MA8251/MATHEMATIC

S-II
UNIT-II

VECTOR CALCULUS
PART-A
1. Is the vector xi + 2 y j + 3 zk, Irrotational? (AU-2009)

i j k
  
XF = = i (0-0)- j (0) + k (0-0) = 0
 y z
x
x 2y 3z

 F is irrotational.
2. Find the divcurl F  x2 yi  xz j  2 yzk (AU-2010)
i j k    

        2
   2
Curl F =  i (2 yz)  (xz)  j (2 yz)  (x y) k (xz)  (x y)

x y z   z    z    y 
y x x
x2 y xz 2 yz
= i(2z  x)  j(0)  k(z  x2 )

Divcurl F = . curl F


= . i(2z  x)  j(0)  k(z  x2 ) 
    
= i j k  .i(2z  x)  j(0)  k(z  x2 )
 

 x
 z 
y
  (2z  x)   (z  x 2  .


z


=   x 
1 1  0
(AU-2010)
3. If  F =yz i +xz j +xy k then find F

 F = yz i +xz j +xy k
f f f
i +j +k = yz i +xz j +xy k
x  z
y
,
Equating the coefficient of i , j k
f =yz, f =xz, f =xy
x  z
y
f   yzx f   xzy f   xyz
f1=xyz+f(y,z) f2=xyz+f(x,z) f1=xyz+f(x,y)
F=xyz+c
4. Find the unit normal to the surface x2  y2 1,2,1)  2i  4 j  ,   2 6  2z  3  0 at
2k (1, 2,-1)
Given Φ = x2  y2  2z  3  0 
    n

 2i 4j  2k

 3

 i j k  x2  y 2  2z



x y z 

 2 6
= 2xi  2 yj  2k
 (AU-2011)
M II -9
 MA8251/MATHEMATICS-II
5. In what direction from (3,1,-2) is the directional derivative of   x2 y 2 z 4 maximum? Find
Also the magnitude of this maximum. (AU-2015)
  2xy 2 z 4 i  2x2 yz 4 j  4x2 y 2 z 3 k
At(3,1,-2),   96 i  3 j  3k  
Direction of Maximum =   96 i  3 j  3k  
Magnitude=   96 1  9  9  96 19 .
   

6. Prove that F  yz i  zx j  xy k is irrotational. (AU-2012)

  

X F  i  
j k


 y y
x
yz zx xy
   

i x  x jy  y  k z  z 0


 F is irrotational.
7. Find     
so that F  3x  2 y  zi  4x  y  z j  x  y  2k k is solenoidal
(AU-2015)-2
 
Given F is solenoidal then  F =0
 

 
          
 F  i j k  3x  2 y  zi  4x  y  z j  x  y  2k k 
 x y 

  
y
 
320
 5
8. If A and B are irrotational , prove that A  B is solenoidal. (AU-2013)
If A and B are irrotational.
 A  0, B  0
We know that .( A B)  ( A).B  ( B).A  0 00

 A B is solenoidal.
9. Define solenoidal vector function. If V  (x  3y)i  ( y  2z)  (x  2z)k is solenoidal, then
j
find the value of  (AU-2013)
Given that V  (x  3y)i  ( y  2z) j  (x  2z)k
.V  0 ifV is solenoidal
   
.V   i j k  .(x  3y)i  ( y  2z) j  (x  2z)k =0
 

   z 
x y
    
= (x  3y)  ( y  2z)  (x  2z) =0
 
   z 
x y
= 1+1+2  =0
 =-1

10. Find the value of the constant a, b, c so that the vector

 F  (x  2 y  az)i  (bx  3y  z) j  (4x  cy  2z)k is irrotational (AU-2010)

M II -10
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
i j k
  
XF = x  y
z
x  2 y  az bx  3y  z 4x  cy  2z
       
i

4x  cy  2z bx  3y  z

j

4x  cy  2z  x  2 y  az 
 x z   x z
   
k bx  3y  z x  2  az
 y y
x 
= i (c 1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)
Given F is irrotational ,  F
= 0.

i (c 1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2) = 0
Each component should be zero.
C+1=0, a-4 =0, b-2 = 0
C=-1, a=4, b=2.
(AU-2011)
11. Prove that .r n  nr n2 .r
Let r  xi  yj  zk r  x2  y 2  z 2 ,
  n  n
n
.r i n
(r ) j (r )  k (r )
x y z
r  r r
 i  nr n1    j nr n1   k  nr n1  
    

 x  y  z 
r r r
 nr n1  i   j   k   
 
 

 xxx 
x y z
 nr n1   i  j  k  
 rrr 

 nr 
n 1
1

r xi  yj  zk 
 nr n2 r
12. Find the directional derivative   x2  y 2  z 2 in the direction of the vector
  
F  i  2 j 2 k at (1,1,1) (AU-2014)

 
  
 
 i2j 2k
Unit normal vector n in the direction of i  2 j 2 k is  
 3 
 

Directional derivative =   n
  

 
  i (x 2  y 2  z2 )  j (x2 y2 z2)k (x 2 y2 z2)
 y 
x y
  
grad   2x i  2 y j  2z k
    

at1,1,1 2 i  2 j 2 k

     10
   i2j 2k
Directional derivative =   n  2 i  2 j 2 k    =
   3  3
2 2  
13. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x +y =z at (1,-2,5)
(AU-2014)
 2 2
 = x +y -z

M II -11
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
   
 i j  k  x2+y2-z
x y
 
 z 

= 2xi  2 yj  k

 1,2,5)  2i 4 j  k ,   21

n  2i  4 j  k

 21

2 (AU-2009)
14. Show that F  (x2 i  y j  z 2 )k is a conservative vector field.

i j k
ˆ ˆ   
If F is conservative then  XF=  y z =0 i +0 j +0 k =0
x
x2 y2 z2
ˆ
Therefore is a conservative vector field.
F (AU-2014)

