Acing The New SAT Math PDF Book 15 103

I.
Arithmetic and Algebra

Chapter 1: The language and Tools of Algebra
Chapter 2: Solving Linear Equations
Chapter 3: Functions and Linear Equations
Chapter 4: Linear Inequalities and Graphs
Chapter 5: Word Problems in Real-Life Situation
CHAPTER 1
The Language and Tools of Algebra
1-1. Variables and Expressions

In algebra, variables are symbols used to represent unspecified numbers or values.
An algebraic expression is a collection of numbers, variables, operations, and grouping symbols.
Verbal Phrase Algebraic Expressions

Addition The sum of twenty and a number n 20 + n
Nine more than twice a number a 2a + 9
A number m increased by 12 m + 12
Subtraction The difference between a number x and 7 x−7

Three less than a number b b−3
Three times a number k decreased by five 3k − 5
Nine minus a number n 9−n
Multiplication Eleven times z to the third power 11z 3

The product of −2 and a number n −2n
2
Two thirds of a number x x
3
Division n divided by 8 n/8
15
The quotient of fifteen and a number d
d
Example 1 □ Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

a. Ten less than one-fourth the cube of p .
b. Twice the difference between x and sixteen.
c. Four times the sum of a number and three.
d. Four times a number increased by three.
1 3
Solution □ a. p − 10
4
b. 2( x − 16)
c. 4(n + 3)
d. 4n + 3
Example 2 □ Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer are taking their three children to an amusement park.
The admission is a dollars per adult, c dollars per child and the cost of
each ride is r dollars per person.
a. Write an expression for the cost of admission plus 10 rides for the family.
b. Find the cost of admission plus 10 rides if the admission per adult is 20 dollars,
the admission per child is 12 dollars, and the cost of each ride is 8 dollars.
Solution □ a. 2a + 3c + 10r
b. 2 ⋅ 20 + 3 ⋅12 + 10 ⋅ 8 Substitute 20 for a , 12 for c , and 8 for r .

= 156
6 Chapter 1
Exercise - Variables and Expressions
1 4
Twice the product of m and n decreased by the Mario received y text messages each minute
square of the sum of m and n . for 10 minutes yesterday and received t text
messages each minute for 20 minutes today.
Which of the following is an expression for the What is the total number of text messages he
statement above? received for two days in terms of y and t ?
A) 2mn − (m 2 + n 2 ) A) 30 yt
B) 2mn − (m + n) 2 B) 200 yt
C) (m + n) 2 − 2mn C) 20 y + 10t
D) 10 y + 20t
D) (m 2 + n 2 ) − 2mn
2 5
The product of a number x and four decreased Which of the following expressions represents
by twelve. the product of 3k and the sum of m and
one third of n ?
Which of the following is an expression for the
statement above? 1
A) 3km + n
3
A) 4 x + 12
1
B) 4( x + 12) B) 3k ⋅ (m + n)
3
C) 4( x − 12)
1
C) 3k (m + n)
D) 4 x − 12 3
1
D) 3k (m + n + )
3 3
The quotient of 19 and a number d increased

by seven.
6
Which of the following is an expression for the The difference between two numbers is eight.
statement above? If the smaller number is n to the third power
what is the greater number?
19
A) +7
d A) n3 − 8
d B) n3 + 8
B) +7
19
C) 8 − n3
19 + d
C)
7 D) 8n3
d +7
D)
19
The Language and Tools of Algebra 7
1-2. Exponents and Order of Operations
An expression like 35 is called a power. The number 3 is the base, and the number 5 is the exponent.
35 = 3⋅
3 ⋅
3 ⋅ 3
⋅3
5 factors of 3
To evaluate an expression involving more than one operation, we agree to perform operations
in the following order .
Order of Operations
1. Simplify the expressions inside grouping symbols, such as parentheses, brackets, and fraction bars.
2. Evaluate all powers.
3. Do all multiplications and divisions in order from left to right.
4. Do all additions and subtractions in order from left to right.
52 − 13
Example 1 □ Evaluate (11 − 20 ÷ + 8) × 2 .
3
52 − 13
Solution □ (11 − 20 ÷ + 8) × 2
3
25 − 13
= (11 − 20 ÷ + 8) × 2 Evaluate power inside grouping symbols.
3
12
= (11 − 20 ÷ + 8) × 2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols.
3
= (11 − 20 ÷ 4 + 8) × 2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols.
= (11 − 5 + 8) × 2 Divide 20 by 4.
= (6 + 8) × 2 Subtract 5 from 11.
= (14) × 2 Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols.
= 28 Multiply.
b2 + c
Example 2 □ Evaluate a 3 − + (ab + c) if a = 4 , b = −3 , and c = 7 .
a
b2 + c
Solution □ a3 − + (ab + c)
a
(−3) 2 + 7
= 43 − + (4 ⋅ (−3) + 7) Replace a with 4, b with −3 , and c with 7.
4
9+7
= 64 − + (−12 + 7) Evaluate 43 , (−3) 2 , and 4 ⋅ (−3) .
4
16
= 64 − + (−5) Evaluate expression inside grouping symbols.
4
= 64 − 4 + (−5) Divide 16 by 4.
= 55 Subtract and add.
8 Chapter 1
Exercise - Exponents and Order of Operations
1 5
[(7 2 − 9) ÷ 8]2 = 2c 2 (b + a )
What is the value of ( ) − 10 ×
a c
if a = −2 , b = 3 , and c = 5 ?
2 6
24 − 7 What is the value of 9 − 2 x ÷ ( z − y )3 if x = 4 ,

19 − 3[20 − × 8] =
4 y = −1 , and z = −3 ?
3 7
72 ÷ 32 ⋅ 2 7 ÷ ( q ) 2 ⋅ 2 − p + 6q − r
= What is the value of ⋅
6 2p −q
1
if p = 4 , q = , and r = 2 ?
2
4 8
1 c − 2(a + b) 1
53 − (12 + 12 ÷ 3) = What is the value of if a = − ,
2 (c − a ) 2
2
3 5
b= , and c = ?
2 2
1-3. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

A term is a number, a variable, or a product or quotient of numbers and variables. For example 5, x ,
7a , b 2 , and 2m3 n are all terms. Like terms contain identical variables. For example, in 5 x 2 − 3 x 2 + 3 x ,
the terms 5x 2 and −3x 2 are like terms because the variable part of each term is identical.
The coefficient of a term is a number that multiplies a variable. For example, in 8x 2 y , the coefficient is 8,
4m 4
and in , the coefficient is .
5 5
An expression is in simplest form when it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like terms or
parentheses. Simplifying means rewriting in simpler form.
Distributive Property
Symbols For any real numbers a , b , and c
a (b + c) = ab + ac a (b − c) = ab − ac
Examples 4(7 + 3) = 4 ⋅ 7 + 4 ⋅ 3 4(7 − 3) = 4 ⋅ 7 − 4 ⋅ 3
Commutative Property
Symbols For any real numbers a and b ,
a+b =b+a a ⋅b = b ⋅ a
Examples 3 + 4 = 4 + 3 3⋅ 4 = 4 ⋅3
Associative Property
Symbols For any real numbers a , b , and c
(a + b) + c =a + (b + c) (ab)c = a (bc)
Examples (3 + 4) + 7 =3 + (4 + 7) (3 ⋅ 4) ⋅ 7 =3 ⋅ (4 ⋅ 7)
Example 1 □ Simplify each expression.

1 2
a. m − 4n + 2 m b. 4 x3 − 2( x3 + 3 x) c. a (2 − b) − 2(a − b)
3 3
1 2
Solution □ a. m − 4n + 2 m
3 3
1 2
=+( 2 ) m − 4n Combine like terms.
3 3
= 3m − 4n Simplify.
b. 4 x3 − 3( x3 + 2 x)
=4 x3 − 3( x3 ) − 3(2 x) Distributive property
= 4 x3 − 3x3 − 6 x Multiply.
= x − 6x
3
Combine like terms.
c. a (2 − b) − 2(a − b)
= 2a − ab − 2a + 2b Distributive property
= 2a − 2a − ab + 2b Commutative property
= −ab + 2b Simplify.
10 Chapter 1
Exercise - Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
1 4
Which of the following expressions is equivalent Which of the following expressions is equivalent
2 1 to a (b − c) − b(a + c) − c(a − b) ?
to (a 2 − a − 3) + (a 2 + 2a + 6) ?
3 3
A) bc
A) a 2 B) 2ac
B) a 2 + a C) −2bc
C) a 2 − a D) −2ac
D) a 2 − 1
2 5
Which of the following expressions is equivalent Which of the following expressions is NOT
to 5.4( x − 2 y ) − 2.7( x − 3 y ) ? equivalent to 3[6a − 3(1 − a ) − 5(a + 1)] ?
A) 2.7( x + y ) A) 12a − 24
B) 2.7( x − y ) 1
B) 24(a − )
2
C) 2.7 x + 3.6 y
C) 12(a − 2)
D) 2.7 x − 3.6 y
1
D) 24( a − 1)
2
3 6
Which of the following expressions is equivalent
Which of the following expressions is NOT
1 3
to (2a + 3b + 4c) − (b + 2c) ? 2 1
2 2 equivalent to p − (2 p − 3q ) − ( p + 4q ) ?
3 3
A) a − 3c 2
A) − ( p − q )
B) a + 5c 3
C) a + c 2 2
B) − p+ q
D) a − c 3 3
2
C) − ( p + q )
3
1
D) − (2 p − 2q )
3
1-4. Rational, Irrational, and Decimal

Numbers can be pictured as points on a horizontal line called a number line. The point for 0 is the origin.
Points to the left of 0 represent negative numbers, and points to the right of 0 represent positive numbers.
Numbers increase in value from left to right. The point that corresponds to a number is called the graph
of the number. Each number in a pair such as 3 and −3 is called the opposite of the other number. The
opposite of a is written −a .
Negative Numbers Origin Positive Numbers

2
−
−3.72 − 3 3 2 π 4.23
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Increasing
natural numbers: {1, 2, 3, . . .}

whole numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
integers: {. . . , − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
a
rational numbers: A rational number is one that can be expressed as a ratio , where a and b are
b
2
integers and b is not zero, such as −3.72, − , 0, 2, and 4.23 . The decimal form
3
of a rational number is either a terminating or repeating decimal.
irrational numbers Any real number that is not rational is irrational. − 3, 2, and π are irrational.
Rounding Decimals
To round a decimal to the desired place, underline the digit in the place to be rounded.
1) If the digit to the right of the underlined digit is 5 or more, increase the underlined digit by one (round up).
2) If the digit to the right of the underlined digit is less than 5, leave the underlined digit as it is (round down).
3) Drop all digits to the right of the underlined digit.
Example 1 □ On the number line below, the marks are equally spaced.
What is the coordinate of P ?
P 0 0.25
Solution □ Since the distance between the marks is 0.25 , the coordinate of P is 7 × −0.25 ,
or −1.75 .
Example 2 □ Round 52.348 to the nearest a) integer and b) hundredth.
Solution □ a) Underline 2, the digit in the ones place. 52.348

The digit to the right of the underlined digit is less than 5, keep the underlined digit.
Therefore, 52.348 rounded to the nearest integer is 52.
b) Underline 4, the digit in the hundredths place. 52.348

The digit to the right of the underlined digit is more than 5, round up.
Therefore, 52.348 rounded to the nearest hundredths place is 52.35.
12 Chapter 1
Exercise – Rational, Irrational, and Decimal
1 4
Which of the following shows the numbers Which of the following is an irrational number?
arranged in increasing order?
A) −1.2
2
A) − 3, − 5, , 4, 10 4
3 B)
3
2
B) − 3, − 5, , 10, 4 C) − 16
3
D) − 10
2
C) −5, − 3, , 10, 4
3
2
D) , − 3, 10, 4, − 5 5
3
Which of the following is a rational number?
A) 1.6
49
B)
2 64
11 − 2(2 − 0.82 ) + 24 ÷ (−4) = C) 0.9
D) − 250
A) 1.68
B) 2.28
C) 2.78
6
D) 3.18
In three plays, a football team loses 5 yards and
then gains 32 yards by completing a pass. Then
a penalty was called and the team lost 10 yards.
How many yards did the team actually gain?
3
To the nearest cents, what is the value of
$500(1 + 0.045)8 − $500(1 + 0.04)8 ? 7
A B C
A) $25.45
−1.25 −0.4 x
B) $26.00
C) $26.77 On the number line above, if BC = 2 AB what
is the value of x ?
D) $28.25
Chapter 1 Practice Test
1 4
Two less than the quotient of three and 5 1
What number is halfway between − and on
a number n 6 3
a number line?
Which of the following is an expression for the
statement above? 1
A) −
4
n
A) 2 −
3 1
B) −
3
n
B) −2
3 1
C) −
2
3
C) −2
n 5
D) −
12
3
D) 2 −
n
2 5
What is 4.4985 rounded to the nearest hundredth?
How much greater than n − 11 is n + 3 ?
A) 4.49
A) 8
B) 4.498
B) 10
C) 4.499
C) 12
D) 4.50
D) 14
3 6
Johnny received m text messages on Friday, three Which of the following expressions is equivalent
less than twice as many text messages on Saturday 1 1
to 3a + (b − 2c) − (2a + 3b) ?
than on Friday, and five more text messages on 2 2
Sunday than on Saturday. What is the total number
of text messages he received over the three days? 3 1
A) a− b−c
2 2
A) 4m + 2
3
B) 5m − 1 B) a+b−c
2
C) 4m − 2
C) 2a − b − c
D) 5m + 1
D) 2a + b − c
14 Chapter 1
7 10
How many minutes are there in 2h hours and x x x
6m minutes? If x = 10 , what is the value of + + ?
2 20 200
A) 60h + 12m
B) 120h + 6m
C) 60h + 6m
D) 120h + 60m
8 11
1. Add 5 to a number n . If x and y are positive integers and
2. Divide by 8. 2x + 5 y =
18 , what is the value of x ?
3. Subtract by 1.
4. Multiply by 8.
When the sequence of operations above has been

completed in order, which of the following is an
expression for the statement above?
A) n − 1
B) n − 2
C) n − 3
D) n − 4
9 12
Which of the following expressions is equivalent If a = 3 , b = −1 , and c = −2 , what is the value
to (2 y − x) − 2( y − 2 z ) − 4( x + z ) ?
a − 12 ÷ (2 − b)
of 7 − ?
c+3
A) −3x
B) −5x
C) −3 x + 8 z
D) −5 x − 8 z
Answers and Explanations 15
Answer Key 4. D
Section 1-1 The number of text messages Mario received
yesterday = 10 y .
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C
The number of text messages Mario received
6. B today = 20t
Section 1-2 The total number of text messages he received
= 10 y + 20t .
for two days
1. 10 2. 13 3. 8/3 4. 117 5. 23
1 5. C
6. 10 7. 42 8.
18 1
3k ( m+ n )
3 times k 3

Section 1-3
sum of m and
one third of n
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. B
1 1
6. C 3k (m + n) stands for 3k × (m + n) .
3 3
Section 1-4
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. B
6. 17 7. 1.3 If the smaller number is n to the third power,

which is n3 , the greater number is 8 more than
Chapter 1 Practice Test n3 , which is n3 + 8 .
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. 5.55 Section 1-2
11. 4 12. 8
1. 10
[(7 2 − 9) ÷ 8]2= [(49 − 9) ÷ 8]2

= [(40) ÷ 8]2 = [5]2 = 10
Note: Throughout the book, the symbol “ ⇒ ” is
2. 13
used to indicate that one step of an equation
implies the next step of the equation. 24 − 7
19 − 3[20 − × 8]
4
16 − 7
= 19 − 3[20 − × 8]
9 72
Section 1-1 = 19 − 3[20 − × 8] = 19 − 3[20 − ]
4 4
=19 − 3[20 − 18] =19 − 3[2]
1. B = 19 − 6 = 13
2
mn −
 ( m + n) 2
   8
twice the product decreased by
of m and n
the square of the 3.
sum of m and n 3
2. D 72 ÷ 32 ⋅ 2 72 ÷ 9 ⋅ 2 8 ⋅ 2 16 8
= = = =
− 6 6 6 6 3
4x  
12
the product of decreased by twelve
a number x and 4 4. 117
1 1
3. A 53 − (12 + 12 ÷ 3) =125 − (12 + 4)
2 2
19
+
 7 1
= 125 − (16)= 125 − 8= 117

d increased by seven 2
the quotient of 19
and a number d
16 Chapter 1
5. 23 3. D
2c 2 (b + a ) 2⋅5 2 (3 + −2) 1 3
( ) − 10 × = ( ) − 10 × (2a + 3b + 4c) − (b + 2c)
a c −2 5 2 2
1 3 3
=(−5) − 10 × ( ) =25 − 2 =23
2 =a + b + 2c − b − 3c
5 2 2
= a−c
6. 10
9 − 2 x ÷ ( z − y )3 = 9 − 2(4) ÷ (−3 − (−1))3 4. D
= 9 − 8 ÷ (−2)3 = 9 − 8 ÷ (−8) = 9 − (−1) = 10 a (b − c) − b(a + c) − c(a − b)

= ab − ac − ab − bc − ac + bc
7. 42 = −2ac
7 ÷ ( q ) 2 ⋅ 2 − p + 6q − r
⋅ 5. B
2p −q
3[6a − 3(1 − a ) − 5(a + 1)]
1 1
7 ÷ ( ) 2 ⋅ 2 −(4) + 6( ) − 2 = 3[6a − 3 + 3a − 5a − 5]
= 2 ⋅ 2
2(4) 1 = 3[4a − 8] = 12a − 24
−
2 All of the answer choices except B are equivalent
1
7 ÷ ⋅2 to 12a − 24 .
= 4 ⋅ −3 = 28 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 6 = 7 ⋅ 6 = 42
8 1 8
−
2 6. C
2 1
1 p − (2 p − 3q ) − ( p + 4q )
8. 3 3
18
4 1 4
5 1 3 5 = p − p + 2q − p − q
− 2(− + ) − 2(1) 3 3 3
c − 2(a + b) 2 2 2 2
= = 2 2
(c − a ) 2 5 1
( − (− )) 2 (3) 2 = − p+ q
2 2 3 3
1 All of the answer choices except C are equivalent
1
= 2= 2
to − p + q .
2
9 18 3 3
Section 1-3 Section 1-4

