Q4-M1: Signs and Symbols According to Sanitary and Plumbing

One of man's basic needs is water. He could live for days without food but not without water. Water appears
in its natural state (liquid) or solid (ice) and gas (vapor) or steam. It is 830 times heavier than air but is 133
times lighter in its gaseous state. This can be sourced from: rainwater. natural surface water and
underground water.

Water is a necessity. It is conveyed from the source to the household through a system of pipes. Water
distribution systems for residential and commercial buildings are conveyed thru pipes, a PVC, Cast Iron or G.I.
pipe.

Hot and cold water is supplied to the buildings by a series of pipes connected from the source under pressure
to the building fixtures thru a water line distribution system.

Water main refers to the public sewer system along the streets or laid underground where the service to the
house is connected. Water coming from it is under pressure but normally could serve only houses of
moderate height. A pump is installed to augment the pressure that forces the water to move inside the pipe.

The size of the service pipe is determined by the demand for water. A maximum demand is one factor, or the
maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures and the probable demand is another, which is the peak
demand or peak load.

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves,
plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.

The aim of plumbing systems is to collect, transport and distribute water and to remove liquid and human
waste. The benefits of a safe water supply and proper sanitation come with risks that include water
contamination, cross connections, scalding and thermal shock.

Main Types of Pipes used at home

1. PEX Pipe

PEX, or cross-linked polyethylene pipe is one of the newest and most popular pipes to hit the plumbing
market. PEX is used only to supply water. PEX is a pipe that is rigid enough to withstand the pressures of
water supply but flexible enough to weave throughout walls, ceilings, basements. and crawlspaces. PEX has
truly delivered water-supply plumbing into the hands of do-it-yourselfers and professional plumbers.

2. PVC Pipe

PVC, or polyvinyl chloride pipe is a drain or vent line type of plumbing pipe. PVC initially gained popularity
because it was lighter and easier to work with than traditional galvanized steel pipe. PVC pipe is moderately
easy to install and requires little more than a hacksaw and a miter box to cut. PVC glues together with
solvents.

3. Rigid Copper Pipe

Rigid copper is often used for water supply lines within the home. Rigid copper is easily cut with a hacksaw or
with a special copper tube cutter. The connection is a different matter, as it requires a practiced hand to
solder copper pipe together. Rigid copper pipe is great for water supply because it does not come with any
health risks.

4. ABS Pipe

ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) pipe is mainly used as a vent and drain line. ABS pipe looks very much
like PVC pipe, except that it is black and slightly softer.

The plumbing system is important to the designer or draftsman. Although plumbing plans may be omitted on
small residential dwellings, they are always included in larger projects for small residences: the plumbing
layout is left to the contractor or the owner to decide.

A plumbing system performs two major functions which are:

• For Water Distribution

• Sewage Disposal

Water distribution systems, whether hot or cold, are distributed by pipes from the source to the house.
When tracing the path of the supply of water and fixtures fittings, the architectural designer uses symbols to
indicate the distribution system and the different fixtures. The water distribution system is shown in an
elevation, on plan and on isometric using the different symbols, hence this is called a schematic drawing.

The plumbing layout is usually drawn into a copy of the floor plan for proper orientation with existing
plumbing fixtures, walls and partition outlines, and other utility features.

As a rule. plumbing plans should show the location of the fixtures and fittings to be installed and the size and
the route. of the piping. The basic details are left to the plumber who is responsible for installing a properly
connected system according to applicable codes, specifications, good plumbing and construction practices.
Generally, plumbing plans consist of four type of symbols: piping, fittings, valves and fixtures.

Like most architectural drawings, plumbing drawings are drawn to a small scale. It would be unrealistic to
draw all fixtures and lines on the drawing paper. Therefore, schematic symbols are used for various plumbing
fixtures and lines.

They are used to show the type and location of fixtures, joints values and other devices.
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), sometimes called piping flow diagram or process flow diagram,
is a kind of schematic drawing, which shows the sequence of process equipment or instrumentations. P&ID is
used for erection and commission as well as during maintenance of a process plant.

