Heat PPT2

CHAPTER 8:
HEAT
CONTENT
8.1 Temperature and heat

- Thermal equilibrium
8.2 Heat: Specific Heat Capacity, Calorimetry
8.3 Latent heat

- Change of phase
8.1:
Temperature and heat

Thermal equilibrium
Temperature and Thermometers
 Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
 Thermometers: instruments designed to measure

temperature. In order to do this, they take advantage of
some property of matter that changes with temperature.
 Temperature is generally measured using either the

Fahrenheit, Kelvin or the Celsius scale.
 The freezing point of water is:
0°C @32°F @ 273.15 K;
 The boiling point of water is:
100°C @ 212°F @ 373.15 K.
Conversion between Celsius, Fahrenheit and
Kelvin
9
1)Celsius to Fahrenheit TF  TC  32
5
5
2)Fahrenheit to Celsius TC  (TF  32)
9
9
3)Fahrenheit to Kelvin TK  (TF  32)  273.15
5
TK  TC  273.15
4)Celsius to Kelvin
Exercise 8.1:
Convert the following term:

a) 1000˚F to ˚C
b) -20˚F to ˚C
c) 150 ˚C to ˚F
d) -273 ˚C to ˚F
e) 27 ˚C to ˚K
(Ans: 538˚C, -29˚C, 302˚F, -459˚F, 300.15 K)

Heat , Q
 Heat is a type of energy

 Heat is energy transferred from one object to another
because of a difference in temperature.
 Once transferred, the energy becomes part of the total
energy of molecules of the object system, its internal
energy.
 It can result in internal energy changes.
 Unit of heat : Joule (J) or Calorie (Cal)
Thermal Equilibrium
(Bodies in contact)
A B
 If TA > TB, heat transfer from A to B
Body that looses heat, temperature decrease

Body that gain heat, temperature increase
When TA = TB, No heat exchange
Condition called thermal equilibrium.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 If bodies A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with body
C, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
A B A B
Q
TA > TB TA = TB
A B C A B C
Q Q
TA = TB >TC TA = TB =TC
8.2:
Heat: Specific Heat Capacity,
Calorimetry
Heat Capacity, C
Q α ∆T (∆T is the change in temperature)

Hence, Q = C ∆T , C is the heat capacity, so:
Q
C
T
Heat/energy needed to raise the temperature of sample
by 1⁰C or 1K
Specific Heat,c
Observational Fact; it is easy too change the temperature of
some things (e.g. air) and hard to change the temperature of
others (e.g. water).
The amount of heat (Q) added into a body of mass m to

change its temperature an amount ∆T is given by;
Q  mcT *Unit : Jkg⁰C -1
Where: Q = energy transfer (Joules)

m = mass of water (kg @ g)
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = Temperature change (K or C˚)
Exercise 8.2:
A 2.0 kg metal object requires 5.02 x103 J of heat to

raise its temperature from 20.0 ⁰C to 40.0 ⁰C. what is the
specific heat capacity of the metal?
(Ans: 126 Jkg⁰C -1)

Calorimetry
System-open and closed system.
Open system
- Mass may enter or leave (as may energy)
- Eg; plants animals
Closed sytem
- No mass enters or leaves (but energy may
be exchange with enviroment).
- Isolated (if no energy in any passes across
its boundaries).
- An isolated system at different
temperature heat will flow (energy is
transferred).
- Higher temperatures to lower temperature.
When completely isolated, no energy is transferred into or
out of it.
Conversation of energy,
Qloss  Qgain
Heat loss  Heat gain
Energy out of one part  Energy into another part
m AC A T  mB C B T
m AC A T0 To   mB C B To  T0
Where,
T = Substance temperature T0 = Equilibrium temperature
A = tea B = cub
Unknown specific heat determined by calorimetry
Heat loss = Heat gain

Heat loss by alloy = (Heat gain by water) + (Heat gained by
calorimeter
maCa T  mwCwcup) T  mcal Ccal T
Example 1
Example 2
Exercise 8.3:
1. 50 g of water at 0⁰C is added to 250 g of water at 90⁰C.

determine final temperature of the water mixture. Specific
heat of water=4200 Jkg-1 0C-1
(Ans: 75 ⁰C).
2. A 500 g piece of iron at 400⁰C is dropped into 800 g of oil

at 20⁰C. find final temperature of the system.
[specific heat of iron is 460 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat of oil is 1674 Jkg-1 0C-1]
(Ans: 75.7 ⁰C)
3. A 75 g calorimeter contains 500 g of water at 24⁰C. if 55 g
Aluminum at 70⁰C is dropped into the calorimeter, find the
final temperature of the system.
[specific heat capacity of Aluminum = 900 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity of water = 4186 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity copper = 387 Jkg-1 0C-1 ]
(Ans: 25 ⁰C)
4. A copper container of mass 0.50 kg contains 1 kg of
water. Both the container and water are initially at room
temperature, 20⁰C. A 1 kg block of metal is heated to 100⁰C and
placed in the calorimeter. The final temperature of the system is
40⁰C. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal block.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4186 Jkg-1 0C-1]
[specific heat capacity copper = 387 Jkg-1 0C-1 ]
(Ans: 1460 Jkg-1 0C-1 )
8.3:
Change of phase
Latent heat
Phase Change
• The physical characteristics of the substance change from one form to
another.
• Two common phase of changes:
– From solid to liquid (melting).
– From liquid to gas (boiling).
• During a phase change, there is no change in of the
temperature substance. (Only change in the internal energy of the
system).
ΔT=0
Solid Ga
ΔT≠0 Liqui
s
d
Phase Change: Latent Heat
• The amount of energy transferred during a phase change depends on the
amount of substance involved. (E.g: Ice cube melting requires less energy
than frozen lake)
Latent Heat
• The quantity of energy, Q is required to change the phase of a mass, m of a
substance.
𝑄
𝐿 ≡
𝑚
• This parameter is called latent heat (“hidden heat”) because this added or
removed energy does not result in a temperature change.
• The value of L depends on the nature of
the phase change and the properties of the substance.
• The energy required to change the phase of a given mass m of a pure
substance is:
𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿 Latent heat

