Calorimetry Thermal Expansion English Zi4xwIf

Calorimetry & Thermal Expansion
CALORIMETRY AND THERMAL EXPANSION


1. HEAT
The energy that is being transferred between two bodies or between adjacent parts of a body as a
result of temperature difference is called heat. Thus, heat is a form of energy. It is energy in transit
whenever temperature differences exist. Once it is transferred, it becomes the internal energy of the
receiving body. It should be clearly understood that the word "heat" is meaningful only as long as the
energy is being transferred. Thus, expressions like "heat in a body" or "heat of a body" are
meaningless.
T1 > T2 T2
A Heat B
When we say that a body is heated it means that its molecules begin to move with greater kinetic
energy.
S.. unit of heat energy is joule (J). Another common unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
1 calorie = 4.18 joules.
1 calorie : The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5 to 15.5 ºC
at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.
1.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
In early days heat was not recognized as a form of energy. Heat was supposed to be something needed
to raise the temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie was defined as the unit of heat. A
number of experiments were performed to show that the temperature may also be increased by doing
mechanical work on the system. These experiments established that heat is equivalent to mechanical
energy and measured how much mechanical energy is equivalent to a calorie. If mechanical work W
produces the same temperature change as heat H, we write, W = JH
where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is expressed in joule/calorie. The value of J gives
how many joules of mechanical work is needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
Example 1. What is the change in potential energy (in calories) of a 10 kg mass after 10 m fall ?
Solution : Change in potential energy
1000
U = mgh = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 J = cal Ans.
4.186

2. SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat of substance is equal to heat gain or released by that substance to raise or fall its
temperature by 1ºC for a unit mass of substance.
When a body is heated, it gains heat. On the other hand, heat is lost when the body is cooled. The gain
or loss of heat is directly proportional to:
(a) the mass of the body Q  m
(b) rise or fall of temperature of the body Q   T
Q  m  T or Q = m s  T or dQ = m s d T or Q=  m s d T.
Q
where s is a constant and is known as the specific heat of the body s = . S.. unit of s is
mT
joule/kg-Kelvin and C.G.S. unit is cal./gm °C.
Specific heat of water : S = 4200 J/kgºC = 1000 cal/kgºC = 1 Kcal/kgºC = 1 cal/gmºC
Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of water = specific heat of ice
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Example 2. Heat required to increases the temperate of 1 kg water by 20ºC

Solution : heat required = Q = ms
    S = 1 cal/gmºC = 1 Kcal/kgºC = 1 × 20 = 20 Kcal.
———————————————————————————————————
2.1 Heat capacity or Thermal capacity :
Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of that body
by 1°. If 'm' is the mass and 's' the specific heat of the body, then Heat capacity = ms.
Units of heat capacity in: CGS system is, cal ºC1; SI unit is, JK1
2.2 Important Points:
Q
(a) We know, s = , if the substance undergoes the change of state which occurs at constant
mT
temperature (T = 0), then s = Q/0 = . Thus the specific heat of a substance when it melts or boils
at constant temperature is infinite.
Q
(b) If the temperature of the substance changes without the transfer of heat (Q = 0) then s = = 0.
mT
Thus when liquid in the thermos flask is shaken, its temperature increases without the transfer of
heat and hence the specific heat of liquid in the thermos flask is zero.
(c) To raise the temperature of saturated water vapours, heat (Q) is withdrawn. Hence, specific heat of
saturated water vapours is negative. (This is for your information only and not in the course)
(d) The slight variation of specific heat of water with temperature is shown in the graph at
1 atmosphere pressure. Its variation is less than 1% over the interval form 0 to 100ºC.
2.3 Relation between Specific heat and Water equivalent :

It is the amount of water which requires the same amount of heat for the same temperature rise as that
of the object
ms
ms T = mW SW T mW =
sW
In calorie sW = 1  mW = ms
mw is also represent by W
So W = ms.
2.4 Phase change :

Heat required for the change of phase or state,
Q = mL, L = latent heat.
Latent heat (L): The heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at constant temperature is
called latent heat of the body.
Latent heat of Fusion (Lf) : The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to liquid
state at its melting point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of fusion of ice is
80 kcal/kg
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Latent heat of vaporization (Lv): The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from liquid to
vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat of
vaporization of water is 540 kcal kg1.
Latent heat of ice : L = 80 cal/gm = 80 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 80 J/kg
Latent heat of steam : L = 540 cal/gm = 540 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 540 J/kg
The given figure, represents the change of state by different lines
OA  solid state, AB  solid + liquid state (Phase change)
BC  liquid state, CD  liquid + vapour state (Phase change)
DE  vapour state
Q = msT
T 1 T 1
slope =  
Q ms Q S
where mass (m) of substance constant slope of T – Q graph is inversely proportional to specific heat, if
in given diagram
(slope) OA > (slope) DE
then (s)OA < (s)DE
when Q = mL
If (length of AB) > (length of CD)
then (latent heat of AB) > (latent heat of CD)
Example 3. Find the amount of heat released if 1 kg steam at 200ºC is converted into –20ºC ice.
Solution : Heat released Q = heat release to convert steam at 200 ºC into 100ºC steam + heat release
to convert 100º C steam into 100ºC water + heat release to convert 100º water into 0ºC
water + heat release to convert 0 ºC water into – 20ºC ice.
1 1
Q = 1 × × 100 + 540 × 1 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 × 80 + 1 × × 20 = 780 Kcal.
2 2
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3. CALORIMETRY
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of heat is called calorimetry.
A simple calorimeter is a vessel generally made of copper with a stirrer of the same material. The
vessel is kept in a wooden box to isolate it thermally from the surrounding. A thermometer is used to
measure the temperature of the contents of the calorimeter. Object at different temperatures are made
to come in contact with each other in the calorimeter. As a result, heat is exchanged between the object
as well as with the calorimeter. Neglecting any heat exchange with the surrounding.
3.1 Law of Mixture:
When two substances at different temperatures are mixed together, then exchange of heat continues to
take place till their temperatures become equal. This temperature is then called final temperature of
mixture. Here, Heat taken by one substance = Heat given by another substance
 m1 s1 (T1  Tm) = m2 s2 (Tm  T2)
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Example 4. An iron block of mass 2 kg, fall from a height 10 m. After colliding with the ground it loses 25%
energy to surroundings. Then find the temperature rise of the block. (Take sp. heat of iron
470 J/kg ºC)
1 10  10
Solution : mS = mgh  =
4 4  470
———————————————————————————————————
Zeroth law of thermodynamics :
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then objects A and B are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
Example 5. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B, and C are 10ºC 15ºC and 20ºC
respectively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is 13ºC and when B and C are mixed, it
is 16ºC. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
Solution : When A and B are mixed mS1 × (13 – 10) = m × S2 × (15 – 13)
3S1 = 2S2 .....(1)
when B and C are mixed
S2 × 1 = S3 × 4 .....(2)
when C and A are mixed
S1( – 10) = S3 × (20 – ) .....(3)
by using equation (1), (2) and (3)
140
we get  = ºC
11
Example 6. If three different liquid of different masses specific heats and temperature are mixed with each
other and then what is the temperature mixture at thermal equilibrium.
m1, s1, T1  specification for liquid
m3, s3, T3  specification for liquid.
Solution : Total heat lost or gain by all substance is equal to zero
Q = 0
m1s1(T – T1) + m2s2(T – T2) + m3s3 (T – T3) = 0
m s T  m2 s2 T2  m3 s3 T3
So T = 1 1 1
m1s1  m2 s2  m3 s3
Example 7. In following equation calculate value of H 1 kg ice at –20ºC = H + 1 Kg water at 100ºC, here H
means heat required to change the state of substance.
Solution : Heat required to convert 1 kg ice at – 20ºC into 1 kg water at 100ºC
= 1 kg ice at – 20ºC to 1 kg ice at 0ºC ice at 0ºC + 1 kg water
at 0ºC + 1 kg water at 0ºC to 1 kg water at 100ºC
1
=1× × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 100 = 190 Kcal. So H = – 190 Kcal
2
Negative sign indicate that 190 Kcal heat is with drawn from 1 kg water at 100ºC to convert it
into 1 kg ice at – 20ºC
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Example 8. 1kg ice at –20ºC is mixed with 1 kg steam at 200ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and
mixture content.
Solution : Let equilibrium temperature is 100 ºC heat required to convert 1 kg ice at –20ºC to 1 kg water
at 100ºC is equal to
1
H1 = 1 × × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 1 × 100 = 190 Kcal
2
heat release by steam to convert 1 kg steam at 200ºC to 1 kg water at 100ºC is equal to
1
H2 = 1 × × 100 + 1 × 540 = 590 Kcal
2
1 kg ice at – 20ºC = H1 + 1kg water at 100ºC .....(1)
1 kg steam at 200ºC = H2 + 1kg water at 100ºC .....(2)
by adding equation (1) and (2)
1 kg ice at –20ºC + 1 kg steam at 200ºC = H1 + H2 + 2 kg water at 100ºC.
Here heat required to ice is less than heat supplied by steam so mixture equilibrium
temperature is 100ºC then steam is not completely converted into water.
So mixture has water and steam which is possible only at 100ºC mass of steam which
converted into water is equal to
1
190  1  100
2 7
m= = kg
540 27
so mixture content
7 20
mass of steam = 1 – = kg
27 27
7 34
mass of water = 1 + = kg
27 27
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4. THERMAL EXPANSION
Most materials expand when their temperature is increased. Rails roads tracks, bridges all have some
means of compensating for thermal expansion. When a homogeneous object expands, the distance
between any two points on the object increases. Figure shows a block of metal with a hole in it. The
expanded object is like a photographic enlargement. That in the hole expands in the same
proportion as the metal, it does not get smaller
Potential
energy
r0 r1
r2
r
E2
E1
Thermal expansion arises because the well is

not symmetrical about the equilibrium position r0.
As the temperature rise the energy of the atom increases.
The average position when the energy is E 2 is not
the same as that when the energy is E1.
At the atomic level, thermal expansion may be understood by considering how the potential energy of
the atoms varies with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be at the minimum of the
potential energy well if the well is symmetric. At a given temperature each atom vibrates about its
equilibrium position and its average remains at the minimum point. If the shape of the well is not
symmetrical the average position of an atom will not be at the minimum point. When the temperature is
raised the amplitude of the vibrations increases and the average position is located at a greater inter
atomic separation. This increased separation is manifested as expansion of the material.
Almost all solids and liquids expand as their temperature increases. Gases also expand if allowed.
Solids can change in length, area or volume, while liquids change in their volumes.
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Example 9. A rectangular plate has a circular cavity as shown in the figure. If we increase its temperature
then which dimension will increase in following figure.
Solution : Distance between any two point on an object increases with increase in temperature. So, all
dimension a, b, c and d will increase
Example 10. In the given figure, when temperature is increased then which of the following increases
(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R2 – R1

Solution : All of the above
- - - - - represents expanded Boundary
--------- represents original Boundary
As the intermolecular distance between atoms increases on heating hence the inner and outer
perimeter increases. Also if the atomic arrangement in radial direction is observed then we can
say that it also increases hence all A, B, C are true.
———————————————————————————————————
5. LINEAR EXPANSION
When the rod is heated, its increase in length L is proportional to its original length L0 and change in
temperature T where T is in ºC or K.
dL = L0 dT  L =  L0  T If  T << 1

L
= where  is called the coefficient of linear expansion whose unit is ºC 1 or K1.
L 0 T
L = L0 (1 +  T). Where L is the length after heating the rod.
Variation of  with temperature and distance

(a) If  varies with distance,  = ax + b.
Then total expansion =  (ax + b) T dx.
(b) If  varies with temperature,  = f (T). Then L =  L0 dT
Note : Actually thermal expansion is always 3-D expansion. When other two dimensions of object are
negligible with respect to one, then observations are significant only in one dimension and it is known
as linear expansion.
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Example 11. What is the percentage change in length of 1m iron rod if its temperature changes by 100ºC.
 for iron is 2 × 10–5/ºC.
Solution : percentage change in length due to temperature change % = × 100 =  × 100
= 2 × 10–5 × 100 × 100 = 0.2% Ans.
——————————————————————————————————— 
5.1 Thermal stress of a material :
If the rod is free to expand then there will be no stress and strain. Stress and strain is produced only
when an object is restricted to expand or contract according to change in temperature. When the
temperature of the rod is decreased or increased under constrained condition, compressive or tensile
stresses are developed in the rod. These stresses are known as thermal stresses.
L final length – original length
Strain = = = T 
L0 original length
Note : Original and final length should be at same temperature.
Consider a rod of length 0 which is fixed between to rigid end separated at a distance 0 now if the
temperature of the rod is increased by  then the strain produced in the rod will be :
//////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////
F F
0
length of the rod at new temperature-natural length of the rod at new temperature
strain 
natural length of the rod at new temperature
0  0(1  )  0 
= =
0 (1  ) 0 (1  )
  is very small so
strain = –  (negative sign in the answer represents that the length of the rod is less than the natural
length that means is compressed by the ends.)
Example 12. In the given figure a rod is free at one end and other end is fixed. When we change the
temperature of rod by , then strain produced in the rod will be
1
(A)  
(B) (C) zero (D) information incomplete
2
Solution : Here rod is free to expand from one side by so by changing temperature no strain will be
produced in the rod. Hence ans. is (C)
Example 13. An iron ring measuring 15.00 cm in diameter is to be shrunk on a pulley which is 15.05 cm in
diameter. All measurements refer to the room temperature 20°C. To what minimum
temperature should the ring be heated to make the job possible? Calculate the strain
developed in the ring when it comes to the room temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion of
iron = 12 × 10–6/°C.
Solution : The ring should be heated to increase its diameter from 15.00 cm to 15.05 cm.
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Using 2 = 1 (1 +  ),
0.05cm
= = 278°C
15.00cm  12 10 6 /º C
The temperature = 20°C + 278°C = 298°C.
 1
The strain developed = 2 = 3.33 × 10–3.
1
Example 14. A steel rod of length 1m rests on a smooth horizontal base. If it is heated from 0°C to 100°C,
what is the longitudinal strain developed?
Solution : in absence of external force no strain or stress will be created hear rod is free to move.
Example 15. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a fixed horizontal base. The rod is in natural
length at 20°C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the temperature rises to
50°C. Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.2 × 10–5/°C.
Solution : as we known that strain
change in length 
strain = = Strain =  = 1.2 × 10–5 × (50 – 20) = 3.6 × 10–4
original length 0
here strain is compressive strain because final length is smaller than initial length.
Example 16. A steel wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm 2 is held between two fixed supports. If the wire is
just taut at 20°C, determine the tension when the temperature falls to 0°C. Coefficient of linear
expansion of steel is 1.2 × 10–5/°C and its Young’s modulus is 2.0 × 1011 N/m2.
Solution : here final length is more than original length so that strain is tensile and tensile force is given by
F = AY  t = 0.5 × 10–6 × 2 × 1011 × 1.2 × 10–5 × 20 = 24 N
———————————————————————————————————
5.2 Variation of time period of pendulum clocks :
The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of oscillation
performed by pendulum every time it reaches to its extreme position the second hand of the clock
advances by one second that means second hand moves by two seconds when one oscillation in
complete
L0 L
Let T = 2  at temperature 0 and T = 2 at temperature .
g g
T L L 1   1
= = =1+ 
T L L 2
T´T 1
Therefore change (loss or gain) in time per unit time lapsed is = 
T 2
gain or loss in time in duration of 't' in
1
t =  t, if T is the correct time then 
2
 (a)  < 0, T < T clock becomes fast and gain time
 (b)  > 0, T > T clock becomes slow and loose time

Example 17. A pendulum clock consists of an iron rod connected to a small, heavy bob. If it is designed to
keep correct time at 20°C, how fast or slow will it go in 24 hours at 40°C? Coefficient of linear
expansion of iron = 1.2 × 10–6 /°C.
Solution : The time difference occurred in 24 hours (86400 seconds) is given by
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1 1
  t =   t = × 1.2 × 10–6 × 20 × 86400 = 1.04 sec. Ans.
2 2
This is loss of time as  is greater than 0. As the temperature increases, the time period also
increases. Thus, the clock goes slow.
———————————————————————————————————
5.3 Measurement of length by metallic scale :
Case (i) : When object is expanded only 2 = 1 {1 + 0(2 – 1)
1 = actual length of object at 1ºC = measure length of object at 1ºC.
0 = linear expansion coefficient of object.
1
1
2
2
0 2 3
Case (ii) : When only measurement instrument is expanded actual length of object will not change but
measured value (MV) decreases.
MV = 1 {1 – S (2 – 1)}
S = linear expansion coefficient of measuring instrument.
at 1 °C MV = 3
at 2 °C MV = 2.2
1
1ºC
0 1 2 3 4
2ºC 0 2
1 3
Case (iii) : If both expanded simultaneously MV = {1 + (0 – s) (2 – 1)
(i) If 0 > s, then measured value is more then the actual value at 1ºC
(ii) If 0 < s, then measured value is less then the actual value at 1ºC
1
1ºC
2
2ºC
1ºC
0 1 2 3 4 5
2ºC
0 1 2 3 4
at 1ºC MV = 3.4
2ºC MV = 4.1
Measured value = calibrated value × {1 + }
where  = 0 – s
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o = coefficient of linear expansion of object material, s = coefficient of linear expansion of scale material
= C
 = temperature at the time of measurement C = temperature at the time of calibration.
For scale, true measurement = scale reading [1 +  (0)]
If   > 0 true measurement > scale reading
 < 0 true measurement < scale reading
Example 18. A bar measured with a Vernier caliper is found to be 180mm long. The temperature during the
measurement is 10ºC. The measurement error will be if the scale of the Vernier caliper has
been graduated at a temperature of 20ºC : ( = 1.1 × 10–5 °C–1. Assume that the length of the
bar does not change.)
(A) 1.98 × 10–1 mm (B) 1.98 × 10–2 mm (C) 1.98 × 10–3 mm (D) 1.98 × 10–4 mm
Answer : (B)
Solution : True measurement = scale reading [1 +  (0)] = 180 [1– 10 × 1.1 × 10–5 ]
error = 180 – 180 [1 – 1.1 × 10–4] = 1.98 × 10–2 mm
———————————————————————————————————
6. SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its area increases, then the thermal expansion is called superficial or areal
expansion. Consider a solid plate of area A0. When it is heated, the change in area of the plate is
directly proportional to the original area A0 and the change in temperature T.
dA = A0 dT or A =  A0  T
L0
A
= Unit of  is ºC1 or K1. size of object
A 0 T L0
DL
L at 1 < 2
A = A0 (1 + T) DL size of object

at 2
where A is area of the plate after heating,
Example 19. A plane lamina has area 2m 2 at 10ºC then what is its area at 110ºC t’s superficial expansion is
2 × 10–5/C
Solution : A = A0(1 + ) = 2{1 + 2 × 105 × (110 – 10)}
= 2 × {1 + 2 × 10–3} Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
7. VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its volume increases, then the expansion is called volume expansion or
cubical expansion. Let us consider a solid or liquid whose original volume is V 0. When it is heated to a
new volume, then the change V
dV = V0 dT or V =  V0  T
  = Unit of  is ºC1 or K1.
V = V0 (1 + T)
where V is the volume of the body after heating
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Example 20. The volume of glass vessel is 1000 cc at 20°C. What volume of mercury should be poured into
it at this temperature so that the volume of the remaining space does not change with
temperature? Coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury and glass are 1.8 × 10 –4/°C and
9.0 × 10–6/°C respectively.
Solution : Let volume of glass vessel at 20ºC is Vg and volume of mercury at 20ºC is Vm
so volume of remaining space is = Vg – Vm
It is given constant so that
Vg – Vm = Vg’ – V’m
where Vo' and Vm' are final volumes.
Vg – Vm = Vg {1 + g } – Vm{1 + Hg }  Vg g = Vm Hg
100  9  10 6
 Vm =  Vm = 50 cc.
1.8  10 4
———————————————————————————————————
8. RELATION BETWEEN  ,  AND 
  
