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You can see that I took this last part into account in the above schematic. I will soon try to update the
post with more information regarding the troubleshooting techniques for a pnp transistor. Due to the
fact real resistor values in many cases are not the same as the minimal color-code value, it might be
advisable to confirm the resistor value with a Ohm-meter before applying it in the circuit. Any
different form of display not matching the approximate 0.7 V, such as 0, 4, or 12 V, or a negative
could be an indication of a faulty device, and the network connections might require a deeper
analysis during such a situation. Then, it follows that the three equations along the three different
paths are. Can it be that the internal network from the wire and the end connection of a lead is bad.
Checking Base-Emitter Voltage Remember, for any BJT in the active region, the most crucial
measurable dc level is actually its base-to-emitter voltage V BE. Here we can see the black probe of
the voltmeter is attached to the common ground of the source and the red probe to the lower terminal
of the resistor. At V C the reading must be less, depending on the voltage drop across R C. It
consists of three layers of doped semiconductor material, namely the collector, base, and emitter, and
can be either NPN or PNP type. 2. How does a BJT transistor work. You'll solve for the node
voltages and then use that information to solve the branch currents. At this point the troubleshooter
should make an effort to achieve a greater level of thinking. For a better experience, please enable
JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Quite certainly, the initial step in having the ability to
troubleshoot a BJT circuit would be to get thoroughly familiar with the tendencies of the network,
and to have idea regarding the specified voltage and current ranges. How can I calculate it to find Ib
Vb values? thanks. For a pnp transistor, the very same strategy may be used however the meter probe
polarity will need to be reversed for getting a similar response. Share a link to this question via email,
Twitter, or Facebook. If it does, reduce VAMPL of the VSIN source, from 4V to a lower level, but
as large as you can make it to keep the LED currents from clipping Homework Equations The
Attempt at a Solution By I offset do they mean the value of I current (in collector). Naturally, the
greater the sophistication of the network, the larger could be the spectrum of possibilities. MathJax
reference. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. For a BJT that's in a switched ON
condition, the voltage across its base and emitter V BE should be in the vicinity of 0.7 V. The correct
relationships for testing V BE can be seen in below shown Figure. If it does, reduce VAMPL of the
VSIN source, from 4V to a lower level, but as large as you can make it to keep the LED currents
from clipping Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution By I offset do they mean the value of
I current (in collector). Use two methods to create such a current: Method A: Keep RE constant (say
200?) and vary VOFF of the VSIN source. Current (ampere) ranges are often determined through
the voltage levels itself, measured across the various resistors, rather than unnecessarily “breaking”
the network to insert the milliammeter probes of a multimeter. Troubleshooting Unknown Situations
There may be occasions when disappointment can build up. To analyze a simple BJT transistor
circuit, you need to determine the operating mode of the transistor and the values of the resistors and
currents in the circuit. All resistor levels appear appropriate, the inter-connections look reliable, and
proper supply voltage may have been employed - what then. And please edit your question to show
us the work you've done so far to answer this (homework?) problem. If you have any circuit related
queries, you may interact through comments, and get guaranteed replies from the author. For
checking bigger schematics, precise voltage ranges are supplied in datasheets with reference to
ground for effortless testing and recognition of probable troublesome areas.
Checking Collector-Emitter Voltage While troubleshooting a BJT, another voltage level having equal
significance is the collector-to-emitter voltage. For a pnp transistor, the very same strategy may be
used however the meter probe polarity will need to be reversed for getting a similar response.
Whatever the case, probably the most successful strategies to troubleshooting a BJT network is
always to examine the various voltage levels with reference to ground. BJT transistors are widely
used in electronic circuits, including amplifiers, switches, oscillators, and digital logic circuits.
Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. This will
ensure that genuine values are closer to assumptive ranges and give the user certain assurance
regarding the correct resistance value being exercised. Have Questions? Please Comment below to
Solve your Queries. All resistor levels appear appropriate, the inter-connections look reliable, and
proper supply voltage may have been employed - what then. It may not display this or other
websites correctly. They are also used in audio and radio frequency amplifiers, power supplies, and
motor control circuits. You can see that I took this last part into account in the above schematic. And
in Method 2 solve for RE and plug in values keeping VOFF constant. A BJT transistor works by
controlling the flow of current between the collector and emitter terminals based on the input current
at the base terminal. Help needed with a Statics Question: Load is supported by a Pulley and Cables.
