Writing a Research Title

A research title, or research project, is a product of real world observations, dilemmas, wide reading,
selective viewing (television programs, films, documentaries, videos, etc.) meaningful interactions with significant
others, and deep reflection.
The title of the research is the research problem or inquiry in capsule form. Great care must be taken in
the formulation of the research title. It must clearly reflect the topic of investigation. And it must be original, clear,
concise or specific.
When you finally decide on a research topic, make sure that your research topic and research questions
match. Too broad topics will lead you nowhere. In order to narrow down broad topics to specific ones, the purpose
or intent of the study must be clear.

Techniques in Narrowing Down a Topic Into a Research Question

1. Examine the Literature. Published articles are an excellent source of ideas for research questions. They
are usually at an appropriate level of specificity and suggests research questions that focus on the
following:
a. Replicate a previous research project exactly or with slight variations.
b. Explore unexpected findings discovered in previous research.
c. Follow suggestions an author gives for future research at the end of an article.
d. Extend an existing explanation or theory to a new topic or setting.
e. Challenge findings or attempt to refute a relationship.
f. Specify the intervening process and consider linking relations.
2. Talk over ideas with others.
a. Ask people who are knowledgeable about the topic for questions about it that they have thought of.
b. Seek out those who hold opinions that differ from yours on the topic and discuss possible research
questions with them.
3. Apply to a specific context.
a. Focus the topic on a specific historical period or time period.
b. Narrow the topic to a specific society or geographic unit.
c. Consider which subgroups or categories of people/units are involved and whether there are
differences among them.
4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study.
a. Will the research question be for an exploratory, explanatory, or descriptive study?
b. Will the study involve applied or basic research?

Choosing a topic for a research study

Layder (2013) stresses that in choosing a research topic. It is important to select a topic that interests and
motivates you. It should be doable with the resources at your disposal and within the required time frame. Needles
to say, the research topic should be focused and well-defined.
Deciding on a topic also entails being clear about which ones to avoid, especially if you have a little
experience as a researcher. Although topics close to your own personal experiences may be appropriate for
small-scale projects, you must not allow personal views, ideas, opinions and prejudices cloud your thinking.
Research projects must be as objective as possible, that is freed from your personal biases or preferences as a
researcher.
Lastly, you should avoid research topics that involve your making moral judgements about certain kinds of
behaviour.

Describing Background of the Study

The background of the study is basically an overview of the research study and explains why you, as
researcher, are doing the study. It provides information that is important or essential to understand the main body
of the research investigation.
The background of the study locates or situates you’re your study in the context of your specific field
(Accounting, Business, Management, Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Sports, Arts and Design,
Technical and Vocational) and other related fields.
Your linking up your research study to recent developments, as well as your mentioning whether certain
issues relevant to your field of investigation had been addressed in many form, followed by the research questions
you intend to seek answers for, can make your reader deduce the originality of your study.

Stating Research Questions

Researcher’s formulation of research questions is of primary importance.
 Throughout the research process, you, as a researcher, make crucial decisions, particularly in the choice
of methods of data collection, and in data analysis procedures. The research questions you formulate give focus
to the research, as well as guide the appropriacy of the decisions you make.

If the research questions are not clearly formulated, or have no direction, you will find yourself with too
much data, and yet, not knowing what to do with them.
Suffice it to say that the research questions express clearly the specific direction or focus of your research
problem or inquiry. Needless to say, the research questions comprise the core of the study.

Research Questions
Layder (2013) says that social research is literally a search for the best explanation of the problem around
which evidence or data is focused.
It is good to emphasize at this point that social research problems are not the same thing as “topics” or
“areas of interests”. They are not equivalent of so-called social problems like poverty, unemployment, social
inequality and so on.
Research problem address issues about social organizations, social processes and social behaviour.