(i) For isotropic solids:  :  :  = 1 : 2 : 3 or = =
1 2 3
(ii) For non-isotropic solid  = 1 + 2 and  = 1 + 2 + 3. Here 1, 2 and 3 are coefficient of linear
expansion in X, Y and Z direction.
Example 21. If percentage change in length is 1% with change in temperature of a cuboid object
( × 2 × 3) then what ispercentage change in its area and volume.
Solution : percentage change in length with change in temperature = % 

×100 = × 100 = 1
change in area
A
% A = × 100 = × 100 2(× 100)
A
% A = 2 % Ans.
change in volume
V
%V= × 100 = V × 100 = 3 (× 100)
V
% V = 3 % Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
9. VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
As we known that mass = volume × density.
Mass of substance does not change with change in temperature so with increase of temperature,
volume increases so density decreases and vice-versa.
d0
d= .
(1  T)
For solids values of  are generally small so we can write d = d0 (1 T) (using binomial expansion).
Note : (i)  for liquids are in order of 103 .
(ii) Anamolous expansion of water :
For water density increases from 0 ºC to 4 ºC so  is negative and for 4 ºC to higher temperature  is
positive. At 4 ºC density is maximum. This anamolous behaviour of water is due to presence of three
types of molecules i.e. H2O, (H2O)2 and (H2O)3 having different volume/mass at different temperatures.
ADVCT - 11
This anomalous behaviour of water causes ice to form first at the surface of a lake in cold weather. As
winter approaches, the water temperature decreases initially at the surface. The water there sinks
because of its increase density. Consequently, the surface reaches 0 0C first and the lake becomes
covered with ice. Aquatic life is able to survive the cold winter as the lake bottom remains unfrozen at a
temperature of about 40C.
Example 22. The densities of wood and benzene at 0°C are 880 kg/m 3 and 900 kg/m 3 respectively. The
coefficients of volume expansion are 1.2 × 10–3/°C for wood and 1.5 × 10–3/°C for benzene. At
what temperature will a piece of wood just sink in benzene?
Solution : At just sink gravitation force = up thrust force
 mg = FB  V1g = V2g  1 = 2
880 900
 =   = 83º C
1  1.2  10  1  1.5  103 
3

10. APPARENT EXPANSION OF A LIQUID IN A CONTAINER
Initially container was full. When temperature change by T,
volume of liquid VL = V0 (1 + L  T)
volume of container VC = V0 (1 + C  T)
So overflow volume of liquid relative to container V = VL  VC
V = V0 (L  C) T
So, coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid w.r.t. container 
 apparent = L C.
In case of expansion of liquid + container system:
if L > C  level of liquid rise
if L < C  level of liquid fall
Increase in height of liquid level in tube when bulb
was initially not completely filled
volume of liquid V0 (1  L T)
h= = = h0 {1 + (L – 2S) T}
area of tube A 0 (1  2S T)
h = h0 {1 + (L – 2S) T}
where h0 = original height of liquid in container
  S = linear coefficient of expansion of container.
Example 23. A glass vessel of volume 100 cm 3 is filled with mercury and is heated from 25°C to 75°C. What
volume of mercury will overflow? Coefficient of linear expansion of glass = 1.8 × 10 –6/°C and
coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 1.8 × 10–4/°C.
Solution : V = V0(L – C) T = 100 × {1.8 × 10–4 – 3 × 1.8 × 10–6 } × 50
V = 0.87 cm3 Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
11. VARIATION OF FORCE OF BUOYANCY WITH TEMPERATURE
ADVCT - 12
If body is submerged completely inside the liquid
For solid, Buoyancy force
FB = V0 dL g
V0 = Volume of the solid inside liquid,
dL = density of liquid
Volume of body after increase its temperature V = V0 [1 + S ],
dL
Density of body after increase its temperature dL = .
1  L  
FB 1   S  
Buoyancy force of body after increase its temperature, FB = V dL g, =  ,
FB 1  L 
if S < L then FB < FB
(Buoyant force decreases) or apparent weight of body in liquid gets increased
[W  FB > W  FB] .
Example 24. A body is float inside liquid if we increases temperature then what changes occur in Buoyancy
force. (Assume body is always in floating condition)
Solution : Body is in equilibrium

So mg = B
and gravitational force does not change with change in temperature. So Buoyancy force
remains constant.
By increasing temperature density of liquid decreases so volume of body inside the liquid
increases to kept the Buoyance force constant for equal to gravitational force)
Example 25. In previous question discuss the case when body move downward, upwards and remains at
same position when we increases temperature.
Solution : Let f = fraction of volume of body submerged in liquid.
volume of body submerged in liquid
f=
total volume of body
v1
f1 = at 1ºC
v0
v2
f2 = at 2ºC
v 0 (1  3S )
for equilibrium mg = B = v1d1g = v2d2g.

v1d1 d1 v1(1  L )
so v2 =  d2 = = v1(1 + L ) f2 =
d2 1  L  v 0 (1  3 s )
where  = 2 – 1
Case I : Body move downward if f2 > f1

means L > 3S
ADVCT - 13
Case II : Body move upwards if f2 < f1
means L < 3S
Case III : Body remains at same position
if f2 = f1
means L = 3S
———————————————————————————————————
12. BIMETALLIC STRIP
It two strip of different metals are welded together to form a bimetallic strip, when heated uniformly it
bends in form of an arc, the metal with greater coefficient of linear expansion lies on convex side. The
radius of arc thus formed by bimetal is :
a2
 d 0
0 (1 +1) =  R   
 2  d t
 d d
0 (1 +2) =  R   
 2 a2 > a1
a1
Lower temperature (at 1ºC) On 0
25 C
d
R
1   2  2
  =
1  1 d
R
2
d Bimetallic strrip
  R
(2  1 )
R
= change in temperature
=2 – 1 Higher temperature (at 2ºC) (Off) 300C
A bimetallic strip, consisting of a strip of brass and a strip of steel welded together, at temperature T0 in
figure (a) and figure (b). The strip bends as shown at temperatures above the reference temperature.
Below the reference temperature the strip bends the other way. Many thermostats operate on this
principle, making and breaking an electrical circuit as the temperature rises and falls.
13. APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

(a) A small gap is left between two iron rails of the railway.
(b) Iron rings are slipped on the wooden wheels by heating the iron rings
(c) Stopper of a glass bottle jammed in its neck can be taken out by heating the neck.
(d) The pendulum of a clock is made of invar [an alloy of zinc and copper].
14. TEMPERATURE
Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Heat energy flows from
a body at higher temperature to that at lower temperature until their temperatures become equal. At this
stage, the bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
14.1 Measurement of Temperature
ADVCT - 14
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of temperature is called
thermometry. A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of a body. The substances
like liquids and gases which are used in the thermometer are called thermometric substances.
14.2 Different Scales of Temperature

A thermometer can be graduated into following scales.
(a) The Centigrade or Celsius scale (ºC)
(b) The Fahrenheit scale (ºF)
(c) The Reaumer scale (ºR)
(d) Kelvin scale of temperature (K)
14.3 Comparison between Different Temperature Scales

K C F
Water boils 373.15 100 212
body temp. 310.2 37.0 98.6
Room temp. 300 27 80.6
Triple point of water 273.16 0.01
Water freezes 273.15 0 32
Solid CO2 195 - 78 - 109
Hydrogen boils 20.7 -252.5 - 422.5

Absolute zero 0 -273.15 - 489.67
The formula for the conversion between different temperature scales is:
K  273 C F  32 R
= = =
100 100 180 80
General formula for the conversion of temperature from one scale to another:
Temp on one scale(S1 )-Lower fixed point (S1 )
Upper fixed point (S2 )  Lower fixed point (S1 )
Temp. on other scale(S2 )-Lower fixed point (S2 )

=
14.4 Thermometers
Thermometers are device that are used to measure temperatures. All thermometers are based on the
principle that some physical property of a system changes as the system temperature changes.
Required properties of good thermometric substance.
(1) Non-sticky (absence of adhesive force)
(2) Low melting point (in comparison with room temperature)
(3) High boiling temperature
(4) Coefficient of volumetric expansion should be high (to increase accuracy in measurement).
(5) Heat capacity should be low.
(6) Conductivity should be high
Mercury (Hg) suitably exhibits above properties.
14.5 Types of Thermometers
ADVCT - 15
Type of
Thermometric
thermometer Advantages Disadvantages Particular Uses
property
and its range
(i) Every laboratory use
(i) Quick and (i) Fragile where high accuracy is
Length of column easy to (direct (ii) Small size limits not required.
Mercury-in-glass
of mercury in reading) (iii) Limited range (ii) Can be calibrated
– 39ºC to 450ºC
capillary tube (ii) Easily against constant-volume
portable gas thermometer for
more accurate work
(i) Standard against which
others calibrated
(i) Very accurate (i) Very large volume of
(ii) He, H2 or N2 used
Constant-volume Pressure of a fixed (ii) Very sensitive bulb
depending on range
gas thermometer mass of gas at (iii) Wide range (ii) Slow to use and
(iii) can be corrected to the
–270º to 1500ºC constant volume (iv) Easily inconvenient
ideal gas scale
reproducible
(iv) Used as standard
below-183ºC
(i) Best thermometer for
small steady
Platinum Electrical Not suitable for varying
(i) Accurate temperature differences
resistance –180º resistance of a temperature (i.e., is slow
(ii) Wide range (ii) Used as standard
to 1150ºC platinum coil to respond to changes)
between 183ºC and
630ºC.
(i) Fast response
because of
Emf produced Accuracy is lost if emf is small steady
low heat
between junctions measured using a temperature differences
capacity.
of dissimilar metals moving-coil voltmeter (ii) Can be made direct
Thermocouple (ii) wide range
at different (as may be necessary reading by calibrating
–250ºC to 1150ºC (iii) can be
temperatures for for rapid changes when galvanometer
employed for
measurement of potentiometer is (iii) Used as standard
remote
emfs unsuitable) between 630ºC and
readings using
1063ºC
long leads.
(i) Only thermometer
Does not come (i) Cumbersome
Radiation Colour of radiation possible for very high
into contact when (ii) Not direct reading
pyrometer above emitted by a hot temperatures
temperature is (needs a trained
1000ºC body (ii) Used as standard above
measured observer)
1063ºC.
14.6 The constant-volume gas thermometer
The standard thermometer, against which all other thermometers are calibrated, is based on the
pressure of a gas in a fixed volume. Figure shows such a constant volume gas thermometer; it consists
of a gas-filled bulb connected by a tube to a mercury monometer.
 P
T = (273.16 K)  lim 
 gas0 P3 
P = Pressure at the temperature being measured, P3 = pressure when bulb in a triple point cell.
ADVCT - 16
Example 26. The readings of a thermometer at 0ºC and 100ºC are 50 cm and 75 cm of mercury column
respectively. Find the temperature at which its reading is 80 cm of mercury column?
80  50 T0
Solution : By using formula =   T = 120ºC
75  50 100  0
Problem 1. A bullet of mass 10 gm in moving with speed 400m/s. Find its kinetic energy in calories ?
1 10 800
Solution : k = × × 400 × 400 = 800  = 191.11 Cal.
2 1000 4.2
Problem 2. Calculate amount of heat required to convert 1 kg steam from 100ºC to 200ºC steam
1
Solution : Heat required = 1 × × 100 = 50 kcal
2
Problem 3. Calculate heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1ºC ?
Solution : heat required = 1 × 10–3 × 1 × 1 = 1 × 10–3 kcal = 1 cal
Problem 4. 420 J of energy supplied to 10 g of water will raise its temperature by

420  103
Solution : = 10 × 10–3 × 1 × t = 10º C
4.20
Problem 5. The ratio of the densities of the two bodies is 3 : 4 and the ratio of specific heats is 4 : 3. Find
the ratio of their thermal capacities for unit volume ?
1 3 s 4
Solution : = , 1=
2 4 s2 3
ms 1 s 
ratio =  = 1 × 1 = 1 : 1.
m/ 2 s2 2
Problem 6. Heat releases by 1 kg steam at 150ºC if it convert into 1 kg water at 50ºC.

1
Solution : H=1× × 50 + 1 × 540 + 1 × 1 × 50 = 540 + 75 = 615 Kcal
2
Heat release = 615 Kcal.
Problem 7. 200 gm water is filled in a calorimetry of negligible heat capacity. It is heated till its temperature
is increase by 20ºC. Find the heat supplied to the water.
Solution : H = 200 × 10–3 × 1 × 20 = 4 Kcal.
Heat supplied = 4000 cal
Problem 8. A bullet of mass 5 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s. strike a target and energy. Then calculate
rise of temperature of bullet. Assuming all the lose in kinetic energy is converted into heat
energy of bullet if its specific heat is. 500J/kgºC.
1
Solution : Kinetic energy = × 5 × 10–3 × 400 × 400
2
ms T = 5 × 10–3 × 500 × T
T = 160º C
Rise in temperature is 160 ºC
Problem 9. 1 kg ice at –10ºC is mixed with 1 kg water at 100ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and
mixture content.
ADVCT - 17
Solution : Heat taken by 1 kg Ice = Heat given by 1 kg water
1
1× × 10 + 1 × 80 + 1 × T = 1 × (100 – T)
2
85 = 100 – 2T  2T = 15
15
= = 7.5 ºC, water
2
Problem 10. 1kg ice at –10º is mixed with 1kg water at 50ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and mixture
content.
Solution : Heat taken by ice = 5 Kcal + 80 Kcal = 85 Kcal ; Heat given by water = 1 × 1 × 50 = 50 Kcal
Heat taken > Heat given so, ice will not complete melt let m g ice melt then
1
1 × × 10 + 80 m = 50
2
45
80 m = 45  m =
80
  45  
 water  1  80  kg
   
Content of mixture   and temperature is 0ºC
 ice  45  
  1  80  kg
  
Problem 11. A small ring having small gap is shown in figure on heating what will happen to size of gap.
Solution : Gap will also increase. The reason is same as in above example.
Problem 12. An isosceles triangle is formed with a thin rod of length 1 and coefficient of linear expansion 1,
as the base and two thin rods each of length 2 and coefficient of linear expansion 2 as the two
sides. If the distance between the apex and the midpoint of the base remain unchanged as the
1 2
temperature is varied show that =2 .
2 1
2
 
  1   
2
Solution : 2
2
2
 
  1   
2 2
2
2
2 1 1d 1 d 2
0= 2 2  = 22 × 2 2T
2 2 dT dT
2
2 2
 1
=4  1
=2 .
2
2 1 2 1
Problem 13. A concrete slab has a length of 10 m on a winter night when the temperature is 0°C. Find the
length of the slab on a summer day when the temperature is 35°C. The coefficient of linear
expansion of concrete is 1.0 × 10–5 /°C.
Solution : t = 10(1 + 1 × 10–5 × 35) = 10.0035 m
Problem 14. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a fixed horizontal base. The rod is
unstrained at 20°C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the temperature rises to
ADVCT - 18
 
Solution :  0
= 3.6 × 10–4
0
Problem 15. If rod is initially compressed by  length then what is the strain on the rod when the
temperature
(a) is increased by  (b) is decreased by .
 