Use two methods to create such a current: Method A: Keep RE constant (say 200?) and vary VOFF
of the VSIN source. In the figure above, when the red probe is attached directly to supply V CC, it
must display the fed V CC voltage level on the meter. If you have further doubts please use the
comment box below for expressing your thoughts. For checking bigger schematics, precise voltage
ranges are supplied in datasheets with reference to ground for effortless testing and recognition of
probable troublesome areas. In saturation mode, it acts as a switch, allowing maximum current to
flow from the collector to the emitter. Over to you I hope the tutorial could enlighten you regrading
how to troubleshoot BJT transistor circuits. In each case, once you set the DC current to 27mA,
check the sinusoidal collector current iC(t), and make sure that it doesn’t get clipped. The failure of
registering any of these instances would be enough to define a faulty connection or element. Any
different form of display not matching the approximate 0.7 V, such as 0, 4, or 12 V, or a negative
could be an indication of a faulty device, and the network connections might require a deeper
analysis during such a situation. Current (ampere) ranges are often determined through the voltage
levels itself, measured across the various resistors, rather than unnecessarily “breaking” the network
to insert the milliammeter probes of a multimeter. It consists of three layers of doped semiconductor
material, namely the collector, base, and emitter, and can be either NPN or PNP type. 2. How does a
BJT transistor work. He has more than 15 years of experience in practical electronics. When a small
current is applied to the base, it causes a much larger current to flow from the collector to the
emitter, thus amplifying the signal. 3. What are the different modes of operation for a BJT transistor.
A BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a semiconductor device that is used to amplify or switch
electronic signals. For a BJT that's in a switched ON condition, the voltage across its base and
emitter V BE should be in the vicinity of 0.7 V. The correct relationships for testing V BE can be
seen in below shown Figure.
Here we can see the black probe of the voltmeter is attached to the common ground of the source
and the red probe to the lower terminal of the resistor. Naturally, the greater the sophistication of the
network, the larger could be the spectrum of possibilities. Making statements based on opinion; back
them up with references or personal experience. He is also the founder and the author of the website:,
where he loves sharing his innovative circuit ideas and tutorials. In saturation mode, it acts as a
switch, allowing maximum current to flow from the collector to the emitter. If V RC and V RE carry
fair values but V CE shows 0 V, the likelihood may be that the BJT is internally damaged resulting in
a short-circuit kind of reading between collector and emitter terminals. You can see that I took this
last part into account in the above schematic. In the figure above, when the red probe is attached
directly to supply V CC, it must display the fed V CC voltage level on the meter. In each case, once
you set the DC current to 27mA, check the sinusoidal collector current iC(t), and make sure that it
doesn’t get clipped. At V C the reading must be less, depending on the voltage drop across R C.
Checking Incorrect Resistance Probably the most typical faults in the troubleshooting procedures is
the incorporation of incorrect resistance values for any given network. In another circumstance you
may find the supply switched on with the correct voltage but the current-limiting control has been
mistakenly positioned at zero point, blocking the specified right amount of current to the circuit. This
will ensure that genuine values are closer to assumptive ranges and give the user certain assurance
regarding the correct resistance value being exercised. If it does, reduce VAMPL of the VSIN source,
from 4V to a lower level, but as large as you can make it to keep the LED currents from clipping
Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution By I offset do they mean the value of I current (in
collector). Using Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law, you can calculate the voltage, current, and power
at various points in the circuit. 5. What are some common applications of BJT transistors. For a BJT
that's in a switched ON condition, the voltage across its base and emitter V BE should be in the
vicinity of 0.7 V. The correct relationships for testing V BE can be seen in below shown Figure.