15. Prove that curl(grad  )=0

       
 
curl(grad  )= curl(  )= X  =  i j k  X i  j k 
   

 x y  y
z
 z 
x

i k j  2 2   2 2   2 2 

  i

    j
   k  
= x  = y  yz yz   xz xz   yx yx  =0 (AU-2014)
z
  

x y 
z
16. Find Curl F if F  xyi  yz j  zxk (AU-2010)
i j k
Curl F      i y z j  xk
x y z
xy yz zx

17. If F  x2i  xyj evaluate F.dr from (0,0) to (1,1) along the line y = x.
c
Given F
 x2i  xyj
Along the line y = x, dy = dx
F  x2i  x.xj, dr  dxi  dyj  dxi  dxj
F.dr  (x2i  x2 j ).(dxi  dyj )
 x2dx  x2dx  2x2dx
1
2
F.dr  2x dx  3 2
c 0

18. If F = 5 xyi + 2 y j , evaluate  F.dr Where C is the part of the curve y = x2 between x = 1
c
and x = 2. (AU-2012)
F.dr  (5xyi  2 yj ).(dxi  dyj  = 5xydx+2ydy
 2 dzk )
The curve C: y = x
dy=2xdx
x varies from 1 to 2

M II -12
 MA8251/MATHEMATI
CS-II
2
 4x 4  2
x4
 F.dr = 5x(x 2 )dx  2x 2 2xdx =  5  
c 1
 4 4 1
= 36 – 9 = 135
4 4
19. Find  r.ds where S the surface of the tetrahedron whose vertices are is
s
(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0,1, 0), (0, 0,1). (AU-2010)
By Gauss divergence theorem

 r .ds =  .rdv

S V


= (i j k ).(xi  yj  zk )dv
V x  y  z     
=
 (1 1 1)dv
V

=  3dv
V
1 1 1

= 3 dxdydz = 3.
0 0 0
20. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F = ax i + by j + cz k, prove that

 F.nˆds =(a+b+c)V. (AU-2011)

S
Gauss Divergence theorem is

 F.nˆ.ds =  .FdV

S V
  
=  (i x  j y  k z ).(axi  byj  czk )dv
V

=  (a  b  c)dv
V
= (a+b+c) V
21. State Green’s theorem in a plane. (AU-2010) If M(x,y) and N(x,y)
and its partial derivatives are continuous and one valued functions
in the region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
  N M   

 x y 
Mdx  Ndy     dxdy

C
R

Where C is the curve prescribed in the positive direction.

22. Using Green’s theorem, Prove that the area enclosed by a simple closed curve C

(xdy  ydx) .
is 1 (AU-2011)
2
By Green’s theorem
  N

M  

x y 
Mdx  Ndy     dxdy

S 
C

Let M = -y N=x
  ydx  xdy  1 1dxdy
C S

= 2  dxdy
S
= 2(area enclosed by C)
M II -13
 MA8251/MATHEMATICS-II
Therefore Area enclosed by C = 1 xdy  ydx
2
23. State Gauss Divergence theorem. (AU-2012)


If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function F is continuous

and has continuous partial derivatives in V and on S then
  

 F  n ds    F dv
s v
24. State Stoke’s theorem. (AU-2015) (2)
The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector function F over an
Open surface S is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of F around the
Closed curve C bounding S.  F.dr   F.nˆds
C S
PART-B
1. a. If r = xi + y j + zk and r = r . Prove that div(r n r )= (n + 3)rn and curl (r n r)= 0.
(AU-2011) (8)
( )

b. If r = xi + y j + zk, then prove that div grad r n = n( n + 1)rn- 2 .Hence deduce

 1
that divgrad   0 (AU-2015)-2(8)
 
r
2
2. a. Find the directional derivative of  =3x +2y-3z at (1,1,1) in the direction of

2 i +2 j - k (AU-2012) (8)
2 2 2 2 2
b. Find the angle between the surfaces x +y +z =9 and z=x +y -3 at
the point (2,-1,2). (AU-2012)(8)
2
3. a. Find the angle between the normal’s to the surfaces x =yz at the points (1,1,1) and(2,4,1)
2 2
b. Find the directional derivative of  =x yz+4xz at P(1,-2,-1) that is maximum and (AU-2014)(8)

also in the direction of PQ where Q is (3,-3,-2) (AU-2010 (8)

4. a. Evaluate dV where C is the curve x=t, y=t , z=1-t and   x y(1  z) from
2 2

C
t=0 to t=1 (AU-2011)(8)
b. If   x  2 y  4zi  2x  3y  zj  4x  y  2zk, find the
Scalar point function . (AU-2011)(8)
5. a. Find the value of n so that the vector r n r is both solenoidal and irrotational
(AU-2015)-2(8)
F  x2  y 2  xi  2xy  yj is irrotational and hence find its scalar potential.
` b. Prove that
(AU-2014)(8)
6. a. Prove that F  6xy  z 3 i  3x2  zj  3xz 2  yk is irrotational .Hence find its
scalar potential  (AU-2015)(8)
b. Prove that F  y 2  2xz 2 i  2xy  zj  2x2 z  y  2zk
is irrotational and hence find its

scalar potential. (AU-2014)(8)

7. a. Find the work done the force F  3xyi  y j moves a particle along the
3
2
Curve C: y=2x from (0, 0) to (1, 2) in the xy-plane. (AU-2011)(8)
3 2 2

b. Evaluate  f ..dr where f = (2 xy + z )i+ x j + 3xz k along the straight line

c
Joining (1, - 2,1) and (3, 2, 4) (AU-2012)(8)
 