1. A 1. C
2 2 1
(a − a − 3) + (a 2 + 2a + 6) −5, − 3(≈ −1.73),
2
, 10(≈ 3.1), 4
3 3 3
2 2 2 1 2 Answer choice C shows the numbers arranged
= a − a − 2 + a2 + a + = 2 a2
3 3 3 3 in increasing order.
2. B
2. B
5.4( x − 2 y ) − 2.7( x − 3 y )
11 − 2(2 − 0.82 ) + 24 ÷ (−4)
= 5.4 x − 10.8 y − 2.7 x + 8.1 y
= 11 − 2(2 − .64) + (−6) .
= 2.7 x − 2.7 y = 2.7( x − y )
= 11 − 2(1.36) − 6 = 2.28
3. C 4. A
Use calculator. To find a number which is halfway between two
500(1 + 0.045)8 − 500(1 + 0.04)8 numbers, find the average of the two numbers.
5 1 5 1
= 500[(1.045)8 − (1.04)8 ] − + (− + )6
6 3= 6 3 = −5 + 2 = −3 = − 1
= 500(0.05353) ≈ 26.76578 2 (2)6 12 12 4
26.765 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 26.77.
5. D
4. D Underline 9, the digit in the hundredths place.
4.4985
− 10 is an irrational number. The digit to the right of the underlined digit is
− 16 = −4 is not an irrational number. more than 5, round up. Therefore, 4.4985 rounded
to the nearest hundredths place is 4.50.
5. B
6. C
49 49 7
= = is a rational number. 1 1
64 64 8 3a + (b − 2c) − (2a + 3b)
2 2
1 3
6. 17 = 3a + b − c − a − b
2 2
−5 + 32 − 10 =17
= 2a − b − c
7. 1.3
7. B
A B C There are 2h × 60 minutes in 2h hours.
There are (120h + 6m) minutes in 2h hours and
−1.25 −0.4 x
6m minutes.
BC = 2 AB
x − (−0.4) = 2[−0.4 − (−1.25)] 8. C
x + 0.4 = 2(0.85) 1. Add 5 to a number n . ⇒ n+5
x + 0.4 = (n + 5)
1.7 2. Divide by 8. ⇒
x = 1.7 − 0.4 = 1.3 8
(n + 5)
3. Subtract by 1. ⇒ −1
8
Chapter 1 Practice Test (n + 5)
4. Multiply by 8. ⇒ [ − 1] × 8
8
1. C
(n + 5)
The phrase “two less than the quotient of three [ − 1] × 8 = (n + 5) − 8 = n − 3
8
3 3
and a number n ” is translated − 2 , not 2 − .
n n 9. B
2. D (2 y − x) − 2( y − 2 z ) − 4( x + z )
= 2 y − x − 2 y + 4z − 4x − 4z
(n + 3) − (n − 11) = n + 3 − n + 11 = 14
= −5 x
3. B
10. 5.55
Number of text messages he received
on Friday is m , on Saturday is 2m − 3 , and x x x 10 10 10
+ + = + +
on Sunday is 2m − 3 + 5 2 20 200 2 20 200
The total number of text messages he received =5 + 0.5 + 0.05 =5.55
over the three days is
m + (2m − 3) + (2m − 3 + 5) =5m − 1
18 Chapter 1
11. 4
Choose the first few positive integers for x
and make substitutions for the given equation.
Construct a table of values.
x y
1 not an integer
2 not an integer
3 not an integer
4 2
Both x and y are positive integers when x

equals 4 and y equals 2. Therefore the value
of x is 4.
12. 8
a − 12 ÷ (2 − b) 3 − 12 ÷ (2 − (−1))
7− =7−
c+3 −2 + 3
3 − 12 ÷ (3) 3− 4 −1
= 7− = 7− = 7−
1 1 1
= 7 +1 = 8
CHAPTER 2
Solving Linear Equations
2-1. Writing Equations

An equation is a mathematical sentence with an equal sign. To translate a word sentence into an equation,
choose a variable to represent one of the unspecified numbers or measures in the sentence. This is called
defining a variable. Then use the variable to write equations for the unspecified numbers.
Example 1 □ Translate each sentence into an equation.

a. Twice a number increased by fourteen is identical to fifty.
b. Half the sum of seven and a number is the same as the number decreased by two.
c. The quotient of m and n equals four more than one-third the sum of m and n .
d. The cube of x plus the square of y is equal to fifty two.
Solution □ a. Let c be the number. Define a variable.

2c +
 
14 =
 
50
Twice a number c increased by fourteen is identical to fifty.
b. Let n be the number. Define a variable.

1
(7 + n=
)  n −
 2


2 is the same as
the sum of 7 the number decreased by two.
Half and a number
m 1
c. =
 4 +
 ( m + n)


n 
3
The quotient equals four more than one-third the sum of mand n.
of m and n
d. x3
 +
 y2
 =
 
52
The cube of x plus the square of y is equal to fifty two.
Consecutive Numbers
Consecutive Integers . . . , − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . n , n + 1 , n + 2 are three consecutive
integers if n is an integer.
Consecutive Even Integers . . . , − 6, − 4, − 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . n , n + 2 , n + 4 are three consecutive
even integers if n is an even integer.
Consecutive Odd Integers . . . , − 5, − 3, − 1, 1, 3, 5, . . . n , n + 2 , n + 4 are three consecutive
odd integers if n is an odd integer.
Example 2 □ Write an equation to represent the given relationship between integers.

a. The sum of four consecutive integers is −54 .
b. The product of three consecutive odd integers is 693.
Solution □ a. Let n be the first integer. Define a variable.

n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) =−
  
54
 
The sum of four consecutive integers is −54
b. Let n be the first odd integer. Define a variable.

n(n + 2)(n + 4) =
 693

 
The product of three consecutive odd integers is 693
20 Chapter 2
Exercise - Writing Equations
1 6
Eighteen more than the number n is 125. The sum of three fourths of the number a
What is the value of n ? and 24 is negative 9. What is the value of a ?
A) −44
B) −20
C) 20
2 D) 44
Twenty is 7 less than twice the number w .
What is the value of w ?
7
A number g is decreased by 23 and then

1
multiplied by . The result is 8 more than
2
twice the number g .
3
A) −13
Nine less than twice x is three more than x .
What is the value of x ? 34
B) −
3
29
C) −
3
D) −8
4
Eight less than four times the number c is twenty. 8
What is the value of c ?
The quotient of p and q is twelve less than
three times the sum of p and q .
Which of the following equations represents the

statement above?
p
5 A) = (3 p + q ) − 12
q
The sum of four consecutive odd integers is 296 .
What is the greatest of the four consecutive odd p
B) =12 − (3 p + q )
integers? q
p
C) = 3( p + q ) − 12
q
p
D) =12 − 3( p + q )
q
Solving Linear Equations 21
2-2. Solving Equations

To solve an equation means to find all values of the variable that make the equation a true statement.
One way to do this is to isolate the variable that has a coefficient of 1 onto one side of the equation.
You can do this using the rules of algebra called properties of equality.
Properties of Equality Symbols Examples

1. Addition Property If a = b , then a + c = b + c . If x − 3 =5 , then ( x − 3) + 3 = (5) + 3 .
2. Subtraction Property If a = b , then a − c = b − c . If x + 2 =6 , then ( x + 2) − 2 = (6) − 2 .
1 1
3. Multiplication Property If a = b , then ca = cb . If x = 3 , then 2 ⋅ x =⋅2 3.
2 2
a b 3 x 15
4. Division Property If a = b and c ≠ 0 , then = . If 3 x = 15 , then = .
c c 3 3
Example 1 □ Solve each equation.

a. a + (−11) =−25 b. −24 =
8y
Solution □ a. a + (−11) =−25

a + (−11) + 11 =−25 + 11 Add 11 to each side.
a = −14 −11 + 11 =
0 and −25 + 11 =−14
b. −24 =
8y
−24 8 y
= Divide each side by 8.
8 8
−24 8y
−3 =y = 3 and =y
8 8
Many equations require more than one operation to solve. Such equations are called multi-step equations.
To solve multi-step equations, first simplify each side of the equation, if needed, and then use inverse
operations to isolate the variable.
4 1
Example 2 □ Solve ( x − 5) − ( x − 10) =
21 .
5 5
4 1
Solution □ ( x − 5) − ( x − 10) =
19
5 5
4 1
x−4− x+2 = 19 Distributive Property
5 5
3
x−2 = 19 Simplify.
5
3
x − 2 + 2 = 19 + 2 Add 2 to each side.
5
3
x = 21 Simplify.
5
5 3 5 5
( x) = (21) Multiply each side by .
3 5 3 3
x = 35 Simplify.
22 Chapter 2
Exercise - Solving Equations
1 6
−11 + x =9 Two and three fifths of a number equals −26 .
What is the number?
Given the above equation, what is the value of
20 − (11 − x) ?
A) −15
B) −10
C) −5
D) 10
2
If 33 − a = a + 27 − 5a , what is the value of
33 + 3a ? 7
There are one hundred forty-two students in a high
school band. These students represent two ninth
of the total students in the high school. How many
students attend the school?
A) 587
3
B) 613
1 3
If x + 3 = − x , what is the value of x ? C) 639
2 4
D) 665
8
4
820c + 380r =
4,360
If x − (3 − 2 x) + (4 − 5 x) =−7 , what is the value
of x ? The above equation models the amount of calories
in a snack of c cups of cashews and r cups of
raisins. The amount of calories per cup of cashews
is 820 and the amount of calories per cup of raisins
is 380. According to the equation, how many cups
of raisins are used, if 3 cups of cashews are used to
make the snack?
5
A) 3
If three quarters of a number decreased by twenty
is equal to eighty two, what is that number? B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
2-3. Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides

Some equations have variables on both sides. To solve such equations, first use the Addition or Subtraction
Property of Equality to write an equivalent equation that has all of the variables on one side. Then use the
Multiplication or Division Property of Equality to simplify the equation if necessary. When solving equations
that contain grouping symbols, use the Distributive Property to remove the grouping symbols.
Example 1 □ Solve each equation.

7 1
a. x −8 = 6+ x b. 5 − 3(k + 1) =−k
3 3
7 1
Solution □ a. x −8 = 6+ x
3 3
7 1 1 1 1
x −8− x = 6+ x − x Subtract x from each side.
3 3 3 3 3
2x − 8 = 6 Simplify.
2x − 8 + 8 = 6 + 8 Add 8 to each side.
2 x = 14 Simplify.
2 x 14
= Divide each side by 2 .
2 2
x=7 Simplify.
b. 5 − 3(k + 1) =−k
5 − 3k − 3 =−k Distributive Property
2 − 3k =
−k Simplify.
2 − 3k + k =−k + k Add k to each side.
2 − 2k = 0 Simplify.
2 − 2k − 2 = 0 − 2 Subtract 2 from each side.
−2k = −2 Simplify.
−2k −2
= Divide each side by −2 .
−2 −2
k =1 Simplify.
Example 2 □ Four times the sum of three and a number equals nine less than the number.
a. Write an equation for the problem. b. Then solve the equation.
Solution □ a. 4(3 + n) =n − 9
b. 12 + 4n =n − 9 Distributive Property
12 + 4n − n = n − 9 − n Subtract n from each side.
12 + 3n = −9 Simplify.
12 + 3n − 12 =−9 − 12 Subtract 12 from each side.
3n = −21 Simplify.
3n −21
= Divide each side by 3 .
3 3
n = −7 Simplify.
24 Chapter 2
Exercise - Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides
1 5
If 7 n + 3 = 2n − 12 , what is the value of −n + 3 ? A $48 shirts costs $22 more than one half the cost
of a pair of pants. How much does the pair of pants
cost?
2 6
3 Twice a number n , increased by 11 is the same

If 7(h − 5) − 3h =h , what is the value as six times the number decreased by 9. What is
2
the value of n ?
1
of h ?
7
3 7
r s 39 One half of a number increased by 3 is five less
+ =
3 11 33 than two thirds of the number.
Given the above equation, if s = 2 , what is the

value of r ?
4 8
9 − 2k Four times the greatest of three consecutive odd

If = k − 2 , what is the value of k ? integers exceeds three times the least by 31.
3 What is the greatest of the three consecutive
odd integers?
2-4. Equation with No Solution and Identity

It is possible that an equation may have no solution. That is, there is no value of the variable that will result in
a true equation. It is also possible that an equation may be true for all values of the variable. Such an equation
is called an identity.
Example 1 □ Solve each equation. If the equation has no solution or it is an identity,

write no solution or identity.
a. 2(1 − x) + 5 x = 3( x + 1)
b. 5w − 3(1 − w) =
−2(3 − w)
1
c. (8 y − 6) = 5 y − ( y + 3)
2
Solution □ a. 2(1 − x) + 5 x = 3( x + 1)
2 − 2 x + 5 x = 3x + 3 Distributive property
2 + 3x = 3x + 3 Simplify.
2 + 3x − 3x = 3x + 3 − 3x Subtract 3x from each side.
2=3 Simplify.
The given equation is equivalent to the false statement 2 = 3.
Therefore the equation has no solution.
b. 5w − 3(1 − w) = −2(3 − w)
5w − 3 + 3w =−6 + 2 w Distributive property
8w − 3 =−6 + 2 w Simplify.
8w − 3 − 2 w =−6 + 2 w − 2 w Subtract 2w from each side.
6 w − 3 =−6 Simplify.
6 w − 3 + 3 =−6 + 3 Add 3 to each side.
6 w = −3 Simplify.
6 w −3
= Divide each side by 6.
6 6
1
w= − Simplify.
2
1
c. (8 y − 6) = 5 y − ( y + 3)
2
4y − 3 = 5y − y − 3 Distributive property
4y − 3= 4y − 3 Simplify.
The given equation is equivalent to 4 y − 3 = 4 y − 3, which is true for

all values of y.
This equation is an identity.
26 Chapter 2
Exercise - Equation with No Solution and Identity
1 5
1 What is the value of n
If (9 − 6 x) =−
5 2 x , what is the value of x ?
3 7 3
if − (2n − 3) + 4n= (5 + 2n) ?
2 2
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) The equation has no solution.
2 6
If 5( x − 2) − 3 x = 2( x − 5) , which of the following What is the value of k

must be true? 13 − 7(k + 1)
if = 3k − 2 ?
3
A) x is 3 .
B) x is 4 .
C) x is 5 .
D) The equation is true for all values of x .
3 7
1 What is the value of x

(15 − 6 x) =−
5 ax if −2[3 − ( x − 4)] + 5 x =2 − x ?
3
If the linear equation above is an identity, what
is the value of a ?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
4 8
4 x + 13 = 7( x − 2) + bx What is the value of m
if 0.4(5m − 9) =−5m − 4(0.3 − m) ?
If the linear equation above has no solution,
which of the following could be the value of b ?
A) −1
B) −2
C) −3
D) −4
2-5. Solving for a Specific Variable

A formula is an equation that states the relationship between two or more variables. Formulas and some
equations contain more than one variable. It is often useful to solve formulas for one of the variables.
Example 1 □ Solve each equation or formula for the specified variable.

1
a. 3x − a = kx + b , for x b.=A (a + b)h , for h
2
5
c.=C ( F − 32) , for F
9
Solution □ a. 3x − a = kx + b
3x − a − kx = kx + b − kx Subtract kx from each side.
3x − a − kx = b Simplify.
3x − a − kx + a = b + a Add a to each side.
3x − kx =b + a Simplify.
x(3 − k ) =b + a Distributive property
x(3 − k ) b + a
= Divide each side by 3 − k .
3− k 3− k
b+a
x= Simplify.
3− k
1
b.=
A ( a + b) h
2
1
2 ⋅ A = 2 ⋅ ( a + b) h Multiply each side by 2 .
2
2A= ( a + b) h Simplify.
2A ( a + b)
= h Divide each side by a + b .
a+b a+b
2A
h= Simplify.
a+b
5
c.=
C ( F − 32)
9
9 9 5 9
⋅ C = ⋅ ( F − 32) Multiply each side by .
5 5 9 5
9
C= F − 32 Simplify.
5
9
C + 32 = F − 32 + 32 Add 32 to each side.
5
9
=
F C + 32 Simplify.
5
28 Chapter 2
Exercise - Solving for a Specific Variable
1 4
If 2 x + 3 y =
18 , which of the following gives y ab − 1
If = c , which of the following gives b
in terms of x ? 3
in terms of the other variables?
2
A) y= 6 + x
3 3c + 1
A) b =
a
2
B) y= 6 − x
3 3c − 1
B) b =
a
3
C) y= 6 + x
2 3c
C) =
b +1
a
3
D) y= 6 − x
2 3c
D) =
b −1
a
2 5
If P= 2l + 2 w , which of the following gives w If gh − f = g − h , which of the following gives g
in terms of P and l ? in terms of the other variables?
A) w= P − 2l f +h
A) g =
B) w= P − l h −1
f −h
C) w=
P
−l B) g =
2 h +1
l f +h
D) w= P − C) g =
2 h +1
f −h
D) g =
3 h −1
a
If c = , which of the following gives a 6
a+b
in terms of b and c ? If n =a + (k − 1)d , which of the following
gives k in terms of the other variables?
bc
A) a =
1− c n − a +1
A) k =
d
bc
B) a =
1+ c n + a −1
B) k =
d
bc
C) a =
b−c n−a−d
C) k =
d
bc
D) a =
b+c n−a+d
D) k =
d
1 4
5 4 1
If x = , what is the value of x ? =P F ( v 2 + 1)
6 5 2
The above equation gives pressure P, which

3
A) is exerted by a fluid that is forced to stop
2 moving. The pressure depends on the initial
2 force, F , and the speed of the fluid, v . Which
B) of the following expresses the square of the
3
velocity in terms of the pressure and the force?
24
C)
25 A) v 2 = 2( P − F ) − 1
25
D) B) v 2 = 2( P − F − 1)
24
P
C)=
v 2 2( ) − 1
F
P−F
D) v 2 = 2( )
2 F
When one half of the number n is decreased

by 4, the result is −6 . What is three times n
added to 7?
A) −7 5
B) −5 One half of the number n increased by 10 is the
C) −3 same as four less than twice the number.
D) −1
Which of the following equations represents the
statement above?
1
A) (n + 10) = 2(n − 4)
2
3
1
B) n + 10 = 2(n − 4)
If 4 − 7x is 5 less than 23, what is the value 2
of 3x ?
1
C) n + 10 = 2n − 4
2
A) −12
1
B) −9 D) (n + 10) = 2n − 4
2
C) −6
D) −3
30 Chapter 2
6 9
If a is b less than one-half of c , what is b a
in terms of a and c ? If = 1 , what is the value of a − b ?
b
1
A) c−a
2
1
B) a − c
2
C) 2a − c
10
D) c − 2a
When an object is thrown from the ground into
the air with an initial upward speed of v0 meters
per second, the speed v , in meters per second,
is given by the equation = v v0 − 9.8t , where t
is the time in seconds. The speed of an object
7 becomes 0 when the object reaches its maximum
If x = 1 − y and 3 x= 8 − 5 y , what is the value height. If an object is thrown upward with an initial
speed of 14 m/sec , how many seconds does it
of x ?
taken an to reach its maximum height?
(Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of
A) −2 a second.)
3
B) −
2
1
C) −
2
5
D)
2
11
When an object is dropped from a height of s
feet above the ground, the height h of the
8 object is given by the equation h = −16t 2 + s ,
where t is the time in seconds after the object
The quotient of a number and five equals nine
has dropped. If an object is dropped from a height
less than one half of the number. What is the
of 144 feet above the ground, how many seconds
number?
will it take to hit the ground?
A) −20
B) −10
C) 20
D) 30
Answer Key 3. 12
Section 2-1 x−9

2 = 
x+3
9 less than twice x 3 more than x
1. 107 2. 13.5 3. 12 4. 7 5. 77 2x − 9 − x = x + 3 − x Subtract x from each side.
6. A 7. A 8. C x−9 = 3 Simplify.
x = 12
Section 2-2
4. 7
5
1. 29 2. 27 3. 4. 4 5. 136
2 c −8
4 =
20
6. B 7. C 8. C 8 less than 4 times c
4c − 8 + 8 = 20 + 8 Add 8 to each side.
Section 2-3 4c = 28 Simplify.
c=7
1. 6 2. 2 3. 3 4. 3 5. 52
6. 5 7. 48 8. 19 5. 77
Section 2-4 Let n = the smallest of four consecutive odd
integers. Then,
1
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) + (n + 6) =
296 .
2 4n + 12 = 296
3 4n = 284
6. 7. 2 8. 0.8
4 n = 71
The greatest of the four consecutive odd
Section 2-5 integers is n + 6 . Therefore,
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5.D n + 6 = 71 + 6 = 77
6. D
6. A
3
a + 24 =
−9
1. C 2. B 3.C 4. D 5. C 4
 