Basic Rules for Creating P&ID

•Pipelines are represented by single lines in P&ID.

•Instrumentation signals and connection lines are represented by different types of dashed lines.

•Industry standards for the P&ID are ISA S5.1 and ISO 14617-6.

•P&ID should be readable either from left to right or from right to left of the drawing.

•P&ID is the representation of the process equipment/instruments sequence and not the distances between
the equipment or instruments.

Electrical lines, pneumatic lines and hydraulic lines should be represented by different types of broken lines
and to be named.

Complexity of the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) may vary from case to case but all of them
follow the same basic rules as discussed.

Q4-M2: Draft Sanitary and Storm Drainage

Sanitary and Storm Drainage

The sanitary installation is referred to as the network of pipes and fittings that carry off wastes and each
plumbing fixture is titled with the appropriate pipe and fitting. The discharges are conveyed to the septic
vault.

The storm drainage system, on the other hand, consists of pipes, fittings, catch basins, area drain and is
intended for getting rid of water from the building roof and its surrounding is conveyed to the street sewer.
The storm drainage is considered part of the plumbing system.

The pipe used for sanitary and storm drainage most common to homeowners and contractors are the plastic
pipe or Polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes and the concrete pipe for area drain.

Wastewater is discharged by gravity through the disposal system. All pipes in this system therefore must
slant in a downward direction so the weight of the waste will cause it to move down. Because of this gravity
flow, waste lines are larger than water lines.
 The stacks are the vertical lines while the branches are the horizontal lines. Vents are also provided for air
circulation and to permit sewer gases to escape thru the roof. This equalizes the air pressure in the drainage
system.

The wastewater flows starting at the fixture trap, which is provided to stop gases from entering the building
and each fixture has a separate trap or seal to prevent backflow of sewer gas, through the fixture branches to
the main sewer line.

Waste stacks carry only wastewater while solid wastes runs thru the soil lines, which are the largest in the
system and are flushed with water after each use.

Piping systems are vital to modern society. Some systems may be complex; others may be simple such as in a
residential dwelling unit. But they share some common elements, whether they are steel, plastic, copper
pipes or tubing.

Sanitary and storm drainage for residential dwelling are either wrought iron pipes. Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
pipes and for drainage is either concrete pipe or PVC pipe. The more common today is the unplasticized
Polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipe.

Polyvinyl pipe and fittings are available in commercial length of 3.0 meters and also available in schedule 40
and 80. They are usually assembled with slip joint fittings and solvent, both PVC and chlorinated
Polyvinylchloride (cPVC) pipes are commonly available in sizes ranging from 2 to 4" inside diameter.

The Sewage Disposal System

Absence of a good sewage disposal system can result to contamination of water and water-borne diseases. It
is important to value a good disposal system. There are different types of sewage disposal system, from the
old to the more scientific ones:

1. Cesspool, 2. Privy, 3. Septic Tank, 4. Public Sewer line.

The sanitary system is of two types: the intercepting and the tributary or contributing sewer. The
intercepting type is constructed with concrete pipes while the tributary sewer is laid in an open trench and is
made of vitrified clay or bricks.

The Septic Tank

The septic system converts solid wastes into liquid by bacterial action, the wastes flow into a septic tank
some distance away from the house. The liquid waste flows thru to the sewer line while the sludge remains
at the digestion chamber of the tank.

The septic tank is constructed with reinforced concrete, and it should be located at a safe distance from the
source of potable water, and it should also be airtight.The size and type of the system varies according to the
number of people served, the contour and soil type.
Types of Sanitary Fittings used in plumbing System of Septic Vaults

The size of the Septic Tank

The septic tank should be constructed as to have enough room for accumulated sludge. Here are some of the
suggested sizes:

The Drainage System

The drainage system is sometimes referred to as the DWV or the drainage, the waste and the vent system.
The construction and installation of this must conform to the provisions of the building and plumbing codes.
Some of the general requirements are as follows:

1. Pipes must be fitted and tightly connected to avoid leakage.

2. Ventilation must convey gases to the atmosphere.

3. Each fixture must be provided with a suitable trap to prevent backfiow or gases.

4. The fixture must be re-vented to avoid siphoning of the water seal.

5. Drainage pipes should be sloped or graded properly.

• 6. Drainage pipes should be provided with adequate clean out for maintenance purposes.