Types of Research Questions

There are two types of research questions:
1. Problem Questions- are general and explanatory and have a crucial influence on the form and content of
topic questions.
2. Topic Questions- are specific and descriptive

Six Key Problem Questions

1. How are a person’s self-identity, feelings, ideas and attitudes related to his or her social environment?
2. How do people influence each other’s behaviour in social interaction either ‘face-to-face’ or ‘mediated’
through texts, emails, mobiles, and so on?
3. How do social settings (such as schools, universities, families, factories, companies, hospitals, and so on)
influence the behaviour of those operating within them?
4. How is social behaviour influenced by: (a) social class, ethnicity, gender, age, neighbourhood, region, or
politics; (b) cultural values, expectations and institutions (including the media)?
5. How does power influence human behaviour and social activity?
6. How does the passage of time influence social behaviour?

Indicating Scope and Delimitation

The scope and delimitation of the study as you were taught in book 1 (Qualitative Research) sets
boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the scope of the inquiry. The scope is the
domain of your research-what is in the domain, and what is not. You need to make as clear as possible what you
will be studying and what factors are within the accepted range of your study.

Citing Benefits and Beneficiaries of the Research Study

Essentially this part informs the reader on how the study will contribute to the well-being of a person or
progress of a group or society in general. For example, in addressing social problem like epidemics, e.g. the Zika
Virus, in a research study, the findings can benefit, first and foremost, the victims themselves and their respective
families, policy makers like the Department of Health.
When you mull over who/what benefit from your study, focus on your problem which will guide you in
identifying the specific contribution of your study. The challenge of this section of the problem statement is to
situate the study as addressing a particular, important, or even pressing problem.

Significance of the Study

Choosing an appropriate language teaching methodology for a group of learners is a responsibility of
language educators. With the teachers’ explicit and implicit knowledge of language acquisition and language
learning processes, they can select theoretically sound and more effective pedagogy appropriate for their learners.
However, implementing a chosen methodology necessitates understanding its principles, as well as its strengths
and weaknesses.

Presenting Written statement of the Problem

 Just like in qualitative research and in most research designs the statement of the problem includes the
following parts;
The introduction states briefly the background of the study and identifies the rationale of the research
problem. It begins with a general statement of the problem, then focuses on a specific problem or issue, framing
said problem within the existing literature, pointing out deficiencies in the literature and targeting the study for
evidence or proof.
The statement of the problem states clearly the purpose or interest of the study. It poses specific
questions about the research problem.
The scope and delimitation sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows the scope of the
inquiry and clarifies or defines terms used.
The significance of the study shows the benefits of the study in addressing social problems, in improving
economic and health conditions, or even finding solutions to problems encountered in daily life, in shedding light
on problems of human behaviour, in refining existing knowledge for specific audiences, such as researchers,
leaders, practitioners, policy makers, among others.

Doing the Literature Review

The ability to review and to report on relevant literature is a key academic skill. Doing a literature review
situates your research focus within the context of the wider academic community in your field. The literature
review
o Reports your critical review of the relevant literature and
o Identifies a gap within the literature that your research will attempt to address.
Reviewing the accumulated knowledge about a question is an essential early step in the research process. As
in other areas of life, it is best to find out what is already known about a question before trying to answer it
yourself. The cliché about reinventing the wheel is a reminder to do your preparation before beginning an
endeavour that requires an investment of time and effort.
Selecting relevant literature will entail looking at the various purposes the review can serve. There is a need to
discuss what the literature is, where to find it and what it contains. There will be a need to use techniques for
systematically conducting a review. And finally, look at how to write it and its place in the research report.
Researchers need studies to compare, replicate or criticize them for weaknesses. Researchers vary in
perception and depth. Literature review can help to clarify thoughts about studying. Further, it can establish a
framework within which to present and analyze the findings.

Goals of a Literature Review

Here are the purposes for which literature review is done.
1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A good review increases a
reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability and background.
2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. A good review places a
research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of
knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review points out areas where prior studies
agree, where they disagree and where major questions remain. It also indicates the directions for future
research.
4. To learn from others ad stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys and suggests
hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.

The most common reason for writing a literature review is the second goal:
Creating links to a developing body of knowledge. This is referred to as background or context review. It
introduces the rest of a research report and establishes the significance and relevance of a research
question.