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. 0 10. 1.43 the sum of three fourths of a and 24
11. 3 3
a + 24 − 24 =−9 − 24 Subtract 24 from each side.
4
3
a = −33 Simplify.
4
Answers and Explanations 4 3 4 4
⋅ a = (−33) Multiply each side by .
3 4 3 3
Section 2-1 a = −44
1. 107 7. A
+ 18
n =
125 1
( g − 23) =2g + 8
18 more than n
2 
 
n = 125 − 18 = 107 1
8 more than twice g
g is decrease by 23 and then multiplied by .
2
2. 13.5 1
( g − 23) ⋅ 2= (2 g + 8)2 Multiply each side by 2.
=
20 2w−7 2
7 less than twice w g − 23 = 4 g + 16 Simplify.
20 + 7 = 2 w − 7 + 7 Add 7 to each side. g − 23 + 23 = 4 g + 16 + 23 Add 23 to each side.
27 = 2w Simplify. =
g 4 g + 39 Simplify.
27 2 w
= Divide each side by 2. g − 4 g = 4 g + 39 − 4 g Subtract 4g .
2 2 −3 g = 39 Simplify.
13.5 = w Simplify.
g = −13
32 Chapter 2
8. C 3
x − 20 + 20 = 82 + 20 Add 20 to each side.
p 4
=3( p + q ) −
12
q   3
x = 102
 three times the twelve less than Simplify.
the quotient sum of p and q 4
of p and q 4
x = ⋅102 = 136
3
Section 2-2
6. B
3
1. 29 2 x = −
26
5 equals negative twenty six
Given −11 + x = 9. two and three fifth
20 − (11 − x)= 20 − 11 + x= 20 + (−11 + x) of a number
= 20 + 9 = 29 13 3 13
x = −26 2 =
5 5 5
2. 27 5 13 5 5
⋅ x= ⋅ −26 Multiply each side by .
33 − a = a + 27 − 5a 13 5 13 13
33 − a = 27 − 4a Simplify. x = −10
33 − a + 4a = 27 − 4a + 4a Add 4a to each side.
33 + 3a = 27 Simplify. 7. C
Let x = the total students in the high school.
5 2
3. Then x = 142 .
2 9
1 3 9
x−3 = − x x = ⋅142 =639
2 4 2
Multiply by 4 on both sides of the equation to 8. C
simplify the given equation.
1 3 820c + 380r = 4,360
4( x − 3) = 4( − x) Substitute 3 for c in the equation above since c
2 4
2 x − 12 =3 − 4 x Distributive Property represents the number of cups of cashews.
2 x − 12 + 4 x =3 − 4 x + 4 x Add 4x to each side. 820(3) + 380r =
4,360
6 x − 12 = 3 Simplify.
4,360 ⇒ 380r = 1,900
2, 460 + 380r =
6 x − 12 + 12 =3 + 12 Add 12 to each side.
⇒ r =5
6 x = 15 Simplify.
15 5
=x =
6 2 Section 2-3
4. 4 1. 6
x − (3 − 2 x) + (4 − 5 x) =−7 7 n + 3 = 2n − 12 ⇒ 5n = −15 ⇒ n = −3
x − 3 + 2 x + 4 − 5 x =−7 Simplify. Therefore, −n + 3 =−(−3) + 3 =3 + 3 =6 .
−2 x + 1 =−7 Simplify.
−2 x + 1 − 1 =−7 − 1 Subtract 1. 2. 2
−2 x = −8 Simplify. 3 3
7(h − 5) − 3h =h ⇒ 7 h − 35 − 3h =h
−8 2 2
=
x = 4
−2 3 3
⇒ 4h − 35 =h ⇒ 4h − h = 35
2 2
5. 136
5 2
3 ⇒ h = 35 ⇒ h = 35 ⋅ = 14
x −
 
20 =
 
82 2 5

4 decreased by twenty equals eighty two
1 1
three quarters
of a number
Therefore,= h = (14) 2 .
7 7
3. 3 consecutive odd integers.

r s 39 r 2 39 4(n=
+ 4) 3n +
31
+ = and s = 2 . ⇒ + = 
3 times the least of 3 exceeds
3 11 33 3 11 33 4 times the greatest of 3
consecutive odd integers by 31
consecutive odd integers
To simplify the equation, multiply both sides of
the equation by 33, which is the LCD of 3 and 11. 4(n + 4) = 3n + 31
r 2
33( + ) =33 ⋅
39
⇒ 11r + 6 = 39 4n + 16 = 3n + 31 ⇒ n = 15
3 11 33
The greatest of the three consecutive odd integers
⇒ 11r = 33 ⇒ r = 3
is n + 4 = 15 + 4 = 19 .
4. 3
9 − 2k Section 2-4
= k −2
3
1. D
To simplify the equation, multiply both sides of
the equation by 3. 1
9 − 2k (9 − 6 x) =−5 2x
3( =) 3(k − 2) ⇒ 9 − 2k = 3k − 6 3
3 3 − 2 x =5 − 2 x Distributive Property
⇒ −2k − 3k =−6 − 9 ⇒ −5k = −15 3 − 2 x + 2 x =5 − 2 x + 2 x Add 2x to each side.
⇒ k =3 3=5
The given equation is equivalent to the false
5. 52 statement 3 = 5 . Therefore the equation has
Let p = the cost of a pair of pants. no solution.
Since a $48 shirts costs $22 more than one half
the cost of a pair of pants, you can set up the 2. D
following equation. 5( x − 2) − 3 x = 2( x − 10)
1 5 x − 10 − 3 x = 2 x − 20
=48 p + 22 Distributive Property
2 2 x − 10 = 2 x − 10 Simplify.
1
⇒ 26 = p ⇒ 52 = p The given equation is equivalent to
2 2 x − 10 = 2 x − 10 , which is true for all values
of x .
6. 5
n + 11 =
2 n−9
6 3. A
twice a number six times the number
increased by 11 decreased by 9 1
(15 − 6 x) =−
5 ax
2n + 11 = 6n − 9 ⇒ 20 = 4n ⇒ n = 5 3
7. 48 5 − 2 x =5 − ax Distributive Property
If the linear equation is an identity, the value
1 2
n+3 = n−5 of a is 2.
2 
 3 

one half of anumber five less than two thirds
increased by three of the number 4. C
To simplify the equation, multiply both sides of 4 x + 13 = 7( x − 2) + bx

the equation by 6, which is the LCD of 2 and 3. 4 x + 13 = 7 x − 14 + bx
1 2 4 x + 13 = (7 + b) x − 14
6( n + 3)= 6( n − 5)
2 3 If 4= 7 + b , the linear equation has no solution.
3n + 18 = 4n − 30 Solving for b yields b = −3 .
Solving for n yields n = 48 .
1
8. 19 5.
2
Let n be the first of the three consecutive odd 7 3
− (2n − 3) + 4n= (5 + 2n)
integers, so n , n + 2 , and n + 4 are the three 2 2
34 Chapter 2
To simplify the equation, multiply both sides of Section 2-5

the equation by 2.
7 3 1. B
2[− (2n − 3) + 4= n] 2[ (5 + 2n)]
2 2 2x + 3y = 18
−7(2n − 3) + 8n = 3(5 + 2n) Distributive Property 2 x + 3 y − 2 x = 18 − 2 x Subtract 2x from each side.
−14n + 21 + 8n = 15 + 6n Simplify. 3=y 18 − 2 x Simplify.
−6n + 21 = 15 + 6n 3 y 18 2 x
Simplify. = − Divide each side by 3.
3 3 3
−6n + 21 + 6n = 15 + 6n + 6n Add 6n to each side.
= 15 + 12n 2
21 y= 6 − x Simplify.
21 − 15 = 15 + 12n − 15 Subtract 15. 3
6 = 12n or 12n = 6 Simplify.
6 1 2. C
=
n =
12 2 P= 2l + 2 w
P − 2l = 2l + 2 w − 2l Subtract 2l from each side.
3 P − 2l = 2w Simplify.
6.
4 P 2l 2 w
− = Divide each side by 2.
13 − 7(k + 1) 2 2 2
= 3k − 2 P
3 − l =w Simplify.
To simplify the equation, multiply both sides of 2
the equation by 3.
3. A
13 − 7(k + 1)
3[ = ] 3[3k − 2]
3 a
c=
13 − 7(k + 1) = 9k − 6 Simplify. a+b
13 − 7 k − 7 = 9k − 6 Distributive Property a
(a + b)c =(a + b) Multiply each side by a + b .
6 − 7 k = 9k − 6 Simplify.
a+b
6 − 7 k − 6 = 9k − 6 − 6 Subtract 6. ac + bc = a Simplify.
−7 k = 9k − 12 Simplify.
ac + bc − ac =a − ac Subtract ac from each side.
−7 k − 9k = 9k − 12 − 9k Subtract 9k .
bc= a − ac Simplify.
−16k = −12 = a (1 − c)
bc Factor.
−12 3 bc
=a Divide each side by 1 − c .
=k =
−16 4 1− c
7. 2 4. A
−2[3 − ( x − 4)] + 5 x =2 − x ab − 1
=c
−2[3 − x + 4] + 5 x = 2 − x 3
−2[7 − x] + 5 x =2 − x ab − 1
3[ ] = 3c Multiply each side by 3.
−14 + 2 x + 5 x =2 − x 3
−14 + 7 x =2 − x ab − 1 = 3c Simplify.
8 x = 16 ab − 1 + 1 = 3c + 1 Add 1 to each side.
x=2 = 3c + 1
ab Simplify.
ab 3c + 1
8. 0.8 = Divide each side by a .
a a
0.4(5m − 9) =−5m − 4(0.3 − m) 3c + 1
b= Simplify.
2m − 3.6 = −5m − 1.2 + 4m a
2m − 3.6 =−m − 1.2
3m = 2.4
m = 0.8
5. D 3. C
gh − f = g − h − 7
4 = 23 −5
x
4 − 7 x is 5 less than 23
gh − f + f = g − h + f Add f to each side.
gh = g − h + f Simplify. 4 − 7x =18 ⇒ −7 x =
14 ⇒ x = −2
gh − g = g − h + f − g Subtract g from each side. 3x = 3(−2) =−6
gh − g = f − h Simplify.
4. D
g (h − 1) = f − h Factor.
f −h 1
g= Divide each side by h − 1 . =P F ( v 2 + 1)
h −1 2
P F 1 2
= ( v + 1) Divide each side by F .
6. D F F 2
P 1 2
n =a + (k − 1)d = v +1 Simplify.
F 2
n =a + kd − d Distributive Property
P 1 2
n − a + d = a + kd − d − a + d −=1 v +1−1 Subtract 1 from each side.
F 2
Add − a + d to each side.
P 1
n−a+d = kd Simplify. − 1 = v2 Simplify.
F 2
n−a+d
=k Divide each side by d . P 1
d 2( − 1) = 2 ⋅ v 2 Multiply each side by 2 .
F 2
P
2( − 1) = v 2
Simplify.
F
P F F
2( − ) = v2 =1
1. C F F F
P−F
5 4 2( ) = v2 The common denominator is F .
x= F
6 5 Combine the numerators.
6 5 6 4 6
⋅ x= ⋅ Multiply each side by . 5. C
5 6 5 5 5
24 1
x= n + 10 = n−4
2
25 2
  four less than twice
1 the number
of the number n
2. B 2
increased by 10
1
n −
4 =−
6

2 decreased by 4 negative 6 6. A
1
of a number n
2 1
=
a c−b
1 2 

n − 4 + 4 =−6 + 4 Add 4 to each side.
2 1
a is b less than of c
2
1
n = −2 Simplify.
2 1 1 1 1
a − c= c−b− c Add − c to each side.
1 2 2 2 2
2 ⋅ n = 2 ⋅ −2 Multiply each side by 2.
2 1
a− c = −b Simplify.
n = −4 Simplify. 2
Three times n added to 7 is 3n + 7. 1
(−1)[a − c] =−( 1)(−b) Multiply each side by −1 .
3n + 7 2
= 3(−4) + 7 Substitute −4 for n . 1 1
−a + c = b or c − a = b
= −5 2 2
36 Chapter 2
7. B 11. 3
x= 1− y First equation When the object hits the ground, the height is 0.
3 x= 8 − 5 y Second equation Substitute 0 for h and 144 for s in the equation
0= −16t 2 + 144 . Solving the equation for t 2
Solving the first equation for y yields y = 1 − x .
144
Substitute 1 − x for y in the second equation. gives=t2 = 9 .
16
3 x =8 − 5(1 − x) Substitution Therefore,= t = 9 3.
3x = 8 − 5 + 5 x Distributive property
3 x= 3 + 5 x Simplify.
3 x − 5 x =3 + 5 x − 5 x Subtract 5x from each side.
−2 x = 3 Simplify.
−2 x 3
−2 −2
3
x= − Simplify.
2
8. D
x 1
= x−9

5 2 

the quotient of nine less than one
of a number and 5 half of the number
x 1
=
10( ) 10( x − 9) Multiply each side by 10 .
5 2
2=x 5 x − 90 Distributive Property
2 x − 5 x = 5 x − 90 − 5 x Subtract 5x from each side.
−3 x = −90 Simplify.
−3 x −90
−3 −3
x = 30 Simplify.
9. 0
a
=1
b
a
b( ) = b(1) Multiply each side by b .
b
a=b Simplify.
a −b = b−b Subtract b from each side.
a −b = 0 Simplify.
10. 1.43
As the object moves upward, its speed decreases
continuously and becomes 0 as it reaches its
maximum height.
=
v v0 − 9.8t is the given equation. Substituting
14 for v0 and 0 for v gives =
0 14 − 9.8t .
14
Solving the equation for t gives=t = 1.428
9.8
seconds, which is 1.43 to the nearest hundredth
of a second.
CHAPTER 3
Functions and Linear Equations
3-1. Relations and Functions y

A coordinate plane is formed by the horizontal 4
line called the x - axis and the vertical line called Quadrant II 3 Quadrant I
the y - axis, which meet at the origin (0, 0) . 2
(−2, 2) (2,1)
The axes divide the plane into four parts called 1
quadrants. x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
An ordered pair gives the coordinates and location −1
of a point. The ordered pairs (2,1) , (−2, 2) , (−4, −4) , −2 (3, −2)
and (3, −2) are located in Quadrant I, Quadrant II, Quadrant III −3 Quadrant IV
Quadrant III, and Quadrant IV respectively. (−4, −4) −4
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. A relation can

be represented by a graph, a table, or a mapping.
Table Mapping
The domain of a relation is the set of all x- coordinates
x y
and the range of a relation is the set of all y - coordinates x y
from the ordered pairs. −3 2
−3 2
A function is a special type of relation in which each
1 −1
element of the domain is paired with exactly one element 1 −1
of the range. 2 3
2 3
Example 1 □ Express each relation below as a set of ordered pairs and determine whether
it is a function.
a. b. c.
y
x y y
x
−3 7 1 −2
−1 −2 x 2 3
O
0 5 3 5
4 −9 4 −2
Solution □ a. {(−3, 7), (−1, −2), (0, −2), (4, −9)}

The mapping represents a function.
b. {(1,1), (−2,3), (−2, −1), (3, −4)}

The element −2 in the domain is paired with both 3 and −1 in the range.
This relation does not represent a function.
c. {(1, −2), (2,3), (3,5), (4, −2)}

The table represents a function.
38 Chapter 3
You can use the vertical line test to see if a graph represents a function. A relation is a function
if and only if no vertical line intersects its graph more than once.
Function Not a Function Function

y y y
x x x
O O O
No vertical line intersects A vertical line intersects No vertical line intersects

the graph more than once. the graph at two points. the graph more than once.
Function Values
Equations that are functions can be written in a form called function notation.
y 2 x + 3 is written as f ( x=
In function notation, the equation = ) 2x + 3 .
The function value of f at x = c is denoted as f (c) . For instance, if f ( x=
) 5 x − 3 , f (2) is the
value of f at x = 2 and f (2)= 5(2) − 3= 7 .
Example 2 □ If f ( x=
) 3 x + 2 , find each value.
a. f (−2) b. f (c − 2)
1
c. −2[ f (−1)] + f (−2) d. f (− x + 1)
2
Solution □ a. f (−2) = 3(−2) + 2 Substitute −2 for x .

=−6 + 2 =−4 Multiply and simplify.
b. f (c − 2) = 3(c − 2) + 2 Substitute c − 2 for x .

= 3c − 6 + 2 Multiply.
= 3c − 4 Simplify.
c. −2[ f (−1)] + f (−2)

=−2[3(−1) + 2] + [3(−2) + 2] Substitute −1 for x and −2 for x .
=−2[−3 + 2] + [−6 + 2] Multiply.
=−2[−1] + [−4] Simplify.
= 2−4 Simplify.
= −2 Simplify.
1 1 1
d. f (− x + 1) =3(− x + 1) + 2 Substitute − x + 1 for x .
2 2 2
3
=− x + 3 + 2 Multiply.
2
3
= − x+5 Simplify.
2
Functions and Linear Equations 39
Exercises - Relations and Functions
1 4
What is the domain of the function that contains 1
points at (−5, 2), (−2,1), (0, 2), and (4, −3) ? If f ( x) =−2 x + 7 , what is f ( x + 3) equal to?
2
A) − x + 1
A) {−3, 1, 2}
B) − x + 3
B) {−2, 1, 0} C) − x + 5
C) {−5, − 2, 1, 2} D) − x + 10
D) {−5, − 2, 0, 4}
g (=
x) kx3 + 3
2
For the function g defined above, k is a constant
x y
and g (−1) = 5 . What is the value of g (1) ?
−5 7
−2 −1
A) −3
2 4
5 8 B) −1
C) 1
Which of the following relation is a correct D) 3
representation of the mapping shown above?
A) {(−5, 7), (−2, −1), (2, 4), (5,8)}

6
B) {(−5,8), (−2, 7), (2, −1), (5,8)}
1
If f ( x + 1) =− x + 6 , what is the value of f (−3) ?
C) {(7, −5), (−1, −2), (4, 2), (8,5)} 2
D) {(8, −5), (7, −2), (−1, 2), (8,5)}
3
If point (7, b) is in Quadrant I and point (a, −3) 7
is in Quadrant III, in which Quadrant is the point
( a, b) ? f ( x=
) x2 − b
In the function above, b is a constant.

A) Quadrant I
If f (−2) = 7 , what is the value of f (b) ?
B) Quadrant II
C) Quadrant III
D) Quadrant IV
40 Chapter 3
3-2. Rate of Change and Slope

The average rate of change is a ratio that describes, on average, change in one quantity with respect
to change in another quantity. If x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable, then
change in y
the average rate of change = .
change in x
Geometrically, the rate of change is the slope of the line through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) .
y2 − y1 change in y rise
The slope m of a line through ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )=
is m = = .
x2 − x1 change in x run
positive slope negative slope zero slope undefined slope

y y y y
line slopes down horizontal line vertical line

line slopes up from left to right
from left to right
x x x x
O O O O
The standard form of a linear equation of a line is Ax + By =

C , in which A , B , and C are integers.
The x- coordinate of the point at which the graph of an equation crosses the x- axis is called the x - intercept.
To find the x- intercept, let y = 0 and solve the equation for x .
The y - coordinate of the point at which the graph of an equation crosses the y - axis is called the y - intercept.
To find the y - intercept, let x = 0 and solve the equation for y .
The intercepts of a line provide a quick way to sketch the line.
Values of x for which f ( x) = 0 are called zeros of the function f . A function’s zero is its x- intercept.
Example 1 □ The table at the right shows Evan’s height from Age (years) 12 14 16 18
age 12 to 18. Find the average rate of change
in Evan’s height from age 12 to 18. Height (inches) 61 64 68 70
change in height
Solution □ Average rate of change =
change in years
70 − 61 9
= = = 1.5 inches per year
18 − 12 6
Example 2 □ Find the slope of the line that passes through (3, −2) and (−5, 4) .
y2 − y1 4 − (−2) 6 3
Solution □ m= = = = −
x2 − x1 −5 − 3 −8 4
Example 3□ Find the x- intercept and y - intercept of 2 x + 3 y =

6.
Solution □ To find the x- intercept, let y = 0 .

2 x + 3(0) =6 ⇒ x=3 The x- intercept is 3.
To find the y - intercept, let x = 0 .