The waste pipe which receives the discharge of any fixture except water should be installed at 2% or 20mm
slope per meter run. The size of the waste pipe is to be considered in the installation as this pipe serves
fixture discharges. And when the pipe must be opened in case of trouble, a clean- out should also be installed
and must be accessible to the plumber.

Slope or Pitch

The soil pipe receives and conveys drainage of water closets and other fixtures to the house drain. It should
be properly concealed or embedded and should be placed in a manner that the branches should be as short
as possible. As a rule, it should extend and terminate through the roof of the building.

The House Drain

The sanitary drain only receives discharges of sanitary and domestic wastes only while the storm drain
receives storm, clear water or surface water wastes.

The House Sewer

The portion of the horizontal drainage system starts from the outer surface of the dwelling and terminates at
the public sewer. A minimum size of 150mm (60) is used for residential dwellings.

The Storm Drain

It is the part of the plumbing system which conveys rain or storm water into the street gutter. It is of two
types: the inside storm drain and the outside storm drain. Layout of the two is shown in the following
illustrations.

The Catch Basin

The catch basin water discharges from the roof and conveys it to the storm drainage line. It is more or less of
the same use as the area drain. It also serves as a manhole for cleaning.
Q4-M3: Fire Protection System

What to do in a fire
1. Plan an escape route.

2. Extinguish the fire if you can.

3. Rescue humans and pets first, belongings second.

4. Stop, drop, and crawl.

5. Test doorknobs.

6. Don't panic. Call if you have a phone to let the authorities know where you are in the building. If you
don't have a phone, yell for help. If there's a window. hang a piece of clothing or a cloth out the window to
alert emergency crews.

7. Get out and stay out.

How to prevent a fire?

Now that you know what to do in an actual fire, you should know how to prevent one from happening. Here
are some top tips:

1. Install fire alarms and smoke detectors. Early waming systems can help you get control of a fire before it
spirals out of control. Smoke detectors can also help you get out safely.

2. Teach children the basics of hre safety and how to prevent, prepare for and deal with a fire.

3. Always keep matches and lighters out of the reach of children.

4. Keep flammable items at least three feet away from anything hot. (e.g., fireplaces, space heaters, and
ovens).

5. Only smoke outside.

6. Stay in the kitchen. When you're cooking, always stay nearby in case something catches fire

7. Tum off appliances. Remember to shut off your stove when you're done cooking.

8. Extinguish controlled fires completely. This includes fireplace fires and those in fire pits in the backyard.

9. Spray down surrounding areas before having an outdoor fire. If you live in a dry climate, don't start a fire
outdoors. If you do, make sure to spray down the surrounding area in case a spark lands outside of your fire
pit.
10. Learn about electrical fires. Electrical fires are an entirely different beast.

Fire sprinkler system

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.

Sprinkler systems save lives in the event of a fire. Along with other active and passive fire protection
measures, a well-maintained fire sprinkler system can help suppress smoke and flames, and lessen the
spread of the fire, reducing damages and giving everyone time to exit the building safely while fire services
arrive.

Four main types of commercial sprinkler systems

1.) Wet Pipe System

Wet pipe sprinkler system-or traditional fire sprinkler-is the most common across residential and commercial
buildings. When a fire begins, the heat activates the nearest sprinkler head, releasing pressurized water
stored in the pipes. Each sprinkler head is activated independently, reducing water damages in the event of a
false alarm. Wet pipe systems are an inexpensive, low-maintenance option appropriate for offices, schools,
and commercial properties.

2.) Dry Pipe System

As opposed to wet pipe system, dry pipe system does not store water in their pipes. Instead, they are filled
with pressurized air or nitrogen, which is released if a fire activates the valves in the sprinkler head. The pipes
then fill with water and discharge it over the smoke or flames. While this system is more complex and costly
than a wet pipe system, it is the most appropriate for cold climates where there is a high risk of frozen pipes
halting an emergency fire response.