You'll solve for the node voltages and then use that information to solve the branch currents. If you
have further doubts please use the comment box below for expressing your thoughts. Quite certainly,
the initial step in having the ability to troubleshoot a BJT circuit would be to get thoroughly familiar
with the tendencies of the network, and to have idea regarding the specified voltage and current
ranges. He has more than 15 years of experience in practical electronics. How can I calculate it to find
Ib Vb values? thanks. If you have any circuit related queries, you may interact through comments,
and get guaranteed replies from the author. They are also used in audio and radio frequency
amplifiers, power supplies, and motor control circuits. Having said that: For a standard Bipolar
Junction Transistor amplifier working in the active region, V CE is normally around 25% to 75% of
V CC. The failure of registering any of these instances would be enough to define a faulty
connection or element. You might have inspected the BJT on a curve tracer or some other BJT testing
instrument and found it to be absolutely fine. Whatever the case, probably the most successful
strategies to troubleshooting a BJT network is always to examine the various voltage levels with
reference to ground. MathJax reference. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. And in
Method 2 solve for RE and plug in values keeping VOFF constant. Have Questions? Please
Comment below to Solve your Queries.
Checking Collector-Emitter Voltage While troubleshooting a BJT, another voltage level having equal
significance is the collector-to-emitter voltage. In saturation mode, it acts as a switch, allowing
maximum current to flow from the collector to the emitter. BJT transistors are widely used in
electronic circuits, including amplifiers, switches, oscillators, and digital logic circuits. Naturally, the
greater the sophistication of the network, the larger could be the spectrum of possibilities. And you
are correct that you don't yet know the branch currents--but you don't need to know them. So
Thevenin's theorem can't be used to analyze this particular circuit (at least, not as you were hoping
to). At this point the troubleshooter should make an effort to achieve a greater level of thinking.
Current (ampere) ranges are often determined through the voltage levels itself, measured across the
various resistors, rather than unnecessarily “breaking” the network to insert the milliammeter probes
of a multimeter. If you have further doubts please use the comment box below for expressing your
thoughts. Browse other questions tagged resistors bjt voltage-divider bias or ask your own question.
For a BJT that's in a switched ON condition, the voltage across its base and emitter V BE should be
in the vicinity of 0.7 V. The correct relationships for testing V BE can be seen in below shown
Figure. Having said that: For a standard Bipolar Junction Transistor amplifier working in the active
region, V CE is normally around 25% to 75% of V CC. A BJT transistor works by controlling the
flow of current between the collector and emitter terminals based on the input current at the base
terminal. How frequently did you find that simply pressing a BJT at some appropriate places resulted
in a “make and break” condition across connections. If V RC and V RE carry fair values but V CE
shows 0 V, the likelihood may be that the BJT is internally damaged resulting in a short-circuit kind
of reading between collector and emitter terminals. To analyze a simple BJT transistor circuit, you
need to determine the operating mode of the transistor and the values of the resistors and currents in
the circuit. Checking Base-Emitter Voltage Remember, for any BJT in the active region, the most
crucial measurable dc level is actually its base-to-emitter voltage V BE. When the meter is joined to
the collector terminal of the BJT, the reading will probably be 0 V because the supply V CC is cut off
from the active device due to the open circuit. Unless, otherwise this is intentionally designed the
network and connections must be inspected. A BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a semiconductor
device that is used to amplify or switch electronic signals. I will soon try to update the post with
more information regarding the troubleshooting techniques for a pnp transistor. Use two methods to
create such a current: Method A: Keep RE constant (say 200?) and vary VOFF of the VSIN source.
If a sinusoidal ac source is connected in series with the DC source, how large can the peak
magnitude of the AC source become if BJT operation is to be confined to the constant current region.
And in Method 2 solve for RE and plug in values keeping VOFF constant. He has more than 15
years of experience in practical electronics. Basically, the user should know about a handful of
fundamental moves and measurements which may enable him to spotlight the location of the
problem and help recognize the remedy. At V C the reading must be less, depending on the voltage
drop across R C. Any different form of display not matching the approximate 0.7 V, such as 0, 4, or
12 V, or a negative could be an indication of a faulty device, and the network connections might
require a deeper analysis during such a situation. You can see that I took this last part into account in
the above schematic. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
Using Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law, you can calculate the voltage, current, and power at various
points in the circuit. 5. What are some common applications of BJT transistors. If it does, reduce
VAMPL of the VSIN source, from 4V to a lower level, but as large as you can make it to keep the
LED currents from clipping Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution By I offset do they
mean the value of I current (in collector). If you have further doubts please use the comment box
below for expressing your thoughts. How frequently did you find that simply pressing a BJT at some
appropriate places resulted in a “make and break” condition across connections. In each case, once
you set the DC current to 27mA, check the sinusoidal collector current iC(t), and make sure that it
doesn’t get clipped. If a sinusoidal ac source is connected in series with the DC source, how large
can the peak magnitude of the AC source become if BJT operation is to be confined to the constant
current region. For checking bigger schematics, precise voltage ranges are supplied in datasheets with
reference to ground for effortless testing and recognition of probable troublesome areas. Observe that
the positive (red) lead of the digital multimeter is touched to the base terminal for an npn transistor
and the negative (black) lead to the emitter terminal. A BJT transistor works by controlling the flow
of current between the collector and emitter terminals based on the input current at the base terminal.