6 ⇒ y=2
2(0) + 3 y = The y - intercept is 2.
Exercises - Rate of Change and Slope
1 3
y The graph of the linear function f passes through
(−3,3) the points (a,1) and (1, b) in the xy - plane. If the
slope of the graph of f is 1, which of the
following is true?
x
O
(0, −1)
A) a − b =
1
B) a + b =
1
C) a − b =2
What is the rate of change shown in the graph
of the line above? D) a + b =2
4
A) − 4
3
What is the slope of the line that passes through
3
B) − (3, 2) and (−1, −8) ?
4
3
C)
4
4
D)
3 5
What is the value of r if the line that passes
through (4,3) and (−5, r ) has a slope of −1 ?
2
x −3 0 3 6
y −1 1 3 5
What is the average rate of change for the relation 6

shown in the table above?
What is the value of a if the line that passes
5
1 through (a, 7) and (1, a ) has a slope of − ?
A) 9
3
1
B)
2
2 7
C)
3 − x + 4 y =6
5
D) What is the slope of the line in the equation above?
6 .
42 Chapter 3
3-3. Slope-Intercept Form and Point-Slope Form

The slope-intercept form of the equation of a line is =
y mx + b , in which m is the slope and b is
the y - intercept.
The point-slope form of the equation of a line is y − y1= m ( x − x1 ) , in which ( x1 , y1 ) are the
coordinates of a point on the line and m is the slope of the line.
y
Example 1 □ The graph of a linear equation is shown on the
diagram at the right.
a. Find the slope of the line on the graph. (5, 2)
b. Write the equation of the line in point-slope form.
x
c. Write the equation of the line in slope-intercept O
form and find the y - intercept.
(−4, −4)
d. Write the equation of the line in standard form.
e. Find the x- intercept on the graph.
y2 − y1
Solution □ a. m =
x2 − x1
2 − (−4)
= ( x1 , y1 ) =(−4, −4) , ( x2 , y2 ) = (5, 2)
5 − (−4)
6 2
= = Simplify.
9 3
b. y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Point-slope form
2 2
y − 2= ( x − 5) m= . Choose either point for ( x1 , y1 ) .
3 3
2 10
c. y − 2=x− Simplify point-slope form.
3 3
2 4
=
y x− Add 2 to each side.
3 3
4
The y - intercept is − .
3
2 4
d. =
y x− Slope-intercept form
3 3
2 4
=
3 y 3( x − ) Multiply each side by 3.
3 3
3=y 2x − 4 Simplify.
−2 x + 3 y = −4 or 2 x − 3 y =
4 Subtract 2x from each side.
e. −2 x + 3(0) =−4 To find the x- intercept, let y = 0 .

x=2
The x- intercept is 2.
Exercises - Slope-Intercept Form and Point-Slope Form
3
Questions 1-3 refer to the following information. Which of the following is the equation of the line
in standard form?
y
A) 4 x − 3 y =
−4
(−4, 2)
B) 4 x + 3 y =
−4
x C) 3 x − 4 y =
−4
O
D) 3 x + 4 y =
−4
(4, −4)
The graph of a linear equation is shown in the

diagram above. 4
In 2005, 120 students at Lincoln High School
1 had smart phones. By 2010, 345 students in the
Which of the following is the equation of the line same school had smart phones. Which of the
in point-slope form? following best describes the annual rate of change
in the number of smart phones students had from
2005 to 2010 at Lincoln High School?
4
A) y + 4 =− ( x − 4)
3
A) The average increase in the number of smart
4 phones per year is 40.
B) y − 4 =− ( x + 4)
3 B) The average increase in the number of smart
3 phones per year is 45.
C) y − 2 =− ( x + 4)
4 C) The average increase in the number of smart
phones per year is 50.
3
D) y + 2 =− ( x − 4) D) The average increase in the number of smart
4
phones per year is 55.
2
Which of the following is the equation of the line 5
in slope-intercept form? Which of the following is the equation of the
line that passes through point (4, −1) and has
3 slope −2 ?
A) y =
− x +1
4
A) x + 2 y =
2
3
B) y =
− x −1 B) x − 2 y =
6
4
4 C) 2 x − y =
9
C) y =
− x +1
3 D) 2 x + y =7
4
D) y =
− x −1
3
44 Chapter 3
3-4. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Lines in the same plane that do not intersect are called parallel lines. Parallel lines have the same slope.
If two nonvertical lines have the same slope, then they are parallel.
Parallel Lines in a Coordinate Plane

y y y
x x x
O O O
Parallel lines have All vertical lines All horizontal lines

the same slope. are parallel. are parallel.
Lines that intersect at right angles are called perpendicular lines.

If the product of the slopes of two nonvertical lines is −1 , then the lines are perpendicular.
Perpendicular Lines in a Coordinate Plane

y y
x x
O O
The slopes of perpendicular lines are Vertical lines and horizontal

negative reciprocals of each other. lines are perpendicular.
Example 1 □ Write the equation in point-slope form of the lines through point (1, 2) that are
(a) parallel to (b) perpendicular to, 3 x − y =−2 .
Solution □ a. 3 x − y =−2 Original equation

3 x − y − 3 x =−2 − 3 x Subtract 3x from each side.
− y =−3 x − 2 Simplify.
(−1)(− y ) =−
( 1)(−3 x − 2) Multiply each side by −1 .
=
y 3x + 2 Simplify.
Parallel lines have the same slope. Replace m with 3 and ( x1 , y1 )

with (1, 2) in point-slope form.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Point-slope form
y − 2= 3( x − 1) Substitution
1
y 3 x + 2 has a slope of − , which is the negative
b. The line perpendicular to =
3
1
reciprocal of 3. Replace m with − and ( x1 , y1 ) with (1, 2) in point-slope form.
3
1 1
y − 2 =− ( x − 1) m = − and ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 2)
3 3
Exercises - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
1 4
Which of the following equations represents A line passes through the points (−1, 2) and (5, b),
a line that is parallel to the line with equation and is parallel to the graph of the equation
y=
1
− x + 5 and contains the point (−2, ) ?
1 4x − 2 y = 13 . What is the value of b ?
2 2
A) x − 2 y =
−3
B) x + 2 y =
−1
5
C) 2 x − y =−5
y
D) 2 x + y =−3
(0,3)
(−4, b)
(2,0)
x
2 O
Which of the following equations represents

a line that passes through (7, 6) and is parallel (−1, −3)
to the x- axis? m 
A) x = 6 In the xy - plane above, line  is parallel to line m .

What is the value of b ?
B) y = 7
C) y = 7
D) y = 6
3 (−1, 4) t
Which of the following equations represents
a line that passes through (−5,1) and is parallel (2,1)
to the y - axis? x
O
(a, −2)
A) y = −5 (−4, −3)
B) y = 1 
C) x = −5 In the xy - plane above, if line  is perpendicular

D) x = 1 to line t , what is the value of a ?
46 Chapter 3
3-5. Solving Systems of Linear Equations

A set of linear equations with the same two variables is called a system of linear equations.
A system of two linear equations can have no solution, one solution, or an infinite number of solutions.
Solving Linear Systems by Graphing

Three types of graphs of linear systems are illustrated below.
intersecting lines coinciding lines parallel lines

exactly one solution infinitely many solutions no solution
y y y
x x x
O O O
consistent and consistent and inconsistent

independent dependent
Example 1 □ Solve the system of equations by graphing.

a. y = 2 x b. −9 x + 6 y =12
x + 2y =5 3x − 2 y = −4
Solution □ a. y = 2 x has the y - intercept 0 and the y

slope 2. Graph (0, 0) . From (0, 0) ,
move right 1 unit and up 2 units. Draw
a dot. Draw a line through the points. y = 2x
x + 2y =
5
To find the x- intercept of x + 2 y =
5,
x
let y = 0 . x + 2(0) = 5 implies x = 5 . O
To find the y - intercept let x = 0 .
0 + 2y = 5 implies y = 2.5 .
Plot (5, 0) and (0, 2.5) . Then draw a
line through these two points.
The lines have different slopes and intersect at (1, 2) .
The solution of the system is (1, 2) .
b. The slope-intercept form of −9 x + 6 y =

12 y
3
is =
y x+2. −9 x + 6 y =
12
2
The slope-intercept form of 3 x − 2 y =
−4 3x − 2 y =
4
3
is =
y x+2. x
2 O
Since the equations are equivalent,
their graphs show the same line. Any
ordered pair representing a point on
that line will satisfy both equations.
So, there are infinitely many solutions
to this system.
Solving Linear Systems by Substitution

The basic steps in the substitution method are as follows:
1. Solve one of the equations for one of its variables.
2. Substitute the resulting expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Substitute the resulting value into either of the original equations and solve for the other variable.
Example 2 □ Solve the linear system by substitution method.

y= x − 1
2x + y = 5
Solution □ 2x + y =
3 Second equation
2 x + ( x − 1) =
5 Since the first equation is y= x − 1 , substitute
x − 1 for y in the second equation.
3x − 1 =5 Combine like terms.
3x = 6 Add 1 to each side.
x=2 Divide each side by 3 and simplify.
=
y (2) − 1 Substitute 2 for x in the first equation.
=1 Simplify.
The solution is (2,1) .
Solving Linear Systems by Elimination

The basic steps in the elimination method are as follows:
1. Arrange the equations with the like terms in columns.
2. Multiply one or both equations to obtain new coefficients for x (or y ) that are opposites.
3. Add the equations and solve for the remaining variable.
4. Substitute this value into either of the original equations and solve for the other variable.
Example 3 □ Solve the linear system by elimination method.

2x − 3y = 13
−3 x + 2 y =−12
Solution □ 3(2 x − 3 y =13) Multiply the first equation by 3 .

2(−3 x + 2 y = −12) Multiply the second equation by 2 .
By multiplying the first equation by 3 and multiplying the second equation by 2,
we obtain coefficients of x that are opposites.
6x − 9 y =39 First equation modified.
−6 x + 4 y =−24 Second equation modified.
−5 y =15 Sum of equations
y = −3 Simplify.
2 x − 3(−3) =13 Substitute −3 for y in the first equation.
2x + 9 = 13 Simplify.
2x = 4 Subtract 9 from each side.
x=2 Divide each side by 2 and simplify.
The solution is (2, −3) .
48 Chapter 3
Systems of Equations with No Solution and Infinitely Many Solutions

1. A system of equations has no solution if the two equations have the same slope but different y - intercepts.
2. A system of equations has infinitely many solutions if the two equations are equivalent. Therefore the
two equations have the same slope and same y - intercepts.
When you are asked if a system of equations has no solution or infinitely many solutions, you
need to change the equations into slope-intercept form and check the slopes and y - intercepts.
Example 4 □ For what value of c will the system of equations below have no solution?
cx − 2 y =
6
3x + 4 y =
4
Solution □ Change the equations into slope-intercept form.

c
=y x−3 First equation in slope-intercept form
2
3
y= − x +1 Second equation in slope-intercept form
4
If two equations have the same slope and different y - intercepts, the system has
c 3 3
no solution. So, let = − . Solving this equation for c gives c = − .
2 4 2
Since the lines are parallel and the y - intercepts are −3 and 1, the two equations are
3
not identical. Therefore, when c = − , the system of equations has no solution.
2
Example 5 □ For what value of b will the system of equations below have infinitely many
−2 x + y = 4
solutions?
5 x − by = −10
Solution □ =
y 2x + 4 First equation in slope-intercept form
5 10
=
y x+ Second equation in slope-intercept form
b b
If two equations have infinitely many solutions, they are equivalent .
5 10 5
Therefore, 2 = or 4 = . Solving these equations for b gives b = .
b b 2
Example 6 □ Solve the linear system. 2x − 3y =

5
2
=
y x+2
3
Solution □ Substitute the expression for y from the second equation into the first equation.
2x − 3y = 5 First equation
2 2
2 x − 3( x + 2) =
5 Substitute x + 2 for y in the first equation.
3 3
2x − 2x − 6 = 5 Simplify.
−6 = 5 Simplify.
Since −6 =5 is false, the system has no solution.
Exercises - Solving Systems of Linear Equations
1 4
Which of the following systems of equations
=
y 2x + 4
has infinitely many solutions?
x − y =−1
Which ordered pair ( x, y ) satisfies the system of A) x + y =

1
equations shown above?
x− y =
1
A) (−2, −3) B) −2 x + y =
1
B) (−3, −2) −2 x + y =
5
C) (−1, 2) 1 1
C) x− y =
1
2 3
D) (−2, 0)
3x − 2 y =
6
D) 2 x + 3 y =
1
3x − 2 y =
1
2
1
x+ y = 1
2
−2 x − y =
5 5
If ( x, y ) is a solution to the system of equations ax − y =0

above, what is the value of x + y ? x − by =
1
A) −2 In the system of equations above, a and b are

constants and x and y are variables. If the system
B) −1 of equations above has no solution, what is the
C) 1 value of a ⋅ b ?
D) 2
3 6
2 x − ky =
14 1
2x − y=
15
5x − 2 y =
5 2
1
ax − y =
10
In the system of equations above, k is a constant 3
and x and y are variables. For what values of k
In the system of equations above, a is a constant
will the system of equations have no solution?
and x and y are variables. For what values of a
will the system of equations have infinitely many
solution?
50 Chapter 3
3-6. Absolute Value Equations

The absolute value of a number is the distance on a number line between the graph of the number and
the origin.
−3 = 3, because the 3 = 3, because the
The distance between −3 and the origin is 3. Thus −3 =3. distance from the distance from the
origin to − 3 is 3. origin to 3 is 3.
The distance between 3 and the origin is 3. Thus 3 = 3 .
Therefore, if x = 3 , then x = 3 or x = −3 .
−3 0 3
An absolute value function is a function written as f ( x) = x , for all values of x .

− x if x < 0
An absolute function can be written using two or more expressions such as f ( x=
) x=  .
 x if x ≥ 0
Example 1 □ Solve each absolute value equation.

a. 3 x − 5 =
7 b. x + 3 =
0 c. x − 8 =−3
Solution □ a. 3 x − 5 =
7
3x − 5 =7 or 3 x − 5 =−7 If x = a , then x = a or x = − a .
3 x = 12 or 3 x = −2 Add 5 to each side.
−2
x=4 or x = Divide each side by 3.
3
b. x + 3 =
0
x+3=0 If x = 0 , then x = 0 .
x = −3 Subtract 3 from each side.
c. x − 8 =−3
x −8 = −3 means that the distance between x and 8 is −3 . Since
distance cannot be negative, the equation has no solution.
To sketch the graph of y = a x + h + k , use the following steps.

1. Find the x- coordinate of the vertex by finding the value of x for which x + h = 0.
2. Make a table of values using the x- coordinate of the vertex. Find two x- values to its left and two to its right.
3. Plot the points from inside the table. If a > 0 , the vertex will be the minimum point and if a < 0 , the vertex
will be the maximum point.
The graph of y = x Table of values

y
x y= x
−2 2
−1 1
x 0 0 Vertex
O
1 1
2 2
Exercises - Absolute Value Equations
1 4
Which of the following expressions is equal to −1 For what value of x is 3 x − 5 =−1 ?
for some values of x ?
A) −2
A) 1 − x + 6 B) −1
B) 1 − x + 4 C) 0
D) There is no such value of x .
C) 1 − x + 2
D) 1 − x − 2
5
y
y = f ( x)
2
1
If 2 x + 7 =
5 , which of the following could be x
O
the value of x ?
A) −6
B) −4
The graph of the function f is shown in the
C) −2 xy - plane above. For what value of x is the value
D) 0 of f ( x) at its maximum?
A) −3
B) −1
C) 1
3
D) 3
For what value of x is x − 1 − 1 equal to 1 ?
A) −1
6
B) 0
C) 1 For what value of n is 3 − 3 − n equal to 3?
D) 2
52 Chapter 3

1 4
Line  in the xy - plane contains points from
x −4 0 6
each of the Quadrants I, III, and IV, but no points
f ( x) −4 −1 k from Quadrant II. Which of the following must
be true?
In the table above, if f ( x) is a linear function,

A) The slope of line  is zero.
what is the value of k ?
B) The slope of line  is undefined.
A) 2.5 C) The slope of line  is positive.
B) 3 D) The slope of line  is negative.
C) 3.5
D) 4
5
x −3 −1 1 5
2
f ( x) 9 5 1 −7
1
The graph of a line in the xy - plane has slope
3
The table above shows some values of the linear
and contains the point (9,1) . The graph of a second
function f . Which of the following defines f ?
line passes through the points (−2, 4) and (5, −3) .
If the two lines intersect at (a, b) , what is the value
A) f ( x=
) 2x − 3
of a + b ?
B) f ( x) =−2 x + 3
A) −2
C) f ( x=
) 2x −1
B) 2
D) f ( x) =−2 x + 1
C) 4
D) 6
6
3
1
Which of the following expressions is equal to 0 If f ( x) =−6 x + 1 , what is f ( x − 1) equal to?
2
for some value of x ?
A) −3 x + 7
A) 5+ x+5 B) −3 x − 5
B) 5+ x −5 C) −3 x + 1
D) −3 x − 1
C) −5 + x + 5
D) −5 − x − 5
Questions 7 and 8 refer to the following A line in the xy - plane passes through the point
information. 1
(1, −2) and has a slope of .Which of the
Height of a Paraglider 3
H following points lies on the line?
3,000
A) (3, −2)
Height (feet)
4
2,000 B) (2, − )
3
C) (0, −2)
1,000
8
D) (−1, − )
m
3
0 5 10 15
Time (minutes)
10
The graph above shows the relationship between the f ( x=
) ax + 2
height of paraglider H , in feet, and time m , in
minutes. In the function above, a is a constant. If
1
f (−1) =4 , what is the value of f (− ) ?
7 2
Which of the following represents the relationship
between H and m ?
A) H =
−100m + 3000
11
B) H =
−150m + 3000
If the slope of the line in the xy - plane that passes
C) H =
−175m + 3000 3
through the points (2, −4) and (6, k ) is , what
D) H =
−225m + 3000 2
is the value of k ?
8
If the height of the paraglider is 1,350 feet, which 12
of the following best approximates the time the
paraglider has been flying? 1 3
x− y = −11
3 4
A) 10 minutes 1 1
x+ y = −1
B) 10 minutes and 30 seconds 2 6
If ( x, y ) is the solution to the system of equations
C) 11 minutes
above, what is the value of x + y ?
D) 11 minutes and 30 seconds
54 Chapter 3
Answer Key 2. B
Section 3-1 The ordered pairs {(−5,8), (−2, 7), (2, −1), (5,8)}
is a correct representation of the mapping shown.
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. 8 7. 12
3. B
Section 3-2 If point (7, b) is in Quadrant I, b is positive.
5 If point (a, −3) is in Quadrant III, a is negative.
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. or 2.5
2 Therefore, point (a, b) is in Quadrant II.
29 1
5. 12 6. or 14.5 7. or 0.25 4. A
2 4
f ( x) =−2 x + 7
Section 3-3
1 1
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. D To find f ( x + 3) , substitute x + 3 for x , in
2 2
the given function.
Section 3-4 1 1
f ( x + 3) = −2( x + 3) + 7
3 2 2
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. 14 5. or 1.5
2 =− x − 6 + 7 =− x + 1
6. 3
5. C
Section 3-5
g (=
x) kx3 + 3
4
1. B 2. B 3. or 0.8 4. C g (−1) = k (−1)3 + 3 = 5 g (−1) =
5
5
−k + 3 = 5 Simplify.
4
5. 1 6. or 1.33 k = −2 Solve for k .
3
Substitute −2 for k in the given function.
Section 3-6 g ( x) =kx3 + 3 =−2 x3 + 3
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C g (1) =−2(1)3 + 3 =1
6. 3
6. 8
1
Chapter 3 Practice Test f ( x + 1) =− x+6
2
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B To find f (−3) , first solve x + 1 =−3 .
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. 3
x + 1 =−3 ⇒ x = −4 .
11. 2 12. 6
Substitute −4 for x in the given function.
1
f (−3) =− (−4) + 6 =8 .
2
Answers and Explanations