8. a. Show that F  2xy  z 3 i  x2 j  3xz 2 k is a conservative force field. Find
the Scalar potential and the work done by F in moving an object in this field
M II -14
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
from (1,-2, 1) to (3, 1,4) (AU-2009)(8)
2 3
b. Find the directional derivative of xy +yz at (2,-1,1) in the direction of the
2
normal to the surface xlogz-y +4=0 at (-1,2,1) (AU-2009)(8)
9. a .Evaluate  f ..nˆds Where f  (x 2  y 2 )i  2xj  2 yzk and S is the surface
S
of the 2 x + y + 2 z = 6 in the first octant. (AU-2010)(8)
b. Using Green’s theorem in the plane evaluate (3x2  8 y2 )dx  (4 y  6xy)dy
C
2
Where C is the boundary of the region enclosed by y = x and y = x . (AU-2009)(8)
10. a. Using Green’s theorem ,evaluate y  sin xdx  cos xdy
where C is the triangle formed by
C
y=0, , x   , y  2x (AU-2015)(8)
2 
b. Apply Green’s theorem in the plane to evaluate (3x2  8 y2 )dx  (4 y  6xy)dy Where C is
C
the boundary of the region defined by by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. (AU-2014)-2(8)
11.a. Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for (xy  y2 )dx  x 2 dy where
C is the boundary of the

2
common area between y = x and y=x in the xoy plane (AU-2014)(8)
b.Using Green’s theorem ,evaluate (x 2  2xy)dx  (x 2 y  3)dy ,where C is the region
C
2
bounded by the curves y =8x and x=2 (AU-2015)(8)
12.a. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k Where S is the surface of the
Cuboid formed by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c. (AU-2014)(8)
b. Verify Gauss’s divergence theorem for the function F = y i + x j + z 2 k
Over the cylindrical region bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0 and z = 2. (AU-2012)(8)
13. Verify Gauss’s divergence theorem for F = 4xz i - y 2 j + yz k and C is it’s
boundary over the cube x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1. (AU-2015)-3(16)
14. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = x 2 i + y 2 j + 2
k taken over the cube bounded by
z
the Planes x=0,y=0,z=0,x=1,y=1 and z=1 (AU-2015)(16)
15.a. Verify stoke’s theorem for F = (x 2 - y 2 ) i + 2xy j in the rectangular region in the
xy plane bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b. (AU-2015)-3(8)
b. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field F  2x  yi  yz 2 j  y 2 zk where S is the surface
of upper hemisphere x2  y 2  z 2  1 and C is its boundary in xy-plane. (AU-2014)(8)
M II -15
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
UNIT-V
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
PART-A
1. State the sufficient condition for existence of the Laplace transform of (AU-2015)
f(t) (i)f(t)should be continuous or piecewise continuous in the given closed
interval [a,b] where a>0
(ii) f(t) should be of exponential order.
2. Find the Laplace transform of f (t)  t cosh t (AU-2014)
Lt cosh t   Lcosh t   d  s 
d
 2 
ds ds  s 1
 (s 2 1)(1)  s(2s)   1s 2  s 2 1

( 2 1) 2   (s 2 1) 2  (s 2 1) 2
   
s
  (AU-2013)
t
3. Find the Laplace transform of et

 Lte  Lt ss1

t
 t  1 1
L     (AU-2012)
 s 2  ss1 s 1
2
 et 
4. State and prove change of scale property in Laplace transform.
1  s
If L(f(t)) = F(s), then L(f(at)) = F  .
a  a
L(f(at)) = 
e st f (at)dt
0
at=u t=0 u=0
adt=du t=∞ u=∞
 su
du
L(f(at)) = e f (u)
 a

0
a
 su
1
= e
a f (u)du
a 0
1  s
L(f(at)) = F  (AU-2012)
a  a
5. State the first shifting theorem on Laplace transforms.
at
If L(f(t))=F(s) then L[e f(t)]=F[s-a] and
at (AU-2012)
If L(f(t))=F(s) then L[e- f(t)]=F[s+a]
e 2t
6. Find the Laplace transform of
t
L t  1 2 2t
e = Lt 1 2
ss2

= 


s
  ss2

 
= 
(AU-2012)
 s2
7. Find the Laplace transform of te3t
 
L t1 2 e3t = Lt1 2 ss3
  
 32

=  2s  ss3
M II -16
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II

= 
2 s  3  3 2


8.Find L cos2 3t  
(AU-2011)
1  cos 6t
2 

Lcos 3t= L 
 2 
= 1 L1 cos 6t
2
= 1 1  s 
 2 
2 s
s  36 
9. Find L  t 3     3e e  5sin 3te 
 3e2t  5sin 3t e t 2t t t (AU-2011)

L t 3  3e2t  5sin 3t et = Lt e 3 t

= Lt e  3e  5sin 3te  3 t t t

=L t 3 ss1  3L1ss1  5Lsin 3tss1

 6 3  3 
=
 4  2
s s s  9  ss1
= 6  3  3 
 4 2 
9
 s 1 s 1 s 1  ss1
 sin t 
10. Find L  (AU-2014)
 t 
 sin t   
1 1  1 1

L

t
 = L(sin t)ds  s 2
 1
ds tan (s)s  tan ()  tan (s)
  s s
=   tan1 (s)  cot 1 (s)
2

11. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t)  1  et

(AU-2013)
t
t  t  t
 1e   1
 1 
L( f (t)  L    L(1  e )ds   L(1)  L(e )ds 
    ds

 t  s
s
s s s  1
 log s  log( s  1)s
 s  1
 log 
 s 
-t
12. Verify initial value theorem for f(t)=1+e (sint+cost) (AU-2012)
Initial value theorem is ,if L f t =F(s),then Lt f t  Lt sFs
 
t0 t
F(s)=L(1+)= L 1 et sin t  cos t 
F(s)= 1  Lsin t  cos t
ss1
s
1 s2
F(s)= s s 12 1
Lt f t  Lt 1+ e-t (sint + cost) 2
t0 t0

M II -17
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
 s2 2 
1
  
1 s2 


Lt sFs Lt s 
 Lt  1   s  2
t  s  s s 12 1  s 2
  2  
2
 s 1
s s2 
Lt f t  Lt sFs=2   
t0 s

Hence the initial value theorem is verified.