Solution: (a) Strain = +  (b) Strain =  
Problem 16. A pendulum clock having copper rod keeps correct time at 20°C. It gains 15 seconds per day if
cooled to 0°C. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of copper.
15 1 1
Solution : =  × 20  = = 1.7 × 10–5/°C
24  60  60 2 16  3600
Problem 17. A meter scale made of steel is calibrated at 20°C to give correct reading. Find the distance
between 50 cm mark and 51 cm mark if the scale is used at 10°C. Coefficient of linear
expansion of steel is 1.1 × 10–5/°C.
Solution : t = 1 (1 – 1.1 × 10–5 × 10) = 0.99989 cm
Problem 18. A uniform solid brass sphere is rotating with angular speed 0 about a diameter. If its temperature
is now increased by 100ºC. What will be its new angular speed. (Given B = 2.0 × 10–5 per-ºC)
0 0 0 0
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
1  0.002 1  0.002 1  0.004 1  0.004
Solution : 0 0 = t t
0
Mr02 0 = Mr02 (1 + 2T)t ; t = .
1  0.004
Problem 19. The volume occupied by a thin - wall brass vessel and the volume of a solid brass sphere are
the same and equal to 1,000 cm 3 at 0ºC. How much will the volume of the vessel and that of
the sphere change upon heating to 20ºC? The coefficient of linear expansion of brass is
 = 1.9 × 10–5.
Solution : V = V0 3 T = 1.14 cm3
1.14 cm3 for both
Problem 20. A thin copper wire of length L increases in length by 1%, when heated from temperature
T1 to T2. What is the percentage change in area when a thin copper plate having dimensions
2L × L is heated from T1 to T2 ?
(A) 1% (B) 3% (C) 4% (D*) 2%
Lf
Solution : Lf = L (1 + t )  × 100 = (1 + t) × 100 = 1%
L
Af
Af = 2L × L (1 + 2 t)  × 100 = (1 + 2 t) × 100 = 2%
2L  L
Problem 21. The density of water at 0°C is 0.998 g/cm 3 and at 4°C is 1.000 g/cm 3. Calculate the average
coefficient of volume expansion of water in the temperature range 0 to 4°C.
d0 0.998
Solution : dt = 1 = – 5 × 10–4 / 0C
1  t 1   4
Problem 22. A glass vessel measures exactly 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm at 0°C. it is filled completely with
mercury at this temperature. When the temperature is raised to 10°C, 1.6 cm 3 of mercury
overflows. Calculate the coefficient of volume expansion of mercury. Coefficient of linear
expansion of glass = 6.5 × 10–6/°C
ADVCT - 19
Solution : V = VHg – VV
1.6 = 103  × 10 – 103 × 3 × 6.5 × 10–6 × 10
L = (1.6 + 0.195) × 10–4 = 1.795 × 10–4 /0C
Problem 23. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W 1 at 00C and W 2 at 500C. The coefficient of cubical
expansion of the metal is less than alcohol. Assuming that density of the metal is large
compared to that of the alcohol, find which of W 1 and W 2 is greater?
F´ [1   S ]
Solution : M <  so, B =  F´B  FB
FB [1   ]
so Apparent weight increases
so, W 2 > W 1
Problem 24. In figure which strip brass or steel have higher coefficient of linear expansion.
Solution : Brass Strip
Problem 25. The upper and lower fixed points of a faulty thermometer are 5ºC and 105ºC. f the
thermometer reads 25ºC, what is the actual temperature ?
25  5 C – 0
Solution : 
100 100
C = 20º C
Problem 26. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal to twice of Celsius ?
F  32 C0
Solution : =
180 100
2x  32 x0
=
180 100
10x – 160 = 9x
x = 160º C
Problem 27. Temperature of a patient is 40º C. Find the temperature on Fahrenheit scale ?
F  32 40  0
Solution : =  F = 104º F
180 100
ADVCT - 20
 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Calorimetry
A-1. In the following equation calculate the value of H.
1 kg steam at 200ºC = H + 1 kg water at 100ºC (Ssteam = Constant = 0.5 Cal/gm°C)
A-2. From what height should a piece of ice (0°C) fall so that it melts completely? Only one-quarter of the
energy produced is absorbed by the ice as heat. (Latent heat of ice = 3.4 × 10 5 J kg–1, g = 10 m/s2)
A-3. A copper cube of mass 200g slides down on a rough inclined plane of inclination 37º at a constant speed.
Assume that any loss in mechanical energy goes into the copper block as thermal energy. Find the increase
in the temperature of the block as it slides down 60 cm. Specific heat capacity of copper = 420 J/kg-K.
A-4. A paddle wheel is connected with a block of mass 10 kg as shown in figure.

The wheel is completely immersed in liquid of heat capacity 4000 J/K. The
container is adiabatic. For the time interval in which block goes down 1 m
slowly calculate
(a) Work done on the liquid
(b) Heat supplied to the liquid
(c) Rise in the temperature of the liquid
Neglect the heat capacity of the container and the paddle. (g =10 m/s 2)
A-5 300 g of water at 25ºC is added to 100 g of ice at 0ºC. Find the final temperature of the mixture. [1989; 2M]
Section (B) : Thermal Expansion

B-1. The temperature of a metal ball is raised. Arrange the percentage change in volume, surface area and
radius in ascending order.
B-2. A brass disc fits in a hole in a steel plate. Would you heat or cool the system to loosen the disc from the
hole? Assume that s b.
B-3. Temperature of plate is increased by  then find new
R1
R2
(a) inner radius

(b) outer radius
(c) the difference in outer and inner radius and show that it is positive
(d) area of plate material (assume coefficient of expansion is  )
B-4. We have a hollow sphere and a solid sphere of equal radii and of the same material. They are heated
to raise their temperature by equal amounts. How will the change in their volumes, due to volume
expansions, be related? Consider two cases (i) hollow sphere is filled with air, (ii) there is vacuum
inside the hollow sphere.
ADVCT - 21
B-5 What should be the sum of lengths of an aluminium and steel rod at 0oC is, so that at all temperatures
their difference in length is 0.25m. (Take coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium and steel at 0°C
as 22 × 10–6 /oC and 11 × 10–6 /oC respectively.)
B-6 A steel tape is correctly calibrated at 20 oC and is used to measure the length of a table at 30°C. Find
the percentage error in the measurement of length. [steel = 11 × 10–6/ oC]
Section (C) : Temperature

C-1. The figure shows three temperature scales with the freezing and boiling points of water indicated.
(a) Rank the size of a degree on these scales, greatest first.

(b) Rank the following temperatures, highest first : 50ºX, 50ºW and 50ºY.
C-2 . What is the temperature at which we get the same reading on both the centigrade and Fahrenheit scales?
PART - II : SINGLE CHOICE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

A-1. A small quantity, mass m, of water at a temperature (inºC) is poured on to a large mass M of ice
which is at its melting point. f c is the specific heat capacity of water and L the latent heat of fusion of
ice, then the mass of ice melted is given by :
ML mc Mc mc
(A) (B) (C) (D)
mc ML L L
A-2. A thermally isolated vessel contains 100 g of water at 0ºC. When air above the water is pumped out,
some of the water freezes and some evaporates at 0ºC itself. Then the mass of the ice formed if no
water is left in the vessel. Latent heat of vaporization of water at 0ºC = 2.10 × 10 6 J/kg and latent heat
of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg.
(A) 86.2 g (B) 13.8 g (C) 76.2 g (D) 65.6 g
A-3. 20 gm ice at –10 ºC is mixed with m gm steam at 100 ºC. Minimum value of m so that finally all ice and
steam converts into water. (Use sice = 0.5 cal/gmºC, swater =1 cal/gmºC, L(melting)=80 cal/gm and L
(vaporization) = 540 cal/gm)
85 85 32 64
(A) gm (B) gm (C) gm (D) gm
32 64 85 85
A-4. 2 kg ice at – 20 ºC is mixed with 5 kg water at 20 ºC. Then final amount of water in the mixture will be :
[Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/gm ºC, Specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm ºC, Latent heat of fusion of
ice = 80 cal/gm ] [JEE-2003 (Scr.), 3/84,–1]
(A) 6 kg (B) 7 kg (C) 3.5 kg (D) 5 kg
ADVCT - 22
B-1. Two large holes are cut in a metal sheet. If this is heated, distances AB and BC, (as shown)
(A) both will increase (B) both will decrease

(C) AB increases, BC decreases (D) AB decreases, BC increases
B-2. A steel scale is to be prepared such that the millimeter intervals are to be accurate within 6 × 10–5 mm.
The maximum temperature variation from the temperature of calibration during the reading of the
millimeter marks is ( = 12 × 10–6 /ºC)
(A) 4.0°C (B) 4.5°C (C) 5.0°C (D) 5.5°C
B-3. Expansion during heating

(A) occurs only in a solid
(B) increases the density of the material
(C) decreases the density of the material
(D) occurs at the same rate for all liquids and solids.
B-4. f a bimetallic strip is heated, it will

(A) bend towards the metal with lower thermal expansion coefficient.
(B) bend towards the metal with higher thermal expansion coefficient.
(C) twist itself into helix.
(D) have no bending
B-5. Two rods, one of aluminium and the other made of steel, having initial length 1and 2 are connected
together to form a single rod of length 1 + 2. The coefficients of linear expansion for aluminium and
steel are a and s respectively. If the length of each rod increases by the same amount when their
1
temperature are raised by tºC, then find the ratio . [JEE-2003 (Scr.), 3/84,–1]
( 1  2 )
s a s a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a s (a   s ) (a   s )
B-6. A liquid with coefficient of volume expansion  is filled in a container of a material having the coefficient
of linear expansion  .f the liquid overflows on heating, then –
(A)  > 3 (B)  < 3 (C)  = 3 (D) none of these

C-1. A difference of temperature of 25º C is equivalent to a difference of :
(A) 45º F (B) 72º F (C) 32º F (D) 25º F
ADVCT - 23
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
1. A cylindrical isotropic solid of coefficient of linear expansion  and density  floats in a liquid of coefficient of
volume expansion  and density d as shown in the diagram
Column I Column II
(A) volume of cylinder inside the liquid remains constant (p)  = 0
(B) volume of cylinder outside the liquid remains constant (q)  = 2
d
(C) Height of cylinder outside the liquid remains constant (r)  = 3

d
(D) Height of cylinder inside the liquid remain constant (s)  = (2 +  )

2. In the following question column-I represents some physical quantities & column-II represents their
units, match them
Column  Column 
(A) Coefficient of linear expansion (p) Cal/°C
(B) Water equivalent (q) gm
(C) heat capacity (r) (°C)–1
(D) Specific heat (s) Cal/g°C

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. A metal ball of specific gravity 4.5 and specific heat 0.1 cal/gm-°C is placed on a large slab of ice at
0°C. When ball’s temperature become 0°C then half of the ball sinks in the ice. The initial temperature
of the ball is : (Latent heat capacity of ice = 80 cal/g, specific gravity of ice = 0.9)
(A) 100 °C (B) 90 °C (C) 80 °C (D) 70 °C
2. In a steel factory it is found that to maintain M kg of iron in the molten state at its melting point an input
power P watt is required. When the power source is turned off, the sample completely solidifies in time
t second. The latent heat of fusion of iron is
(A) 2 Pt / M (B) Pt / 2M (C) Pt / M (D) PM / t
3. Steam at 100ºC is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 kg at
15ºC till the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80ºC. The mass of the steam
condensed in kilogram is : [JEE 1986, 2]
(A) 0.130 (B) 0.065 (C) 0.260 (D) 0.135
ADVCT - 24
4. If  is the moment of inertia of a solid body having -coefficient of linear expansion then the change in 
corresponding to a small change in temperature T is
1
(A) T (B) T (C) 2 T (D) 3 T
2
5. Two rods having length 1 and 2, made of materials with the linear coefficient of expansion 1 and 2,
were welded together. The equivalent coefficients of linear expansion for the obtained rod :
2 
1 2 1 1 1  2  2 1 1  2 2 21  1 2
(A ) (B) (C) (D)
1  2 1   2 1  2 1   2
6. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of an ideal gas at constant pressure is
1 1
(A) T (B) T2 (C) (D)
T T2
(Here T = absolute temperature of gas)
7. A metal ball immersed in water weighs w1 at 5ºC and w2 at 50ºC. The coefficient of cubical expansion of
metal is less than that of water. Then
(A) w1 > w2 (B) w1 < w2 (C) w1 = w2 (D) data is insufficient
8. A piece of metal floats on mercury. The coefficient of volume expansion of the metal and mercury are
1 & 2 respectively. If the temperatures of both mercury and the metal are increased by an amount T,
the fraction of the volume of the metal submerged in mercury changes by the factor of (Ratio of final
fraction to the initial fraction) [JEE 1991, 2]
1   2 T 1  1T
(A) (B) (C) 1 + ( + 2)T (D) None of these
1  1T 1   2 T
9. Two vertical glass tubes filled with a liquid are connected at their lower ends by a horizontal capillary
tube. One tube is surrounded by a bath containing ice and water at 0°C and the other by hot water at
t°C. The difference in the height of the liquid in the two columns is h, and the height of the column at
0°C is h0. Coefficient of volume expansion of the liquid is.
h 2 h 2h0 h0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
h0 t h0 t ht ht
ADVCT - 25
10._ A small pond of depth 0.5 m deep is exposed to a cold winter with outside temperature of 263 K.
Thermal conductivity of ice is K = 2.2 W m –1 K–1, latent heat L = 3.4 × 105 Jkg–1 and density
 = 0.9 × 103 kgm–3. Take the temperature of the pond to be 273 K. The time taken for the whole pond
to freeze is about. [Olympiad (Stage-1) 2017]
(A) 20 days (B) 25 days (C) 30 days (D) 35 days
11._ Two rods identical in geometry but of different materials having co-efficient of thermal expansion 1 and
2 and Young’s modulii Y1 and Y2 respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls. The rods are
heated such that they undergo the same increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods. If
1 : 2 = 2 : 6 the thermal stresses developed in the two rods are equal provided Y 1 : Y2 is equal to :
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 4 : 9
12._ Two identical thin metal strips, one of aluminum and the other of iron are riveted together to form a
bimetallic strip. The temperature is raised by 50º C. If the central planes of the two strips are separated
by 2mm and the coefficients of thermal expansion of aluminum and iron are respectively 30 × 10 –6/0 C
and 10 × 10–6 /0 C the average radius of curvature of the bimetallic strip is about. [Olympiad 2014 (stage-1)]
(A) 50 cm (B) 100 cm (C) 150 cm (D) 200 cm
13._ Two thin rods of length l1 and l2 at a certain temperature are joined to each other end to end. The
composite rod is then heated through a temperature .The coefficients of linear expansion of the two
rods are 1 and  2 respectively. Then, the effective coefficient of linear expansion of the composite rod
is: [Olympiad 2015 (stage-1)]
1   2 l1 2  l21 l11  l2 2

(A) (B) 1. 2 (C) (D)
2 l1  l2 l1  l2
PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

1. A pitcher contains 20 kg of water. 0.5 gm of water comes out on the surface of the
pitcher every second through the pores and gets evaporated taking energy from
the remaining water. Calculate the approximate time (in min) in which temperature
of the water decreases by 5ºC. Neglect backward heat transfer from the
atmosphere to the water. (Write the answer to the nearest integer)
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/KgºC
Latent heat of vaporization of water 2.27 × 106 J/Kg
2. How long does a 59 kw water heater take to raise the temperature of 150 L of water from 21°C to 38ºC
(in min)
3. The specifc heat of a substance varies with temperature according to c = 0.2 + 0.16 T + 0.024 T 2 with T
in °c and c is cal/gk. Find the energy (in cal) requied to raise the temp of 2g substance from 0° to 5°C.
4. 50g of Ice at 0°C is mixed with 200g of water at 0°C. 6 kcal heat is given to system [Ice + water]. Find
the temperature (in °C) of the system.
5. Earth receives 1400 W/m 2 of solar power. If all the solar energy falling on a lens of area 0.2 m 2 is
focused on to a block of ice of mass 280 grams, the time taken to melt the ice will be X × 10 sec. Find
the value of x. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 x 105 J/kg) [JEE 1997, 2]
6. A 50 gm lead bullet, specific heat 0.02 cal/gm is initially at 30ºC. It is fired vertically upwards with a
speed of 840 m/sec & on returning to the starting level strikes a cake of ice at 0º C. How much ice is
melted. Assume that all energy is spent in melting only. [Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm]. Write the
answer (in gms) to nearest integer. [REE 1988, 5]
ADVCT - 26
7. The temperature of 100 gm of water is to be raised from 24º C to 90º C by adding steam to it. Calculate
the mass of the steam (in gms) required for this purpose. [JEE 1996, 2]
8. An electrical heating coil was placed in a calorimeter containing 360 gm of water at 10º C. The coil
consumes energy at the rate of 90 watt. The water equivalent of the calorimeter and the coil is 40 gm.
Calculate what will be the temperature (in °C) of water after 10 minutes. Write the answer to nearest
integer. J = 4.2 Joules/cal. [REE 1985, 7]
9.
As a result of temp rise of 32° C, a bar with a crack at its centre buckles upward. If the fixed distance 0
is 4 m, and coefficient of linear expansion of bar in 25 × 10–6 °c–1.
Find the rise x (in cm) of the centre.
10. Level of a certain liquid at 0°C and 100° C are 0 and 10 mm on a given fixed
scale (as shown in fig.) coefficient of volume expansion this liquid varies with
 T 
temperature as  = 0  1   (where T in °C)
 100 
Find the level (in mm) of liquid at 48°C.
11. A simple seconds pendulum is constructed out of a very thin string of thermal coefficient of linear
expansion = 20 x 10–4 / oC and a heavy particle attached to one end. The free end of the string is
suspended from the ceiling of an elevator at rest. The pendulum keeps correct time at 0 oC. When the
temperature rises to 50oC, the elevator operator of mass 60kg being a student of Physics accelerates
the elevator vertically, to have the pendulum correct time. Find the apparent weight (kgwt) of the
operator when the pendulum keeps correct time at 50 oC. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
12. A steel rod 25 cm long has a cross-sectional area of 0.8 cm 2. The force required to stretch this rod by
the same amount as the expansion produced by heating it through 10°C is 10 X. Find the value of X ?
(Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 10–5/°C and Young's modulus of steel is – 2 × 1010 N/m2.)
[JEE 1989, 3]
13. A one liter flask contains some mercury. It is found that at different temperatures the volume of air
inside the flask remains the same. The volume (in litre) of mercury in the flask is X/100. Find the value
of X Coefficient of linear expansion of glass = 9 × 10–6 /º C. Coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury = 1.8 × 10–4 /ºC. [JEE 1991, 3]
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. When two non reactive samples at different temperatures are mixed in an isolated container of
negligible heat capacity the final temperature of the mixture can be :
(A) lesser than lower or greater than higher temperature
(B) equal to lower or higher temperature
(C) greater than lower but lesser than higher temperature
(D) average of lower and higher temperatures
ADVCT - 27
2. When m gm of water at 10°C is mixed with m gm of ice at 0°C, which of the following statements are
false?
(A) The temperature of the system will be given by the equation m × 80 + m × 1 × (T – 0) = m × 1 × (10 – T)
(B) Whole of ice will melt and temperature will be more than 0°C but lesser than 10°C
(C) Whole of ice will melt and temperature will be 0°C
(D) Whole of ice will not melt and temperature will be 0°C
3. Two identical beakers with negligible thermal expansion are filled with water to the same level at 4°C.
If one says A is heated while the other says B is cooled, then :
(A) water level in A must rise (B) water level in B must rise
(C) water level in A must fall (D) water level in B must fall
4. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips, one of copper and the other of brass. The
coefficients of linear expansion of the two metals are C and B. On heating, the temperature of the
strips goes up by T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is:
(A) Proportional to T (B) inversely proportional to T
(C) proportional to |B – C| (D) inversely proportional to |B – C|
5. There is a rectangular metal plate in which two cavities in the shape of rectangle and circle are made,
as shown with dimensions. P and Q are the centres of these cavities. On heating the plate, which of the
following quantities increase ?
b
P
a
R
Q
r
(A)  r2 (B) ab (C) R (D) b
6._ A metallic wire of length  is held between two supports under some tension. The wire is cooled through
°. Let Y be the Young's modulus,  the density and  the thermal coefficient of linear expansion of the
material of the wire. Therefore, the frequency of oscillations of the wire varies as
[OLYMPIAD-2016_STAGE-1]
1 
(A) Y (B)  (C) (D)

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension-1
A 0.60 kg sample of water and a sample of ice are placed in two compartments A and B that are
separated by a conducting wall, in a thermally insulated container. The rate of heat transfer from the
water to the ice though the conducting wall is constant P, until thermal equilibrium is reached. The
temperature T of the liquid water and the ice are given in graph as functions of time t. Temperature of
the compartments remain homogeneous during whole heat transfer process.
Given specific heat of ice = 2100 J/kg-K
Given specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg-K
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105 J/kg
ADVCT - 28
40
water
20
T(°C) 0 t (min)
Ice
-20
20 40 60 80
1. The value of rate P is

(A) 42.0 W (B) 36.0 W (C) 21.0 W (D) 18.0 W
2. The initial mass of the ice in the container is equal to
(A) 0.36 kg (B) 1.2 kg (C) 2.4 kg (D) 3.6 kg
3. The mass of the ice formed due to conversion from the water till thermal equilibrium is reached, is equal to
(A) 0.12 kg (B) 0.15 kg (C) 0.25 kg (D) 0.40 kg
Comprehension-2
In a container of negligible heat capacity, 200 gm ice at 0°C and 100 gm steam at 100°C are added to
200 gm of water that has temperature 55°C. Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings and the
pressure in the container is constant 1.0 atm. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm, Latent heat of
vaporization of water = 540 cal/gm, Specific heat capacity of ice = 0.5 cal/gm-K, Specific heat capacity
of water = 1 cal/gm-K)
4. What is the final temperature of the system ?