7. 12
Section 3-1 f ( x=
) x2 − b
1. D 7 ⇒ (−2) 2 − b =
f (−2) = 7
⇒ 4−b = 7 ⇒ b = −3
The domain of a function is the set of all
x- coordinates. Therefore, {−5, −2, 0, 4} is Therefore, f ( x=
) x2 + 3 .
the domain of the given function. f (b) = f (−3) =(−3) 2 + 3 =12
Section 3-2 Section 3-3
1. A 1. C
change in y −1 − 3 −4 . Since the points (−4, 2) and (4, −4) lie on the line,
Rate of =
change = =
change in x 0 − (−3) 3 2 − (−4) 6 3
the slope of the line is = = − .
−4 − 4 −8 4
2. C 3
If we use the point (4, −4) and the slope m = − ,
Pick any two points from the table. 4
Let’s pick (−3, −1) and (6,5) . the point-slope form of the line is
3 3
Average rate of change =
change in y y − (−4) =− ( x − 4) or y + 4 =− ( x − 4) .
change in x 4 4
3
5 − (−1) 6 2 If we use the point (−4, 2) and the slope m = − ,
= = = 4
6 − (−3) 9 3 the point-slope form of the line is
3 3
3. D y − 2 =− ( x − (−4)) or y − 2 =− ( x + 4) .
4 4
y2 − y1 b − 1
=
slope = = 1 Choice C is correct.
x2 − x1 1 − a
⇒ b −1 = 1− a ⇒ a+b =2 2. B
3
5 y − 2 =− ( x + 4) Point-slope form of the line.
4. or 2.5 4
2
3
y − 2 =− x − 3 Distributive Property
y2 − y1 −8 − 2 −10 5 4
=
slope = = =
x2 − x1 −1 − 3 −4 2 3
y= − x −1 Add 2 to each side and simplify.
4
5. 12
y2 − y1 r −3 r −3 3. D
slope = = = = −1
x2 − x1 −5 − 4 −9 3
⇒ r −3 =9 ⇒ r = 12 y= − x −1 Slope-intercept form
4
3
29 4 y =4(− x − 1) Multiply each side by 4.
6. or 14.5 4
2
4y = −3 x − 4 Simplify.
y −y a−7 5
slope = 2 1 = = − 4 y + 3 x =−3 x − 4 + 3 x Add 3x to each side.
x2 − x1 1 − a 9
⇒ 9(a − 7) =−5(1 − a ) 3x + 4 y =
−4 Simplify.
⇒ 9a − 63 =−5 + 5a
58 29 4. B
⇒ 4a = 58 ⇒ = a =
4 2 Average rate of change
change in number of smart phones
1 =
7. or 0.25 change in years
4
− x + 4 y =6 345 − 120 225
= = = 45
Write the equation in slope-intercept form. 2010 − 2005 5
x 6 The increase in the average number of smart
− x + 4 y =6 ⇒ 4 y= x + 6 ⇒ y= + phones is 45 each year.
4 4
1
The slope of the line is .
4
56 Chapter 3
5. D 3
5. or 1.5
Since the line passes through point (4, −1) and 2
has slope −2 , the point-slope form of the line Since lines  and m are parallel, the two lines
is y − (−1) =−2( x − 4) . have the same slope. Therefore,
y + 1 =−2( x − 4) Point-slope form simplified. 0−3 −3 − b
= .
y + 1 =−2 x + 8 Distributive Property 2 − 0 −1 − (−4)
2x + y =7 2 x − 1 is added to each side. −3 −3 − b
= Simplified.
2 3
−9 =−6 − 2b Cross Multiplication
Section 3-4 −3 =−2b Add 6 to each side.
3
1. B =b Divide each side by −2 .
2
Lines that are parallel have the same slope.
So, we need to find the equation of a line with 6. 3
1
the slope − and the point (−2, ) .
1 1 − (−3) 2
The slope of line t is , or . So, the
2 2 2 − (−4) 3
The point-slope form of this line is
slope of the line perpendicular to line t is the
1 1
y − =− ( x − (−2)) . 2 3
2 2 negative reciprocal of , or − . Therefore,
3 2
1 1
y− = − x −1 Simplified. 3 −2 − 4
2 2 − = ⇒ −3(a + 1) = 2(−6)
2 a +1
1 1
2( y − ) =2(− x − 1) Multiply each side by 2. ⇒ −3a − 3 =−12
2 2 ⇒ −3a = −9 ⇒ a = 3
2 y − 1 =− x − 2 Simplify.
x + 2y = −1 x + 1 is added to each side.
Section 3-5
2. D
1. B
A line parallel to the x- axis has slope 0.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Point-slope form =
y 2x + 4 First equation
y − 6= 0( x − 7) m = 0 , x1 = 7 , and y1 = 6 x − y =−1 Second equation
y−6 = 0 Simplify. Substituting 2 x + 4 for y in the second equation
y=6 gives x − (2 x + 4) =−1 .
x − (2 x + 4) =−1 ⇒ x − 2 x − 4 =−1
3. C
⇒ − x − 4 =−1 ⇒ − x = 3 or x = −3
If a line is parallel to the y - axis, it is a vertical Substituting −3 for x in the first equation gives
line and the equation is given in the form x = a , y =2(−3) + 4 =−2 . Therefore, the solution ( x, y )
in which a is the x- coordinate of the point the line to the given system of equations is (−3, −2) .
passes through. Therefore, the equation of the
vertical line that passes through (−5,1) is x = −5 . 2. B
4. 14 1
x+ y =1 First equation
2
13
13 can be rewritten as =
4x − 2 y = y 2x − . −2 x − y =
5 Second equation
2
The line has slope 2 . Lines that are parallel have 3
− x = 6 Add the equations.
b−2 2
the same slope. Therefore, 2 = .
5 +1 2 3
− (− x) =
2
− (6) Multiply each side by −
2
Solving the equation for b gives b = 14 . 3 2 3 3
x = −4 Simplify. ax − y =0 ⇒ y = ax
1 1 1
(−4) + y =
1 Substitute −4 for x in the first 1 ⇒=
x − by = y x−
2 equation. b b
1
−2 + y =1 Simplify. If a = , the system of equations will have no
b
y=3 Add 2 to each side.
solution. Therefore, a ⋅ b =
1
Therefore, x + y =−4 + 3 =−1
4
6.
4 3
3.
5 In order for a system of two linear equations to
have infinitely many solutions, the two equations
If a system of two linear equations has no solution,
1
then the lines represented by the equations in the must be equivalent. The equation 2 x − y = 15
coordinate plane are parallel. So, the slopes of the 2
line are equal. can be rewritten as =y 4 x − 30 and the equation
2 x − ky = 1
14 1st equation ax − y = 10 can be rewritten as= y 3ax − 30 .
3
2 14
=
y x− 1st equation in slope-intercept form If two equations are equivalent, then 4 x = 3ax
k k
4
5x − 2 y =5 2nd equation or a = .
3
5 5
=
y x− 2nd equation in slope-intercept form
2 2 Section 3-6
The system of equations will have no solution
2 5 4 1. D
if = . Solving for k yields k = .
k 2 5 By definition, the absolute value of any expression
4 is a nonnegative number. Therefore, 1 − x + 6 > 0 ,
If k = , the y - intercept of the first equation is
5 1 − x + 4 > 0 , and 1 − x + 2 > 0 . Only 1 − x − 2
35 could be a negative number.
− , and the y - intercept of the second equation
2 1 − x − 2 =−1 ⇒ 1 − x = 1 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 0 .
5
is − . Therefore, the lines are parallel, but not
2 2. A
identical.
2x + 7 =
5
4. C 2x + 7 = 5 or 2 x + 7 =−5
2 x = −2 or 2 x = −12
In order for a system of two linear equations to x = −1 or x = −6
have infinitely many solutions, the two equations
must be equivalent. The two equations in the 3. A
answer choice A have different slopes. The two
equations in the answer choice B have different x −1 −1 =1
y - intercepts. For answer choice C, multiply by
x −1 =2 Add 1 to each side.
6 on each side of the first equation.
x − 1 =2 or x − 1 =−2 The expression can be 2 or −2 .
1 1
6( x − y ) = 6(1) ⇒ 3 x − 2 y = 6. x=3 or x = −1 Add 1 to each side.
2 3
The result is identical to the second equation. 4. D
Therefore, the two equations are equivalent.
The two equations in answer choice D have The expression 3 x − 5 is the absolute value
different slopes, of 3 x − 5 , and the absolute value can never be
5. 1 a negative number. Thus 3 x − 5 =−1 has no

solution
Change the two equations into slope-intercept form.
58 Chapter 3
5. C Solving for x yields x = 3 . Substituting 3 for x

The maximum value of the function corresponds to in the equation of the second line yields y = −1 .
the y - coordinate of the point on the graph, which Therefore, (a, b=
) (3, −1) and a + b = 3 − 1 = 2 .
is highest along the vertical axis. The highest point
along the y - axis has coordinates (1, 4) . Therefore, 3. C
the value of x at the maximum of f ( x) is 1. The expressions x + 5 or x − 5 can never be
a negative number. Thus 5 + x + 5 or 5 + x − 5
6. 3
can not equal zero. The expression − x − 5
3− 3− n =3
can never be a positive number. Thus −5 − x − 5
− 3− n =0 Subtract 3 from each side.
can not equal zero. If −5 + x + 5 =0 , then
If − 3 − n =0 or 3 − n =
0 , then 3 − n =0,
x+5 =
5 , when x = 0 .
Thus n = 3 .
4. C
y
4
Quadrant II 3 Quadrant I
1. C 2
Use the slope formula to find the slope of the 1
function. Since f ( x) is a linear function, the x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
slope between (−4, −4) and (0, −1) equals −1
the slope between (0, −1) and (6, k ) . −2
−1 − (−4) k − (−1)
Quadrant III −3 Quadrant IV
Therefore, = .
−4
0 − (−4) 6−0
3 k +1 If the slope of a line is positive, it is possible that
= Simplify.
4 6 the line contains no points from Quadrant II or
4(k + 1) =18 Cross Multiplication from Quadrant IV. If the slope of a line is negative,
it is possible that the line contains no points from
4k + 4 = 18 Distributive Property
Quadrant I or from Quadrant III. Since the line 
4k = 14 Subtract 4 from each side. contains points from each of the Quadrants I, III,
7 and IV, but no points from Quadrant II, the slope
k = or 3.5 Divide each side by 4.
2 of line  must be positive.
2. B 5. B
1
The equation of the line with slope and point x −3 −1 1 5
3
1 1 f ( x) 9 5 1 −7
(9,1) is y −=
1 ( x − 9) or =
y x−2.
3 3
−3 − 4
The slope of the second line is or −1 . First, find the slope of the linear function f .
5 − (−2) We can choose any two points from the table.
The equation of the second line is y − 4 =−1( x + 2) Let’s use (1,1) and (−1,5) to find the slope m
or y =− x + 2 . To find the point of intersection, 5 −1 4
of f . m = = = −2 . Thus the slope
1 −1 − 1 −2
substitute x − 2 for y in the second equation
3 intercept form of f can be written as
and solve for x . f ( x) =−2 x + b . From the table we know f (1) = 1 .
1
x − 2 =− x + 2 f (1) =−2(1) + b = 1 implies b = 3 . Thus f is
3 defined as f ( x) = −2 x + 3 .
6. A Solving for a yields a = −2 .

Thus f ( x) =−2 x + 2 and
f ( x) =−6 x + 1
1 1
1 1 1
f ( x − 1) =−6( x − 1) + 1 Substitute x − 1 for x . f (− ) =−2(− ) + 2 =3 .
2 2 2 2 2
=−3 x + 6 + 1 Distributive Property
11. 2
=−3 x + 7 Simplify.
Use the slope formula.
7. B k − (−4) 3
=
Slope = .
Since the points (0,3000) and (4, 2400) lie on the 6−2 2
2400 − 3000 k +4 3
line, the slope of the line is = −150 . = Simplify.
4−0 4 2
The H - intercept of the line is 3,000. Therefore 2(k + 4) =3 ⋅ 4 Cross Product
the relationship between H and m can be 2k + 8 =
12 Distributive Property
represented by H = −150m + 3000 , the slope- Solving for k yields k = 2 .
intercept form of the line.
12. 6
8. C
Multiply by 3
H= −150m + 3000 1 3 9
Equation of the line x− y =
−11 ⇒ x− y= −33
1350 =−150m + 3000 Substitute 1350 for H . 3 4 4
Multiply by − 2
Solving for m yields m = 11 . 1 1 1
x+ y =
−1 ⇒ − x − y =2
2 6 3
9. D 9 1
Add the equations and we get − y − y = −31 .
The point-slope form of the line that passes 4 3
1 9 1
through the point (1, −2) and has a slope of 12(− y − y ) =12(−31) Multiply each side by 12.
3 4 3
1 −27 y − 4 y =−372 Distributive Property
is y + 2= ( x − 1) . The slope-intercept form of −31 y = −372 Simplify.
3
1 7 −31 y −372
the line is =y x − . We can replace f ( x) for = Divide each side by −31 .
3 3 −31 −31
1 7 y = 12 Simplify.
y to get the function form. Thus, f (= x) x− . 1 3
3 3 x− y = −11 First equation
Now check each answer choices. 3 4
1 3
1 7 4 x − (12) = −11 y = 12
A) (3, −2) f (3) = (3) − = − ≠ −2 3 4
3 3 3
1
x − 9 =−11 Simplify.
4 1 7 5 4 3
B) (2, − ) f (2) = (2) − = − ≠ −
3 3 3 3 3 1
x − 9 + 9 =−11 + 9 Add 9 to each side.
1 7 7 3
C) (0, −2) f (0) = (0) − = − ≠ −2 1
3 3 3 x = −2 Simplify.
3
8 1 7 8
D) (−1, − ) f (−1) = (−1) − =− 1
3( x)= 3(−2) Multiply each side by −2 .
3 3 3 3 3
Choice D is correct. x = −6 Simplify.
10. 3 Therefore, x + y =−6 + 12 =6 .

f ( x=
) ax + 2
If f (−1) =4 , then f (−1) = a (−1) + 2 = 4 .
CHAPTER 4
Linear Inequalities and Graphs
4-1. Solving Inequalities

An inequality is a mathematical sentence that contains inequality symbols such as > , < , ≥ , ≤ . between
numerical or variable expressions. Four types of simple inequalities and their graphs are shown below.
Verbal Expressions Inequality Graph
All real numbers less than 4. x<4

−4 −2 0 2 4
All real numbers greater than −3 . x > −3
−4 −2 0 2 4
All real numbers less than or equal to 2 .
All real numbers at most 2. x≤2
All real numbers no greater than 2. −4 −2 0 2 4
All real numbers greater than or equal to −1 .

All real numbers at least −1 . x ≥ −1
All real numbers no less than −1 . −4 −2 0 2 4
Notice on the graphs that we use an open dot for > or < and a solid dot for ≥ or ≤ .
Properties of Inequalities
For all real numbers a , b , and c , the following are true.
Transitive Property If a < b and b < c , then a < c .
Addition and Subtraction Properties If a < b , then a + b < a + c and a − c < b − c .
a b
Multiplication and Division Properties If a < b and c is positive, then ac < bc and < .
c c
a b
If a < b and c is negative, then ac > bc and > .
c c
Example 1 □ Write each statement as an inequality.

a. The number x is no greater than −2 .
b. The amount of calories n meet or exceed 1,200.
Solution □ a. x ≤ −2
b. n ≥ 1, 200
Example 2 □ Solve 4n − 9 ≥ 12 − 3n .
Solution □ 4n − 9 ≥ 12 − 3n
4n − 9 + 3n ≥ 12 − 3n + 3n Add 3n to each side.
7 n − 9 ≥ 12 Simplify.
7 n − 9 + 9 ≥ 12 + 9 Add 9 to each side.
7 n ≥ 21 Simplify.
7 n 21
≥ Divide each side by 7.
7 7
n≥3 Simplify.
62 Chapter 4
Exercises - Translating Words into Inequalities
1 4
If −3 + n ≤ 25 , which inequality represents the Nine is not more than the sum of a number and 17.
possible range of values for 4n − 12 ?
Which of the following inequalities represents
the statement above?
A) 4n − 12 ≤ −100
B) 4n − 12 ≤ 100 A) 9 ≥ 17n
C) 4n − 12 ≥ −100 B) 9 ≥ n + 17
D) 4n − 12 ≥ 100 C) 9 ≤ 17n
D) 9 ≤ n + 17
2 5
Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution The product of 7 and number n is no less
1 1 7 5 than 91.
to the inequality x − > + x ?
2 3 9 2
7
A) −
2 A) 7 n ≤ 91
5 B) 7 n < 91
B) −
2
C) 7 n ≥ 91
3
C) − D) 7 n > 91
2
1
D) −
2
−6 −4 −2 0 2
3
If −3a + 7 ≥ 5a − 17 , what is the greatest possible the graph above?
value of 3a + 7 ?
A) n ≤ −5
A) 16
B) n < −5
B) 14
C) n ≥ −5
C) 12
D) n > −5
D) 10
Linear Inequalities and Graphs 63
4-2. Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities

Two or more inequalities that are connected by the words and or or are called a compound inequality.
A compound inequality containing and is true only if both inequalities are true. Its graph is the intersection
of the graphs of the two inequalities. A compound inequality containing or is true if one or more of the
inequalities is true. Its graph is the union of the graphs of the two inequalities.
Since the absolute value of any number x is its distance from zero on a number line, x < 1 means that the
distance from zero to x is less than 1 unit and x > 1 means that the distance from zero to x is greater than 1
unit. Therefore the inequality x < 1 is equivalent to −1 < x < 1 and x > 1 is equivalent to x < −1 or x > 1 .
Graph of x < 1 Graph of x > 1
−1 0 1 −1 0 1
The distance between x and 0 is less than1. The distance between x and 0 is greater than1.
To translate more general absolute value inequalities into compound inequalities, use the following properties.
1. The inequality ax + b < c is equivalent to −c < ax + b < c , in which 0 ≤ c .
2. The inequality ax + b > c is equivalent to ax + b < −c or ax + b > c , in which 0 ≤ c .
In the statements above, < could be replaced by ≤ and > could be replaced by ≥ .
Example 1 □ Solve 7 − 2 x > 15 and 10 + 3 x > −11
Solution □ 7 − 2 x > 15 and 10 + 3 x > −11