-bt
13. Verify Initial value theorem for the function f(t) = ae (AU-2013)
f (t)  aebt , F (s)  L[ f (t)]  L[aebt ]  a
sb
Initial value theorem: Lt f (t)  Lt sF(s)
t0 s
L.H.S = Lt f (t)  Lt aebt  a
t0 t0
 a  a
s
R.H.S Lt sF(s)  Lt s   Lt
s s
 sb s sb
= Lt as = Lt a 
b   a
s  s b
1   1  
 s  s
Hence the initial value theorem is verified. (AU-2013)

14. If Let cos 2 t  F s, find lim sF(s)

s0
-t
F(s)=L(e cos t)= L cos 2 t ss1
2
 
 1 cos 2t 
= L 
2
  ss1
= 1 L1 cos 2t 1  1 s 
ss1 =  
s 4
2
2
2 s  ss1

L(e cos t)= 1  1 

-t 2 s 

 2 
1 1  4 
2   (AU-2010)
 s s
15. Define periodic function with an example.
A function f(t) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T if for all t,
f(t+T) = f(t) where T is a positive constant. The least value of T>0 is called the
period of f(t) .
f (t)  sin t
f (t  2 )  sin(t  2 )
Eg. Consider  sin t
i.e. f (t)  f (t  2 )  sin t
sin t is a periodic function with period 2 (AU-2014)
16. Evaluate 1  1 
L  2 

s  6s 13
1
 1  1
 1  1
 1   3t sin 2t
L   =L  2  =L   (AU-2012)
2
 6s 13  6s  9 4 (s  3) 2  2 2 e 2
s  s   
1

17. Find the Laplace inverse transform of s 1s  2

M II -18
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
= A  B
1
s 1s  2 s 1 s  2
A=1 and B=1(using partial fraction)
1 1 1
 1   1   1 
L   L   L  
 s 1s  2  s 1  s 2
1  
1 -t -2t

L 
s 1s  2  =e +e


 s 1
18. Find the inverse Laplace transform of log  (AU-2012)
 s 1 
1 1  1

We know that L F s= t L F s

1
  s 1   1 1  d   s 1
L  log 

 L  log 
  s 1  t ds   s 1

1  d 
 L 1  logs 1 logs 1 
t ds
 1 1  1 1  1 2
 t L  s 1  s 1   t et  et = t sinh t

19. Find the Laplace transform of t te t dt (AU-2015)

0
 t  1
L tet dt   L[tet ]
 0  s
1 d t

  L[ ]
ds e
s 
1 d  1 
    
 ds  s  1
s
1  1  1
   
 2 2
s  (s 1)  s(s 1)
(AU-2014)
e s
20. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (s 1)2
1 1
 1  1 
t

L  2

 t and L 

2

 te

   (s 1) 
s
  e s 
L   (t   )e(t  )
 

 (s 1) 
2

1. a .Find Lt 2 e3t sin 2t 

PART-B
(AU-2013)(8)
 cos at  cos bt 
b. Find L  (AU-2015)(8)
t  
2. a. Find the Laplace transform of the square-wave function (or Meoander function) of
 1, when0  t  a

Period a defined as f t  
2 (AU-2013)(8)
a 
1, when  t  a

 2
b. Find the Laplace transform of the following triangular wave function given by
M II -19
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
 t 0tc and f t  2c  f t . (AU-2015)(8)
f t  
c  t  2c
 2c  t 0t1
3. a. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function defined on the interval by


 1, 0t 1 f t 1 f t .
f t   1 2 and (AU-2014)(8)
 1 t1
 2
2
b. Find the Laplace transform of f(t)=t , 0<t<2 and f(t+2)=f(t) for all t >0 (AU-2013)(8)
4. a. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 4s  7 (AU-2013)(8)

s 2 2s  33s  5
b. Find L (s/(s +1)(s +4) ) -1 2 2 (AU-2015)(8)
5.a. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions 1)ėttcost 2)1-cost/t п/w

te
-3t
cos2t. (AU-2014)(8)
b. Find the Laplace transform of f(t)= (AU-2014)(8)
6. a. Find the Laplace transforms of t 0 t a
f t  
where f t  2a f t   2a  t a t 2a ,
(AU-2014)(8)
b. Find the Laplace transform of f(t) where
 
sin t for 0 t



f t      2  (AU-2014)(8)
2
 0 for t ,f t   f t 

   

7. a. Find the Laplace transform  cos t 0 t   f t 
f t  
0  t 2 , f t  2 

1
 3s2  16s  26 
b. Find L  
 4s  132
(AU-2013)(8)
 ss2 
 
 s2   1   1 
8.a .Find L1   and find L1   hence find L1   (AU-2013)(8)
 s  a2 2
2a2 2   s2  s2  9s 132 
     
b. Use convolution theorem to find the inverse of s (AU-2013)(8)

s 2  4s 2  9
9. a. Find the Laplace transform of f t   cosh t cos and gt   sin t (AU-2013)(8)
t
t
b. Using convolution theorem to find the inverse Laplace transform of the function

s (AU-2014)(8)
s 12 2

10.a. Using convolution theorem to find the inverse Laplace transform of the function
s2 (AU-2014)-2(8)
s
 a 2 s 2  b2 
2

b .Using convolution, solve the initial value problem,y”+9y=sin3t,

y(0)=0,y’(0)=0.
M II -20
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
11. a. Verify initial and final value theorem for f t   1  et (sin t  cos t) (AU-2014)(8)
b. Verify initial and final value theorem for f t   1  e2t
  

12.a. Solve y   t 2  2t , y0 4, y 02 by using Laplace transform. (AU-2013)(8)

y
b. Solve the differential equation y 3y 2 y  4t  e 3t 1
where y(0)=1 andy (0)=-1
using Laplace transforms
 