(A) 48°C (B) 72°C (C) 94°C (D) 100°C
5. At the final temperature, mass of the total water present in the system, is
(A) 472.6 gm (B) 483.3 gm (C) 493.6 gm (D) 500 gm
6. Amount of the steam left in the system, is equal to

(A) 16.7 gm (B) 12.0 gm (C) 8.4 gm
(D) 0 gm, as there is no steam left.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is floating in a bath containing a liquid of coefficient of
volume expansion L. When the temperature is raised by T, the depth upto which the cube is
submerged in the liquid remains the same. Find the relation between s and L showing all the steps.
[JEE-2004 (Mains), 2/60]
2. 2 liters water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW heater in an open container. On an average heat is lost to
surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The time required for the temperature to reach 77°C is
[JEE-2005 (Scr.), 3/84, –1]
(A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min (C) 7 min (D) 14 min
ADVCT - 29
3. In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373 K and 0.45 kg of ice at 253 K are mixed. Find the final
temperature of the mixture (in Kelvin). [JEE-2006, 6/184, –1]
Given, Lfusion = 80 cal/gm = 336 J/gm, Lvaporization = 540 cal/gm = 2268 J/gm,
Sice = 2100 J/kg K = 0.5 cal/gm K and Swater = 4200 J/kg K = 1 cal/gmK
4. A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg –1 ºC–1 and latent heat = 3.36 × 10 5 J kg–1) of mass m grams is
at –5 ºC at atmospheric pressure. It is given 420 J of heat so that the ice starts melting. Finally when
the ice-water mixture is in equilibrium, it is found that 1 gm of ice has melted. Assuming there is no
other heat exchange in the process, the value of m is : [JEE-2010, 3/163]
5. Steel wire of length ‘L’ at 40°C is suspended from the ceiling and then a mass ‘m’ is hung from its free
end. The wire is cooled down from 40°C to 30°C to regain its original length ‘L’. The coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of the steel is 10–5 /°C, Young’s modulus of steel is 1011 N/m2 and radius of the wire
is 1 mm. Assume that L >> diameter of the wire. Then the value of ‘m’ in kg is nearly.
[JEE-2011, 4/160]
6. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water Cooler Device
at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed circulation system Hot
(as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the
cooler is used to cool an external device that generates
constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of
water fed into the device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire
stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The Cold
entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of
P (in watts) for which the device can be operated for 3 hours is : (Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1
and the density of water is 1000 kg m –3) [JEE (Advanced) 2016; P-1, 3/62, –1]
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933
7. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered (joined) together. Initially each of the
wires has a length of 1m at 10 °C. Now the end P is maintained at 10 °C, while the end S is heated and
maintained at 400°C. The system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. If the thermal
conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ
is 1.2 × 10–5 K–1, the change in length of the wire PQ is. [JEE (Advanced) 2016; P-2, 3/62, –1]
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Time taken by a 836 W heater to heat one liter of water from 10ºC to 40ºC is :
[AIEEE 2004; 4/120, –1]
(1) 50 s (2) 100 s (3) 150 s (4) 200 s
2. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature (T) is given as : [AIEEE 2011,11 May; 4/120, –1]
3
 T 
Cp (kjK–1 kg–1) = 32  
 400 
A 100 gram vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20K to 4K by a special refrigerator operating at
room temperature (27ºC). The amount of work required to cool the vessel is :
(1) greater than 0.148 kJ (2) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ
(3) less than 0.028 kJ (4) equal to 0.002 kJ
3. A metal rod of Young’s modulus Y and coefficient of thermal expansion  is held at its two ends such
that its length remains invariant. If its temperature is raised by tºC, the linear stress developed in its is :
[AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
Y 1 t
(1) (2) Yt (3) (4)
t (Yt) Y
4. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated from 0ºC to 100ºC. Its volume changes by (given that
coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium AI = 23 × 10–6/ºC) [AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2.89 cc (2) 9.28 cc (3) 49.8 cc (4) 28.9 cc
ADVCT - 30
5. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semicircular parts (see figure). The two
parts are held together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross sectional area S and
length L. L is slightly less than 2R. To fit the ring on the wheel, it is heated so that
its temperature rises by T and it just steps over the wheel. As it cools down to
surrounding temperature, it presses the semicircular parts together. If the coefficient
of linear expansion of the metal is , and its Young's modulus is Y, the force that
one part of the wheel applies on the other part is : [AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2SYT (2) SYT (3) SYT (4) 2SYT
6. A pendulum clock lose 12 s a day if the temperature is 40°C and gains 4 s a day if the temperature is
20°C. The temperature at which the clock will show correct time, and the co-efficient of linear expansion
() of the metal of the pendulum shaft are respectively : [JEE (Main) 2016, 4/120, –1]
(1) 60°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–4/°C (2) 30°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–3/°C
(3) 55°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–2/°C (4) 25°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–5/°C
7. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass

100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the system
is found to be 75º C. T is given by : (Given : room temperature = 30ºC, specific heat of
copper = 0.1 cal/gmºC) [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
(1) 825º C (2) 800ºC (3) 885ºC (4) 1250ºC
8. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at 0°C so that it is equally compressed from all sides. K is
the bulk modulus of the material of the cube and  is its coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we
want to bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature should be raised by :
[JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
P P 3
(1) 3PK (2) (3) (4)
3 K K PK
ADVCT - 31
EXERCISE-1 EXERCISE-2
PART-I PART-I
Section (A) 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)
4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (C)
A-1. H = 590 kcal A-2. 136 km 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)
3 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (D)
A-3. = 8.6 × 10–3 ºC
350 13. (D)
A-4. (a) 100 J (b) 0 (c) 1/40 ºC
A-5 0ºC PART-II
1. 6 2. 3 3. 8
Section (B) 4. 8 5. 33 6. 53
B-1. %R < %A < %V 7. 12 8. 42 9. 8
10. 4 11. 66 12. 16
B-2. We will cool the system. 13. 15
B-3. (a) R1' = R1 (1 + ) (b) R'2 = R2 (1 + ) PART-III
(c) R – R = (R2 – R1) (1 + )
'
2
'
1 1. (BCD) 2. (ABC) 3. (AB)
2
(d) A =( R – R1 )(1 + 2) = A(1 + 2)
2
2 4. (BD) 5. (ABCD) 6. (ABCD)
B-4. (i) hollow sphere > solid sphere PART-IV
(ii) hollow sphere = solid sphere 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)
B-5. 0.75m B-6. 1.1 × 10–2 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (A)
Section (C)
EXERCISE-3
C-1. (a) All tie (b) 50ºX, 50ºY, 50ºW.
PART-I
C-2 . – 40ºC or – 40ºF
1. L = 2s .2. (A) 3. 273 K
PART-II
Section (A) 4. 8 gm 5. 3 6. (B)
A-1. (D) A-2. (A) A-3. (A) 7. (A)

A-4. (A) PART-II
Section (B) 1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2)
B-1. (A) B-2. (C) B-3. (C) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (4)
B-4. (A) B-5. (C) B-6. (A) 7. (3) 8. (2)
Section (C)
C-1. (A)
PART-III
1. (A) – (p) ; (B) – (r) ; (C) – (s) ; (D) – (q)
2. (A) – (r) ; (B) – (q) ; (C) – (p) ; (D) – (s)
ADVCT - 32
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A thermally insulated, closed copper vessel contains water at 15ºC. When the vessel is shaken
vigorously for 15 minutes, the temperature rises to 17ºC. The mass of the vessel is 100g and that of the
water is 200g. The specific heat capacities of copper and water are 420 J/kg-K and 4200 J/kg-K
respectively. Neglect any thermal expansion. (a) How much heat is transferred to the liquid-vessel
system? (b) How much work has been done on this system? (c) How much is the increase in internal
energy of the system?
2. The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of oscillations
performed by pendulum. Every time it reaches to its extreme position the second hand of the clock
advances by one second that means second hand moves by two second when one oscillation is
completed.
(a) How many number of oscillations completed by pendulum of clock in 15 minutes at calibrated
temperature 20ºC
(b) How many number of oscillations are completed by a pendulum of clock in 15 minutes at
temperature of 40ºC if  = 2 × 10– 5 /ºC
(c) What time is represented by the pendulum clock at 40ºC after 15 minutes if the initial time shown by
the clock is 12 : 00 pm ?
(d) If the clock gains two seconds in 15 minutes in correct clock then find –
(i) Number of extra oscillations (ii) New time period (iii) change in temperature.
3. Consider a cylindrical container of cross section area ‘A’, length ‘h’ having coefficient of linear
expansion C. The container is filled by liquid of volume expansion coefficient L up to height h1. When
temperature of the system is increased by  then
h
h1
(a) Find out new height, area and volume of cylindrical container and new volume of liquid.
(b) Find the height of liquid level when expansion of container is neglected.
(c) Find the relation between L and c for which volume of container above the liquid level.
(i) increases (ii) decreases (iii) remains constant.
(d) If  > 3c and h = h1 then calculate, the volume of liquid overflow.
(e) If the surface of a cylindrical container is marked with numbers for the measurement of liquid level
of liquid filled inside it. Assuming correct marking at initial temperature if we increase the
temperature of the system by  then
(i) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of liquid
(ii) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of
container.
(iii) Find relation between L and C so that height of liquid level with respect to ground
(1) increases (2) decreases (3) remains constant.
4. One gram of water (volume = 1 cm 3) becomes 1671 cm 3 of steam when boiled at a pressure of one
atmosphere. Latent heat of vaporization at this pressure is 539 cal/gm. Compute the work done.
[1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Nm-2] [REE 1986, 3]
5. A metal piece weighing 15g is heated to 100ºC and then immersed in a mixture of ice and water at the
thermal equilibrium. The volume of the mixture is found to be reduced by 0.15 cm 3 with the temperature
of mixture remaining constant. Find the specific heat of the metal. Given specific gravity of ice = 0.92,
latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm.
6. The brass scale of a barometer gives correct reading at 0º C. Coefficient of thermal expansion of brass
is 0.00002/º C. The barometer reads 75 cm at 27º C. What is the correct atmospheric pressure at 27ºC?
[JEE 1989, 2]
ADVCT - 33
7. A clock with an iron pendulum keeps correct time at 20º C. How much will it lose or gain in a day if the
temperature changes to 40º C? (Coefficient of cubical expansion of iron = 0.000036/º C) [JEE1990, 3]
8. Two rods of different metals having same area of cross section A are placed end to end between two
massive platforms, as shown in the figure. The first rod has a length L 1, coefficient of linear expansion
1 and Young's modulus Y1. The corresponding quantities for the second rod are L2, 2, and Y2. The
temperature of both the rods is now increased by Tº C. Find the force with which the rods act on each
other ( at the higher temperature) in terms of given quantities. Also find the lengths of the rods at the
higher temperature. Assume that there is no change in the cross sectional area of the rods and that the
rods do not bend. There is no deformation of the walls. [JEE 1990, 5]
9. A composite rod is made by joining a copper rod end to end with a second rod of different material but
of the same cross section. At 25º C the composite rod is 1 m in length of which the length of the copper
rod is 30 cm. At 125º C the length of the composite rod increases by 1.91 mm. When the composite rod
is not allowed to expand by holding it between two rigid walls it is found that the length of the two
constituents do not change with the rise of temperature. Find the Young's modulus and the linear
expansion of the second rod given that Young's modulus of for copper = 1.3 × 1011 N/m2 and the
coefficient of linear expansion of copper = 1.7 × 10–5 /º C. [JEE 1990, 4]
10. A piece of metal weighs 46 g in air. When it is immersed in a liquid of specific gravity 1.24 at 27º C it
weighs 30 g. When the temperature of liquid is raised to 42º C the metal piece weighs 30.5 g. Specific
gravity of liquid at 42º C is 1.20. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal. [JEE 1991, 3]
11. Two Aluminium rods and a steel rod of equal cross-sectional area and equal
length 0 are joined rigidly side by side as shown in figure. Initially the rods are
at 0ºC. Find the length of the rod at the temperature  if young's modulus of
elasticity of the aluminium and steel are Ya and Ys respectively and coefficient
of linear expansion of aluminium and steel are a and s respectively.
12. Consider a metal scale of length 30 cm and an object. The scale is calibrated for temp 20ºC.
(a) What is the actual length of division which is shown as 1 cm by scale at 40ºC. Given s = 2×10–5 /ºC.
(b) What will be the reading of scale at 40ºC if the actual length of object is 10 cm.
(c) What will be the actual length of object at 40 ºC if its measured length is 10 cm.
(d) What is % error in measurement for part (b) and (c).
(e) If the linear expansion coefficient of object is 0 = 4 × 10–5 and neglecting the expansion of scale,
then answers of (b) and (c) parts.
(f) If 0 = 4 × 10–5 and s = 2 × 10–5 then find answers of (b) and (c) part.
13. The apparatus shown in the figure consists of four glass columns connected by horizontal sections. The
height of two central columns B & C are 49 cm each. The two outer columns A & D are open to the
atmosphere. A & C are maintained at a temperature of 95º C while the columns B & D are maintained at
5º C. The height of the liquid in A & D measured from the base line are 52.8 cm & 51 cm respectively.
Determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the liquid. [JEE 1997, 5]
ADVCT - 34
1. (a) zero (b) 1764 J (c) 1764 J 9. Y2 = 1.105 × 1011 N/m2, 2 = 2 × 10–5 /º C]
2. (a) 450 (b) 449 (c) 12:14:59 pm 1
10. = /º C = 2.31 × 10–5 /º C
43200
900 105
(d) (i) 1 (ii) s (iii) ºC
451 450  2Y   Ys s 
11. 0 1  a a 
3. (a) hf = h {1+ c }  2Ya  Ys 
Af = A {1 + 2c } 12. (a)  = 1 {1 + 2 × 10–5 × 20}
vf = Ah {1 + 3c }
(b)  = 10 {1 – 4 × 10–4}
volume of liquid VW = Ah1 (1+ L )
(b) hf = h1 {1 + L } (c)  = 10 {1 + 4 × 10–4}
(c) (i) 3h c > h1 (ii) 3h c < h1 (d) % 1 = – 4 × 10–2 %

(iii) 3h c  h1 4  102
% 2 = % – 4× 10– 2 %
1  4  104
(d) V = Ah (L – 3C)
(e) 1 = 10{1 + 20 × 4 × 10–5}
(e) (i) hf = h1 (1 – 3 C ) 2 = 10{1 – 20 × 4 × 10–5}
(ii) hf = h1 (1 + L )
(iii) (1) L> 2c (2) L< 2c (f) 1 = 10{1 + 40 × 10–5}
(3) L= 2c 2 = 10{1 – 40 × 10–5}
4. 169.171 J 13.  = 2 × 10–4 / °C
5. 0.092 cal/gmºC
6. 75.0405 cm
7. 10.368 s
AT(L11  L2 2 )Y1Y2
8. F = , Length of the first
L1Y2  L2 Y1
L1L2 T(Y11  Y2 2 )
rod = L1  ,
L1Y2  L2 Y1
Length of the second rod
L1L2 T(Y2 2  Y11 )
= L2 
L1Y2  L2 Y1
ADVCT - 35
CALORIMETRY AND THERMAL EXPANSION

1. HEAT
The energy that is being transferred between two bodies or between adjacent parts of a body as a
result of temperature difference is called heat. Thus, heat is a form of energy. It is energy in transit
whenever temperature differences exist. Once it is transferred, it becomes the internal energy of the
receiving body. It should be clearly understood that the word "heat" is meaningful only as long as the
energy is being transferred. Thus, expressions like "heat in a body" or "heat of a body" are
meaningless.
T1 > T2 T2
A Heat B
When we say that a body is heated it means that its molecules begin to move with greater kinetic
energy.
S.. unit of heat energy is joule (J). Another common unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
1 calorie = 4.18 joules.
1 calorie : The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5 to 15.5 ºC
at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.
1.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
In early days heat was not recognized as a form of energy. Heat was supposed to be something needed
to raise the temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie was defined as the unit of heat. A
number of experiments were performed to show that the temperature may also be increased by doing
mechanical work on the system. These experiments established that heat is equivalent to mechanical
energy and measured how much mechanical energy is equivalent to a calorie. If mechanical work W
produces the same temperature change as heat H, we write, W = JH
where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is expressed in joule/calorie. The value of J gives
how many joules of mechanical work is needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
Example 1. What is the change in potential energy (in calories) of a 10 kg mass after 10 m fall ?
Solution : Change in potential energy
1000
U = mgh = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 J = cal Ans.
4.186

2. SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat of substance is equal to heat gain or released by that substance to raise or fall its
temperature by 1ºC for a unit mass of substance.
When a body is heated, it gains heat. On the other hand, heat is lost when the body is cooled. The gain
or loss of heat is directly proportional to:
(a) the mass of the body Q  m
(b) rise or fall of temperature of the body Q   T
Q  m  T or Q = m s  T or dQ = m s d T or Q=  m s d T.
Q
where s is a constant and is known as the specific heat of the body s = . S.. unit of s is
mT
joule/kg-Kelvin and C.G.S. unit is cal./gm °C.
Specific heat of water : S = 4200 J/kgºC = 1000 cal/kgºC = 1 Kcal/kgºC = 1 cal/gmºC
Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of water = specific heat of ice
ADVCT - 1
Example 2. Heat required to increases the temperate of 1 kg water by 20ºC

Solution : heat required = Q = ms
    S = 1 cal/gmºC = 1 Kcal/kgºC = 1 × 20 = 20 Kcal.
———————————————————————————————————
2.1 Heat capacity or Thermal capacity :
Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of that body
by 1°. If 'm' is the mass and 's' the specific heat of the body, then Heat capacity = ms.
Units of heat capacity in: CGS system is, cal ºC1; SI unit is, JK1
2.2 Important Points:
Q
(a) We know, s = , if the substance undergoes the change of state which occurs at constant
mT
temperature (T = 0), then s = Q/0 = . Thus the specific heat of a substance when it melts or boils
at constant temperature is infinite.
Q
(b) If the temperature of the substance changes without the transfer of heat (Q = 0) then s = = 0.
mT
Thus when liquid in the thermos flask is shaken, its temperature increases without the transfer of
heat and hence the specific heat of liquid in the thermos flask is zero.
(c) To raise the temperature of saturated water vapours, heat (Q) is withdrawn. Hence, specific heat of
saturated water vapours is negative. (This is for your information only and not in the course)
(d) The slight variation of specific heat of water with temperature is shown in the graph at
1 atmosphere pressure. Its variation is less than 1% over the interval form 0 to 100ºC.
2.3 Relation between Specific heat and Water equivalent :

It is the amount of water which requires the same amount of heat for the same temperature rise as that
of the object
ms
ms T = mW SW T mW =
sW
In calorie sW = 1  mW = ms
mw is also represent by W
So W = ms.
2.4 Phase change :

Heat required for the change of phase or state,
Q = mL, L = latent heat.
Latent heat (L): The heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at constant temperature is
called latent heat of the body.
Latent heat of Fusion (Lf) : The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to liquid
state at its melting point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of fusion of ice is
80 kcal/kg
ADVCT - 2
Latent heat of vaporization (Lv): The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from liquid to
vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm. pressure is called latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat of
vaporization of water is 540 kcal kg1.
Latent heat of ice : L = 80 cal/gm = 80 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 80 J/kg
Latent heat of steam : L = 540 cal/gm = 540 Kcal/kg = 4200 × 540 J/kg
The given figure, represents the change of state by different lines
OA  solid state, AB  solid + liquid state (Phase change)
BC  liquid state, CD  liquid + vapour state (Phase change)
DE  vapour state
Q = msT
T 1 T 1
slope =  
Q ms Q S
where mass (m) of substance constant slope of T – Q graph is inversely proportional to specific heat, if
in given diagram
(slope) OA > (slope) DE
then (s)OA < (s)DE
when Q = mL
If (length of AB) > (length of CD)
then (latent heat of AB) > (latent heat of CD)
Example 3. Find the amount of heat released if 1 kg steam at 200ºC is converted into –20ºC ice.
Solution : Heat released Q = heat release to convert steam at 200 ºC into 100ºC steam + heat release
to convert 100º C steam into 100ºC water + heat release to convert 100º water into 0ºC
water + heat release to convert 0 ºC water into – 20ºC ice.
1 1
Q = 1 × × 100 + 540 × 1 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 × 80 + 1 × × 20 = 780 Kcal.
2 2
———————————————————————————————————
3. CALORIMETRY
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of heat is called calorimetry.
A simple calorimeter is a vessel generally made of copper with a stirrer of the same material. The
vessel is kept in a wooden box to isolate it thermally from the surrounding. A thermometer is used to
measure the temperature of the contents of the calorimeter. Object at different temperatures are made
to come in contact with each other in the calorimeter. As a result, heat is exchanged between the object
as well as with the calorimeter. Neglecting any heat exchange with the surrounding.
3.1 Law of Mixture:
When two substances at different temperatures are mixed together, then exchange of heat continues to
take place till their temperatures become equal. This temperature is then called final temperature of
mixture. Here, Heat taken by one substance = Heat given by another substance
 m1 s1 (T1  Tm) = m2 s2 (Tm  T2)
ADVCT - 3
Example 4. An iron block of mass 2 kg, fall from a height 10 m. After colliding with the ground it loses 25%
energy to surroundings. Then find the temperature rise of the block. (Take sp. heat of iron
470 J/kg ºC)
1 10  10
Solution : mS = mgh  =
4 4  470
———————————————————————————————————
Zeroth law of thermodynamics :
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then objects A and B are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
Example 5. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B, and C are 10ºC 15ºC and 20ºC
respectively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is 13ºC and when B and C are mixed, it
is 16ºC. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
Solution : When A and B are mixed mS1 × (13 – 10) = m × S2 × (15 – 13)
3S1 = 2S2 .....(1)
when B and C are mixed
S2 × 1 = S3 × 4 .....(2)
when C and A are mixed
S1( – 10) = S3 × (20 – ) .....(3)
by using equation (1), (2) and (3)
140
we get  = ºC
11
Example 6. If three different liquid of different masses specific heats and temperature are mixed with each
other and then what is the temperature mixture at thermal equilibrium.
m3, s3, T3  specification for liquid.
Solution : Total heat lost or gain by all substance is equal to zero
Q = 0
m1s1(T – T1) + m2s2(T – T2) + m3s3 (T – T3) = 0
m s T  m2 s2 T2  m3 s3 T3
So T = 1 1 1
m1s1  m2 s2  m3 s3
Example 7. In following equation calculate value of H 1 kg ice at –20ºC = H + 1 Kg water at 100ºC, here H
means heat required to change the state of substance.
Solution : Heat required to convert 1 kg ice at – 20ºC into 1 kg water at 100ºC
= 1 kg ice at – 20ºC to 1 kg ice at 0ºC ice at 0ºC + 1 kg water
at 0ºC + 1 kg water at 0ºC to 1 kg water at 100ºC
1
=1× × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 100 = 190 Kcal. So H = – 190 Kcal
2
Negative sign indicate that 190 Kcal heat is with drawn from 1 kg water at 100ºC to convert it
into 1 kg ice at – 20ºC
ADVCT - 4
Example 8. 1kg ice at –20ºC is mixed with 1 kg steam at 200ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and
mixture content.
Solution : Let equilibrium temperature is 100 ºC heat required to convert 1 kg ice at –20ºC to 1 kg water
at 100ºC is equal to
1
H1 = 1 × × 20 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 1 × 100 = 190 Kcal
2
heat release by steam to convert 1 kg steam at 200ºC to 1 kg water at 100ºC is equal to
1
H2 = 1 × × 100 + 1 × 540 = 590 Kcal
2
1 kg ice at – 20ºC = H1 + 1kg water at 100ºC .....(1)
1 kg steam at 200ºC = H2 + 1kg water at 100ºC .....(2)
by adding equation (1) and (2)
1 kg ice at –20ºC + 1 kg steam at 200ºC = H1 + H2 + 2 kg water at 100ºC.
Here heat required to ice is less than heat supplied by steam so mixture equilibrium
temperature is 100ºC then steam is not completely converted into water.
So mixture has water and steam which is possible only at 100ºC mass of steam which
converted into water is equal to
1
190  1  100
2 7
m= = kg
540 27
so mixture content
7 20
mass of steam = 1 – = kg
27 27
7 34
mass of water = 1 + = kg
27 27
———————————————————————————————————
4. THERMAL EXPANSION
Most materials expand when their temperature is increased. Rails roads tracks, bridges all have some
means of compensating for thermal expansion. When a homogeneous object expands, the distance
between any two points on the object increases. Figure shows a block of metal with a hole in it. The
expanded object is like a photographic enlargement. That in the hole expands in the same
proportion as the metal, it does not get smaller
Potential
energy
r0 r1
r2
r
E2
E1
Thermal expansion arises because the well is

not symmetrical about the equilibrium position r0.
As the temperature rise the energy of the atom increases.
The average position when the energy is E 2 is not
the same as that when the energy is E1.
At the atomic level, thermal expansion may be understood by considering how the potential energy of
the atoms varies with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be at the minimum of the
potential energy well if the well is symmetric. At a given temperature each atom vibrates about its
equilibrium position and its average remains at the minimum point. If the shape of the well is not
symmetrical the average position of an atom will not be at the minimum point. When the temperature is
raised the amplitude of the vibrations increases and the average position is located at a greater inter
atomic separation. This increased separation is manifested as expansion of the material.
Almost all solids and liquids expand as their temperature increases. Gases also expand if allowed.
Solids can change in length, area or volume, while liquids change in their volumes.
ADVCT - 5
Example 9. A rectangular plate has a circular cavity as shown in the figure. If we increase its temperature
then which dimension will increase in following figure.
Solution : Distance between any two point on an object increases with increase in temperature. So, all
dimension a, b, c and d will increase
Example 10. In the given figure, when temperature is increased then which of the following increases
(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R2 – R1

Solution : All of the above
- - - - - represents expanded Boundary
--------- represents original Boundary
As the intermolecular distance between atoms increases on heating hence the inner and outer
perimeter increases. Also if the atomic arrangement in radial direction is observed then we can
say that it also increases hence all A, B, C are true.
———————————————————————————————————
5. LINEAR EXPANSION
When the rod is heated, its increase in length L is proportional to its original length L0 and change in
temperature T where T is in ºC or K.
dL = L0 dT  L =  L0  T If  T << 1

L
= where  is called the coefficient of linear expansion whose unit is ºC 1 or K1.
L 0 T
L = L0 (1 +  T). Where L is the length after heating the rod.
Variation of  with temperature and distance

(a) If  varies with distance,  = ax + b.
Then total expansion =  (ax + b) T dx.
(b) If  varies with temperature,  = f (T). Then L =  L0 dT
Note : Actually thermal expansion is always 3-D expansion. When other two dimensions of object are
negligible with respect to one, then observations are significant only in one dimension and it is known
as linear expansion.
ADVCT - 6
Example 11. What is the percentage change in length of 1m iron rod if its temperature changes by 100ºC.
 for iron is 2 × 10–5/ºC.
Solution : percentage change in length due to temperature change % = × 100 =  × 100
= 2 × 10–5 × 100 × 100 = 0.2% Ans.
——————————————————————————————————— 
5.1 Thermal stress of a material :
If the rod is free to expand then there will be no stress and strain. Stress and strain is produced only
when an object is restricted to expand or contract according to change in temperature. When the
temperature of the rod is decreased or increased under constrained condition, compressive or tensile
stresses are developed in the rod. These stresses are known as thermal stresses.
L final length – original length
Strain = = = T 
L0 original length
Note : Original and final length should be at same temperature.
Consider a rod of length 0 which is fixed between to rigid end separated at a distance 0 now if the
temperature of the rod is increased by  then the strain produced in the rod will be :
//////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////
F F
0
length of the rod at new temperature-natural length of the rod at new temperature
strain 
natural length of the rod at new temperature
0  0(1  )  0 
= =
0 (1  ) 0 (1  )
  is very small so
strain = –  (negative sign in the answer represents that the length of the rod is less than the natural
length that means is compressed by the ends.)
Example 12. In the given figure a rod is free at one end and other end is fixed. When we change the
temperature of rod by , then strain produced in the rod will be
1
(A)  
(B) (C) zero (D) information incomplete
2
Solution : Here rod is free to expand from one side by so by changing temperature no strain will be
produced in the rod. Hence ans. is (C)
Example 13. An iron ring measuring 15.00 cm in diameter is to be shrunk on a pulley which is 15.05 cm in
diameter. All measurements refer to the room temperature 20°C. To what minimum
temperature should the ring be heated to make the job possible? Calculate the strain
developed in the ring when it comes to the room temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion of
iron = 12 × 10–6/°C.
Solution : The ring should be heated to increase its diameter from 15.00 cm to 15.05 cm.
ADVCT - 7
Using 2 = 1 (1 +  ),
0.05cm
= = 278°C
15.00cm  12 10 6 /º C
The temperature = 20°C + 278°C = 298°C.
 1
The strain developed = 2 = 3.33 × 10–3.
1
Example 14. A steel rod of length 1m rests on a smooth horizontal base. If it is heated from 0°C to 100°C,
what is the longitudinal strain developed?
Solution : in absence of external force no strain or stress will be created hear rod is free to move.
Example 15. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a fixed horizontal base. The rod is in natural
length at 20°C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the temperature rises to
Solution : as we known that strain
change in length 
strain = = Strain =  = 1.2 × 10–5 × (50 – 20) = 3.6 × 10–4
original length 0
here strain is compressive strain because final length is smaller than initial length.
Example 16. A steel wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm 2 is held between two fixed supports. If the wire is
just taut at 20°C, determine the tension when the temperature falls to 0°C. Coefficient of linear
expansion of steel is 1.2 × 10–5/°C and its Young’s modulus is 2.0 × 1011 N/m2.
Solution : here final length is more than original length so that strain is tensile and tensile force is given by
F = AY  t = 0.5 × 10–6 × 2 × 1011 × 1.2 × 10–5 × 20 = 24 N
———————————————————————————————————
5.2 Variation of time period of pendulum clocks :
The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of oscillation
performed by pendulum every time it reaches to its extreme position the second hand of the clock
advances by one second that means second hand moves by two seconds when one oscillation in
complete
L0 L
Let T = 2  at temperature 0 and T = 2 at temperature .
g g
T L L 1   1
= = =1+ 
T L L 2
T´T 1
Therefore change (loss or gain) in time per unit time lapsed is = 
T 2
gain or loss in time in duration of 't' in
1
t =  t, if T is the correct time then 
2
 (a)  < 0, T < T clock becomes fast and gain time
 (b)  > 0, T > T clock becomes slow and loose time

Example 17. A pendulum clock consists of an iron rod connected to a small, heavy bob. If it is designed to
keep correct time at 20°C, how fast or slow will it go in 24 hours at 40°C? Coefficient of linear
expansion of iron = 1.2 × 10–6 /°C.
Solution : The time difference occurred in 24 hours (86400 seconds) is given by
ADVCT - 8
1 1
  t =   t = × 1.2 × 10–6 × 20 × 86400 = 1.04 sec. Ans.
2 2
This is loss of time as  is greater than 0. As the temperature increases, the time period also
increases. Thus, the clock goes slow.
———————————————————————————————————
5.3 Measurement of length by metallic scale :
Case (i) : When object is expanded only 2 = 1 {1 + 0(2 – 1)
0 = linear expansion coefficient of object.
1
1
2
2
0 2 3
Case (ii) : When only measurement instrument is expanded actual length of object will not change but
measured value (MV) decreases.
MV = 1 {1 – S (2 – 1)}
S = linear expansion coefficient of measuring instrument.
at 1 °C MV = 3
at 2 °C MV = 2.2
1
1ºC
0 1 2 3 4
2ºC 0 2
1 3
Case (iii) : If both expanded simultaneously MV = {1 + (0 – s) (2 – 1)
(i) If 0 > s, then measured value is more then the actual value at 1ºC
(ii) If 0 < s, then measured value is less then the actual value at 1ºC
1
1ºC
2
2ºC
1ºC
0 1 2 3 4 5
2ºC
0 1 2 3 4
at 1ºC MV = 3.4
2ºC MV = 4.1
Measured value = calibrated value × {1 + }
where  = 0 – s
ADVCT - 9
o = coefficient of linear expansion of object material, s = coefficient of linear expansion of scale material
= C
 = temperature at the time of measurement C = temperature at the time of calibration.
For scale, true measurement = scale reading [1 +  (0)]
If   > 0 true measurement > scale reading
 < 0 true measurement < scale reading
Example 18. A bar measured with a Vernier caliper is found to be 180mm long. The temperature during the
measurement is 10ºC. The measurement error will be if the scale of the Vernier caliper has
been graduated at a temperature of 20ºC : ( = 1.1 × 10–5 °C–1. Assume that the length of the
bar does not change.)
(A) 1.98 × 10–1 mm (B) 1.98 × 10–2 mm (C) 1.98 × 10–3 mm (D) 1.98 × 10–4 mm
Answer : (B)
Solution : True measurement = scale reading [1 +  (0)] = 180 [1– 10 × 1.1 × 10–5 ]
error = 180 – 180 [1 – 1.1 × 10–4] = 1.98 × 10–2 mm
———————————————————————————————————
6. SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its area increases, then the thermal expansion is called superficial or areal
expansion. Consider a solid plate of area A0. When it is heated, the change in area of the plate is
directly proportional to the original area A0 and the change in temperature T.
dA = A0 dT or A =  A0  T
L0
A
= Unit of  is ºC1 or K1. size of object
A 0 T L0
DL
L at 1 < 2
A = A0 (1 + T) DL size of object

at 2
where A is area of the plate after heating,
Example 19. A plane lamina has area 2m 2 at 10ºC then what is its area at 110ºC t’s superficial expansion is
2 × 10–5/C
Solution : A = A0(1 + ) = 2{1 + 2 × 105 × (110 – 10)}
= 2 × {1 + 2 × 10–3} Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
7. VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its volume increases, then the expansion is called volume expansion or
cubical expansion. Let us consider a solid or liquid whose original volume is V 0. When it is heated to a
new volume, then the change V
dV = V0 dT or V =  V0  T
  = Unit of  is ºC1 or K1.
V = V0 (1 + T)
where V is the volume of the body after heating
ADVCT - 10
Example 20. The volume of glass vessel is 1000 cc at 20°C. What volume of mercury should be poured into
it at this temperature so that the volume of the remaining space does not change with
temperature? Coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury and glass are 1.8 × 10 –4/°C and
9.0 × 10–6/°C respectively.
Solution : Let volume of glass vessel at 20ºC is Vg and volume of mercury at 20ºC is Vm
so volume of remaining space is = Vg – Vm
It is given constant so that
Vg – Vm = Vg’ – V’m
where Vo' and Vm' are final volumes.
Vg – Vm = Vg {1 + g } – Vm{1 + Hg }  Vg g = Vm Hg
100  9  10 6
 Vm =  Vm = 50 cc.
1.8  10 4
———————————————————————————————————
8. RELATION BETWEEN  ,  AND 
  