It may not display this or other websites correctly. Then, it follows that the three equations along the
three different paths are. Any different form of display not matching the approximate 0.7 V, such as
0, 4, or 12 V, or a negative could be an indication of a faulty device, and the network connections
might require a deeper analysis during such a situation. A BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a
semiconductor device that is used to amplify or switch electronic signals. For a better experience,
please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. You are going to have to use nodal
analysis, as Jim suggested, and crank it out. Checking Collector-Emitter Voltage While
troubleshooting a BJT, another voltage level having equal significance is the collector-to-emitter
voltage. Naturally, the greater the sophistication of the network, the larger could be the spectrum of
possibilities. If it does, reduce VAMPL of the VSIN source, from 4V to a lower level, but as large as
you can make it to keep the LED currents from clipping Homework Equations The Attempt at a
Solution By I offset do they mean the value of I current (in collector). There's no harm in introducing
more current than needed (within limits, of course) to the base of a transistor. Having said that: For a
standard Bipolar Junction Transistor amplifier working in the active region, V CE is normally around
25% to 75% of V CC. Quite certainly, the initial step in having the ability to troubleshoot a BJT
circuit would be to get thoroughly familiar with the tendencies of the network, and to have idea
regarding the specified voltage and current ranges. In the active mode, the transistor acts as an
amplifier. Here we can see the black probe of the voltmeter is attached to the common ground of the
source and the red probe to the lower terminal of the resistor. If you have any circuit related queries,
you may interact through comments, and get guaranteed replies from the author. How can I calculate
it to find Ib Vb values? thanks. Can it be that the internal network from the wire and the end
connection of a lead is bad. I will soon try to update the post with more information regarding the
troubleshooting techniques for a pnp transistor. BJT troubleshooting techniques is a huge topic and
therefore including 100 % solutions and strategies can be perhaps difficult within a single article.
Recollect from the general characteristics of a BJT that values of V CE in the vicinity of 0.3 V
indicate that the device is saturated - a situation that must not really exist unless of course if the BJT
is working in a switching mode. Use two methods to create such a current: Method A: Keep RE
constant (say 200?) and vary VOFF of the VSIN source.
If you have any circuit related queries, you may interact through comments, and get guaranteed
replies from the author. If V RC and V RE carry fair values but V CE shows 0 V, the likelihood may
be that the BJT is internally damaged resulting in a short-circuit kind of reading between collector
and emitter terminals. BJT transistors are widely used in electronic circuits, including amplifiers,
switches, oscillators, and digital logic circuits. Use two methods to create such a current: Method A:
Keep RE constant (say 200?) and vary VOFF of the VSIN source. You'll likely end up with N
equations and N unknowns, and then you can solve for the unknowns. And in Method 2 solve for
RE and plug in values keeping VOFF constant. Have Questions? Please Comment below to Solve
your Queries. Can it be that the internal network from the wire and the end connection of a lead is
bad. In cutoff mode, there is no current flow between the collector and emitter. 4. How do you
analyze a simple BJT transistor circuit. In the figure above, when the red probe is attached directly to
supply V CC, it must display the fed V CC voltage level on the meter. Then, it follows that the three
equations along the three different paths are. Checking Base-Emitter Voltage Remember, for any
BJT in the active region, the most crucial measurable dc level is actually its base-to-emitter voltage V
BE. Quite certainly, the initial step in having the ability to troubleshoot a BJT circuit would be to get
thoroughly familiar with the tendencies of the network, and to have idea regarding the specified
voltage and current ranges. Checking Collector-Emitter Voltage While troubleshooting a BJT,
another voltage level having equal significance is the collector-to-emitter voltage. And the voltage V
E must be lower than V C by a magnitude equal to V CE or the collector-emitter voltage. I will soon
try to update the post with more information regarding the troubleshooting techniques for a pnp
transistor. For checking bigger schematics, precise voltage ranges are supplied in datasheets with
reference to ground for effortless testing and recognition of probable troublesome areas. Observe
that the positive (red) lead of the digital multimeter is touched to the base terminal for an npn
transistor and the negative (black) lead to the emitter terminal. Making statements based on opinion;