 (AU-2015)(8)
13.a Solve y  6 y  9 y  t e , y0 2, y 0 6 by Laplace transform method
2 3t
(AU-2014)(8)
b. Solve the following differential equation ,using Laplace transform
  

t
y  2 y  2 y  8 sin t , y0  y 0  0 (AU-2013)(8)
e
14.a. Using Laplace Transform , solve d 2 y  4 y  sin 2t given y(0) =3, y’(o)=4 (AU-2014)(8)
2
dt
b.Use Laplace transform to solve (D2-3D+2)y= e3t with y(0)=1 ,y1(0)=0 (AU-2014)(8)
15.a. Using Laplace transform method, solve d2y/dt2+9y=18t given that
y(0)=0,y(π/2)=0.
y 3y  2t
b. Using Laplace transform ,find the solution of ydt  t y0  0
0
M II -21
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II

UNIT-III
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
PART- A
1. State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that
of a complex variable. (AU2012)

Real variable Complex Variable

Limit takes along x axis Limit takes along any path
and y axis or parallel to (straight or curved)
both axis
2.State the necessary condition of Cauchy-Riemann equations (AU-2011)
The necessary condition forf (z)  u(x, y)  iv(x, y) to be analytic in a region R are
 
u v
x y
  u
v
x y
3.Write 2-D Laplace equations in polar coordinates. (AU-2011)
2  1   1 2  0
r 2 r r r 2  2

4. Show that the function f (z)  z is nowhere differentiable. (AU-2014)-2


Given f (z)  z  x  iy
u  x,v y
 1,   0
u v
x x
  0,  1
u v
y 
ux  vy ,C-R y equations are not satisfied anywhere. Hence


f (z)  z is nowhere differentiable.

5. Find the constants a,b if f (z)  x  2ay  i(3x  by) is analytic (AU-2013)
f (x)  x  2ay  i(3x  by)
u  x  2ay and v  (3x  by)
Where   1,   2a
u u
x y
  3,   b
v v
x y
We know that by CR equations
u v
 and
x y

a  3, b  1
2
6. If u+iv is analytic , show that v –iu &-v +iu are also analytic (AU-2013)
Given u+iv is analytic
C –R equations are satisfied ux=vy …….. (1)
M II -22
 MA8251/MATHEMATI
CS-II
uy= -vx ……..(2)
Since the derivatives of u & v exis it is therefore continuous
Now to prove v –iu & -v+iu are also analytic, we should prove that
(i) vx = -uy & vy = ux &
(ii) vx = uv & vy = ux
(iii) ux, uy, vx,, vy are all continuous . Results (i) & (ii follows from (1) & (2) . since the
derivatives of u &v exists from (1) and (2) , the derivatives of u and v should be continuous .
Hence the result
7. Find the value of a,b,c,d so that the function f (z)  (x2  axy  by 2 )  i(cx 2  dxy  y 2 )
may be analytic (AU-2013)
2 2 2 2
f (z)  (x  axy  by )  i(cx  dxy  y )
u  x 2  axy  by 2 , v  cx 2  dxy  y 2
ux  2x  ay , vx  2cx  dy
u y  ax  2by , vy  dx  2 y
f (z) is analytic , ux  vy and u y vx
a  2,b 1, c 1, d  2


8. State whether or not f (z)  z is an analytic function (AU-2012)-2


w  f (z)  z
u  iv  x iy  u  x and v  y
ux  1, vx  0
u  0, v 1
y y

ux  vy
Hence CR equations are not satisfied
 The function f (z) is nowhere analytic
9. Verify whether or not f (z)  ex (cos y i sin y is analytic (AU-2014)
u e x cos y and v e x (sin y)
 e x cos y and  e x sin y
u v
x x
 e sin y and  e x cos y
x

u v
y y
 and   
u v u v
x y y x
CR equations are not satisfied. It is not an analytic function.

10. S.T f (z)  ex sin y is harmonic (AU-2014)

u x  e x sin y, u y  e x cos y
u xx  e x sin y u yy e x sin y

u xx  yy  e x sin y  e x sin y  o
u
f (z)  ex sin y is harmonic
11. If f (z) is an analytic function whose real part is constant, Prove that f (z)
is a constant function. (AU-2012)
Let f (z)  u(x, y)  iv(x, y) be an analytic function
M II -23
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
 v  u
 
 u  v
Therefore by CR equations  x   y ,
 x   y
Given u constant
To prove f (z) is a constant
uc
  0, u  0
u
x y  u  v
 y0  x0
By CR equation u  0    0 and
v
x 
y
 u  v
 f (z)   x  i  x  0
 i0 f (z)  0  f (z)  c
f (z) is a constant.
12. Find the image of the line x=k under the transformation 1 (AU-2013)
  z
Given w  1
z u  iv u  iv
i.e., z  1  1  
w u  iv (u  iv)(u  iv) u 2  v2
u   
v
x  iy   i 
u 2 v2  u 2  v2 
i.e., x  u ............(1), y   v ............(2)
u  v2 2
u 2  v2
Given x=k in the z plane
k  u .by(1),
u2 v2
k (u 2  v 2 )  u
u 2  v2  1 u  0
k
 1 2
2
1
 u  v  0
 2  42  1 
k k  ,0 and radius
1
 u 1    1
2 2
  2k

2k v
 which is a circle whose centre is
2k
4k 2
 
13. Find the map of the circle z = 3 under the transformation w  2z u 2  v2  36
w  2z
u  iv  2(x  iy)
u  2x, v  2 y  x  u , y  v
2 2
Given z  3  x  iy  3  x2  y2  9
 u 2  v 2 2 2

    9u v  36
 2  2
Hence the image of z  3 in the z-plane is transformed into
 (AU-2012)

14.Find the image of the circle z = 2 under the transformation   3z (AU-2012)

w  3z
u  iv  3(x  iy)
M II -24
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II

u  3x, v  3y  x  u , y  v or cz 2  (d
3 3
Given z  2  x  iy  2  x2  y2  4
 u 2  v
2 2 2