How to Evaluate Articles

After you locate a published study or article, you need read and evaluate the material and decide whether to
include it in your research or not are as follows.
1. Examine the title. A good title is specific, indicates the nature of the research without describing the
results and avoids asking yes or no questions. It describes the topic and may mention one or two major
variables, and talks about the setting or participants. An example of a good title is “Parental Involvement
in Schooling and Reduced Discipline Problems among Junior High School Students in NCR.”
 2. Read the abstract. A good abstract summarizes critical information about a study. It gives the purpose of
the study, identifies methods used and highlights major findings. It prepares you for examining the report
in detail.
3. Read the article. You may begin by skimming the material and quickly reading the conclusion. This will
give you a picture of what the article is all about. Spend time and effort in reading an article to get
maximum results. Some conditions that can affect or influence your reading are:
a. The article is a high- quality article with a well-defined purpose, showing clear writing and is a smooth
logical one.
b. You are sharply focused on a particular issue or question.
c. You have a solid theoretical background.

What is a synthesis?
A synthesis is a discussion that draws on one or more sources. Your ability to infer relationships among
sources such as essays, articles, fiction and also non-written sources such as lectures, interviews and
observations will be helpful in synthesizing information taken from your review of literature. Inferring relationships
like comparing between the teaching styles of your favourite and least favourite instructor is something that is
familiar to you. When synthesizing information you have gathered, it is vital that you select the ideas and so,
information from each source will make you achieve your purpose.

Types of Synthesis
You may choose from these two types of synthesis.
1. Explanatory Synthesis. It helps the readers to understand a topic. Its primary aim is to present the
facts in a reasonably objective manner. Explanations given may entail descriptions, sequence of
events or state of affairs.
2. Argument Synthesis. Its purpose is for you to present your own point of view with the support of
relevant facts drawn from services and presented in a logical manner. What is presented may be
debatable.

Categories of Sources
Fraenkel (2015) enumerates the categories of sources from where your culled data and information in the
literature review may have been taken.
1. Documents. These include written or printed materials that have been produced in some form or another
such as annual reports, books, artworks, cartoons, circulars, records, diaries, notebooks, etc. They may
be published or unpublished; intended for private or public consumption;; they may be original works or
copies.
2. Numerical Records. They may be considered as a separate type of source in and of themselves or as a
subcategory of documents. Several records include any type of numerical data in printed form: test
scores, attendance figures, census reports, school budgets and the like.
3. Oral statements. These may include stories, myths, tales, legends, chants, songs, and other forms of oral
expressions. These materials have a record for future generations.
4. Relics. These are the formal types of historical sources. A relic is any object where physical or visual
characteristics can provide some information about the past. Examples: furniture artwork, clothing
buildings or equipment.
The review of related literature and studies must contain substantial information to help in understanding the
subject or topic being written about and be guided to determine the gaps to be filled in by the study undertaken.
This section in the research report also serves as the foundational knowledge or the springboard for the study.

How to Write a Synthesis

The procedure that you can follow in writing the synthesis of your literature review includes the following:
1. Consider your purpose in writing.
2. Select and read carefully your sources according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main ideas that you want present in your synthesis.
4. Decide how you will use your source material and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.
Techniques for Writing a Synthesis
1. Summary- it is the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. Here, you write one after the other the most
relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or Illustration- it is a reference to a particularly illuminating example or illustrations that you have
included in your review. You need to credit your source/s.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this approach can be an effective method by simply stating your thesis, then give
reasons why it is true. Your reasons needs to be supported by evidence from your data and sources.
4. Comparison and Contrast- these techniques will lead to examining two subjects or data in terms of one
another. Comparison considers similarities while contrasts, highlights differences.

Preparing a Synthesis Matrix

After gathering all the materials needed for the literature review, you have to organize them according to each
subtopic discussed about the larger topic. One way that seems to be particularly helpful in organizing the literature
review is the synthesis matrix.
The synthesis matrix is a chart that will allow you to sort and categorize the different opinions and arguments
given on an issue in relation to your study. Across the top of the chart are the spaces to record sources and along
the side of the chart are the spaces to record the main points on the topic being undertaken.