7 − 2 x − 7 > 15 − 7 and 10 + 3 x − 10 > −11 − 10
−2 x > 8 and 3 x > −21
−2 x 8 3 x −21
< and >
−2 −2 3 3
x < −4 and x > −7
Example 2 □ Solve each inequality.

a. 2 x − 3 ≤ 7 b. n − 4 > 3
Solution □ a. 2 x − 3 ≤ 7
−7 ≤ 2 x − 3 ≤ 7 ax + b < c is equivalent to −c < ax + b < c .
−7 + 3 ≤ 2 x − 3 + 3 ≤ 7 + 3 Add 3 to each expression.
−4 ≤ 2 x ≤ 10 Simplify.
−4 2 x 10
≤ ≤ Divide each expression by 2 .
2 2 2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 5 Simplify.
b. n − 4 > 3
n − 4 < −3 or n − 4 > 3 ax + b > c is equivalent to ax + b < −c or
ax + b > c .
n − 4 + 4 < −3 + 4 or n − 4 > 3 + 4 Add 4 to each side.
n <1 or n > 7 Simplify.
64 Chapter 4
Exercises - Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
1 5
Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution
to the inequality 3 − n < −2 or 2n + 3 ≤ −1 ? 1
to the inequality x − 1 ≤ 1 ?
2
A) −6
A) 0
B) −2
B) 2
C) 2
C) 4
D) 6
D) 6
Which of the following numbers is a solution to 6

the inequality 5w + 7 > 2 and 6 w − 15 ≤ 3(−1 + w) ?
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
A) −1
B) 2 Which of the following is the compound inequality
for the graph above?
C) 5
D) 8 A) x < −2 or 4 ≤ x
B) x ≤ −2 or 4 < x
3 C) −2 < x ≤ 4
Which of the following is the graph of D) −2 ≤ x < 4

1
− x ≤ 5 and 7 − x > x + 1 ?
2
7
A)
−5 If
1
x − 1 ≤ − x + 5 , what is the greatest possible
4
B) value of x ?
4
C)
−5 4
D)
−5 4
8
3
4 If n − 2 < 1 and n is an integer, what is one
4
1 possible value of n ?
If −2 < n < −1 , what is the value of 7 + n
2
rounded to the nearest whole number?
4-3. Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables

A linear inequality in x and y is an inequality that can be written in one of the following forms.
ax + by < c , ax + by ≤ c , ax + by > c , ax + by ≥ c
An ordered pair (a, b) is a solution to a linear inequality in x and y if the inequality is true when a and b
are substituted for x and y , respectively.
Sketching the Graph of a Linear Inequality

1. Sketch the graph of the corresponding linear equation. Use a dashed line for inequalities with < or >
and a solid line for inequalities with ≤ or ≥ . This line divides the coordinate plane into two half planes.
2. Test a point in one of the half planes to find whether it is a solution of the inequality.
3. If the test point is a solution, shade its half plane. If not, shade the other half plane.
Example 1 □ Graph each inequality.

a. 2 y + x ≤ 4 b. 3 x − 2 y > 2
Solution □ a. The corresponding equation is 2 y + x =4.

Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
1
y= − x+2 Slope-intercept form of the corresponding equation.
2
1
Graph the line that has a slope of − and y
2
a y - intercept of 2. The boundary should 1
y= − x+2
be drawn as a solid line. 2
Select a point in one of the half planes and
test it. Let’s use (0, 0) . x
O (0,0)
2y + x ≤ 4 Original inequality
2(0) + 0 ≤ 4 x=0, y=0
0≤4 True
Since the statement is true, shade the half plane
containing the origin.
b. The corresponding equation is 3 x − 2 y = 2.

Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
3
= y x −1 Slope-intercept form of the corresponding equation.
2
3 y
Graph the line that has a slope of and
2
a y - intercept of −1 . The boundary should 3
=y x −1
be drawn as a dashed line. 2
Select a point in one of the half planes and (0,0)
test it. Let’s use (0, 0) . x
O
3x − 2 y > 2 Original inequality
3(0) − 2(0) > 2 x=0, y=0
0>2 False
Since the statement is false, shade the other
half plane not containing the origin.
66 Chapter 4
Exercises - Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables
1 3
y y
1 (−1,0)
x x
O 1 O
(0, −1)
Which of the following inequalities represents the Which of the following inequalities represents the
graph above? graph above?
A) x > −2 A) x + y < −1
B) x < −2 B) x + y > −1
C) y > −2 C) x + y ≤ −1
D) y < −2 D) x + y ≥ −1
2 4
y y
(0, 2) (1, 2)
(−3,0)
x x
O O
Which of the following inequalities represents the

Which of the following inequalities represents the graph above?
graph above?
A) 2 x − y ≥ 0
A) 2 y − 3 x ≥ 6
B) 2 x − y ≤ 0
B) 2 y − 3 x ≤ 6
C) x − 2 y ≥ 0
C) 3 y − 2 x ≥ 6
D) x − 2 y ≤ 0
D) 3 y − 2 x ≤ 6
4-4. Graphing Systems of Inequalities

A system of inequalities is a set of two or more inequalities with the same variables. The ordered pairs
that satisfy all inequalities is a solution to the system. The solution set is represented by the intersection,
or overlap, of the graphs.
Example 1 □ Solve each system of inequalities by graphing.

a. x > −2 b. y ≤ 3 x − 1
y≤3 y > −2 x
y > x −1
Solution □ a. The corresponding equations are

y
x = −2 , y = 3 , and y= x − 1 .
y=3
Use a dashed line for inequalities with < or >
and a solid line for inequalities with ≤ or ≥ .
x = −2
Select (0, 0) as a test point for each inequality.
x
0 > −2 True (0,0)
0≤3 True
0 > 0 −1 True y= x − 1
The graph of the first inequality is the half
plane right of the vertical line. The graph of
the second inequality is the half plane on and
below the horizontal line. The graph of the third inequality is the half plane above
the line y= x − 1 . The graph of the system is the shaded region shown above.
b. The corresponding equations are y

=
y 3 x − 1 and y = −2 x .
Use a dashed line for inequalities with < or >
and a solid line for inequalities with ≤ or ≥ .
Select (0, 0) as a test point for the inequality y = −2 x
x
y ≤ 3x − 1 . O
0 ≤ 3(0) − 1 False =
y 3x − 1
The point (0, 0) is not part of the solution.
Shade the half plane on or below the line
=
y 3x − 1 .
We cannot select (0, 0) as a test point for the
inequality y > −2 x , because (0, 0) is on the boundary line. Let’s use (0,1) as
a test point.
y > −2 x .
1 > −2(0) True
The point (0,1) is part of the solution. Shade the half plane above the line y = −2 x .
The graph of the system is the shaded region shown above.
68 Chapter 4
Exercises - Graphing Systems of Inequalities
1 3
 x − 2 y ≤ −2
 y − x ≥1 
  y < −x + 2
 y ≤ −2 x
y
y
section B section Q
section R
section C section P
section A x
x O
O
section S
section D
A system of inequalities and a graph are shown

above. Which section or sections of the graph
above. Which section or sections of the graph
could represent all of the solutions to the system?
could represent all of the solutions to the system?
A) Section P
A) Section A
B) Section Q
B) Section B
C) Section R
C) Section C
D) Section S
D) Section D
4
2 y
Which of the following ordered pairs ( x, y )

II I
is a solution to the system of inequalities
y > x − 4 and x + y < 5 ? x
O
III IV
A) (4, −2)
B) (0, 2)
If the system of inequalities 2 − y < 2 x and
C) (5,3)
− x ≤ 4 − y is graphed on the xy - plane above,
D) (0, −5) which quadrant contains no solutions to the
system?
A) Quadrant II
B) Quadrant III
C) Quadrant IV
D) There are solutions in all four quadrants.

1 4
The sum of 120k and 215 j does not exceed Which of the following inequalities is equivalent
2,500. to 0.6(k − 7) − 0.3k > 1.8 + 0.9k ?

the statement above? A) k < 10
B) k < −10
A) 120k + 215 j < 2,500 C) k > 10
B) 120k + 215 j > 2,500 D) k > −10
C) 120k + 215 j ≤ 2,500
D) 120k + 215 j ≥ 2,500 5

4m − 3 ≤ 2(m + 1) or 7 m + 23 < 15 + 9m
Which of the following numbers is a solution

2 to the compound inequality above?
One half of a number decreased by 3 is
at most −5 . A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
1
A) n − 3 ≤ −5
2
6
1
B) 3 − n ≤ −5 y
2
1
C) n − 3 < −5
2 (0,3)
1
D) 3 − n < −5 x
2 (−4,0) O
3
Which of the following numbers is NOT
3b + 5 Which of the following inequalities represents the
a solution to the inequality ≥ b −8 ?
−2 graph above?
A) 0 A) 4 y − 3 x > 12
B) 1 B) 4 y − 3 x < 12
C) 2 C) 3 y − 4 x > 12
D) 3
D) 3 y − 4 x < 12
70 Chapter 4
7 9
2 y − 3x ≤ 6  y < ax + 1
 
 y > 1− x  y > bx − 1
y In the xy - plane, if (1, 0) is a solution to the

section B system of inequalities above, which of the
following must be true?
section C section A
I. a > −1
O
x II. a + b =0
III. b < 1
section D
A) I only
B) I and II only
above. Which section or sections of the graph C) I and III only
could represent all of the solutions to the system? D) I, II, and III
A) Section A
B) Section B 10
C) Section C  y ≥ 12 x + 600

D) Section D  y ≥ −6 x + 330
In the xy - plane, if ( x, y ) lies in the solution set
of the system of inequalities above, what is the
8 minimum possible value of y ?
II I
x
O
11
III IV
If −6 ≤ 3 − 2 x ≤ 9 , what is the greatest possible
value of x − 1 ?
If the system of inequalities 3 ≥ x and −1 ≤ y
is graphed in the xy - plane above, which quadrant
contains no solutions to the system?
A) Quadrant II 12
B) Quadrant III
For what integer value of x is 4 x − 2 > 17 and
C) Quadrant IV 3 x + 5 < 24 ?
D) All four quadrants contain solutions.
Answer Key 1 1 10 1
− (−2 x) < − ( ) Multiply each side by −
2 2 9 2
Section 4-1 and change > to <.
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C 5
x<− Simplify.
6. C 9
1
Section 4-2 Therefore, − is not a solution to the inequality.
2
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. 6 5. D
24
6. A 7. 8. 2 or 3 3. A
5
−3a + 7 ≥ 5a − 17
Section 4-3 Add −5a − 7 to each side of the inequality.
−3a + 7 + (−5a − 7) ≥ 5a − 17 + (−5a − 7)
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B
−8a ≥ −24 Simplify.
Section 4-4 (−8a ) ÷ (−8) ≤ (−24) ÷ (−8) Divide each side by −8
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B and change ≥ to ≤ .
a≤3 Simplify.
Chapter 4 Practice Test 3a ≤ 3(3) Multiply each side by 3 .
1. C 2. A 3.D 4. B 5. A 3a ≤ 9 Simplify.
6. A 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. 420 3a + 7 ≤ 9 + 7 Add 7 to each side.
7 3a + 7 ≤ 16 Simplify.
11. or 3.5 12. 5 or 6
2 Therefore, the greatest possible value of 3a + 7
is 16.
4. D
9 ≤
 + 17
n
Section 4-1 nine is not more than the sum of a number and 17
1. B 5. C
−3 + n ≤ 25 7n ≥
 
91
−3 + n + 3 ≤ 25 + 3 Add 3 to each side. the product of 7 is no less than 91
and a number n
n ≤ 28 Simplify.
4n ≤ 4 ⋅ 28 Multiply each side by 4.
6. C
4n ≤ 112 Simplify.
4n − 12 ≤ 112 − 12 Subtract 12 from each side.
4n − 12 ≤ 100 Simplify. −6 −4 −2 0 2
2. D The solution set is n ≥ −5 .

1 1 7 5
x− > + x
2 3 9 2 Section 4-2
5
1 1 5 7 5 5 Subtract x from
x− − x > + x− x 2
2 3 2 9 2 2 each side. 1. B
1 7
−2 x − > Simplify. 3 − n < −2 or 2n + 3 ≤ −1
3 9 3 − n − 3 < −2 − 3 or 2n + 3 − 3 ≤ −1 − 3
1 1 7 1 1 −n < −5 or 2n ≤ −4
−2 x − + > + Add to each side.
3 3 9 3 3 n>5 or n ≤ −2
−2 x >
10
Simplify.
−6 ≤ −2 , −2 ≤ −2 , and 6 > 5 are true. 2 is not
9 a solution to the given compound inequality.
72 Chapter 4
2. B 1
−1 + 1 ≤ x −1+1 ≤ 1+1 Add 1 to each side.
5w + 7 > 2 and 6 w − 15 ≤ 3(−1 + w) 2
5w + 7 − 7 > 2 − 7 6 w − 15 ≤ −3 + 3w 1
and 0≤ x≤2 Simplify.
5w > −5 and 3w ≤ 12 2
w > −1 and w≤4 1
2⋅0 ≤ 2⋅ x ≤ 2⋅2 Multiply each side by 2 .
2
Thus, 2 is a solution to the inequality.
0≤ x≤4 Simplify.
3. D Thus, 6 is not a solution of the given inequality.
−x ≤ 5 First inequality
6. A
(−1)(− x) ≥ (−1)(5) Multiply each side by −1
and change ≥ to ≤ .
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x ≥ −5 First inequality simplified.
1 The compound inequality x < −2 or 4 ≤ x

7− x > x +1 Second inequality represents the graph above.
2
1
7 − x − 7 > x +1− 7 Subtract 7 from each side.
2 24
1 7.
− x > x−6 Simplify. 5
2
1
1
− x− x > x−6− x Subtract x from each side. x −1 ≤ −x + 5
2 4
Add x + 1 to each side of the inequality.
3
− x > −6 Simplify. 1
2 x − 1 + ( x + 1) ≤ − x + 5 + ( x + 1)
2 3 2 2
4
(− )(− x) < (− )(−6) Multiply each side by − 5
3 2 3 3 x≤6 Simplify.
and change > to < . 4
4 5 4 4
x<4 Simplify. ( x) ≤ (6) Multiply each side by .
5 4 5 5
The inequality can be written as −5 ≤ x < 4 , 24
so answer choice D is correct. x≤ Simplify.
5
4. 6 24
The greatest possible value of x is .
5
−2 < n < −1
1 1 1 1
( )(−2) < ( )n < ( )(−1) Multiply each side by . 8. 2 or 3
2 2 2 2
3 3
1
−1 < n < −
1
Simplify. n − 2 < 1 is equivalent to −1 < n − 2 <1.
2 2 4 4
3
1 1 −1 + 2 < n − 2 + 2 < 1 + 2 Add 2 to each side.
7 −1 < 7 + n < 7 − Add 7 to each side. 4
2 2
3
1 1< n < 3 Simplify.
6 < 7 + n < 6.5 Simplify 4
2
4 4 3 4 4
1 ⋅1 < ⋅ n < ⋅ 3 Multiply each side by .
Thus, 7 + n rounded to the nearest whole 3 3 4 3 3
2
4
number is 6. <n<4 Simplify.
3
Since n is an integer, the possible values of n
5. D are 2 and 3.
1 1
x − 1 ≤ 1 is equivalent to −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1 .
2 2
Section 4-3 4. B
The slope-intercept form of the boundary line is
1. C
y = 2 x . The standard form of the line is
The equation of the boundary line is y = −2 . Any 2x − y = 0 . Since the boundary line is drawn
point above that horizontal has a y - coordinate as a solid line, the inequality should include an
that satisfies y > −2 . Since the boundary line is equal sign. Select a point in the plane which is not
drawn as a dashed line, the inequality should not on the boundary line and test the inequalities in
include an equal sign. the answer choices. We cannot use (0, 0) for this
question because (0, 0) is on the boundary line.
2. D
Let’s use (0,1) .
The slope-intercept form of the boundary line is
A) 2 x − y ≥ 0
2
=y x + 2 . The standard form of the line is 2(0) − (1) ≥ 0 =x 0,=y 1
3
3y − 2x = 6 . Since the boundary line is drawn −1 ≥ 0 false
as a solid line, the inequality should include an
equal sign. Select a point in the plane which is B) 2 x − y ≤ 0
not on the boundary line and test the inequalities 2(0) − (1) ≤ 0 =x 0,=y 1
in the answer choices. Let’s use (0, 0) . −1 ≤ 0 true
C) 3 y − 2x ≥ 6 Since the half-plane containing the (0,1) is

3(0) − 2(0) ≥ 6 =x 0,=y 0
shaded, the test point (0,1) should give a true
0≥6 false
statement. Answer choice B is correct.
Choices C and D are incorrect because the
D) 3 y − 2 x ≤ 6 equations of the boundary lines are not correct.
3(0) − 2(0) ≤ 6 =x 0,=y 0
0≤6 true
Since the half-plane containing the origin is Section 4-4
shaded, the test point (0, 0) should give a true
statement. Answer choice D is correct. 1. C
Choices A and B are incorrect because the
equations of the boundary lines are not correct. y − x ≥1
y ≤ −2 x
3. A
Select a point from each section, then test
The slope-intercept form of the boundary line is them on the inequalities. Let’s use (3, 0) ,
y =− x − 1 . The standard form of the line is (0,3) , (−3, 0) , and (0, −3) , from each section
x+ y = −1 . Since the boundary line is drawn as test points.
as a dashed line, the inequality should not include
an equal sign. Select a point in the plane which is 0−3 ≥1 =x 3,=y 0 is false.
is not on the boundary line and test the inequalities 0 ≤ −2(3) =x 3,=y 0 is false.
in the answer choices. Let’s use (0, 0) .
3−0 ≥1 =x 0,=y 3 is true.
A) x + y < −1 3 ≤ −2(0) =x 0,=y 3 is false.
0 + 0 < −1 =x 0,=y 0 0 − (−3) ≥ 1 x=
−3, y =
0 is true.
0 < −1 false 0 ≤ −2(−3) x=
−3, y =
0 is true.
Since the half-plane containing the origin is not Since x = −3 and y = 0 are true for both
shaded, the test point (0, 0) should give a false
inequalities, section C represents all of the
statement. Answer choice A is correct. solutions to the system.
inequalities include equal signs.
74 Chapter 4
2. B To determine which quadrant does not contain

any solution to the system of inequalities, graph
y > x−4
the inequalities. It is easier to use x- intercept
x+ y <5 and y - intercept to graph the boundary line. Graph
Check each answer choice, to determine which the inequality 2 − y < 2 x by drawing a dashed
ordered pair ( x, y ) is a solution to the system of line through the x- intercept (1, 0) and y - intercept
inequalities. (0, 2) . Graph the inequality − x ≥ 4 − y by drawing
A) (4, −2) a solid line through the x- intercept (−4, 0) and
−2 > 4 − 4 x = 4, y = −2 is false. y - intercept (0, 4) . The solution to the system of
4 + (−2) < 5 x = 4, y = −2 is true. inequalities is the shaded region as shown in the
graph above. It can be seen that the solutions only
B) (0, 2) include points in quadrants I, II, and IV and do not
2 > 0−4 =x 0,=y 2 is true. include any points in quadrant III.
0+2 < 5 =x 0,=y 2 is true.
(0, 2) is a solution to the system of inequalities Chapter 4 Practice Test

because the ordered pair gives a true statement for
both pairs of inequalities. 1. C
120k + 215 j ≤
 2,500