    4u v  36
 3  3
Hence the image of z  2 in the z-plane is transformed into
u 2  v2  36 in the w-plane under the transformation w  3z
15. Find the image of the circle z =  under the transformation w  5z
w  5z
u  iv  5(x  iy)
u  5x, v  5y  x  u , y  v
5 5
Given z  x  iy    x2  y2  2
 u 2  v
2 2 2 2 2

    u v  (5)

 5  5
Hence the image of z   in the z-plane is transformed into
u 2  v2  (5)2 in the w-plane under the transformation w  5z
16.Define critical point of a transformation
A point z0 at which the mapping w=f(z) is not conformal is called the critical point .
17.
Find the invariant points of the transformation f (z)  z 2
f (z)  z 2
wz2,
zz2
z2z0
z( z 1)  0
z  0, z  1
The invariants points are z=0,z=1.
18. Find the critical points of the transformation w  1  2
z
z 1  2 z  z  2  0 (z  2)(z 1)  0
2

z
z  2, z 1
Critical points are z=2,-1
2z  6
19. Find the invariant points of the transformation   z
7
 2z  6
The invariant points are given by z
z7
2 2
z  7z  2z  6  0  z  5z  6  0
(z  6)(z 1)  0
z 6,1
20. Prove that a bilinear transformation has atmost two fixed points.
The fixed points of the transformation w  az  b is obtained from z  az  b
cz  d cz  d
(AU-2011) (AU-2013)

(AU-2013)

(AU-2010)
(AU-2012)
(AU-2014)
These points are two in number unless the discriminant is zero in which case the number
of points is one.

M II -25
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
21.Show that point.
∣Z∣2 is not analytic at any (AU-2015)
2 2 2 2
f(z)= ∣Z∣ = u+iv=x +y where u= x +y and v=0,ux=2x,uy=2y,vx=0,vy=0
2

hence f(z) is not analytic.

PART-B
 2 2  2 2

1. a. If f (z) is an analytic function of z, prove that    f (z) 4 f ' (z) (AU-2013)(8)

 2 2

   
x y
b. show that a harmonic function u satisfies the formal differential equation
 u 0
2 and hence P.T log f 1 (z) is harmonic, where f(z) is a regular function.
zz (AU-2015)(8)
2. a. Show that the function u  ex (x cos y  y sin y) is harmonic function.
Hence find the corresponding analytic function f (z)  u  iv (AU-2014)(8)
b. Determine the analytic function w  u  iv given that u  e (x cos y  y sin y)
2 x (AU-2015)(8)
-y -x
3. a Prove that u=ė cosx and v=ė siny satisfy Laplace equations but that u+iv is not
an analytic function of z.
b. Find if  (x  y)(x2  4xy  y 2 ) can represent the equipotential surface for an
electric field. Find the corresponding complex potential     i
and also  (AU-2013)(8
4.a. Find the analytic function f (z)  u  iv where v  3r 2 sin 2  2r sin .
Verify that u is a harmonic function. (AU-2013)(8)
b. Determine the analytic function whose real part is sin 2x (AU-2014) (8)
cosh 2 y  cos 2x
5.a. Prove that the function u  e x (x cos y  y sin y) satisfies Laplace’s equation and
find the corresponding analytic function f (z)  u  iv (AU-2013)(8)
b. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are
harmonic function. (AU-2014) (8)
6.a. Find the analytic function w  u  iv if e2 x (x cos 2 y  y sin 2 y) and
hence find u f (z)  u(x, y)  iv(x, y) given that (AU-2013)(8)
b. Find the analytic function
u  v  ex (cos y sin y) (AU-2014)(8)
7. a . If u  x2  y 2 and v   y prove that both u and v satisfy Laplace equations, but
x2 y2
u  iv is not a regular function of z (AU-2013)(8)
b. Find the image of the circle z = 2 under the transformation   z  3  2i (AU-2013)(8)

8.a. Find the image of w plane of the region of the z-plane bounded by the straight line
x=1,y=1 and x+y=1 under the transformation w  z 2 (AU-2013)(8)
b.Find the image in the w-plane of the infinite strip1/4≤y≤1/2under the transformation
w=1/z (AU-2015)(8)
9.a. Prove that w  z maps the upper half of the z-plane to the upper half of the w-plane and
1z
also find the image of the unit circle of the z plane. (AU-2013)(8)
b .Find the image of the circle z  =3 and the region 1  x  2 under the map w  1
3i z
10 .a. Find the image of ∣z+2i∣=2 under the transformation w=1/z.
b. Find the image of the following regions under the transformation w=1/z.
i) the half plane x>c when c>0
ii) the half plane y>c when c<0
11.a. S.T under the mapping w= i-z/i+z ,the image of the circle x 2+y2<1 is the
 entire half of the w-plane to the right of the imaginary axis
M II -26
 MA8251/MATHEMATICS-II
b. Find the image of the region bounded by the lines x=0,y=0,and x+y =1 under the
i

mappings w  e 4 and w  z  (2  3i) (AU-2014)(8)

12.a Show that the image of the hyperbola x2  y 2  1 under the transformation
w = 1 is the lemniscates r 2  cos 2 (AU-2012)(8)
z
b. Find the Bilinear transformation which maps z= 0,z=1,z=∞ into the points w=i,
w=1,w=-i (AU-2013)(8)
13.a. Find the bilinear transformation that maps 1,i,and -1 of the z-plane onto 0,1

and ∞ on the w- plane.Also find the image of the unit circle of the z plane. (AU-2014) (8)
b. Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points z=∞,1,0 onto the points
w=o,i, ∞ respectively (AU-2012)(8)
14.a. Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points z=1,i,-1 into the points
w=,0,1, ∞ respectively. Find also the pre-image of w =1 under this bilinear
transformation. (AU-2014)(8)
b. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z=0,-1,i into the points
w= i,0,∞ respectively. (AU-2015)(8)
15. a. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points 1+i,-i,2-i of the
z- plane into the points 0,1,i of the w-plane.
b. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z=i,-1,1 into
the points w=0,1,∞ respectively.