Samples of Literature Review Synthesis

Here is an excerpt of a synthesis taken from literature review, “World War Two and its Effect on Women”
While the articles used in this research agree that women made many advances during the World War II
period, it is crucial to realize that not all these changes were welcomed. In most cases women faced discrimination
form just about everyone around them. Women in the workplace were often placed in positions of inferiority or
treated as being less physically able to do same work the man did. Many women were often not trained because
they were viewed as temporary employees who were only there for the duration of war (Bruiey, 2003, pp.221-
222). Women were very rarely given equal pay as men, even though some of them did the same work. Women in
the military faced not only mental abuse but also physical harm from their male counterparts. According to
Corneisen (2005), there were many instances where female aviators were injured or killed due to being made to
fly ill-maintained aircrafts that had been sabotaged.
The sample shows not only the similarity between the two articles mentioned but it also point out to how they
are similar. The excerpt is not a summary of ideas but draws comparisons between the two articles and
synthesizing the two words.

Writing Coherent Review of Literature

This lesson now leads you to write the whole review in a coherent manner. Coherence directs to a well
organized and unified piece of writing. The discussion of the three main sections of the literature which are the
introduction, body and conclusion can guide you in writing your own coherent review of literature.

1. Putting together the Literature Review

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to do multiple tasks from finding and evaluating
relevant material to synthesizing information from various sources; from critical thinking to
paraphrasing; evaluating and citation skills.
Reviewing the literature is challenging. A good review does not just summarize the literature but
discusses it critically, identifies methodological problems and prints out research gaps. It is indeed
challenging to a achieve a successful review and make it coherent, given the purposes and goals.
A good review has a number of significant features. It is worth the readers time if the materials
to be are timely, systematic, well-written, focused and critical. It is also needs a good structure. A
good review stars with a general introduction of the context and towards the end, a recapitulation of
the main points covered.
Use techniques such as diagrams and other graphic organizers to help you draw a conceptual
scheme of the review. These will help you towards a logical way to order and link the various sections
of the review. A careful selection of diagrams and figures relevant to the reviewed topic can be very
helpful to structure the next.