(i) For isotropic solids:  :  :  = 1 : 2 : 3 or = =
1 2 3
(ii) For non-isotropic solid  = 1 + 2 and  = 1 + 2 + 3. Here 1, 2 and 3 are coefficient of linear
expansion in X, Y and Z direction.
Example 21. If percentage change in length is 1% with change in temperature of a cuboid object
( × 2 × 3) then what ispercentage change in its area and volume.
Solution : percentage change in length with change in temperature = % 

×100 = × 100 = 1
change in area
A
% A = × 100 = × 100 2(× 100)
A
% A = 2 % Ans.
change in volume
V
%V= × 100 = V × 100 = 3 (× 100)
V
% V = 3 % Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
9. VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
As we known that mass = volume × density.
Mass of substance does not change with change in temperature so with increase of temperature,
volume increases so density decreases and vice-versa.
d0
d= .
(1  T)
For solids values of  are generally small so we can write d = d0 (1 T) (using binomial expansion).
Note : (i)  for liquids are in order of 103 .
(ii) Anamolous expansion of water :
For water density increases from 0 ºC to 4 ºC so  is negative and for 4 ºC to higher temperature  is
positive. At 4 ºC density is maximum. This anamolous behaviour of water is due to presence of three
types of molecules i.e. H2O, (H2O)2 and (H2O)3 having different volume/mass at different temperatures.
ADVCT - 11
This anomalous behaviour of water causes ice to form first at the surface of a lake in cold weather. As
winter approaches, the water temperature decreases initially at the surface. The water there sinks
because of its increase density. Consequently, the surface reaches 0 0C first and the lake becomes
covered with ice. Aquatic life is able to survive the cold winter as the lake bottom remains unfrozen at a
temperature of about 40C.
Example 22. The densities of wood and benzene at 0°C are 880 kg/m 3 and 900 kg/m 3 respectively. The
coefficients of volume expansion are 1.2 × 10–3/°C for wood and 1.5 × 10–3/°C for benzene. At
what temperature will a piece of wood just sink in benzene?
Solution : At just sink gravitation force = up thrust force
 mg = FB  V1g = V2g  1 = 2
880 900
 =   = 83º C
1  1.2  10  1  1.5  103 
3

10. APPARENT EXPANSION OF A LIQUID IN A CONTAINER
Initially container was full. When temperature change by T,
volume of liquid VL = V0 (1 + L  T)
volume of container VC = V0 (1 + C  T)
So overflow volume of liquid relative to container V = VL  VC
V = V0 (L  C) T
So, coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid w.r.t. container 
 apparent = L C.
In case of expansion of liquid + container system:
if L > C  level of liquid rise
if L < C  level of liquid fall
Increase in height of liquid level in tube when bulb
was initially not completely filled
volume of liquid V0 (1  L T)
h= = = h0 {1 + (L – 2S) T}
area of tube A 0 (1  2S T)
h = h0 {1 + (L – 2S) T}
where h0 = original height of liquid in container
  S = linear coefficient of expansion of container.
Example 23. A glass vessel of volume 100 cm 3 is filled with mercury and is heated from 25°C to 75°C. What
volume of mercury will overflow? Coefficient of linear expansion of glass = 1.8 × 10 –6/°C and
coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 1.8 × 10–4/°C.
Solution : V = V0(L – C) T = 100 × {1.8 × 10–4 – 3 × 1.8 × 10–6 } × 50
V = 0.87 cm3 Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
11. VARIATION OF FORCE OF BUOYANCY WITH TEMPERATURE
ADVCT - 12
If body is submerged completely inside the liquid
For solid, Buoyancy force
FB = V0 dL g
V0 = Volume of the solid inside liquid,
dL = density of liquid
Volume of body after increase its temperature V = V0 [1 + S ],
dL
Density of body after increase its temperature dL = .
1  L  
FB 1   S  
Buoyancy force of body after increase its temperature, FB = V dL g, =  ,
FB 1  L 
if S < L then FB < FB
(Buoyant force decreases) or apparent weight of body in liquid gets increased
[W  FB > W  FB] .
Example 24. A body is float inside liquid if we increases temperature then what changes occur in Buoyancy
force. (Assume body is always in floating condition)
Solution : Body is in equilibrium

So mg = B
and gravitational force does not change with change in temperature. So Buoyancy force
remains constant.
By increasing temperature density of liquid decreases so volume of body inside the liquid
increases to kept the Buoyance force constant for equal to gravitational force)
Example 25. In previous question discuss the case when body move downward, upwards and remains at
same position when we increases temperature.
Solution : Let f = fraction of volume of body submerged in liquid.
volume of body submerged in liquid
f=
total volume of body
v1
f1 = at 1ºC
v0
v2
f2 = at 2ºC
v 0 (1  3S )
for equilibrium mg = B = v1d1g = v2d2g.

v1d1 d1 v1(1  L )
so v2 =  d2 = = v1(1 + L ) f2 =
d2 1  L  v 0 (1  3 s )
where  = 2 – 1
Case I : Body move downward if f2 > f1

means L > 3S
ADVCT - 13
Case II : Body move upwards if f2 < f1
means L < 3S
Case III : Body remains at same position
if f2 = f1
means L = 3S
———————————————————————————————————
12. BIMETALLIC STRIP
It two strip of different metals are welded together to form a bimetallic strip, when heated uniformly it
bends in form of an arc, the metal with greater coefficient of linear expansion lies on convex side. The
radius of arc thus formed by bimetal is :
a2
 d 0
0 (1 +1) =  R   
 2  d t
 d d
0 (1 +2) =  R   
 2 a2 > a1
a1
Lower temperature (at 1ºC) On 0
25 C
d
R
1   2  2
  =
1  1 d
R
2
d Bimetallic strrip
  R
(2  1 )
R
= change in temperature
=2 – 1 Higher temperature (at 2ºC) (Off) 300C
A bimetallic strip, consisting of a strip of brass and a strip of steel welded together, at temperature T0 in
figure (a) and figure (b). The strip bends as shown at temperatures above the reference temperature.
Below the reference temperature the strip bends the other way. Many thermostats operate on this
principle, making and breaking an electrical circuit as the temperature rises and falls.
13. APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

(a) A small gap is left between two iron rails of the railway.
(b) Iron rings are slipped on the wooden wheels by heating the iron rings
(c) Stopper of a glass bottle jammed in its neck can be taken out by heating the neck.
(d) The pendulum of a clock is made of invar [an alloy of zinc and copper].
14. TEMPERATURE
Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Heat energy flows from
a body at higher temperature to that at lower temperature until their temperatures become equal. At this
stage, the bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
14.1 Measurement of Temperature
ADVCT - 14
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of temperature is called
thermometry. A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of a body. The substances
like liquids and gases which are used in the thermometer are called thermometric substances.
14.2 Different Scales of Temperature

A thermometer can be graduated into following scales.
(a) The Centigrade or Celsius scale (ºC)
(b) The Fahrenheit scale (ºF)
(c) The Reaumer scale (ºR)
(d) Kelvin scale of temperature (K)
14.3 Comparison between Different Temperature Scales

K C F
Water boils 373.15 100 212
body temp. 310.2 37.0 98.6
Room temp. 300 27 80.6
Triple point of water 273.16 0.01
Water freezes 273.15 0 32
Solid CO2 195 - 78 - 109
Hydrogen boils 20.7 -252.5 - 422.5

Absolute zero 0 -273.15 - 489.67
The formula for the conversion between different temperature scales is:
K  273 C F  32 R
= = =
100 100 180 80
General formula for the conversion of temperature from one scale to another:
Temp on one scale(S1 )-Lower fixed point (S1 )
Temp. on other scale(S2 )-Lower fixed point (S2 )

=
14.4 Thermometers
Thermometers are device that are used to measure temperatures. All thermometers are based on the
principle that some physical property of a system changes as the system temperature changes.
Required properties of good thermometric substance.
(1) Non-sticky (absence of adhesive force)
(2) Low melting point (in comparison with room temperature)
(3) High boiling temperature
(4) Coefficient of volumetric expansion should be high (to increase accuracy in measurement).
(5) Heat capacity should be low.
(6) Conductivity should be high
Mercury (Hg) suitably exhibits above properties.
14.5 Types of Thermometers
ADVCT - 15
Type of
Thermometric
thermometer Advantages Disadvantages Particular Uses
property
and its range
(i) Every laboratory use
(i) Quick and (i) Fragile where high accuracy is
Length of column easy to (direct (ii) Small size limits not required.
Mercury-in-glass
of mercury in reading) (iii) Limited range (ii) Can be calibrated
– 39ºC to 450ºC
capillary tube (ii) Easily against constant-volume
portable gas thermometer for
more accurate work
(i) Standard against which
others calibrated
(i) Very accurate (i) Very large volume of
(ii) He, H2 or N2 used
Constant-volume Pressure of a fixed (ii) Very sensitive bulb
depending on range
gas thermometer mass of gas at (iii) Wide range (ii) Slow to use and
(iii) can be corrected to the
–270º to 1500ºC constant volume (iv) Easily inconvenient
ideal gas scale
reproducible
(iv) Used as standard
below-183ºC
small steady
Platinum Electrical Not suitable for varying
(i) Accurate temperature differences
resistance –180º resistance of a temperature (i.e., is slow
(ii) Wide range (ii) Used as standard
to 1150ºC platinum coil to respond to changes)
between 183ºC and
630ºC.
(i) Fast response
because of
Emf produced Accuracy is lost if emf is small steady
low heat
between junctions measured using a temperature differences
capacity.
of dissimilar metals moving-coil voltmeter (ii) Can be made direct
Thermocouple (ii) wide range
at different (as may be necessary reading by calibrating
–250ºC to 1150ºC (iii) can be
temperatures for for rapid changes when galvanometer
employed for
measurement of potentiometer is (iii) Used as standard
remote
emfs unsuitable) between 630ºC and
readings using
1063ºC
long leads.
(i) Only thermometer
Does not come (i) Cumbersome
Radiation Colour of radiation possible for very high
into contact when (ii) Not direct reading
pyrometer above emitted by a hot temperatures
temperature is (needs a trained
1000ºC body (ii) Used as standard above
measured observer)
1063ºC.
14.6 The constant-volume gas thermometer
The standard thermometer, against which all other thermometers are calibrated, is based on the
pressure of a gas in a fixed volume. Figure shows such a constant volume gas thermometer; it consists
of a gas-filled bulb connected by a tube to a mercury monometer.
 P
T = (273.16 K)  lim 
 gas0 P3 
P = Pressure at the temperature being measured, P3 = pressure when bulb in a triple point cell.
ADVCT - 16
Example 26. The readings of a thermometer at 0ºC and 100ºC are 50 cm and 75 cm of mercury column
respectively. Find the temperature at which its reading is 80 cm of mercury column?
80  50 T0
Solution : By using formula =   T = 120ºC
75  50 100  0
Problem 1. A bullet of mass 10 gm in moving with speed 400m/s. Find its kinetic energy in calories ?
1 10 800
Solution : k = × × 400 × 400 = 800  = 191.11 Cal.
2 1000 4.2
Problem 2. Calculate amount of heat required to convert 1 kg steam from 100ºC to 200ºC steam
1
Solution : Heat required = 1 × × 100 = 50 kcal
2
Problem 3. Calculate heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1ºC ?
Solution : heat required = 1 × 10–3 × 1 × 1 = 1 × 10–3 kcal = 1 cal
Problem 4. 420 J of energy supplied to 10 g of water will raise its temperature by

420  103
Solution : = 10 × 10–3 × 1 × t = 10º C
4.20
Problem 5. The ratio of the densities of the two bodies is 3 : 4 and the ratio of specific heats is 4 : 3. Find
the ratio of their thermal capacities for unit volume ?
1 3 s 4
Solution : = , 1=
2 4 s2 3
ms 1 s 
ratio =  = 1 × 1 = 1 : 1.
m/ 2 s2 2
Problem 6. Heat releases by 1 kg steam at 150ºC if it convert into 1 kg water at 50ºC.

1
Solution : H=1× × 50 + 1 × 540 + 1 × 1 × 50 = 540 + 75 = 615 Kcal
2
Heat release = 615 Kcal.
Problem 7. 200 gm water is filled in a calorimetry of negligible heat capacity. It is heated till its temperature
is increase by 20ºC. Find the heat supplied to the water.
Solution : H = 200 × 10–3 × 1 × 20 = 4 Kcal.
Heat supplied = 4000 cal
Problem 8. A bullet of mass 5 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s. strike a target and energy. Then calculate
rise of temperature of bullet. Assuming all the lose in kinetic energy is converted into heat
energy of bullet if its specific heat is. 500J/kgºC.
1
Solution : Kinetic energy = × 5 × 10–3 × 400 × 400
2
ms T = 5 × 10–3 × 500 × T
T = 160º C
Rise in temperature is 160 ºC
Problem 9. 1 kg ice at –10ºC is mixed with 1 kg water at 100ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and
mixture content.
ADVCT - 17
Solution : Heat taken by 1 kg Ice = Heat given by 1 kg water
1
1× × 10 + 1 × 80 + 1 × T = 1 × (100 – T)
2
85 = 100 – 2T  2T = 15
15
= = 7.5 ºC, water
2
Problem 10. 1kg ice at –10º is mixed with 1kg water at 50ºC. Then find equilibrium temperature and mixture
content.
Solution : Heat taken by ice = 5 Kcal + 80 Kcal = 85 Kcal ; Heat given by water = 1 × 1 × 50 = 50 Kcal
Heat taken > Heat given so, ice will not complete melt let m g ice melt then
1
1 × × 10 + 80 m = 50
2
45
80 m = 45  m =
80
  45  
 water  1  80  kg
   
Content of mixture   and temperature is 0ºC
 ice  45  
  1  80  kg
  
Problem 11. A small ring having small gap is shown in figure on heating what will happen to size of gap.
Solution : Gap will also increase. The reason is same as in above example.
Problem 12. An isosceles triangle is formed with a thin rod of length 1 and coefficient of linear expansion 1,
as the base and two thin rods each of length 2 and coefficient of linear expansion 2 as the two
sides. If the distance between the apex and the midpoint of the base remain unchanged as the
1 2
temperature is varied show that =2 .
2 1
2
 
  1   
2
Solution : 2
2
2
 
  1   
2 2
2
2
2 1 1d 1 d 2
0= 2 2  = 22 × 2 2T
2 2 dT dT
2
2 2
 1
=4  1
=2 .
2
2 1 2 1
Problem 13. A concrete slab has a length of 10 m on a winter night when the temperature is 0°C. Find the
length of the slab on a summer day when the temperature is 35°C. The coefficient of linear
expansion of concrete is 1.0 × 10–5 /°C.
Solution : t = 10(1 + 1 × 10–5 × 35) = 10.0035 m
Problem 14. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a fixed horizontal base. The rod is
unstrained at 20°C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the temperature rises to
ADVCT - 18
 
Solution :  0
= 3.6 × 10–4
0
Problem 15. If rod is initially compressed by  length then what is the strain on the rod when the
temperature
(a) is increased by  (b) is decreased by .
 
Solution: (a) Strain = +  (b) Strain =  
Problem 16. A pendulum clock having copper rod keeps correct time at 20°C. It gains 15 seconds per day if
cooled to 0°C. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of copper.
15 1 1
Solution : =  × 20  = = 1.7 × 10–5/°C
24  60  60 2 16  3600
Problem 17. A meter scale made of steel is calibrated at 20°C to give correct reading. Find the distance
between 50 cm mark and 51 cm mark if the scale is used at 10°C. Coefficient of linear
expansion of steel is 1.1 × 10–5/°C.
Solution : t = 1 (1 – 1.1 × 10–5 × 10) = 0.99989 cm
Problem 18. A uniform solid brass sphere is rotating with angular speed 0 about a diameter. If its temperature
is now increased by 100ºC. What will be its new angular speed. (Given B = 2.0 × 10–5 per-ºC)
0 0 0 0
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
1  0.002 1  0.002 1  0.004 1  0.004
Solution : 0 0 = t t
0
Mr02 0 = Mr02 (1 + 2T)t ; t = .
1  0.004
Problem 19. The volume occupied by a thin - wall brass vessel and the volume of a solid brass sphere are
the same and equal to 1,000 cm 3 at 0ºC. How much will the volume of the vessel and that of
the sphere change upon heating to 20ºC? The coefficient of linear expansion of brass is
 = 1.9 × 10–5.
Solution : V = V0 3 T = 1.14 cm3
1.14 cm3 for both
Problem 20. A thin copper wire of length L increases in length by 1%, when heated from temperature
T1 to T2. What is the percentage change in area when a thin copper plate having dimensions
2L × L is heated from T1 to T2 ?
(A) 1% (B) 3% (C) 4% (D*) 2%
Lf
Solution : Lf = L (1 + t )  × 100 = (1 + t) × 100 = 1%
L
Af
Af = 2L × L (1 + 2 t)  × 100 = (1 + 2 t) × 100 = 2%
2L  L
Problem 21. The density of water at 0°C is 0.998 g/cm 3 and at 4°C is 1.000 g/cm 3. Calculate the average
coefficient of volume expansion of water in the temperature range 0 to 4°C.
d0 0.998
Solution : dt = 1 = – 5 × 10–4 / 0C
1  t 1   4
Problem 22. A glass vessel measures exactly 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm at 0°C. it is filled completely with
mercury at this temperature. When the temperature is raised to 10°C, 1.6 cm 3 of mercury
overflows. Calculate the coefficient of volume expansion of mercury. Coefficient of linear
expansion of glass = 6.5 × 10–6/°C
ADVCT - 19
Solution : V = VHg – VV
1.6 = 103  × 10 – 103 × 3 × 6.5 × 10–6 × 10
L = (1.6 + 0.195) × 10–4 = 1.795 × 10–4 /0C
Problem 23. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W 1 at 00C and W 2 at 500C. The coefficient of cubical
expansion of the metal is less than alcohol. Assuming that density of the metal is large
compared to that of the alcohol, find which of W 1 and W 2 is greater?
F´ [1   S ]
Solution : M <  so, B =  F´B  FB
FB [1   ]
so Apparent weight increases
so, W 2 > W 1
Problem 24. In figure which strip brass or steel have higher coefficient of linear expansion.
Solution : Brass Strip
Problem 25. The upper and lower fixed points of a faulty thermometer are 5ºC and 105ºC. f the
thermometer reads 25ºC, what is the actual temperature ?
25  5 C – 0
Solution : 
100 100
C = 20º C
Problem 26. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal to twice of Celsius ?
F  32 C0
Solution : =
180 100
2x  32 x0
=
180 100
10x – 160 = 9x
x = 160º C
Problem 27. Temperature of a patient is 40º C. Find the temperature on Fahrenheit scale ?
F  32 40  0
Solution : =  F = 104º F
180 100
ADVCT - 20

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A-1. In the following equation calculate the value of H.
1 kg steam at 200ºC = H + 1 kg water at 100ºC (Ssteam = Constant = 0.5 Cal/gm°C)
A-2. From what height should a piece of ice (0°C) fall so that it melts completely? Only one-quarter of the
energy produced is absorbed by the ice as heat. (Latent heat of ice = 3.4 × 10 5 J kg–1, g = 10 m/s2)
A-3. A copper cube of mass 200g slides down on a rough inclined plane of inclination 37º at a constant speed.
Assume that any loss in mechanical energy goes into the copper block as thermal energy. Find the increase
in the temperature of the block as it slides down 60 cm. Specific heat capacity of copper = 420 J/kg-K.
A-4. A paddle wheel is connected with a block of mass 10 kg as shown in figure.

