Transportation Software Laboratory-II

CETP204

Software: SPSS
Submitted to
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat
Master of Technology in Civil Engineering
with specialization in

Transportation Engineering and Planning

Submitted by
Abhishek Sharma
(P23TP005)
Subject Coordinator
Dr. Ashish Dhamaniya
Mr. Amit Solanki

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology

Surat – 395007, Gujarat, India.
March 2024
Introduction:
Statistical analysis is essential for making informed decisions and drawing meaningful
insights from data. One of the widely used statistical techniques is Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), which examines the differences in means among multiple groups. This report
focuses on the application of one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, detailing the process
from data preparation to result interpretation.

Uses:
ANOVA serves various purposes across different fields, including scientific research, social
sciences, and business analytics. It is primarily used to compare means across groups to
determine if there are statistically significant differences. One-way ANOVA is particularly
useful when analyzing the impact of a single categorical independent variable on a
continuous dependent variable.

Application:
The provided data outlines the step-by-step process of conducting one-way ANOVA using
SPSS:

Data Preparation:
• Select the dataset in SPSS and ensure it is in the appropriate format.
• Verify that the data is displayed in both data view and variable view.

Variable Specification:
• In variable view, ensure the data type is set to numeric and the measure is
changed from nominal to scale.

ANOVA Analysis:
• Click on the "Analyze" button, then select "Compare Means" and choose
"One-Way ANOVA."
• Specify the dependent variable and the factor (independent variable) to be
analyzed.
• Optionally, select post hoc tests and additional options such as descriptive
statistics and homogeneity of variance tests.

Result Interpretation:
• Review the descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and
confidence intervals, to understand the distribution of the data.
• Assess the homogeneity of variance test results to ensure the assumption of
homogeneity is met.
• Analyze the ANOVA test results, focusing on the significance level (Sig.). A
significant result indicates differences among group means.
ANOVA ANALYSIS
ONEWAY ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA ("analysis of variance") compares the means of two or more independent
groups in order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population
means are significantly different. One-Way ANOVA is a parametric test.

One way anova testing in SPSS software

Figure 1 Interface of SPSS Software

1 Select the data set on which need to perform the one way annova and click on ok
2 Then the new screen will be open in that the data is shown in two types of view one is
data view and the other is variable view.

Figure 2 Data Set

3 Then click on variable view button and select the type option and change the type
from string to numeric it will also change the measure from nominal to scale.

Figure 3 Data Set in Variable View

4 Click on analyze button and in that click on compare means and select one way
annova test new screen will be open in that select dependent list as group 1 and factor
as V2.

Figure 4 Analysis Window

5 Then select the Post Hoc option and select Tukey option as equal measures assumed
and click on continue.
6 Then click on options and select statistics option as descriptive statistics and
homogeneity of variance test option and click ok.
7 Then click on ok button then the result will be obtained.
 Figure 5 Post Hoc Option

Figure 6 Options Menu

 Figure 7 Result window

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics result

95%
Confidence
Interval for
Mean
Std. Std. Lower Upper
N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum
1 30 52.60 14.899 2.720 47.04 58.16 26 84
2 30 39.03 8.302 1.516 35.93 42.13 25 56
3 30 44.63 11.103 2.027 40.49 48.78 27 81
Total 90 45.42 12.895 1.359 42.72 48.12 25 84

Table 2 Test of Homogenity of Variance Test Results

Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
3.956 2 87 .023

Table 3 Annova Test Results

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between
2788.822 2 1394.411 10.100 .000
Groups
Within
12011.133 87 138.059
Groups
Total 14799.956 89
Two Way ANOVA
1 First select the data set and open it.
2 Then click on Variable view and select decimal option and insert 0.
3 Then click on analyze and select general linear model in that select univariate.
4 New window will be opened.
5 In that select vehicle speed as dependent variable and vehicle type and location as the
fixed factor.
6 Then click on model and select custom and drag the vehicle type and location option
from factors and covariates to model and select type as all two way and sum of
squares as type 2.
7 Then select plots and drag vehicle type to x axis and location to separate lines then
click on add the new plot will be added as “vehicle type location.”
8 Click on option and drag vehicle type and location from factors and factor interactions
option to display means option.
9 Select descriptive statistics, homogeneity tests and residual plots option from display
menu.
10 Then click on ok the result will be displayed.

