forces always act in pairs. There is never a single
nature behaves. It relates to all other types of force. For every action, there is an equal and opposite
sciences: chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, reaction.
mechanics, etc.
F(1−2)=F(2−1) ❑
Motion
Motion is one of the most basic topics in physics
Gravitational Force and the Law of Universal
simply because all matter are supposed to be moving.
Gravitation
-Gravity is a force of attraction between two bodies
Forces
and this is very much dependent on the mass. The
- Force is a vector quantity.
more massive the body is, the larger its attractive or
- It has both MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION.
pulling capabilities.
- measured in units of Newton (N)

Inertia
Gravitational Force and the Law of Universal
- Property of matter that causes it to resist a change in
Gravitation
its state of motion.
-Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564
- The measure of the object's inertia is its mass.
-The first person to conclude that all falling objects,
regardless of their masses, will fall with constant
Vector Quantities
acceleration.
-Physical quantities that have specified magnitude and
Gravitational Force and the Law of Universal
direction.
Gravitation
-The word "vector" comes from the Latin “vehere”,
-Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that the
which means "to carry".
attractive gravitational force between two masses is
directly proportional to the product of the two masses
Examples of Scalar and Vector quantities
(m1 and m2) and inversely proportional to the square
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
of the distance, r, them.
Mass Acceleration
Speed Velocity
F = G(m1m2)/
Distance Displacement
Friction
Temperature Force
-Friction is a force that tends to oppose the motion or
Volume Momentum
impending motion. It is a force that has a direction
The Laws of Motion opposite to the direction of motion or of the
-Sir Isaac Newton, in 1687 produced the Principia. impending motion and is present whenever there are
-It was in this publication that he summarized the two surfaces that are in contact with each other.
different properties of motion, now called Newton's -Friction will never create motion, it will just resist
Laws of Motion. motion.

Newton's First Law (The Law of Inertia) Static Friction

-If a net force on an object is zero or if the forces
applied on the object are balanced, then then the It is friction that is acting between surfaces at rest.
acceleration of the object is zero and the object Static friction is always greater than the other type of
moves with constant velocity. friction, kinetic friction. Moreover, the value of static
friction is maximum at the instant when the body will
Fnet= 0 a = 0, v = constant start to move.

Kinetic Friction
-It is friction that is acting between surfaces that are in -Energy is the capacity to do work.
relative motion. This is also called sliding friction. -Work is the product of the force applied to an object
and the displacement through which the force acts on
an object.

Comparison between common coefficients of fiction

values
Kinetic and Potential Energy
-The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it
possesses due to its motion.
KE = 1/2 mV²
-Potential energy is stored energy that depends upon
the relative position of various parts of a system.
Weight PE = mgh
-The weight of a body is the resultant gravitational
force acting on the body due to all other bodies in Law of Conservation of Energy
space. -Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can
-It is always a vertical force acting downward. only be converted from one form to another,
-Weight is different from the mass. -The sum of the kinetic and potential energy of a
certain body at any given time constitutes its total
Normal Force mechanical energy.
-The normal force is the support force exerted on an
object it if comes into contact with another object KE + PE = constant
-It is perpendicular to the surface where there is
contact Power
Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at
Centripetal Force which energy is expended.
-Centripetal force is the force on the body towards
the center of rotation when the body is moving
around a curved path.
-Centripetal force is a real force or source of kinetic Momentum
energy -Momentum is the product of the object's mass and
velocity.
Centrifugal Force p = mv
-Centrifugal force is a force on the body directed away -It is also a vector quantity
from the center of rotation when the body is moving -Momentum refers to the "amount of motion" that an
around a curved path. object has.
-Centrifugal force is an apparent or an imaginary force
or a force that arises when a frame of reference is
accelerating. Impulse
-Impulse refers to the change in momentum of the
Curved Motions object. It is a vector quantity.
-It is a function of both force and time,

F t=m V

-The bigger the momentum change needed for an

object to be stopped, it will take a larger force to be
applied, and the time that the force applied should be
longer.

Work and Energy

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
-If there is no external force (net force) that is applied -A wave is defined as a repeating and periodic
to a system, then the total linear momentum of that disturbance that travels through a medium.
system remains constant in time. -A medium is any substance or material that carries
-If two objects will collide, the total momentum of the the wave.
two objects before and after a collision should not -As a wave travels through a certain medium, energy
change. is transported from one point to another.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Elastic and Inelastic Collision -A transverse wave is a wave whose oscillations are
-In an elastic collision, no kinetic energy is lost. perpendicular to the direction in which the wave
Therefore, energy is conserved. Consequently, the moves.
momentum will also remain constant. -A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of
-In an inelastic collision, some of the energy will be the medium move in a direction parallel to the
lost through heat, sound, or light. However, the total direction that the wave moves.
value of the energy will remain constant.