M II -27
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II
UNIT-IV
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
PART-A
1. State Cauchy’s integral theorem (AU-2015)
If f (z ) is analytic inside and on a closed curve c of a simply connected region R and if ‘a’ is any
point within c, then f (a)  1 f (z) dz, the integration around C being taken in the positive
2i
z a
c
direction .
z
2. Evaluate  e
2
dz ,where C is a circle z 1 . (AU-2012)
C
z
f (z) dz  2if (a) , ez dz
We know that    e z
2 2
c za c z c (z  0)
Here f z ez , a= 0 is lies inside z 1
By cauchy’s integral formula we get
 ez
2 dz  2if (a)  2i(1) 2i z
C

z2
3. Evaluate  2
1 dz where C is a circle of unit radius and centre at z=i. (AU-2013)
C
z 1
z  1
i
The poles z=1,z=-1 lies outside the circle
 z 2 1 is analytic inside z  1
z 2 1 i
2
1
By Cauchy’s theorem,  z dz =0 2

C
z 1
Evaluate sec zdz
4. where c is the unit circle z 1 (AU-2014)
z

sec zdz 1 d
z

z z cos z
The pole are given by the solution of cos z = 0
i.e., z  (2n 1)  , n  0,1,2,.......

2
z   , 3 , 5 .........
2 2 2,
Hence all the poles lies outside z 1, secz is analytic with z 1
By Cauchy’s theorem
sec zdz  0
z

5. Evaluate C 3z
2
 7z 1 dz where C is |z|=1/2 (AU-2013)
z 1
 3z
2
 7z 1 dz Here z=-1 lies outside c.
z  (1)
C
 f (z) is analytic inside and on c
 f (z) is continuous inside c.
Hence by cauchy’ s theorem  f (z)dz  0
c
M II -28
 MA8251/MATHEMATI
CS-II
6. State Taylor’s theorem. (AU-2011)
A function f(z) , is analytic inside a circle C with centre at a ,can be expanded in the series
2 f a 3 f a n
n 
f a

f z f a f az  a  2!

z  a   3!
z  a  n! z  a to 

Which is convergent at every point inside C
7. Find the Taylor series of the function f(z)=sinz about z=π/4 (AU-2013)

f (z)  sin z
f (z)  cos z
f (z) sin z
f (z) cos z
Here a   , f (  )  sin(  )  1
4 4 4 2
f (  )  cos(  )  1 , f ( ) sin(  )  1
44 2 4 42
f (  ) cos(  )  1
44 2
z  (z  
Taylor’s series is f (z)  f ( )   4 f (  )  4 ) f (  )  ........
2

41 4 2! 4
!
2
8. Find the Laurent’s series for the function f(z)=z e1 z about z=0 (AU-2013)
2
1 2  1  1 1 
z e 1 .........
z 2

z 
z 2! 
 z 
 z  z  1  ..........
2

2
9. Define singular point. (AU-2012)
A point z=z0 at which a function f(z)fails to be analytic is called a singular point or
singularity of f(z).
1

10. Identify the types of singularities of the following function f (z)  e ( z1) (AU-2009)
Here z=1 is a singular point
1

At z=1 , we get f (z)  e 0  which is not defined.

Also z=1 is not a pole or removable singularity
Z=1 is an essential singularity.
sin z (AU-2012)-2
11. Discuss the nature of the singularities of the function f(z)= z
Poles of f(z) are obtained by equating the denominator to zero

 sin z
i.e f z
z
z=o is a pole of order 1
sinz=0
z=n  where n= 0, n  0,1,2...
12.Identify the type of singularity of function sin(1/1-z)
(AU-2015)
3 5
Sin(1/1-z)=1/1-z-1/3!(1/1-z) +1/5!(1/1-z)
The RHS is the Laurent series with infinite number of terms about the singular part
z=1,z=1 is an essential singularity of f(z).
M II -29
 MA8251/MATHEMATIC
S-II

cos z
sin z
  1  cos z Po
les
13. Find the nature of the singularity z=0 of the function f z
z2
 of f(z) are obtained by equating the denominator to zero
 1 cos z (AU-2011)
i.e f z
z2
2
z =0 is a pole of order 2

14. State Cauchy’s residue theorem.

If f(z) be an analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C, except for
(AU-2014)
a finite number of isolated singularities z1,z2,z3,…..zn inside c then
n

 f (z)dz = 2 i [sum of the residues of f(z) at z1,z2,z3,…..zn] = 2 iRi

i1
 where Ri is the residue of f(z) at z=zi
15. If f(z)= 1
z 1

 2 1  z 1 z 12  ,find the residue of f(z) at z=1  (AU-2012)

Residue of f z at z 1 is -1 ( the coefficient of 1 )

z 1
2z
1e
16. Find the residue of z 4 at z=0 (AU-2013)
Given f (z)  1  e2 z
z4
Here z = 0 is a pole of order 4
Re s(z  0)  1 Lt d 3  (z  0)4 1 e2 z 
3  4 

3! z0 dz  z 
 1 Lt d 3 1 e2 z  4  
6 z0 dz 3 3
17. Find the residue of the function f(z)= 4 at a simple pole (AU-2012)
z 3 z  2
f (z)  4  4
3
z (z  2) (z  0)3 (z  2)
Here z = 0 is a pole of order 3 and z=2 is a pole of order 1
Re s(z  0)  1 d 2   0)3 4 
L  (z 
(z  0) (z 
2 3
2! t
z0 dz  2) 
1 d2  4  1  8  1
 2! L 2   Lt  3 

t (z  2) 2  2) 2
z 0   

dz z 0  (z
Re s(z  2)    2)  1 4
Lt  (z  3
(z  0) (z  2) 8 (AU-2012)
z 2 
18. Find the residue of f z = z 1 at z=2
z 1z  2
 z 1 
Re s(z  2)  Lt  (z  2)  3
z2
 (z 1)(z  2)  (AU-2010)

19. Find the resuidue of cot z at the pole z=0.

f(z)=cotz= Poles of f(z) are sinz = 0 = sin n 

z = n  , where n = 0,±1, ±2,….