2. Working for Coherence

Coherence refers to how well manuscript holds together as a unified documents. It is important
to ask yourself how well the elements of your review connect with one another. This requires that you
 carefully evaluate the effectiveness of the rhetorical elements of your document that tell the reader about
its structure and about the relationships among the elements. The use of subheadings is a great help.
Transitional expressions and other kinds of rhetorical markers also help to identify the connection among
the different sections as in “the text example” or “in a related study”, the most recent finding in a study.
Use “First, Second and Third” “at the beginning of your paragraphs to mark the development of the related
points.
The literature review is an informative, critical and useful synthesis of a particular topic that
helps identify what is known ( and unknown) in the subject area; identify areas of controversy, knowledge
gaps or debate and formulate questions that need further research.
3. Sections of a Literature Review
3.1. Introductions
Introduces the general topic and provides an appropriate scholarly or societal context(policy,
practice) for the review.
Identifies the overall state-of-knowledge about the topic(e.g. the conflicts in theory,
methodology, evidence and conclusions; gaps in research and scholarship; or the specific
policy or practice problem, need, or opportunity).
3.2. Body
Address previous research on the topic, grouped according to the theme, theoretical
perspective, methodological approach, or chronological development.
Draw together the significance of previous, individual studies by highlighting the main themes,
issues, and knowledge gaps;
Use strong “Umbrella” sentences at the beginning and end of each paragraph.
Include brief “so what” sentences at intermediate points in the review to connect the literature
to the proposed research objectives
Describe previous work you have accomplished related to the proposed research.
3.3. Conclusions
Provide a summary statement of the overall stat of knowledge about the topic , including gaps
in knowledge and understanding, reconnecting to your introduction.
Reinforces the research purpose or objectives, and establishes the potential significance or
importance of your proposed research, relative to the current state of knowledge.
Literature Review-is a process of studying what has already been written on a particular topic. This involves
identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain information related to a researcher’s topic.
Importance of Related Literature Review (RRL) in a Qualitative research process because it serves the following
functions:
 The literature review demonstrates the underlying assumptions (propositions) behind the research
questions that are central to the research proposal.
 It provides a way to novice researcher to convince the proposal reviewers that he or she is to five authors
 It provides the researcher with an opportunity to identify any gaps that may exist in the body of the
literature and to provide a rationale for how the proposed study may contribute to the existing body of
knowledge.
 It helps the researcher to refine the research questions and embed them in guiding hypotheses that
provide possible directions the researcher may follow.
Different Styles in Citing Information in RRL
1.APA-(American Psychological Association) . It follows the date system of citation commonly used within the
social sciences. It means that the last name of the author and the date of publication of the work must appear in
the text (e.g. Avila,(2009), and the complete bibliographic information should appear on the ”Reference list” page.
Note that in APA citation style, the page is used only if you are directly quoting the material, or making reference
to an entire article or other work..
Guideline when using APA style of citation which from Purdue University Online Writing Lab
 Work by a single author-The last name of the author and the year of publication is placed in the text.
When the name of the author is part of the narrative only the year of publication is placed in the
parenthesis. When both information are in the parenthesis the publication date is separated from the
surname with a comma.
Examples: Santos(2014) asserted that education alleviates poverty
……education alleviates poverty(Santos,2014)
 Work by two authors-Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the
work.. Use the word “and” between the authors’ names with the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.
 Examples: Santos and Reyes (2014) explained that…….
……. As has been shown (Santos & Reyes, 2014)
 Work by three to five authors-List all the authors in the signal phrase parentheses the first time you cite
the source. Use the word ‘and between the names within the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.
Examples : David, Garcia, and Isabelo(2014)
(David, Garcia,& Isabelo,2014)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.,” in the signal phrase or
parentheses
 Six or More authors-Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.,” on the signal phrase or parentheses
Example: David et al.,(2014) argued…….
(David et al., 2014)
 Unknown author-If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use
the first word or two in the parentheses .Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined :titles of
articles, chapters and Web pages are in quotation marks.
Example: A similr study was done of sstudents learning to format research papers(“Using APA,”2001)
Note in the case that “anonymous” is used for the author, treat it as the author’.
 Organizations an author If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
Example First citation: According o the National Institute of Chemistry (2013)…………….Second citation:
(NIC,2013)
MLA Citation Style-commonly used within the liberal arts and humanities disciplines, The MLA format follows the
author-page method of in text citation. Instead if the author’s surname and year of publication, this style uses the
authors last name and the page number/s from which the quotation or paraphrase in the citation was lifted, and
the complete bibliographic information appears on the “Works Cited” page. The author’s name may appear either
in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase , but the page number/s should
always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
Examples: Author’s name in the text
Palomar emphasized that (20-21)
Author’s name in the parentheses
This is given an emphasis (Palomar 20-21 )

Multiple Authors
This formula (Avila and Santos 9 ) proved
Organization as an author
(National Institute of Chemistry, 40-42 )

Guidelines in Writing RRL by Galvan (cited in Mongan-Ralls, 2014)

1. Identify the broad problem; 2. Indicate why the topic is being reviewed; 3. Distinguish between research
findings and other sources of information; 4. Indicate why certain studies are important; 5. If citing classic
landmark studies, identify it as such. A landmark study is a picture study on a certain topic. In the review it is
suggested to include this kind of study to give emphasis on the study being reviewed; 6. Discuss other related
reviews on your topic; 7. Avoid long lists of nonspecific references; 8. Cite separately inconsistent or varying
results of previews studies; 9. Cite all relevant references.
It is also suggested to make an outline of the topic and subtopics as reflected in the study of the problem
Before you write the review. This will help you avoid adding unnecessary literature as you write review
Following Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
1. Understanding Ethics
Research ethics are standardized rules that guide the design and conduct of research (Dempster
and Hanna 2016). The term ethics refers to the questions of right and wrong. When researchers think
about ethics, they must also ask themselves if it is “right” to conduct a particular study or carry out certain
procedures. (Frankel and Waller, 2008)
Webster’s New World Dictionary defines ethical behaviour as conforming to the standards of
conduct of a given profession or group. Ethical behaviour refers to as being in accordance with the rules
and standards for right conduct or practice. Unethical behaviour constitute a violation of such conduct or
practice.
2. Ethics in Literature Review
 Research as defined is an endeavor that scholars intentionally set out to enhance the
understanding of a phenomenon and expect to communicate what they discover to the large scientific
community.
Two considerations stem from the definition:
1. Research must enhance the scientific community’s current understanding a phenomenon.
2. Research must communicate what were discovered in the new study to the scientific community.