3. C 
the sum of does not exceed 2,500
x − 2 y ≤ −2 120 k and 215 j
y < −x + 2
2. A
Select a point from each section, then test them
on the inequalities. Let’s use (3, 0) , (0,3) , (−3, 0) , 1
n −
3 ≤
 −
5
and (0, −3) , from each section as test points. 
2 decreased by 3 is at most −5
one half of
a number
3 − 2(0) ≤ −2 = x 3,= y 0 is false.
If the first statement is false, we don’t need 3. D
to check the second statement because the
ordered pair must give a true statement for both 3b + 5
≥ b −8
pairs of the inequalities. −2
3b + 5
0 − 2(3) ≤ −2 =x 0,=y 3 is true. −2( ) ≤ −2(b − 8) Multiply each side by −2
−2
3 < −(0) + 2 =x 0,=y 3 is false. and change ≥ to ≤ .
−3 − 2(0) ≤ −2 x=
−3, y =
0 is true. 3b + 5 ≤ −2b + 16 Simplify.
0 < −(−3) + 2 x=
−3, y =
0 is true. 3b + 5 + 2b ≤ −2b + 16 + 2b Add 2b to each side.
5b + 5 ≤ 16 Simplify.
Since x = −3 and y = 0 are true for both
5b + 5 − 5 ≤ 16 − 5 Subtract 5.
inequalities, section R represents all of the
5b ≤ 11 Simplify.
solutions to the system.
5b 11
≤ Divide each side by 5.
4. B 5 5
y 11
b≤ Simplify.
2− y =2x 5
So, 3 is not a solution to the inequality.
II I
−x = 4 − y
x
4. B
O
0.6(k − 7) − 0.3k > 1.8 + 0.9k
IV
III ⇒ 0.6k − 4.2 − 0.3k > 1.8 + 0.9k
⇒ 0.3k − 4.2 > 1.8 + 0.9k
⇒ 0.3k − 4.2 − 0.9k > 1.8 + 0.9k − 0.9k y
⇒ −0.6k − 4.2 > 1.8 ⇒ −0.6k > 6 x=3

II I
−0.6k 6
⇒ < ⇒ k < −10 O
x
−0.6 −0.6
III IV y = −1
5. A
4m − 3 ≤ 2(m + 1) or 7 m + 25 < 15 + 9m
The solution to the system of inequalities is the
4m − 3 ≤ 2m + 2 or −2m + 25 < 15 shaded region shown in the graph above. Its
2m ≤ 5 or −2m < −10 solutions include points in all four quadrants.
5 D is correct answer.
m≤ or m>5
2
9. C
Thus, among the answer choices, 2 is the only
solution to the compound inequality. y < ax + 1 and y > bx − 1
Since (1, 0) is a solution to the system of
6. A
inequalities, substitute x = 1 and y = 0 in the
Slope m of the boundary line is given inequalities.
3−0 3
=m = . The y - intercept is 3. So, the 0 < a (1) + 1 and 0 > b(1) − 1 x =1 , y = 0
0 − (−4) 4
−1 < a and 1 > b Simplify.
3
slope-intercept form of the line is =
y x +3. Statements I and III are true. But we do not
4 know the exact value of a or b , so statement II
The standard form of the line is 4 y − 3 x = 12 . is not true.
Select a point in the shaded region and test
each inequality. 10. 420
Let’s use (0, 4) , as a test point. y ≥ 12 x + 600 First inequality
A) 4 y − 3 x > 12 y ≥ −6 x + 330 Second inequality
4(4) − 3(0) > 12 =x 0,=y 4 Multiply each side of the second inequality
16 > 12 true by 2 and then add it to the first inequality.
Since the half-plane containing (0, 4) is shaded, 2 y ≥ −12 x + 660 2nd inequality multiplied by2.
the test point (0, 4) should give a true statement. + y ≥ 12 x + 600 First inequality
Answer choice A is correct. 3 y ≥ 1260 Sum of two inequalities
3 y 1260
equations of the boundary lines are not correct. ≥ Divide each side by 3.
3 3
7. A y ≥ 420 Simplify.
Therefore, the minimum possible value of y
Let’s check (3, 0) , which is in section A.
is 420.
2(0) − 3(3) ≤ 6 =x 3,=y 0 is true.
0 > 1− 3 =x 3,=y 0 is true. 7
11. or 3.5
Since x = 3 and y = 0 are true for both 2
inequalities, section A represents all of the −6 ≤ 3 − 2 x ≤ 9
solutions to the system. −6 − 3 ≤ 3 − 2 x − 3 ≤ 9 − 3 Subtract 3 from each side.
−9 ≤ −2 x ≤ 6 Simplify.
8. D −9 −2 x 6
≥ ≥ Divide each side by −2
To determine which quadrant does not contain −2 −2 −2
any solution to the system of inequalities, graph and change ≤ to ≥ .
the inequalities.
9
≥ x ≥ −3 Simplify.
2
76 Chapter 4
9
− 1 ≥ x − 1 ≥ −3 − 1 Subtract 1 from each side.
2
7
≥ x − 1 ≥ −4 Simplify.
2
7
The greatest possible value of x − 1 is .
2
12. 5 or 6
4 x − 2 > 17 and 3 x + 5 < 24
4 x > 19 and 3 x < 19
19 19
x> and x<
4 3
19 19
Since x is between (= 4.75) and (≈ 6.33) ,
4 3
the integer value of x is 5 or 6.
CHAPTER 5
Word Problems in Real-Life Situation
5-1. Solving Word Problems Using Linear Models

In SAT verbal problems, the construction of mathematical models that represent real-world scenarios is a
critical skill. Linear equations can be used to model many types of real life situation word problems, such
as cost, profit, speed, distance and time problems. To solve the verbal problems, you need to interpret the
situation described in the problem into an equation, then solve the problem by solving the equation.
Plan for Solving a Word Problem

1. Find out what numbers are asked for from the given information.
2. Choose a variable to represent the number(s) described in the problem. Sketch or a chart may be helpful.
3. Write an equation that represents relationships among the numbers in the problem.
4. Solve the equation and find the required numbers.
5. Answer the original question. Check that your answer is reasonable.
A linear function = y mx + b can be used as a model for many types of real life word problems which
involve a constant rate of change.
Example 1 □ A person travels home from work at a constant speed. Ten minutes after leaving
work he is 20 miles from home, and 20 minutes after leaving work he is 12 miles
from home. If he continues to travel at the same speed, how long will it take him
to arrive home from work?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the number of minutes it takes to travel from work to home.
2. Start with the linear equation =
y mx + b , in which y is the distance in miles from
home, and x is the time in minutes.
=
3. When =
x 10, y 20.
=
When =
x 20, y 12.
4. =
20 10m + b First equation
=
12 20m + b Second equation
By subtracting the second equation from the first equation we get
8 = −10m .
8 −10m
−10 −10
4
m= − Simplify.
5
4 4
20 = 10(− ) + b Substitute m = − into the first equation.
5 5
20 =−8 + b Simplify.
b = 28 Simplify.
4 4
y= − x + 28 Replace m with − and b with 48 .
5 5
4
0= − x + 28 When he arrives home, y = 0 .
5
x = 35 Solve for x .
5. It takes 35 minutes from work to home.
78 Chapter 5
Exercises - Problem Solving Using Linear Models
1 4
At the beginning of a trip, the tank of Chloe’s To join Eastlake Country Club one must pay d
car was filled with 12 gallons of gas. When she dollars for a one time membership fee and pay
travels constantly on the highway 60 miles per w dollars for a monthly fee. If the first month is
hour, the car consumes 1 gallon of gas per 35 free for the club, what is the total amount, y ,
miles. If she traveled 5 hours and 15 minutes on
x months after a person joined the club, in terms
the highway with a constant speed of 60 miles
per hour, how many gallons of gas are left in the of d , w , and x ?
tank?
A) y= wx − 1 + d
A) 3
B) y= w( x − 1) + d
B) 4
C) y= d ( x − 1) + w
C) 5
D) 6 D) y = dx − 1 + w
2 5
A rock climber is climbing up a 450 feet high
From 1990 to 2000 The population of city A rose
cliff. By 9:30 AM. the climber reached 90 feet
from 12,000 to 28,000 and the population of city B
up the cliff and by 11:00 AM he has reached
rose from 18,000 to 24,000. If the population of the
210 feet up the cliff. If he climbs with a constant
two cities increased at a constant rate, in what year
speed, by what time will he reach the top of the
was the population of both cities the same?
cliff?
A) 1:45 PM
B) 2:00 PM
C) 2:15 PM
D) 2:30 PM
3 6
In 2005 a house was purchased for $280,000 and An empty 1,200 gallon tank is filled with water
in 2013 it was sold at $334,000. Assuming that at a rate of 6 gallons of water per minute. At the
the value of the house increased at a constant same time, another 1,200 gallon tank full of water
annual rate what will be the price of the house in is being drained at a rate of 9 gallons per minute.
the year 2018? How many minutes will it take for the amount of
water in both tanks to become the same?
A) $354,250
B) $361,000
C) $367,750
D) $374,500
Word Problems in Real-Life Situation 79
5-2. Solving Word Problems Using Equations

Cost, Profit, and Value Problems
=
Total value number of items × value per item
=
Profit selling cost − buying cost
Example 1 □ A music store owner purchased x compact discs for $6.50 each. He sold all but
19 of them for $12.00 each. If he made a profit of $564.00 from the compact discs,
what is the value of x ?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the value of x .

2. x is given as the number of compact discs purchased.
3. Selling cost =number of items sold × value per item =( x − 19) × 12
Buying cost = number of items bought × value per item = x × 6.50
Profit = selling cost − buying cost = ( x − 19) × 12 − 6.5 x
4. 564 = ( x − 19) × 12 − 6.5 x

564 = 12 x − 228 − 6.5 x = 5.5 x − 228
792 = 5.5x
x = 144
5. The number of compact discs purchased is 144.
Distance, Rate, and Time Problems

total distance d total distance d
= rate × time , d = rt
Distance Average speed = , r= Average time = , t=
total time t average speed r
Example 2 □ Carl drove from his home to the beach at a speed of 50 mph and returned home
along the same route at a speed of 30mph. If his total driving time for the trip was
two hours, how many minutes did it take him to drive from his home to the beach?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the time it took for Carl to drive to the beach.
2. Let t = the time in hours it took for Carl to drive to the beach.
Then 2 − t = the time spent for the return trip.
Make a chart and a sketch showing the given facts.
Rate × Time =
Distance Going out
50t
Going out 50 t 50t
30(2 − t )
2−t Returning
Returning 30 30(2 − t )
3. =
50t 30(2 − t ) The distance going out = the distance returning.
50=
t 60 − 30t Distributive Property
80t = 60 Add 30t on each side.
60 3
4.=
t = hours Solve for t .
80 4
3 3
5. It took Carl hours, or × 60 =
45 minutes, to drive from his home to the beach.
4 4
80 Chapter 5
Exercises - Problem Solving with Equations
1 4
1
Distance to Finish Line David used of his monthly salary for groceries
(meters) 10
Jason −8t + 200
3
and of his remaining money for his car
18
Mary −7.5t + 200 payment. He also paid twice as much money for
rent as for his car payment. If David has $1,620
Jason and Mary are running on a 200 meter track. left after paying for groceries, car payment, and
The expressions in the table above show the rent, how much is his monthly salary?
distance to the finish line t seconds after they
started the race. How many meters will Mary have A) $3,240
left to finish the race when Jason is on the finish
line? B) $3,320
C) $3,480
A) 10.5 meters D) $3,600
B) 11.5 meters
C) 12.5 meters
D) 13.5 meters
5
In a school election, 680 students voted for one
2 of two candidates for president. If the winner
received 120 more votes than the loser, how many
At a bagel shop the first 6 bagels purchased cost votes did the winner receive?
55 cents apiece, and additional bagels cost c
cents apiece. If a customer paid $5.70 for 12
bagels, what is the value of c ?
A) 25
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40
6
3
3 If a gas tank contains 15 liters of gas and is full,
8
Manny bought c candies at a price of 70 cents how many additional liters of gas are needed to fill
each. He sold all but k candies at a price of up the tank?
$1.25, and made a profit of p dollars. Which of
the following represents p in terms of c and k ?
A) =
p 1.25(c − k ) − 0.7c
B)=p 1.25c − 0.7 k
C) p = 1.25c − 0.7(c − k )
D) =
p 1.25(c − k ) − 0.7 k
5-3. Solving Word Problems Using Systems of Equations

A problem involving two unknown quantities can be solved by using a system of equations.
Example 1 □ At a museum, Elly bought 3 student tickets and 2 adult tickets for $29.00. At the
same museum Samantha bought 5 student tickets and 4 adult tickets for $54.00.
How much does one student ticket and one adult ticket cost?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the cost of one student ticket plus one adult ticket.
2. Let s = the price of student ticket and
and a = the price of adult ticket.
{
3. number of }{ ⋅ price of
student ticket student ticket }{ }{
+ number of ⋅ price of
adult ticket adult ticket } = total cost
3s + 2a = 29 First equation
5s + 4a = 54 Second equation
4. −6 s − 4a = −58 First equation multiplied by −2 .
5s + 4a = 54 Second equation
By adding the two equations we get − s =−4 or s = 4 .
Substitute s = 4 in the first equation.
3(4) + 2a = 29
12 + 2a = 29
2a = 17
a = 8.5
5. s + a = 4 + 8.5 = 12.5
The cost of one student ticket and one adult ticket is $12.50.
Example 2 □ On the second weekend of July, Eric hiked 10 less than twice the number of
miles that he hiked on the first weekend of July. In these two weeks he hiked
a total of 38 miles. How many miles did he hike on the first weekend?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the number of miles Eric hiked on the first week of July.
2. Let f = the number of miles Eric hiked on the first week
and s = the number of miles Eric hiked on the second week.
{ }{
3. number of miles hiked = 10 miles less than twice the number
on the second weekend of miles he hiked on the first weekend }
{total number of miles hiked in the two weekends} = 38
=
s 2 f − 10 First equation
f +s =38 Second equation
4. f + (2 f − 10) =
38 =s 2 f − 10 is substituted to the
second equation.
3 f − 10 = 38 Simplify.
3 f − 10 + 10 = 38 + 10 Add 10 to each side.
3 f = 48 Simplify.
f = 16 Divide each side by 3.
5. Eric hiked 16 miles on the first weekend.

82 Chapter 5
Exercises - Solving Word problems Using Systems of Equations
1 4
Adam and Betty purchased a printer together for In a car dealership, all of the vehicles are either
$258. If Adam paid $18 less than twice Betty, a sedan or a SUV. If 36 sedans are sold and 36
how much money did Adam pay for the printer? SUVs are added, there will be an equal number
of sedans and SUVs. If 8 SUVs are sold and 8
A) 172 sedans are added, there will be twice as many
sedans as SUVs. How many sedans were at the
B) 166 dealership before any vehicle was sold?
C) 158
D) 146 A) 132
B) 144
C) 156
D) 168
2
There are 28 tables for customers at Mesa Grill
Restaurant. The tables are either two-seat tables
or four-seat tables. When all the tables are full,
there will be 90 customers in the restaurant. How
many two-seat tables are at the restaurant?
5
A) 11 At a coffee shop, a 16 ounce bag of coffee is on

sale at $5.25 less than the regular price. The cost
B) 13 of 4 bags of coffee at regular price is the same as
C) 15 the cost of 6 bags of coffee at sale price. Let r be
the regular price of coffee and s be the sale price
D) 17 of coffee. Which of the following systems of
equations can be used to find the values of
variables r and s ?
 s= r − 16
A) 
3 r = 6s
In a basketball, a field goal is either 2 or 3 points.  s= r − 5.25
In a college basketball tournament, Jim made 73 B) 
more 2-point field goals than 3-point field goals.  4r = 16
If he scored a total of 216 goals in the tournament
 s= r − 5.25
how many 3-point field goals did he make? C) 
 4r = 6 s
A) 12  s= r + 5.25
D) 
B) 14  4r = 6 s
C) 16
D) 18
5-4. Solving Word Problems Using Inequalities

Many of the real-life word problems can be solved algebraically by translating the given information into
an inequality and then solving the inequality.
Example 1 □ Apex Car Rental charges a flat fee of $40.00 per day plus $0.54 per mile to rent
a car. Jason Car Rental charges a flat fee of $65.00 per day plus $0.36 per mile to
rent a car. If a car is rented for three days, at least how many miles would you have
to drive, to the nearest mile, to make the Jason Car Rental company the better option?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for how many miles you would have to drive to make
Jason Car Rental the better option.
2. Let x = the number of miles of driving which would make Jason Car Rental
the better option.
{
3. Apex Car Rental's
rental charge for 3 days }{ > Jason Car Rental's }
rental charge for 3 days
40 ⋅ 3 + 0.54 x > 65 ⋅ 3 + 0.36 x
4. 120 + 0.54 x > 195 + 0.36 x Simplify.
120 + 0.54 x − 0.36 x > 195 + 0.36 x − 0.36 x Subtract 0.36x from each side.
120 + 0.18 x > 195 Simplify.
120 + 0.18 x − 120 > 195 − 120 Subtract 120 from each side.
0.18 x > 75 Simplify.
0.18 x 75
> Divide each side by 0.18.
0.18 0.18
x > 416.67 Simplify.
5. You need to drive 417 miles or more to make Jason Car Rental
the better option.
Example 2 □ A 38 inch long wire is cut into two pieces. The longer piece has to be at least
3 inches longer than twice the shorter piece. What is the maximum length of
the shorter piece, to the nearest inch?
Solution □ 1. The problem asks for the maximum length of the shorter piece,
to the nearest inch.
2. Let x = the length of the shorter piece,
and 38 − x = the length of the longer piece.
3. {The longer piece is at least 3 inches longer than twice the shorter piece.}
38 − x ≥ 2 x + 3
4. 38 − x + x ≥ 2 x + 3 + x Add x to each side.
38 ≥ 3 x + 3 Simplify.
38 − 3 ≥ 3 x + 3 − 3 Subtract 3 from each side.
35 ≥ 3 x Simplify.
35
(≈ 11.66) ≥ x Divide each side by 3.
3
5. The maximum length of the shorter piece, to the nearest inch, is 11.
84 Chapter 5
Exercises - Solving Word Problems Using Inequalities
1 4
Tom wants to rent a truck for two days and pay
no more than $300. How far can he drive the truck At a sporting goods store, Jay paid $172 for a pair
if the truck rental cost $49 a day plus $0.40 a mile? of shoes and a pair of pants. The pants cost less
than two thirds of what the shoes cost. What is the
minimum price of the shoes to the nearest dollar?
A) 490
B) 505
C) 520
D) 535
2
Tim has 140 paperback and hard cover copies in
his book shelf. If the hard cover copies do not
exceed one sixth the number of paperback copies,
what is the minimum number of paperback copies
in Tim’s book shelf?
A) 114 5
B) 116 Ty earns $14 an hour working on weekdays and
C) 118 $21 an hour working on weekends. If he wants to
make at least $600 by working a total of 36 hours
D) 120 in a week, to the nearest hour, at least how many
hours does he need work on the weekends?
3
The number of students in a geometry class is four
fifths the number of students in a Spanish class.
The total number of students in both classes does
not exceed 54. What is the greatest possible
number of students in the Spanish class?
A) 30
B) 32
C) 34
D) 36
3
Questions 1 - 3 refer to the following information.
Company B’s total cost, y, is the fixed amount
The manager of an apartment building needs an for a service call plus the hourly rates. If the
electrician to repair the power generator for the relationship between Company B’s total cost,
building. The table below shows the fixed amount y, and the number of hours, x , is graphed in
for a time service call and hourly charges for two the xy - plane, what does the slope of the line
different companies. represent?
Company Fixed amount Hourly Rate A) Fixed amount for a service call
for a service call
A $40 $55 B) Hourly Rate
B $75 $48 C) Total amount for one day
D) Total amount for repairing the power
generator
1
Which of the following equations gives the total
cost, y, of repairing the power generator in terms
of the total number of hours, x , from company A? 4
Apex Car Rental company charges a flat fee
A) =
y 48 x + 75 of $40.00 per day plus $0.75 per mile to rent
a car. Jason Car Rental company charges
B) =
y 75 x + 48 a flat fee of $64.00 per day plus $0.60 per mile
C) =
y 40 x + 55 to rent a car. If a car is rented for three days, at
how many miles would the rental charges of the
D) =
y 55 x + 40 two companies be the same?
A) 480
B) 450
2 C) 420
For what number of hours, x , will the total cost D) 380