back them up with references or personal experience. Due to the fact real resistor values in many
cases are not the same as the minimal color-code value, it might be advisable to confirm the resistor
value with a Ohm-meter before applying it in the circuit. All resistor levels appear appropriate, the
inter-connections look reliable, and proper supply voltage may have been employed - what then. The
failure of registering any of these instances would be enough to define a faulty connection or
element. Here we can see the black probe of the voltmeter is attached to the common ground of the
source and the red probe to the lower terminal of the resistor. Share a link to this question via email,
Twitter, or Facebook. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before
proceeding. For a BJT that's in a switched ON condition, the voltage across its base and emitter V
BE should be in the vicinity of 0.7 V. The correct relationships for testing V BE can be seen in below
shown Figure. At V C the reading must be less, depending on the voltage drop across R C. With
collector current not present and a corresponding zero voltage drop around R C may result in a
reading of 20 V. In the active mode, the transistor acts as an amplifier. Using Kirchhoff's laws and
Ohm's law, you can calculate the voltage, current, and power at various points in the circuit. 5. What
are some common applications of BJT transistors.
At V C the reading must be less, depending on the voltage drop across R C. How can I calculate it
to find Ib Vb values? thanks. A BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a semiconductor device that is
used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Help needed with a Statics Question: Load is supported
by a Pulley and Cables. If you have any circuit related queries, you may interact through comments,
and get guaranteed replies from the author. Have Questions? Please Comment below to Solve your
Queries. Then, it follows that the three equations along the three different paths are. It may not
display this or other websites correctly. Any different form of display not matching the approximate
0.7 V, such as 0, 4, or 12 V, or a negative could be an indication of a faulty device, and the network
connections might require a deeper analysis during such a situation. Whatever the case, probably the
most successful strategies to troubleshooting a BJT network is always to examine the various voltage
levels with reference to ground. BJT troubleshooting techniques is a huge topic and therefore
including 100 % solutions and strategies can be perhaps difficult within a single article. For checking
bigger schematics, precise voltage ranges are supplied in datasheets with reference to ground for
effortless testing and recognition of probable troublesome areas. And in Method 2 solve for RE and
plug in values keeping VOFF constant. For a pnp transistor, the very same strategy may be used
however the meter probe polarity will need to be reversed for getting a similar response. There's no
harm in introducing more current than needed (within limits, of course) to the base of a transistor. A
BJT transistor works by controlling the flow of current between the collector and emitter terminals
based on the input current at the base terminal. Making statements based on opinion; back them up
with references or personal experience. It consists of three layers of doped semiconductor material,
namely the collector, base, and emitter, and can be either NPN or PNP type. 2. How does a BJT
transistor work. The failure of registering any of these instances would be enough to define a faulty
connection or element. Use two methods to create such a current: Method A: Keep RE constant (say
200?) and vary VOFF of the VSIN source. Quite certainly, the initial step in having the ability to
troubleshoot a BJT circuit would be to get thoroughly familiar with the tendencies of the network,
and to have idea regarding the specified voltage and current ranges. You'll likely end up with N
equations and N unknowns, and then you can solve for the unknowns. Is the voltage at the top of
resistor R4 an independent voltage source? It is not. All resistor levels appear appropriate, the inter-
connections look reliable, and proper supply voltage may have been employed - what then. Checking
Collector-Emitter Voltage While troubleshooting a BJT, another voltage level having equal
significance is the collector-to-emitter voltage. Current (ampere) ranges are often determined through
the voltage levels itself, measured across the various resistors, rather than unnecessarily “breaking”
the network to insert the milliammeter probes of a multimeter. He has more than 15 years of
experience in practical electronics. Checking Incorrect Resistance Probably the most typical faults in
the troubleshooting procedures is the incorporation of incorrect resistance values for any given
network. Basically, the user should know about a handful of fundamental moves and measurements
which may enable him to spotlight the location of the problem and help recognize the remedy.