The wheel is completely immersed in liquid of heat capacity 4000 J/K. The
container is adiabatic. For the time interval in which block goes down 1 m
slowly calculate
(a) Work done on the liquid
(b) Heat supplied to the liquid
(c) Rise in the temperature of the liquid
Neglect the heat capacity of the container and the paddle. (g =10 m/s 2)
A-5 300 g of water at 25ºC is added to 100 g of ice at 0ºC. Find the final temperature of the mixture. [1989; 2M]

B-1. The temperature of a metal ball is raised. Arrange the percentage change in volume, surface area and
radius in ascending order.
B-2. A brass disc fits in a hole in a steel plate. Would you heat or cool the system to loosen the disc from the
hole? Assume that s b.
B-3. Temperature of plate is increased by  then find new
R1
R2
(a) inner radius

(b) outer radius
(c) the difference in outer and inner radius and show that it is positive
(d) area of plate material (assume coefficient of expansion is  )
B-4. We have a hollow sphere and a solid sphere of equal radii and of the same material. They are heated
to raise their temperature by equal amounts. How will the change in their volumes, due to volume
expansions, be related? Consider two cases (i) hollow sphere is filled with air, (ii) there is vacuum
inside the hollow sphere.
ADVCT - 21
B-5 What should be the sum of lengths of an aluminium and steel rod at 0oC is, so that at all temperatures
their difference in length is 0.25m. (Take coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium and steel at 0°C
as 22 × 10–6 /oC and 11 × 10–6 /oC respectively.)
B-6 A steel tape is correctly calibrated at 20 oC and is used to measure the length of a table at 30°C. Find
the percentage error in the measurement of length. [steel = 11 × 10–6/ oC]

C-1. The figure shows three temperature scales with the freezing and boiling points of water indicated.
(a) Rank the size of a degree on these scales, greatest first.

(b) Rank the following temperatures, highest first : 50ºX, 50ºW and 50ºY.
C-2 . What is the temperature at which we get the same reading on both the centigrade and Fahrenheit scales?
PART - II : SINGLE CHOICE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

A-1. A small quantity, mass m, of water at a temperature (inºC) is poured on to a large mass M of ice
which is at its melting point. f c is the specific heat capacity of water and L the latent heat of fusion of
ice, then the mass of ice melted is given by :
ML mc Mc mc
(A) (B) (C) (D)
mc ML L L
A-2. A thermally isolated vessel contains 100 g of water at 0ºC. When air above the water is pumped out,
some of the water freezes and some evaporates at 0ºC itself. Then the mass of the ice formed if no
water is left in the vessel. Latent heat of vaporization of water at 0ºC = 2.10 × 10 6 J/kg and latent heat
of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg.
(A) 86.2 g (B) 13.8 g (C) 76.2 g (D) 65.6 g
A-3. 20 gm ice at –10 ºC is mixed with m gm steam at 100 ºC. Minimum value of m so that finally all ice and
steam converts into water. (Use sice = 0.5 cal/gmºC, swater =1 cal/gmºC, L(melting)=80 cal/gm and L
(vaporization) = 540 cal/gm)
85 85 32 64
(A) gm (B) gm (C) gm (D) gm
32 64 85 85
A-4. 2 kg ice at – 20 ºC is mixed with 5 kg water at 20 ºC. Then final amount of water in the mixture will be :
[Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/gm ºC, Specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm ºC, Latent heat of fusion of
ice = 80 cal/gm ] [JEE-2003 (Scr.), 3/84,–1]
(A) 6 kg (B) 7 kg (C) 3.5 kg (D) 5 kg
ADVCT - 22
B-1. Two large holes are cut in a metal sheet. If this is heated, distances AB and BC, (as shown)
(A) both will increase (B) both will decrease

(C) AB increases, BC decreases (D) AB decreases, BC increases
B-2. A steel scale is to be prepared such that the millimeter intervals are to be accurate within 6 × 10–5 mm.
The maximum temperature variation from the temperature of calibration during the reading of the
millimeter marks is ( = 12 × 10–6 /ºC)
(A) 4.0°C (B) 4.5°C (C) 5.0°C (D) 5.5°C
B-3. Expansion during heating

(A) occurs only in a solid
(B) increases the density of the material
(C) decreases the density of the material
(D) occurs at the same rate for all liquids and solids.
B-4. f a bimetallic strip is heated, it will

(A) bend towards the metal with lower thermal expansion coefficient.
(B) bend towards the metal with higher thermal expansion coefficient.
(C) twist itself into helix.
(D) have no bending
B-5. Two rods, one of aluminium and the other made of steel, having initial length 1and 2 are connected
together to form a single rod of length 1 + 2. The coefficients of linear expansion for aluminium and
steel are a and s respectively. If the length of each rod increases by the same amount when their
1
temperature are raised by tºC, then find the ratio . [JEE-2003 (Scr.), 3/84,–1]
( 1  2 )
s a s a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a s (a   s ) (a   s )
B-6. A liquid with coefficient of volume expansion  is filled in a container of a material having the coefficient
of linear expansion  .f the liquid overflows on heating, then –
(A)  > 3 (B)  < 3 (C)  = 3 (D) none of these

C-1. A difference of temperature of 25º C is equivalent to a difference of :
(A) 45º F (B) 72º F (C) 32º F (D) 25º F
ADVCT - 23
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
1. A cylindrical isotropic solid of coefficient of linear expansion  and density  floats in a liquid of coefficient of
volume expansion  and density d as shown in the diagram
Column I Column II
(A) volume of cylinder inside the liquid remains constant (p)  = 0
(B) volume of cylinder outside the liquid remains constant (q)  = 2
d
(C) Height of cylinder outside the liquid remains constant (r)  = 3

d
(D) Height of cylinder inside the liquid remain constant (s)  = (2 +  )

2. In the following question column-I represents some physical quantities & column-II represents their
units, match them
Column  Column 
(A) Coefficient of linear expansion (p) Cal/°C
(B) Water equivalent (q) gm
(C) heat capacity (r) (°C)–1
(D) Specific heat (s) Cal/g°C

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. A metal ball of specific gravity 4.5 and specific heat 0.1 cal/gm-°C is placed on a large slab of ice at
0°C. When ball’s temperature become 0°C then half of the ball sinks in the ice. The initial temperature
of the ball is : (Latent heat capacity of ice = 80 cal/g, specific gravity of ice = 0.9)
(A) 100 °C (B) 90 °C (C) 80 °C (D) 70 °C
2. In a steel factory it is found that to maintain M kg of iron in the molten state at its melting point an input
power P watt is required. When the power source is turned off, the sample completely solidifies in time
t second. The latent heat of fusion of iron is
(A) 2 Pt / M (B) Pt / 2M (C) Pt / M (D) PM / t
3. Steam at 100ºC is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 kg at
15ºC till the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80ºC. The mass of the steam
condensed in kilogram is : [JEE 1986, 2]
(A) 0.130 (B) 0.065 (C) 0.260 (D) 0.135
ADVCT - 24
4. If  is the moment of inertia of a solid body having -coefficient of linear expansion then the change in 
corresponding to a small change in temperature T is
1
(A) T (B) T (C) 2 T (D) 3 T
2
5. Two rods having length 1 and 2, made of materials with the linear coefficient of expansion 1 and 2,
were welded together. The equivalent coefficients of linear expansion for the obtained rod :
2 
1 2 1 1 1  2  2 1 1  2 2 21  1 2
(A ) (B) (C) (D)
1  2 1   2 1  2 1   2
6. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of an ideal gas at constant pressure is
1 1
(A) T (B) T2 (C) (D)
T T2
(Here T = absolute temperature of gas)
7. A metal ball immersed in water weighs w1 at 5ºC and w2 at 50ºC. The coefficient of cubical expansion of
metal is less than that of water. Then
(A) w1 > w2 (B) w1 < w2 (C) w1 = w2 (D) data is insufficient
8. A piece of metal floats on mercury. The coefficient of volume expansion of the metal and mercury are
1 & 2 respectively. If the temperatures of both mercury and the metal are increased by an amount T,
the fraction of the volume of the metal submerged in mercury changes by the factor of (Ratio of final
fraction to the initial fraction) [JEE 1991, 2]
1   2 T 1  1T
(A) (B) (C) 1 + ( + 2)T (D) None of these
1  1T 1   2 T
9. Two vertical glass tubes filled with a liquid are connected at their lower ends by a horizontal capillary
tube. One tube is surrounded by a bath containing ice and water at 0°C and the other by hot water at
t°C. The difference in the height of the liquid in the two columns is h, and the height of the column at
0°C is h0. Coefficient of volume expansion of the liquid is.
h 2 h 2h0 h0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
h0 t h0 t ht ht
ADVCT - 25
10._ A small pond of depth 0.5 m deep is exposed to a cold winter with outside temperature of 263 K.
Thermal conductivity of ice is K = 2.2 W m –1 K–1, latent heat L = 3.4 × 105 Jkg–1 and density
 = 0.9 × 103 kgm–3. Take the temperature of the pond to be 273 K. The time taken for the whole pond
to freeze is about. [Olympiad (Stage-1) 2017]
(A) 20 days (B) 25 days (C) 30 days (D) 35 days
11._ Two rods identical in geometry but of different materials having co-efficient of thermal expansion 1 and
2 and Young’s modulii Y1 and Y2 respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls. The rods are
heated such that they undergo the same increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods. If
1 : 2 = 2 : 6 the thermal stresses developed in the two rods are equal provided Y 1 : Y2 is equal to :
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 4 : 9
12._ Two identical thin metal strips, one of aluminum and the other of iron are riveted together to form a
bimetallic strip. The temperature is raised by 50º C. If the central planes of the two strips are separated
by 2mm and the coefficients of thermal expansion of aluminum and iron are respectively 30 × 10 –6/0 C
and 10 × 10–6 /0 C the average radius of curvature of the bimetallic strip is about. [Olympiad 2014 (stage-1)]
(A) 50 cm (B) 100 cm (C) 150 cm (D) 200 cm
13._ Two thin rods of length l1 and l2 at a certain temperature are joined to each other end to end. The
composite rod is then heated through a temperature .The coefficients of linear expansion of the two
rods are 1 and  2 respectively. Then, the effective coefficient of linear expansion of the composite rod
is: [Olympiad 2015 (stage-1)]
1   2 l1 2  l21 l11  l2 2

(A) (B) 1. 2 (C) (D)
2 l1  l2 l1  l2
PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

1. A pitcher contains 20 kg of water. 0.5 gm of water comes out on the surface of the
pitcher every second through the pores and gets evaporated taking energy from
the remaining water. Calculate the approximate time (in min) in which temperature
of the water decreases by 5ºC. Neglect backward heat transfer from the
atmosphere to the water. (Write the answer to the nearest integer)
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/KgºC
Latent heat of vaporization of water 2.27 × 106 J/Kg
2. How long does a 59 kw water heater take to raise the temperature of 150 L of water from 21°C to 38ºC
(in min)
3. The specifc heat of a substance varies with temperature according to c = 0.2 + 0.16 T + 0.024 T 2 with T
in °c and c is cal/gk. Find the energy (in cal) requied to raise the temp of 2g substance from 0° to 5°C.
4. 50g of Ice at 0°C is mixed with 200g of water at 0°C. 6 kcal heat is given to system [Ice + water]. Find
the temperature (in °C) of the system.
5. Earth receives 1400 W/m 2 of solar power. If all the solar energy falling on a lens of area 0.2 m 2 is
focused on to a block of ice of mass 280 grams, the time taken to melt the ice will be X × 10 sec. Find
the value of x. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 x 105 J/kg) [JEE 1997, 2]
6. A 50 gm lead bullet, specific heat 0.02 cal/gm is initially at 30ºC. It is fired vertically upwards with a
speed of 840 m/sec & on returning to the starting level strikes a cake of ice at 0º C. How much ice is
melted. Assume that all energy is spent in melting only. [Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm]. Write the
answer (in gms) to nearest integer. [REE 1988, 5]
ADVCT - 26
7. The temperature of 100 gm of water is to be raised from 24º C to 90º C by adding steam to it. Calculate
the mass of the steam (in gms) required for this purpose. [JEE 1996, 2]
8. An electrical heating coil was placed in a calorimeter containing 360 gm of water at 10º C. The coil
consumes energy at the rate of 90 watt. The water equivalent of the calorimeter and the coil is 40 gm.
Calculate what will be the temperature (in °C) of water after 10 minutes. Write the answer to nearest
integer. J = 4.2 Joules/cal. [REE 1985, 7]
9.
As a result of temp rise of 32° C, a bar with a crack at its centre buckles upward. If the fixed distance 0
is 4 m, and coefficient of linear expansion of bar in 25 × 10–6 °c–1.
Find the rise x (in cm) of the centre.
10. Level of a certain liquid at 0°C and 100° C are 0 and 10 mm on a given fixed
scale (as shown in fig.) coefficient of volume expansion this liquid varies with
 T 
temperature as  = 0  1   (where T in °C)
 100 
Find the level (in mm) of liquid at 48°C.
11. A simple seconds pendulum is constructed out of a very thin string of thermal coefficient of linear
expansion = 20 x 10–4 / oC and a heavy particle attached to one end. The free end of the string is
suspended from the ceiling of an elevator at rest. The pendulum keeps correct time at 0 oC. When the
temperature rises to 50oC, the elevator operator of mass 60kg being a student of Physics accelerates
the elevator vertically, to have the pendulum correct time. Find the apparent weight (kgwt) of the
operator when the pendulum keeps correct time at 50 oC. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
12. A steel rod 25 cm long has a cross-sectional area of 0.8 cm 2. The force required to stretch this rod by
the same amount as the expansion produced by heating it through 10°C is 10 X. Find the value of X ?
(Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 10–5/°C and Young's modulus of steel is – 2 × 1010 N/m2.)
[JEE 1989, 3]
13. A one liter flask contains some mercury. It is found that at different temperatures the volume of air
inside the flask remains the same. The volume (in litre) of mercury in the flask is X/100. Find the value
of X Coefficient of linear expansion of glass = 9 × 10–6 /º C. Coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury = 1.8 × 10–4 /ºC. [JEE 1991, 3]
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. When two non reactive samples at different temperatures are mixed in an isolated container of
negligible heat capacity the final temperature of the mixture can be :
(A) lesser than lower or greater than higher temperature
(B) equal to lower or higher temperature
(C) greater than lower but lesser than higher temperature
(D) average of lower and higher temperatures
ADVCT - 27
2. When m gm of water at 10°C is mixed with m gm of ice at 0°C, which of the following statements are
false?
(A) The temperature of the system will be given by the equation m × 80 + m × 1 × (T – 0) = m × 1 × (10 – T)
(B) Whole of ice will melt and temperature will be more than 0°C but lesser than 10°C
(C) Whole of ice will melt and temperature will be 0°C
(D) Whole of ice will not melt and temperature will be 0°C
3. Two identical beakers with negligible thermal expansion are filled with water to the same level at 4°C.
If one says A is heated while the other says B is cooled, then :
(A) water level in A must rise (B) water level in B must rise
(C) water level in A must fall (D) water level in B must fall
4. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips, one of copper and the other of brass. The
coefficients of linear expansion of the two metals are C and B. On heating, the temperature of the
strips goes up by T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is:
(A) Proportional to T (B) inversely proportional to T
(C) proportional to |B – C| (D) inversely proportional to |B – C|
5. There is a rectangular metal plate in which two cavities in the shape of rectangle and circle are made,
as shown with dimensions. P and Q are the centres of these cavities. On heating the plate, which of the
following quantities increase ?
b
P
a
R
Q
r
(A)  r2 (B) ab (C) R (D) b
6._ A metallic wire of length  is held between two supports under some tension. The wire is cooled through
°. Let Y be the Young's modulus,  the density and  the thermal coefficient of linear expansion of the
material of the wire. Therefore, the frequency of oscillations of the wire varies as
[OLYMPIAD-2016_STAGE-1]
1 
(A) Y (B)  (C) (D)

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension-1
A 0.60 kg sample of water and a sample of ice are placed in two compartments A and B that are
separated by a conducting wall, in a thermally insulated container. The rate of heat transfer from the
water to the ice though the conducting wall is constant P, until thermal equilibrium is reached. The
temperature T of the liquid water and the ice are given in graph as functions of time t. Temperature of
the compartments remain homogeneous during whole heat transfer process.
Given specific heat of ice = 2100 J/kg-K
Given specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg-K
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105 J/kg
ADVCT - 28
40
water
20
T(°C) 0 t (min)
Ice
-20
20 40 60 80
1. The value of rate P is

(A) 42.0 W (B) 36.0 W (C) 21.0 W (D) 18.0 W
2. The initial mass of the ice in the container is equal to
(A) 0.36 kg (B) 1.2 kg (C) 2.4 kg (D) 3.6 kg
3. The mass of the ice formed due to conversion from the water till thermal equilibrium is reached, is equal to
(A) 0.12 kg (B) 0.15 kg (C) 0.25 kg (D) 0.40 kg
Comprehension-2
In a container of negligible heat capacity, 200 gm ice at 0°C and 100 gm steam at 100°C are added to
200 gm of water that has temperature 55°C. Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings and the
pressure in the container is constant 1.0 atm. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm, Latent heat of
vaporization of water = 540 cal/gm, Specific heat capacity of ice = 0.5 cal/gm-K, Specific heat capacity
of water = 1 cal/gm-K)
4. What is the final temperature of the system ?