3.) Pre-Action System

Pre-action system is another form of dry pipe sprinkler but require a two-step activation. When heat or
smoke is detected, the pre- action valve will open and allow water into the pipes. Then, sprinkler heads can
be individually activated to release water over the fire. This two-step process enables facilities to shut off the
system in case of a false alarm, protecting their assets from water damage. Pre-action systems are especially
useful in places where accidental discharge could lead to irreparable damages, such as museums, libraries,
and data centers.

4) Deluge System

Deluge sprinkler system is another version of a dry pipe system. However, as opposed to all previous options,
the sprinkler heads in this system are always open. They do not have a heat-sensing element in the sprinkler
head itself and require an external smoke or heat sensor to activate. Once heat is detected, water fills the
pipes and is released to all open sprinkler heads, creating a flooding effect across the entire area. This system
is most often used in industries with flammable liquids that are likely to spread rapidly.

Fire Safety Sign and Symbols

Fire safety signs are used to provide health and safety information, either to warn you of a hazard, to provide
an instruction or to give you safety information. Safety signs can be a variety of colors - usually red, green,
yellow or blue and may contain images, words or a mixture of the two. It's essential that you adhere to the
fire safety signs in your workplace and any other public space: they are there for your safety and ignoring
them could have serious consequences.

Kinds of Fire Extinguisher

Water extinguisher is one of the most cost-effective ways to fight Class A fires, those fueled by
solid materials such as paper, wood and textiles.

Foam fire extinguisher can be used on Class A and B fires. They are most suited to extinguishing
liquid fires such as petrol or diesel and are more versatile than water jet extinguishers because they can also
be used on solids such as wood and paper.

Dry powder fire extinguisher is known as ABE Fire Extinguisher are a great multi-purpose
stainless steel dry chemical fire extinguisher that deliver a solid level of fire protection. They are one of the
most popular fire extinguishers out there because they can be used in a number of different fire
emergencies, like electrical fires.

Dry chemical extinguisher put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust, separating
the fuel from the oxygen in the air.

ABC Fire Extinguisher use monoammonium phosphate, a dry chemical with the ability to quickly
put out many different types of fires by smothering the flames.

This pale, yellow powder can put out all three classes of fire:

•Class A is for trash, wood, and paper

 •Class B is for liquids and gases

•Class C is for energized electrical sources

Halons fire extinguisher are agents which are gaseous when discharged in the aircraft
environment.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (CO2) is one of the cleanest types of extinguishers to use as it
leaves no residue and requires no cleanup. It is perfect for use on class B fires that involve flammable liquids
and on electrical fires.

Fire bucket is filled with water or sand which is used to prevent or extinguish fires.

•Water bucket is filled with water which is used to prevent or extinguish fires.

•Sand bucket is filled with water which is used to prevent or extinguish fires.

Fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as foam) to a fire
to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine or a fire.

Types of Fire Alarm System

Fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and
audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be
activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire
alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or
wall mountable sounders or horns.

Heat Detector is the oldest form of automatic initiating devices and are still the most reliable,
though often slowest to react to a fire. There are a few types, most commonly the fixed temperature
detectors and the rate-of-rise detectors.
 Smoke Detector is excellent, rapidly responding initiating devices that help fire alarm systems
respond before a fire has a chance to develop fully. This is because fires cause smoke early in their
development, long before the heat of a fire sets off water sprinklers or heat detectors.

Optical beam smoke detector is a device that uses a projected beam of light to detect smoke
across large areas, typically as an indicator of fire. They are used to detect fires in buildings where standard
point smoke detectors would either be uneconomical.

Gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety
system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak.

Flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection.

Manual call point is a device which enables personnel to raise an alarm in the event of a fire
Incident by pressing a frangible element to activate the alarm system.

Fire alarm sounders are an essential part of fire alarm systems they warn everyone in the
building that there's danger. In modern fire alarm systems fire alarm sounders should be evenly distributed
to provide a minimum sound level of 65dB.