of repairing the generator for company B be less
than or equal to the total cost of repairing the
generator for company A? 5
It took Sara a total of 42 minutes to jog from
5 home to the park and back again, by the same
A) x ≥
2 path. If she averaged 8 miles per hour going to
the park and 6 miles per hour coming back, what
5 is the distance from her home to the park?
B) x ≤
2
C) x ≥ 5 A) 2.4 miles
D) x ≤ 5 B) 2.8 miles
C) 3.2 miles
D) 3.6 miles
86 Chapter 5
6 9
Carl drove from his home to the beach at an A car averages 18 miles per gallon of gas for city
average speed of 50 mph and returned home driving and 27 miles per gallon of gas for highway
along the same route at an average speed of driving. What is the total number of gallons of
30 mph. His total driving time for the trip was gas needed to drive 6x miles in the city and 18x
2 hours. Solving which of the following systems miles on the highway?
of equations yields, x , the time it took for Carl
to drive to the beach and, y , the time spent for A) x
the return trip?
B) 2x
A) x= y + 2 C) 3.5x
50 x = 30 y
D) 4.5x
B) x + y = 2
30 x = 50 y
C) x + y = 2
50 x = 30 y
10
D) y= x + 2
30 x = 50 y One section of a grocery store display only water
bottles. The water bottles are in either 6-bottle
packages or 8-bottle packages. Let x represent
the number of 6-bottle packages and y represent
7 the number of 8-bottle packages. The total number
To join Ace Gym, one must pay a $180 of packages displayed are 270 and the total number
membership fee plus dues of $35 per month. of bottles are 1,860. To find the values of variables
To join Best Gym, one must pay a $300 x and y, which of the following systems of
membership fee plus dues of $23 per month. equations can be used?
At how many months would the total cost of
either gym be the same?
x+ y = 1,860
A) 
6 x + 8 y = 270
A) 7
B) 8 6 x + 8 y =1,860
B) 
C) 9 x + y = 270
D) 10 8 x + 6 y =1,860
C) 
x + y = 270
x+ y = 1,860
8 D) 
8 x + 6 y = 270
At a county fair the admission is $8.00 and each
ride costs $1.25. If you go to the fair with $20.00,
what is the maximum number of rides you can go
on?
A) 8
B) 9
C) 10
D) 11
Answer Key 3. C
Average rate of change in the price of the house
Section 5-1
334, 000 − 280, 000 54, 000
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5.=
1996 =
2013 − 2005 8
6. 80 = 6, 750 / year
Section 5-2 The purchase price of the house in the year 2018
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. 400 will be 334, 000 + 5 × 6, 750 , or $367,750.
6. 25
4. B
Section 5-3 Since the first month is free for the club, the
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C amount of monthly fee x months after a person
joined the club will be w × ( x − 1) , and the total
Section 5-4 amount including the one time membership fee
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. 104 5. 14 will be w × ( x − 1) + d .
Choice B is the correct.
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 5. 1996
6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B Average rate of change in the population of city A
28, 000 − 12, 000 16, 000
= =
2000 − 1990 10
= 1, 600 / year
Average rate of change in the population of city B
24, 000 − 18, 000 6, 000
Section 5-1 = =
2000 − 1990 10
1. A = 600 / year
Distance traveled Let x = the number of years from 1990, and
60 miles 1 let y = the population after 1990.
= speed × time = × 5 hours = 315 miles
1 hour 4 The population of city A after 1990 will be
Number of gallons of gas used = y 1600 x + 12, 000 and the population of city B
1 gallon =
after 1990 will be y 600 x + 18, 000 .
= × 315 miles =9 gallons
35 miles To find the year the population of both cities were
the same, let the two equations be equal.
Since the tank of Chloe’s car was filled with 12
1600 x + 12, 000 = 600 x + 18, 000
gallons of gas at the beginning, 12 − 9 ,or 3 gallons
of gas are left in the tank. Solving the equation for x yields x = 6 .
The correct answer is 1996.
2. B
6. 80
Average rate of climbing per hour
height gained 210 − 90 120 Let x = the time in minutes it takes for the amount
= = = of water in both tanks to become the same. During
time 11 − 9.5 1.5
x minutes, 6x gallons of water filled in the empty
= 80 feet / hour
tank and 9x gallons of water were drained from
By 11:00 AM he has reached 210 feet up the cliff, the 1,200 gallon tank. If the amount of water in
so, the remaining height is 450 − 210 , or 240 feet. the two tanks are the same,= 6 x 1200 − 9 x .
Since he is climbing up 80 feet per hour, it will
Solving the equation for x gives x = 80 .
240
take him , or 3 more hours to reach the top of
80
the cliff. Three hour later from 11:00 am is 2 pm.
88 Chapter 5
Section 5-2 5. 400

Let x = the number of votes the winner received,
1. C
then x − 120 = the number of votes the loser
To find out the time it took for Jason to reach received. The sum of the votes both the winner
the finish line, solve the equation −8t + 200 = 0 and the loser received equals 680.
for t . Solving the equation for t gives t = 25 . x + ( x − 120) = 680
Substitute 25 for t in the expression 2 x − 120 = 680
−7.5t + 200 . 2 x = 800
−7.5(25) + 200 = 12.5 x = 400
Therefore, Mary has 12.5 meters left to finish
when Jason is on the finish line. 6. 25
Let x = the total capacity of the gas tank in liters.
2. D
3
First 6 bagels cost 55 cents each and the additional Since of the gas tank is equivalent to 15 liters,
8
bagels cost c cents each. The total for 12 bagels is
3
$5.70. So, the other 6 bagels cost c cents each. x = 15 .
6 × 0.55 + 6c = 5.70 8
3.3 + 6c = 5.70 3
x = 15 ⇒ x = 15 ⋅ = 40
8
6c = 2.4 8 3
c = 0.4 3 5
The value of c is 40 cents. Since the gas tank is full, we need x more
8 8
liters to fill up the gas tank.
3. A
5 5
Buying cost of candies = 0.7c = x = (40) 25 liters
8 8
Number of candies sold= c − k
Selling =
price 1.25(c − k )
=
Profit selling price − buying cost Section 5-3
= 1.25(c − k ) − 0.7c
1. B
4. D Let x = the amount Betty paid for the printer,

then 2 x − 18 = the amount Adam paid for the
Let x = David’s monthly salary, then printer. Total amount they paid together is $258.
1
x = grocery cost, (2 x − 18) + x =
258
10  
amount Adam paid amount Betty paid
9
x = remaining salary,
10 ⇒ 3 x − 18 =
258 ⇒ 3 x = 276 ⇒ x = 92
3 9 The amount Adam paid
⋅ x= car payment,
18 10 = 2 x − 18 = 2(92) − 18 = 166
3 9
2⋅ ⋅ x = rent.
18 10 2. A
David’s monthly salary x is equal to the sum Let x = the number of two-seat tables,
of his grocery, car payment, rent, and $1,620. then 28 − x = the number of four-seat tables.
1 3 9 3 9 When all the tables are full, there will be 90
x= x + ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ ⋅ x + 1620 customers in the restaurant. Therefore,
10 18 10 18 10
99 99 2 x + 4(28 − x) =
90
=x x + 1440 ⇒ x − x= 1620
180 180 ⇒ 2 x + 112 − 4 x =90 ⇒ −2 x + 112 =
90
99 81 ⇒ −2 x = −22 ⇒ x = 11
⇒ x− x= 1440 ⇒ x = 1620
180 180 There are 11 two-seat tables.
180
⇒ x = 1620 ⋅ = 3600
81
3. B $0.40 per mile. If Tom drives m miles the total

Let x = the number of 3-point field goals, cost will be 98 + 0.4m dollars. This cost will not
then x + 73 = the number of 2-point field goals. be more than $300 if 98 + 0.4m ≤ 300 .
He scored a total of 216 goals in the tournament. 98 + 0.4m ≤ 300 ⇒ 0.4m ≤ 202
+ 2( x + 73) = 202
3x
  
216 ⇒ m≤ ⇒ m ≤ 505
number of points made number of points made total number 0.4
through 3-point field goal through 2-point field goal of points
2. D
3 x + 2( x + 73) =216 ⇒ 3 x + 2 x + 146 =
216
⇒ 5 x + 146 = 216 ⇒ 5 x = 70 ⇒ x = 14 Let p = the number of paperback copies and
let h = the number of hard cover copies.
4. D
p+h =
140 There are 140 paperback and hard
Let x = the original number of sedans. cover copies.
Then x − 36 = the number of sedans left after 36 1 Hard cover copies do not exceed one
of them are sold and x + 8 =the number of sedans h≤ p
6 sixth the number of paperback copies,
after 8 are added.
Let y = the original number of SUVs.
Solving the equation for h gives= h 140 − p .
Then y + 36 = the number of SUVs after 36 of
Substitute 140 − p for h in the inequality.
them are added and y − 8 = the number of SUVs
1 1
after 8 of them are sold. 140 − p ≤ p ⇒ 140 − p + p ≤ p + p
6 6
If 36 sedans are sold and 36 SUV are added then
7 6 6 7
there will be an equal number of sedans and SUVs, ⇒ 140 ≤ p ⇒ ⋅140 ≤ ⋅ p
and if 8 SUV are sold and 8 sedans are added then 6 7 7 6
there will be twice as many sedans as SUVs. ⇒ 120 ≤ p
The equations that represent these relationships
Therefore, the minimum number of paperback
are x − 36 =y + 36 and x + 8= 2( y − 8) . copies in Tim’s book shelf is 120.
Solving the first equation for y gives y= x − 72 .
3. A
Substituting x − 72 for y in the second equation
yields x + 8= 2( x − 72 − 8) . Let g = the number of students in geometry class
and let s = the number of students in Spanish class.
x + 8= 2( x − 72 − 8) ⇒ x + 8= 2( x − 80)
⇒ x + 8 = 2 x − 160 ⇒ 168 = x 4 The number of students in a geometry
g= s class is four fifths the number of
5
Choice D is correct. students in a Spanish class.
g + s ≤ 54 The total number of students in both
5. C
classes does not exceed 54.
The sale price of coffee, s , is $5.25 less than the
4
regular price, r . The equation that represents this Substitute s for g into the inequality.
relationship is s= r − 5.25 . 5
The cost of 4 bags of coffee at regular price is the 4 9
s + s ≤ 54 ⇒ s ≤ 54
same as the cost of 6 bags of coffee at sale price. 5 5
The equation that represents this relationship is 5 9 5
4r = 6 s . ⇒ ⋅ s ≤ ⋅ 54
9 5 9
Choice C is correct. ⇒ s ≤ 30
Therefore, the greatest possible number of students
in the Spanish class is 30.
Section 5-4
4. 104
1. B
Let s = the price of shoes and
The truck rental cost $49 a day, so for two days
let p = the price of pants.
it will cost 2 × $49 , or $98. In addition, it cost
90 Chapter 5
s+ p =
172 Jay paid $172 for a pair of shoes and Choice C is correct.
a pair of pants.
2 3. B
p< s The pants cost less than two thirds
3 of what the shoes cost. The total cost, y , for a service call and hourly
Solving the equation for p gives = p 172 − s . charge from company B is given by the equation
Substitute 172 − s for p in the inequality. =y 48 x + 75 . If the relationship is graphed on
2 2 the xy - plane, the slope of the graph is 48, which
172 − s <s ⇒ 172 − s + s < s + s
3 3 is the hourly rate for company B.
5 3 3 5 Choice B is correct.
⇒ 172 < s ⇒ ⋅172 < ⋅ s
3 5 5 3
⇒ 103.2 < s 4. A
Therefore, the minimum price of the shoes to the If a car is rented for three days and driven for x
nearest dollar is $104. miles, the rental charges of Apex Car Rental
will be 3 × 40 + 0.75x and the rental charges of
5. 14 Jason Car Rental will be 3 × 64 + 0.6x .
The two company’s charges will be the same if
Let e = the number of hours Ty needs to work on
weekends, then 36 − e =the number of hours Ty 3 × 40 + 0.75 x =3 × 64 + 0.6 x .
works on weekdays. 120 + 0.75 x = 192 + 0.6 x
Ty earns $14 an hour working on weekdays and 120 + 0.75 x − 0.6 x =192 + 0.6 x − 0.6 x
$21 an hour working on weekends and he wants to 120 + 0.15 x = 192
make at least $600. The inequality that represents 120 + 0.15 x − 120 = 192 − 120
this relationship is 14(36 − e) + 21e ≥ 600 . 0.15 x = 72
14(36 − e) + 21e ≥ 600 ⇒ 504 − 14e + 21e ≥ 600 x = 480
⇒ 504 + 7e ≥ 600 ⇒ 7e ≥ 96
5. A
96
⇒ e ≥ (≈ 13.7) Let d = the distance in miles from Sara’s home
7
Therefore, he needs to work at least 14 hours total distance
to the park. Since average time = ,
on the weekends. average speed
d
the time it took to jog from home to the park =
Chapter 5 Practice Test 8
and the time it took to jog from the park to her
1. D d
home = . Since the total time for the round trip
If the apartment manager hires an electrician from 6
company A, he needs to pay 55 dollars per hour. 42 d d 42
was 42 minute, or hours, + = .
So for x hours, he has to pay 55x dollars plus 60 8 6 60
40 dollars for a service call. Therefore, the total
By multiplying each side of the equation by 120,
cost, y , of repairing the power generator will be
d d 42
=y 55 x + 40 . we have 120( + ) = 120( ) .
8 6 60
2. C ⇒ 15d + 20d = 84 ⇒ 35d = 84
84
The total cost, y , of repairing the generator for ⇒ = d = 2.4
35
company B will be= y 48 x + 75 . If the cost of
repairing the generator for company B is less than 6. C
or equal to the total cost of repairing the generator
for company A, then 48 x + 75 ≤ 55 x + 40 . The time it took for Carl to drive to the beach plus
the time spent for the return trip equals 2 hours.
48 x + 75 ≤ 55 x + 40 Therefore x + y = 2.
⇒ 48 x + 75 − 48 x ≤ 55 x + 40 − 48 x Also the distance of going to the beach equals
⇒ 75 ≤ 7 x + 40 ⇒ 75 − 40 ≤ 7 x + 40 − 40 the returning distance. Use the formula d = rt .
⇒ 35 ≤ 7x ⇒ 5 ≤ x
The distance to the beach equals to 50x and the

returning distance equals 30 y . Thus 50 x = 30 y .
Choice C is correct.
7. D
Let x = number of months at which both gyms
cost the same.
The total cost x months after joining Ace Gym is
180 + 35x and the total cost x months after joining
Best Gym is 300 + 23x . If 180 + 35 x = 300 + 23 x
the total cost of either gym will be the same.
180 + 35 x − 23 x = 300 + 23 x − 23 x
180 + 12 x = 300
180 + 12 x − 180 = 300 − 180
12 x = 120
x = 10
8. B
If you pay for admission and take r rides,
the total cost will be $(8 + 1.25r ) .
The total cost does not exceed $20
if 8 + 1.25r ≤ 20 .
8 + 1.25r ≤ 20 ⇒ 8 + 1.25r − 8 ≤ 20 − 8
12
⇒ 1.25r ≤ 12 ⇒ r ≤ ⇒ r ≤ 9.6
1.25
Therefore, the maximum number of rides you
can go on is 9.
9. A
The number of gallons of gas needed to drive 6x
6x 1
= =
miles in the city x.
18 3
The number of gallons of gas needed to drive 18x
18 x 2
= =
miles on the highway x.
27 3
Total number of gallons of gas needed equals
1 2
x + x , or x .
3 3
10. B
If x represents the number of 6-bottle packages
and y represents the number of 8-bottle packages,
then x + y represents the total number of packages.
Thus, x + y = 270 .
If x is the number of 6-bottle packages, then there
are 6x water bottles and if y is the number of
8-bottle packages , then there are 8y water bottles.
Thus, 6 x + 8 y =1860 .
Choice B is correct.

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I.

Arithmetic and Algebra

1-1. Variables and Expressions

Verbal Phrase Algebraic Expressions

Subtraction The difference between a number x and 7 x−7

Multiplication Eleven times z to the third power 11z 3

Example 1 □ Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

b. 2 ⋅ 20 + 3 ⋅12 + 10 ⋅ 8 Substitute 20 for a , 12 for c , and 8 for r .

Exercise - Variables and Expressions

The quotient of 19 and a number d increased

1-2. Exponents and Order of Operations

Exercise - Exponents and Order of Operations

24 − 7 What is the value of 9 − 2 x ÷ ( z − y )3 if x = 4 ,

1-3. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

Example 1 □ Simplify each expression.

Exercise - Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

1-4. Rational, Irrational, and Decimal

Negative Numbers Origin Positive Numbers

natural numbers: {1, 2, 3, . . .}

Example 2 □ Round 52.348 to the nearest a) integer and b) hundredth.

Solution □ a) Underline 2, the digit in the ones place. 52.348

b) Underline 4, the digit in the hundredths place. 52.348

Exercise – Rational, Irrational, and Decimal

11 − 2(2 − 0.82 ) + 24 ÷ (−4) = C) 0.9

Chapter 1 Practice Test

When the sequence of operations above has been

6. 17 7. 1.3 If the smaller number is n to the third power,

[(7 2 − 9) ÷ 8]2= [(49 − 9) ÷ 8]2

9 − 2 x ÷ ( z − y )3 = 9 − 2(4) ÷ (−3 − (−1))3 4. D

= 9 − 8 ÷ (−2)3 = 9 − 8 ÷ (−8) = 9 − (−1) = 10 a (b − c) − b(a + c) − c(a − b)

Section 1-3 Section 1-4

Both x and y are positive integers when x

2-1. Writing Equations

Example 1 □ Translate each sentence into an equation.

Solution □ a. Let c be the number. Define a variable.

b. Let n be the number. Define a variable.

Example 2 □ Write an equation to represent the given relationship between integers.

Solution □ a. Let n be the first integer. Define a variable.

b. Let n be the first odd integer. Define a variable.

Exercise - Writing Equations

A number g is decreased by 23 and then

Which of the following equations represents the

2-2. Solving Equations

Properties of Equality Symbols Examples

Example 1 □ Solve each equation.

Solution □ a. a + (−11) =−25

Exercise - Solving Equations

2-3. Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides

Example 1 □ Solve each equation.

Exercise - Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides

3 Twice a number n , increased by 11 is the same

Given the above equation, if s = 2 , what is the

9 − 2k Four times the greatest of three consecutive odd

2-4. Equation with No Solution and Identity

Example 1 □ Solve each equation. If the equation has no solution or it is an identity,

The given equation is equivalent to 4 y − 3 = 4 y − 3, which is true for

Exercise - Equation with No Solution and Identity

If 5( x − 2) − 3 x = 2( x − 5) , which of the following What is the value of k

1 What is the value of x