Electronic and Mechanical Waves

-Electromagnetic waves are waves that are capable of
transporting energy in free space.
-Mechanical waves require a certain medium in order
for them to be able to transport energy.

Frequency and Period

-Frequency (f) is the number of waves per unit of time
that pass a point.
Coefficient of Restitution -Period (T) is the time required for one wave to pass a
-It is the negative ratio of the relative velocity point.
between the objects after a collision to the relative
velocity between the objects before the collision.
-If the coefficient of restitution is 1, then the collision Wavelength
is perfectly elastic. If the coefficient of restitution is O, Wavelength is the distance between one particle in a
then the collision is completely inelastic wave and the corresponding particle in the next wave.
Two particles are in the save phase if they have the
same displacement and are moving in the same
Periodic Motion direction.
Periodic motion is a type of motion that regularly
repeats, meaning the object returns to its initial
position after some time. Huygen's Principle
-Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
-Every point on a wave front may be considered a new
source of disturbance, sending wavelets in forward
directions.

Reflection
Simple Harmonic Motion Reflection is the bouncing off of a wave as it hits a
-A special type of vibratory or periodic motion. barrier.
-For SHM, the acceleration of the object is Law of Reflection
proportional to its position and is oppositely directed The angle that the wave hits the barrier should be
to the displacement from equilibrium. equal to the angle at which it bounces off the barrier.
Waves
Refraction
-Refraction is the change in direction of a wave as it -Doppler Effect refers to the variation of the pitch
travels from one medium to a different medium. heard from a moving source of sound or by a
-Every medium or material has a property known as moving observer.
the index of refraction. It is the ratio of the speed of -Also known as the Doppler shift and was named
light in free space to the velocity of the wave in the after Christian Andreas Doppler (1803-1853)
actual medium.

Snell's Law
-Also known as the Law of Refraction. Light
-It states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of -Light is the aspect of radiant energy of which an
incidence and the angle of refraction is a constant observer is visually aware.
that depends on the ratio of the indices of both -The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458
media. m/s or approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.
-Named after Dutch astronomer and mathematician
named Willebrord Snellius.
Plane Mirrors
-Plane mirrors are the simplest mirrors around.
-These are flat surfaces that reflect a beam of light
in one direction instead of either scattering it
widely in many directions or absorbing it.

Sound
-Sound is a mechanical wave that carries disturbances
from one location to another through a certain
medium.
-Sound is classified as a longitudinal wave since
particles of the medium through which the sound
moves vibrate parallel to the direction of the sound.
Spherical Mirrors
-In a spherical mirror, the reflecting surface is a
Frequency and Pitch section of a sphere.
For sound, the particles of the medium that moves
back and forth will determine its frequency.
1 Hertz = 1 vibration per second
Infrasound = sound frequencies below 20 Hz
Audible Sound = 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Ultrasound = beyond 20 kHz

Speed of Sound
-The speed of the sound wave is the rate at which the
disturbance in the medium is carried on from one Convex Mirror
particle to the next. -A convex mirror is a curved mirror where the
-There are different factors that can affect the speed reflective surface bulges out toward the light source.
of sound: -It is also called a diverging mirror since the reflection
 Properties of medium of a set of parallel rays is a set of diverging rays.
 Phase of medium
The Doppler Effect
 -A converging lens makes a set of parallel rays
divergent after refraction.
-It forms a virtual image of any object. The position,
size and nature of an image can be determined by the
use of the lens equation.

Concave Mirror
-A concave mirror has a reflective surface that is
curved inward and away from the light source.
-It is also called a converging mirror since it makes
parallel rays converge to a point.

Thin Lenses
-A piece of glass of finite thickness with two spherical
boundaries is a lens.
-If the thickness of the lens is much smaller than the
diameter of the lens, we call it a thin lens.
-Thin lenses can be converging or diverging.

Converging Lens
-A converging lens makes a set of parallel rays
converge after refraction.
-It forms real images when the object is farther from
the lens than the principal focus and virtual images
when the object is between the lens and the principal
focus.

Diverging Lens