M II -30
MA8251/MATHEMATICS-II

[Resf(z)]z=n  = lim (z  n ) cos = lim  (z  n ) sin z  cos z(1) (by L’ Hospital rule )
z
zn sin zn cos
z z
[Resf(z)]z=n  = 1
20. Determine the residue of f z  z2 at z=1 (AU-2012)
z 12 z  2
Given f z  z2
z 12 z  2
Here z =1 is a pole of order 2
Re s[z  z ]  Lt 1 [z  ]m f (z)
d m1 z
0 0
(m 1)! dz m1
zz0

d  z2  d  z2 
Re s[z 1]  lt    Lt  
2
z1 (z 1).
2  
dz  (z 1) z  2 z1 dz  z2 
= f z   5
9
21. Find the residue of f z  50z at z = 1 (AU-2009)
2
(z  4)(z 1)
Z = 1 is a pole of order 2
Re sf zz1  d  1)2 50z 
L  (z 2
t (z  4)(z  1)
z1 dz  
 Lt  (z  4)50  50z   250  50  8
 2 
z1
(z  4) 
25
ez
22. Evaluate 
d if c is |z|=2 (AU-2010)
z 1 z
c
Z=1 is a pole of order 1 which lies inside |z|=2
dz  2if (1)
ez
z 1
c

 2ie
PART-B
1. a .Evaluate  z d here C is z  2  1 by using Cauchy’s integral formula.
z
2

C
z 1z  2 2
7z 1 (AU-2012)(8)
b .Evaluate 
2 2
dz over the curve C:x +4y =4 using Cauchy’s integral formula.
z  3z  4
2

z 1 (AU-2013)(8)
z 1   2
2.a. Evaluate C
dz where c is the circle by Cauchy’s integral formula.

z 2  2z  42
i
(AU-2013 )(8)
z4
b. Evaluate  2
dz where C is the circle |z+1+i|=2 using Cauchy’s integral formula.
C z  2z  5
(AU-2013)(8)

3.a.Using Cauchy’s integral formula ,evaluate z dz where C is |z|=3. (8)
e
2

C z 1z  2
13z 2  27z 15
b. If f (a)  
z  2 then find
dz where c is the circle
za
 f 3 , f 
C
 and f (1  i) (AU-2014 )(8)
(1  i), f (1  i)
M II -31
MA8251/MATHEMATICS-II
4.a. Evaluate

z 3 dz where c is the unit circle z  1
3
(8)
C (2z  i)

b. Obtain Taylor’s series for f z 2z3 about z=i (AU-2013)(8)

zz 13
5.a. Evaluate f z  1 in Laurent series valid for the regions |z|>3 and 1<|z|<3
z 1z  3
7z  2 (AU-2013)(8)
b. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f (z)  valid in the region
(z  2)(z 1)
z 1  1 and z 1  3 z 2
1 (8)
f z 
6.a. Expand the function in Laurent’s series |z|>3 (AU-2013)(8)
z 2  5z  6
b. Obtain the Laurent’s series expansion of f (z)  z 2 1 in 2  z  3 (AU-2015 )(8)
(z  2)(z  3)
1 2 3
7.a.Expand f (z)  z  4z  3 as the Laurent’s series expansion of 1< z (AU-2014 )(8)
b. Obtain the Laurent’s series expansion of 1 zz2
f (z) 
in the region 1<∣z+1∣<2 and∣z+1∣>2.

(AU-2014 )(8)
8.a. Evaluate  sin z 2  cos z 2 dz where C is |z|=3 Using Cauchy’s Residue theorem (AU-2013) (8)
C

z 1z  2
b. Using Cauchy’s residue theorem evaluate C z 1 dz
z 12 (z  2)
where C is z  i  2 (AU-2014 )(8)
9.a. Evaluate  z2 dz where C is |z|=3 (AU-2015) (8)
2

C
z 1z  2
2
dx
b. Evaluate  , a>0 using contour integration. (AU-2015)(8)
(x 2  2 ) 2
0
a
10.a.Evaluate cos 3 d using contour integration (AU-2013)(8)
2 

54
0
cos
b. Using contour integration on unit circle , evaluate 2
d (AU-2014 )(8)

0 5  4 cos 
d
11.a. Evaluate 2
(AU-2014 )(8)

0 13 
5sin
2
cos
b. Using contour integration ,evaluate the integral  2 d (AU-2013)(8)
1 2a cos  a 2
0

x 2 dx
12.a. Evaluate  , a  0, b  0 (AU-2013)(8)
0  2
a 2
x
2
 2

b
x

dx
b. Evaluate using contour integration 0 (AU-2014 )(8)-2
1  x 2
2
2

 x dx 
  6 (AU-2013)(8)
13.a. Using contour integration prove that 0 x2 1x2  4

M II -32
 MA8251/MATHEMATICS-
II

x2 dx
b. Using contour integration on unit circle , evaluate  (AU-2014 )(8)
  x 1x
2 2  9
 cos mx
14.a. Evaluate  x 2  2 dx ,using contour integration. (AU-2012 )(8)
0
a

x2  x  2dx 5

b. Show that 
 x4 10x2  9
dx  2 (AU-2013)(8)
 dx 
15.a.S.T. 0  (8)
1  x 4  2 2
2
d
b.Evaluate  (0<x<1),using contour integration. (8)
0
1 2x sin   x 2
M II -33