Phase Change: Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf
•Is the term used when the phase change is from solid to liquid (to fuse
= to combine by melting)
𝐿𝑓 = 𝑄 𝑄𝑓 = ±𝑚𝐿
𝑚
Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

•Is the term used when the phase change is from liquid to gas (liquid
vaporizes)
𝐿𝑣 = 𝑄 𝑄𝑣 = ±𝑚𝐿
𝑚
SI unit: Jkg-1
Sign Convention of Heat
The total heat required for a phase change depends on the total
mass and the latent heat:
Q = ± mL
The positive sign (+) is used when the energy is transferred into the
system.
This will result in melting or boiling.
The negative sign (-) is used when energy is transferred out of the
system.
This will result in freezing or condensation.
To understand the role of latent heat in phase changes, consider the
energy required to convert a 1.00-g cube of ice at -30.0 °C to steam
at
120.0 °C.
From the graph, as the heat is added to the ice, its
temperature rises.
PART A
On this portion of the curve, the temperature of the
ice changes from -30.0°C to 0.0°C. Because the
specific heat of ice is 2 090 J/kg. °C, we can calculate
the amount of energy added by:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖∆𝑇 = (1.00 × 10−3𝑘𝑔)(2090𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶)(0 − −30°𝐶 )
Q = 62.7 J
PART B
When the temperature of the ice reaches
0.0 °C, the ice–water mixture remains at
this temperature—even though energy is
being added—until all the ice melts. The
energy required to melt 1.00 g of ice at
0.0°C is:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑖𝐿𝑓 = (1.00 × 10−3𝑘𝑔)(3.33 × 105𝐽𝑘𝑔−1)
Q = 333 J
PART C
Between and 100.0°C, nothing
0.0°C
surprising happens. No phase
occurs, and so all energy added change
to the
water is used to increase its temperature.
The amount of energy necessary to
increase the temperature from to
0.0°C 100.0°C is
Q = 419 J
PART D
At 100.0°C, another phase change occurs as the water changes from
water at 100.0°C to steam at 100.0°C. Similar to the ice–water mixture
in part B, the water–steam mixture remains at 100.0°C—even though
energy is being added—until all of the liquid has been converted to
steam. The energy required to convert 1.00 g of water to steam at
100.0°C is
PART E
On this portion of the curve, as in parts A and C, no phase change occurs;
thus, all energy added is used to increase the temperature of the steam. The
energy that must be added to raise the temperature of the steam from 100.0°C
to 120.0°C is
Summary on Latent Heat
At C At D
Q= Q=
mwcwΔT mwLv
At B
Q = miLf
At A
Q = miciΔT At E
Q = mscsΔT.
Exercise 8.4:
1. How much heat is required to boil away 0.5 kg of water that

is initially at 100⁰C. (Ans: 1.13 x 106 J)
2. How much heat must be added to 0.75 kg lead at 20⁰C to

cause it to melt completely? (Ans: 4.9 x 104 J)
3. How much energy is required to change a 40 g ice cube

from ice at -10⁰C to steam at 110 ⁰C ? (Ans: 1.2 x 105 J)
4. A 100 g ice cube at 0⁰C is placed in 650 g of water at 25⁰C.

what is the final temperature of the mixture? (Ans: 11 ⁰C )
“If you really want to do
something, you will find a way.
If you don't, you will find an
excuse.“
-Jim Rohn-
Questions???

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CHAPTER 8:

8.1 Temperature and heat

8.2 Heat: Specific Heat Capacity, Calorimetry

8.3 Latent heat

Temperature and heat

 Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.

 Thermometers: instruments designed to measure

 Temperature is generally measured using either the

Convert the following term:

(Ans: 538˚C, -29˚C, 302˚F, -459˚F, 300.15 K)

 Heat is a type of energy

 If TA > TB, heat transfer from A to B

Body that looses heat, temperature decrease

Q α ∆T (∆T is the change in temperature)

The amount of heat (Q) added into a body of mass m to

Q  mcT *Unit : Jkg⁰C -1

Where: Q = energy transfer (Joules)

A 2.0 kg metal object requires 5.02 x103 J of heat to

(Ans: 126 Jkg⁰C -1)

Heat loss = Heat gain

1. 50 g of water at 0⁰C is added to 250 g of water at 90⁰C.

2. A 500 g piece of iron at 400⁰C is dropped into 800 g of oil

𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿 Latent heat

Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

1. How much heat is required to boil away 0.5 kg of water that

2. How much heat must be added to 0.75 kg lead at 20⁰C to

3. How much energy is required to change a 40 g ice cube

4. A 100 g ice cube at 0⁰C is placed in 650 g of water at 25⁰C.

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