Figure 8 Univariate window

Figure 9 Model menu

Figure 10 Plots Menu

Figure 11 Univariate Options

Figure 12 Result window

 Table 4 Descriptive Statistics Result

Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Vehicle Speed

Vehicle Type Location Mean Std. Deviation N

2-Axle Truck 1 42.96 10.093 30

Total 42.96 10.093 30

3-Axle Truck 1 39.52 14.114 29
Total 39.52 14.114 29
LCV 1 40.90 11.854 30
Total 40.90 11.854 30
Total 1 41.14 12.053 89

Total 41.14 12.053 89

Table 5 Two Way Anova Test results

1. Vehicle Type
Dependent Variable: Vehicle Speed
95% Confidence Interval
Vehicle Std. Lower Upper
Type Mean Error Bound Bound
2-Axle
42.962 2.210 38.568 47.356
Truck
3-Axle
39.517 2.248 35.047 43.986
Truck
LCV 40.896 2.210 36.502 45.291
 Figure 13 Profile Plots

Figure 14 Profile Plots of Speed

Conclusion:
One-way ANOVA is a powerful statistical tool for analyzing differences in means across
multiple groups. By following the outlined steps and utilizing SPSS software, researchers and
analysts can effectively conduct ANOVA analysis to explore relationships and draw
conclusions from their data. Understanding the nuances of ANOVA and its application in
data analysis enhances decision-making processes across various disciplines, contributing to
advancements in research, business strategies, and policy-making
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Introduction:
In the realm of statistical analysis, Linear Regression stands as a cornerstone method for
exploring relationships between variables. This report delves into the practical application of
Linear Regression, focusing on the steps involved in conducting a regression analysis using
SPSS software. The provided data outlines the process from variable setup to result
interpretation.
Uses:
Linear Regression serves as a fundamental technique for understanding the relationship
between two continuous variables. It is widely employed across diverse fields such as
economics, social sciences, and engineering for predictive modeling, hypothesis testing, and
trend analysis.
Application:
The provided data elucidates the step-by-step procedure for performing Linear Regression
analysis:
1. Data Preparation:
• Navigate to the "Analyze" menu and select "Regression" followed by
"Linear."
• The Linear Regression dialogue box appears, prompting the user to input the
independent and dependent variables.
2. Variable Specification:
• Transfer the independent variable, in this case, "Distance," into the
"Independent" box, and the dependent variable, "Frequency," into the
"Dependent" box.
3. Assumption Checking:
• Before proceeding with the analysis, it is imperative to assess four key
assumptions: absence of significant outliers, independence of observations,
homoscedasticity (constant variance), and normal distribution of
errors/residuals.
• SPSS offers tools to assist in checking these assumptions, allowing users to
select appropriate options within the dialogue boxes.
4. Result Generation:
• Once the variables are entered and assumptions are verified, clicking the "OK"
button initiates the analysis.
 1. Click Analyze > Regression > Linear... on the top menu, as shown below:

It will show the Linear Regression dialogue box:

2. Transfer the independent variable, Distance, into the Independent box and the
dependent variable, Frequency, into the Dependent box. It can be done by either drag-
and-dropping the variables or by using the appropriate buttons.

3. There is need to check four of the assumptions: no significant outliers; independence

of observations; homoscedasticity ; and normal distribution of errors/residuals
(assumptions #6). This can be done by using the and features,
and then selecting the appropriate options within these two dialogue boxes.
 4. Click on the button. This will generate the results.

Output of Linear Regression Analysis

Variables Entered/Removeda
Mode Variables Variables Method
l Entered Removed
1 Distance . Enter
(km)b
a. Dependent Variable: Frequency
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summaryb
Mode R R Adjusted R Std. Error of Durbin-
l Square Square the Estimate Watson
1 .374 .140 .138 .936 1.418
a. Predictors: (Constant), Distance (km)
b. Dependent Variable: Frequency

Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 2.046 .054 37.614 .000
Distance (km) .001 .000 .374 8.986 .000
Conclusion:
Linear Regression analysis, facilitated by SPSS software, empowers researchers and analysts
to uncover patterns and relationships within their data. By following the outlined steps,
practitioners can gain valuable insights into the association between variables and make
informed decisions based on predictive modeling and trend analysis. Understanding the
principles of Linear Regression and its application in statistical analysis contributes to
advancements in research, business strategies, and evidence-based decision-making across
various domains.