(A) 48°C (B) 72°C (C) 94°C (D) 100°C
5. At the final temperature, mass of the total water present in the system, is
(A) 472.6 gm (B) 483.3 gm (C) 493.6 gm (D) 500 gm
6. Amount of the steam left in the system, is equal to

(A) 16.7 gm (B) 12.0 gm (C) 8.4 gm
(D) 0 gm, as there is no steam left.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is floating in a bath containing a liquid of coefficient of
volume expansion L. When the temperature is raised by T, the depth upto which the cube is
submerged in the liquid remains the same. Find the relation between s and L showing all the steps.
[JEE-2004 (Mains), 2/60]
2. 2 liters water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW heater in an open container. On an average heat is lost to
surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The time required for the temperature to reach 77°C is
[JEE-2005 (Scr.), 3/84, –1]
(A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min (C) 7 min (D) 14 min
ADVCT - 29
3. In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373 K and 0.45 kg of ice at 253 K are mixed. Find the final
temperature of the mixture (in Kelvin). [JEE-2006, 6/184, –1]
Given, Lfusion = 80 cal/gm = 336 J/gm, Lvaporization = 540 cal/gm = 2268 J/gm,
Sice = 2100 J/kg K = 0.5 cal/gm K and Swater = 4200 J/kg K = 1 cal/gmK
4. A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg –1 ºC–1 and latent heat = 3.36 × 10 5 J kg–1) of mass m grams is
at –5 ºC at atmospheric pressure. It is given 420 J of heat so that the ice starts melting. Finally when
the ice-water mixture is in equilibrium, it is found that 1 gm of ice has melted. Assuming there is no
other heat exchange in the process, the value of m is : [JEE-2010, 3/163]
5. Steel wire of length ‘L’ at 40°C is suspended from the ceiling and then a mass ‘m’ is hung from its free
end. The wire is cooled down from 40°C to 30°C to regain its original length ‘L’. The coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of the steel is 10–5 /°C, Young’s modulus of steel is 1011 N/m2 and radius of the wire
is 1 mm. Assume that L >> diameter of the wire. Then the value of ‘m’ in kg is nearly.
[JEE-2011, 4/160]
6. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water Cooler Device
at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed circulation system Hot
(as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the
cooler is used to cool an external device that generates
constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of
water fed into the device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire
stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The Cold
entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of
P (in watts) for which the device can be operated for 3 hours is : (Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1
and the density of water is 1000 kg m –3) [JEE (Advanced) 2016; P-1, 3/62, –1]
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933
7. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered (joined) together. Initially each of the
wires has a length of 1m at 10 °C. Now the end P is maintained at 10 °C, while the end S is heated and
maintained at 400°C. The system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. If the thermal
conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ
is 1.2 × 10–5 K–1, the change in length of the wire PQ is. [JEE (Advanced) 2016; P-2, 3/62, –1]
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Time taken by a 836 W heater to heat one liter of water from 10ºC to 40ºC is :
[AIEEE 2004; 4/120, –1]
(1) 50 s (2) 100 s (3) 150 s (4) 200 s
2. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature (T) is given as : [AIEEE 2011,11 May; 4/120, –1]
3
 T 
Cp (kjK–1 kg–1) = 32  
 400 
A 100 gram vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20K to 4K by a special refrigerator operating at
room temperature (27ºC). The amount of work required to cool the vessel is :
(1) greater than 0.148 kJ (2) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ
(3) less than 0.028 kJ (4) equal to 0.002 kJ
3. A metal rod of Young’s modulus Y and coefficient of thermal expansion  is held at its two ends such
that its length remains invariant. If its temperature is raised by tºC, the linear stress developed in its is :
[AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
Y 1 t
(1) (2) Yt (3) (4)
t (Yt) Y
4. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated from 0ºC to 100ºC. Its volume changes by (given that
coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium AI = 23 × 10–6/ºC) [AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2.89 cc (2) 9.28 cc (3) 49.8 cc (4) 28.9 cc
ADVCT - 30
5. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semicircular parts (see figure). The two
parts are held together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross sectional area S and
length L. L is slightly less than 2R. To fit the ring on the wheel, it is heated so that
its temperature rises by T and it just steps over the wheel. As it cools down to
surrounding temperature, it presses the semicircular parts together. If the coefficient
of linear expansion of the metal is , and its Young's modulus is Y, the force that
one part of the wheel applies on the other part is : [AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2SYT (2) SYT (3) SYT (4) 2SYT
6. A pendulum clock lose 12 s a day if the temperature is 40°C and gains 4 s a day if the temperature is
20°C. The temperature at which the clock will show correct time, and the co-efficient of linear expansion
() of the metal of the pendulum shaft are respectively : [JEE (Main) 2016, 4/120, –1]
(1) 60°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–4/°C (2) 30°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–3/°C
(3) 55°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–2/°C (4) 25°C ;  = 1.85 × 10–5/°C
7. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass

100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the system
is found to be 75º C. T is given by : (Given : room temperature = 30ºC, specific heat of
copper = 0.1 cal/gmºC) [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
(1) 825º C (2) 800ºC (3) 885ºC (4) 1250ºC
8. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at 0°C so that it is equally compressed from all sides. K is
the bulk modulus of the material of the cube and  is its coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we
want to bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature should be raised by :
[JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
P P 3
(1) 3PK (2) (3) (4)
3 K K PK
ADVCT - 31
EXERCISE-1 EXERCISE-2
PART-I PART-I
Section (A) 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)
4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (C)
A-1. H = 590 kcal A-2. 136 km 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)
3 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (D)
A-3. = 8.6 × 10–3 ºC
350 13. (D)
A-4. (a) 100 J (b) 0 (c) 1/40 ºC
A-5 0ºC PART-II
1. 6 2. 3 3. 8
Section (B) 4. 8 5. 33 6. 53
B-1. %R < %A < %V 7. 12 8. 42 9. 8
10. 4 11. 66 12. 16
B-2. We will cool the system. 13. 15
B-3. (a) R1' = R1 (1 + ) (b) R'2 = R2 (1 + ) PART-III
(c) R – R = (R2 – R1) (1 + )
'
2
'
1 1. (BCD) 2. (ABC) 3. (AB)
2
(d) A =( R – R1 )(1 + 2) = A(1 + 2)
2
2 4. (BD) 5. (ABCD) 6. (ABCD)
B-4. (i) hollow sphere > solid sphere PART-IV
(ii) hollow sphere = solid sphere 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)
B-5. 0.75m B-6. 1.1 × 10–2 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (A)
Section (C)
EXERCISE-3
C-1. (a) All tie (b) 50ºX, 50ºY, 50ºW.
PART-I
C-2 . – 40ºC or – 40ºF
1. L = 2s .2. (A) 3. 273 K
PART-II
Section (A) 4. 8 gm 5. 3 6. (B)
A-1. (D) A-2. (A) A-3. (A) 7. (A)

A-4. (A) PART-II
Section (B) 1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2)
B-1. (A) B-2. (C) B-3. (C) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (4)
B-4. (A) B-5. (C) B-6. (A) 7. (3) 8. (2)
Section (C)
C-1. (A)
PART-III
1. (A) – (p) ; (B) – (r) ; (C) – (s) ; (D) – (q)
2. (A) – (r) ; (B) – (q) ; (C) – (p) ; (D) – (s)
ADVCT - 32
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A thermally insulated, closed copper vessel contains water at 15ºC. When the vessel is shaken
vigorously for 15 minutes, the temperature rises to 17ºC. The mass of the vessel is 100g and that of the
water is 200g. The specific heat capacities of copper and water are 420 J/kg-K and 4200 J/kg-K
respectively. Neglect any thermal expansion. (a) How much heat is transferred to the liquid-vessel
system? (b) How much work has been done on this system? (c) How much is the increase in internal
energy of the system?
2. The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of oscillations
performed by pendulum. Every time it reaches to its extreme position the second hand of the clock
advances by one second that means second hand moves by two second when one oscillation is
completed.
(a) How many number of oscillations completed by pendulum of clock in 15 minutes at calibrated
temperature 20ºC
(b) How many number of oscillations are completed by a pendulum of clock in 15 minutes at
temperature of 40ºC if  = 2 × 10– 5 /ºC
(c) What time is represented by the pendulum clock at 40ºC after 15 minutes if the initial time shown by
the clock is 12 : 00 pm ?
(d) If the clock gains two seconds in 15 minutes in correct clock then find –
(i) Number of extra oscillations (ii) New time period (iii) change in temperature.
3. Consider a cylindrical container of cross section area ‘A’, length ‘h’ having coefficient of linear
expansion C. The container is filled by liquid of volume expansion coefficient L up to height h1. When
temperature of the system is increased by  then
h
h1
(a) Find out new height, area and volume of cylindrical container and new volume of liquid.
(b) Find the height of liquid level when expansion of container is neglected.
(c) Find the relation between L and c for which volume of container above the liquid level.
(i) increases (ii) decreases (iii) remains constant.
(d) If  > 3c and h = h1 then calculate, the volume of liquid overflow.
(e) If the surface of a cylindrical container is marked with numbers for the measurement of liquid level
of liquid filled inside it. Assuming correct marking at initial temperature if we increase the
temperature of the system by  then
(i) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of liquid
(ii) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of
container.
(iii) Find relation between L and C so that height of liquid level with respect to ground
(1) increases (2) decreases (3) remains constant.
4. One gram of water (volume = 1 cm 3) becomes 1671 cm 3 of steam when boiled at a pressure of one
atmosphere. Latent heat of vaporization at this pressure is 539 cal/gm. Compute the work done.
[1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Nm-2] [REE 1986, 3]
5. A metal piece weighing 15g is heated to 100ºC and then immersed in a mixture of ice and water at the
thermal equilibrium. The volume of the mixture is found to be reduced by 0.15 cm 3 with the temperature
of mixture remaining constant. Find the specific heat of the metal. Given specific gravity of ice = 0.92,
latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm.
6. The brass scale of a barometer gives correct reading at 0º C. Coefficient of thermal expansion of brass
is 0.00002/º C. The barometer reads 75 cm at 27º C. What is the correct atmospheric pressure at 27ºC?
[JEE 1989, 2]
ADVCT - 33
7. A clock with an iron pendulum keeps correct time at 20º C. How much will it lose or gain in a day if the
temperature changes to 40º C? (Coefficient of cubical expansion of iron = 0.000036/º C) [JEE1990, 3]
8. Two rods of different metals having same area of cross section A are placed end to end between two
massive platforms, as shown in the figure. The first rod has a length L 1, coefficient of linear expansion
1 and Young's modulus Y1. The corresponding quantities for the second rod are L2, 2, and Y2. The
temperature of both the rods is now increased by Tº C. Find the force with which the rods act on each
other ( at the higher temperature) in terms of given quantities. Also find the lengths of the rods at the
higher temperature. Assume that there is no change in the cross sectional area of the rods and that the
rods do not bend. There is no deformation of the walls. [JEE 1990, 5]
9. A composite rod is made by joining a copper rod end to end with a second rod of different material but
of the same cross section. At 25º C the composite rod is 1 m in length of which the length of the copper
rod is 30 cm. At 125º C the length of the composite rod increases by 1.91 mm. When the composite rod
is not allowed to expand by holding it between two rigid walls it is found that the length of the two
constituents do not change with the rise of temperature. Find the Young's modulus and the linear
expansion of the second rod given that Young's modulus of for copper = 1.3 × 1011 N/m2 and the
coefficient of linear expansion of copper = 1.7 × 10–5 /º C. [JEE 1990, 4]
10. A piece of metal weighs 46 g in air. When it is immersed in a liquid of specific gravity 1.24 at 27º C it
weighs 30 g. When the temperature of liquid is raised to 42º C the metal piece weighs 30.5 g. Specific
gravity of liquid at 42º C is 1.20. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal. [JEE 1991, 3]
11. Two Aluminium rods and a steel rod of equal cross-sectional area and equal
length 0 are joined rigidly side by side as shown in figure. Initially the rods are
at 0ºC. Find the length of the rod at the temperature  if young's modulus of
elasticity of the aluminium and steel are Ya and Ys respectively and coefficient
of linear expansion of aluminium and steel are a and s respectively.
12. Consider a metal scale of length 30 cm and an object. The scale is calibrated for temp 20ºC.
(a) What is the actual length of division which is shown as 1 cm by scale at 40ºC. Given s = 2×10–5 /ºC.
(b) What will be the reading of scale at 40ºC if the actual length of object is 10 cm.
(c) What will be the actual length of object at 40 ºC if its measured length is 10 cm.
(d) What is % error in measurement for part (b) and (c).
(e) If the linear expansion coefficient of object is 0 = 4 × 10–5 and neglecting the expansion of scale,
then answers of (b) and (c) parts.
(f) If 0 = 4 × 10–5 and s = 2 × 10–5 then find answers of (b) and (c) part.
13. The apparatus shown in the figure consists of four glass columns connected by horizontal sections. The
height of two central columns B & C are 49 cm each. The two outer columns A & D are open to the
atmosphere. A & C are maintained at a temperature of 95º C while the columns B & D are maintained at
5º C. The height of the liquid in A & D measured from the base line are 52.8 cm & 51 cm respectively.
Determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the liquid. [JEE 1997, 5]
ADVCT - 34
1. (a) zero (b) 1764 J (c) 1764 J 9. Y2 = 1.105 × 1011 N/m2, 2 = 2 × 10–5 /º C]
2. (a) 450 (b) 449 (c) 12:14:59 pm 1
10. = /º C = 2.31 × 10–5 /º C
43200
900 105
(d) (i) 1 (ii) s (iii) ºC
451 450  2Y   Ys s 
11. 0 1  a a 
3. (a) hf = h {1+ c }  2Ya  Ys 
Af = A {1 + 2c } 12. (a)  = 1 {1 + 2 × 10–5 × 20}
vf = Ah {1 + 3c }
(b)  = 10 {1 – 4 × 10–4}
volume of liquid VW = Ah1 (1+ L )
(b) hf = h1 {1 + L } (c)  = 10 {1 + 4 × 10–4}
(c) (i) 3h c > h1 (ii) 3h c < h1 (d) % 1 = – 4 × 10–2 %

(iii) 3h c  h1 4  102
% 2 = % – 4× 10– 2 %
1  4  104
(d) V = Ah (L – 3C)
(e) 1 = 10{1 + 20 × 4 × 10–5}
(e) (i) hf = h1 (1 – 3 C ) 2 = 10{1 – 20 × 4 × 10–5}
(ii) hf = h1 (1 + L )
(iii) (1) L> 2c (2) L< 2c (f) 1 = 10{1 + 40 × 10–5}
(3) L= 2c 2 = 10{1 – 40 × 10–5}
4. 169.171 J 13.  = 2 × 10–4 / °C
5. 0.092 cal/gmºC
6. 75.0405 cm
7. 10.368 s
AT(L11  L2 2 )Y1Y2
8. F = , Length of the first
L1Y2  L2 Y1
L1L2 T(Y11  Y2 2 )
rod = L1  ,
L1Y2  L2 Y1
Length of the second rod
L1L2 T(Y2 2  Y11 )
= L2 
L1Y2  L2 Y1
ADVCT - 35

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Calorimetry & Thermal Expansion

CALORIMETRY AND THERMAL EXPANSION

Example 2. Heat required to increases the temperate of 1 kg water by 20ºC

2.3 Relation between Specific heat and Water equivalent :

2.4 Phase change :

 m1 s1 (T1  Tm) = m2 s2 (Tm  T2)

Thermal expansion arises because the well is

(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R2 – R1

dL = L0 dT  L =  L0  T If  T << 1

Variation of  with temperature and distance

Then total expansion =  (ax + b) T dx.

(b) If  varies with temperature,  = f (T). Then L =  L0 dT

A = A0 (1 + T) DL size of object

Solution : Body is in equilibrium

for equilibrium mg = B = v1d1g = v2d2g.

Case I : Body move downward if f2 > f1

13. APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

14.1 Measurement of Temperature

14.2 Different Scales of Temperature

14.3 Comparison between Different Temperature Scales

Solid CO2 195 - 78 - 109

Hydrogen boils 20.7 -252.5 - 422.5

Temp. on other scale(S2 )-Lower fixed point (S2 )

Problem 4. 420 J of energy supplied to 10 g of water will raise its temperature by

Problem 6. Heat releases by 1 kg steam at 150ºC if it convert into 1 kg water at 50ºC.

Solution : Brass Strip

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

A-4. A paddle wheel is connected with a block of mass 10 kg as shown in figure.

Section (B) : Thermal Expansion

B-3. Temperature of plate is increased by  then find new

(a) inner radius

Section (C) : Temperature

(a) Rank the size of a degree on these scales, greatest first.

PART - II : SINGLE CHOICE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

(A) both will increase (B) both will decrease

B-3. Expansion during heating

B-4. f a bimetallic strip is heated, it will

Section (C) : Temperature

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

(A) 50 cm (B) 100 cm (C) 150 cm (D) 200 cm

is: [Olympiad 2015 (stage-1)]

1   2 l1 2  l21 l11  l2 2

PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

(A)  r2 (B) ab (C) R (D) b

1. The value of rate P is

4. What is the final temperature of the system ?

6. Amount of the steam left in the system, is equal to

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

7. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass

A-1. (D) A-2. (A) A-3. (A) 7. (A)

(b) hf = h1 {1 + L } (c)  = 10 {1 + 4 × 10–4}

(c) (i) 3h c > h1 (ii) 3h c < h1 (d) % 1 = – 4 × 10–2 %

4. 169.171 J 13.  = 2 × 10–4 / °C

Example 2. Heat required to increases the temperate of 1 kg water by 20ºC

2.3 Relation between Specific heat and Water equivalent :

2.4 Phase change :