Conducting an effective literature review that will yield a solid theoretical foundation should also
provide a fun foundation to the selection of methodology for the study. It should also provide justification
for why a given approach is optional for their study.
The use of literatures should provide the grounds or legitimization of the research questions
proposed in the study as well as validate the approach proposed by the study.
The issue testing for applicability of research literature to the proposed study has two critical
facets. The first deals with the inclusions or exclusions of articles from the literature review and the
second deals with the ethical and unethical use of references.
One reason why ethics iss an important consideration in systematic literature reviews is that it
may not always be possible for the reviewer to identify the procedures, for example, around consent that
were used to ensure ethical practice for the study being reviewed.
When you are doing a literature review, consider the following key ethics questions:
1. How will you ensure you treat the work of existing researchers accurately and fairly?
2. Does the research you are reviewing raise ethical questions that you need to address?

Certain guides must be observed to ensure the observance of ethics. Here are five Principles for
Research Ethics .
1. Discuss intellectual property frankly
2. Be conscious of multiple roles
3. Follow informed consent rules.
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
5. Tap into ethics resources
Another term related to ethics is research misconduct which is defined as fabrication,
falsification or plagiarism, including misrepresentation of credentials in proposing, performance or
reviewing research or in reporting research results.

A methodological review of literature is a crucial stage for any academic

research. There is a need for the input which consist of materials received and which will undergo
processing.

Input
↓
Processing
1. Knowing the literature
2. Comprehend the literature
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Synthesize
6. Evaluate
↓
Output

Illustrating and Explaining Conceptual Framework

Serves as the outline that you can follow in doing you research. It may also be useful to you in analyzing a
particular research or study.

1. Writing a Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework is like a recipe or blueprint. It provides an outline of the plan on how on
conduct the research. It is presented in flowchart, map or diagram.
In each component of your research, you should show the variables that influences it. For
example, if you are studying childhood development outcomes, you might study home life, school and
 community which would each be influenced by different variables. For school, your variables might be
peers, teacher, and learning disabilities. The more detailed you are with your diagram, the more thorough
your conceptual framework will be.
Not all conceptual frameworks have to include a diagram or graphic. You can present the same
information by writing a narrative. Your narrative should summarize the variables and explore how they may
change your hypothesis.
Even if you use diagram in your conceptual framework, the narrative still explains the details.
While your draft, then, revise if necessary. It should be considered as an adaptable guide.
2. Nature and purposes
2.1. Conceptual Framework
Consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and sequential design.
Represent less formal structure and used for studies in which existing theory is insufficient.
Based on specific concepts and propositions and taken from practical observation and intuition.
2.2. Purposes of a Conceptual Framework
To clarify concept and propose relationships among the concepts in the study.
To provide a context for interpreting the study finding
To explain observations
To encourage theory development that is useful and practical

3. Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework

Choose your topic. Decide on what will be your research topic. It should be within the field of your
specialization.
Do a literature review. Go over relevant and updated studies related to your own research. Use reliable
sources of information and use appropriate documentation.
Isolate the important variables. Identify the specific variables mentioned in the literature and show their
interrelationship.
Generate the conceptual framework. Build your conceptual framework using the variables studied in the
scientific articles you have read. Your problem statement serves as reference in constructing the
conceptual framework. In effect, your study will attempt to answer the other researchers have not
explained yet.
4. Related Terms
Framework is described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the development of
the study. All frameworks are on the identification of key concepts and the relationships among these
concepts can be derived from related concepts or existing theories. They are sometimes used
interchangeably.
A concept abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, that is, an intellectual
representation of some aspect of reality that is derived from observations taken from phenomena.