Bachelor's Thesis

Information Technology

Software Business

2015

Eetu Pitkänen

DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE
RUNNER MOBILE GAME
BACHELOR'S THESIS | ABSTRACT

TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Information Technology | Software Business

2015 | 41

Tiina Ferm

Eetu Pitkänen

DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE
RUNNER MOBILE GAME
The purpose of this thesis was to examine the process of developing a finite runner game. The
game was developed for an indie game development company called FakeFish to answer their
need of a product that can be easily showcased and used as a reference point of what the
company is capable of in a limited amount of time.

The theoretical section of the thesis focused on the game’s concept, the endless runner genre’s
characteristics and history, tools used, potential publishing platforms and the challenges of
publishing in the segregated markets of the east and west. The empirical section of the thesis
consisted of the game’s main programmed features, ad-based monetization, the
interconnectivity of the level design and difficulty as well as building to a platform.

Unity was chosen as the development platform due to it having low royalty fees, a big developer
community and FakeFish’s previous experience with the Unity game engine. The game’s
publishing in the future will happen in the western world only as publishing in Asia is a
complicated and expensive process that FakeFish is not yet ready to undergo. The publishing
channel for the game is going to be Google Play and the operating system Android as these
match the game’s planned monetization model and performance requirements the best.

The product that was developed for this project in the end was a good-looking game with
smooth gameplay. However the uniqueness of the game was deemed too lacking for publishing
and the game will instead be used as a foundation for a new version. The development of the
new version will emphasize on the main problems of the now created game and aim to be
unique when it comes to gameplay and overall feel.

KEYWORDS:

Game development, publishing, Unity, Unity3D, game programming, C#, FakeFish, indie
OPINNÄYTETYÖ (AMK) | TIIVISTELMÄ

TURUN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU

Tietotekniikka | Ohjelmistoliiketoiminta

2015 | 41

Tiina Ferm

Eetu Pitkänen

ÄÄRELLISEN JUOKSUPELIN KEHITYS

MOBIILIALUSTOILLE

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia mobiililaitteille kehitettävän äärellisen juoksupelin

kehitystyötä. Peli kehitettiin vastaamaan FakeFish-nimisen pelialan yrityksen tarpeeseen
tuotteesta, jota olisi helppo esitellä muille ja antaisi osviittaa myös siitä mihin yritys pystyy
rajallisessa ajassa.

Teoriaosuus keskittyi pelikonseptiin, peligenren ominaisuuksiin ja historiaan, käytettyihin

työkaluihin, potentiaalisiin julkaisualustoihin sekä pelien julkaisun eroihin länsimaiden ja Aasian
markkinoiden välillä. Projektiosuus koostui pelinkehitystä ohjelmoijan näkökulmasta, jossa pelin
ohjelmointiin liittyvien ominaisuuksien lisäksi käytiin läpi suunniteltua mainospohjaista
monetisaatiota, pelin tasosuunnittelun ja vaikeustason yhteyttä sekä koontiversion asentamista
kohdealustalle.

Pelin kehitysalustaksi valikoitui Unity-pelimoottori sen yhteisön, alhaisten tekijänoikeusmaksujen

ja FakeFishin pelimoottorista aikaisemmin hankitun kokemuksen vuoksi. Pelin tuleva julkaisu
tulee keskittymään länsimaihin Aasiassa julkaisemisen monimutkaisuuden sekä ylimääräisten
kustannuksien johdosta ja julkaisukanavana tulee olemaan Android-käyttöjärjestelmän
sovelluskauppa Google Play.

Lopputuloksena syntyi graafisesti miellyttävän näköinen ja pelattavuudeltaan sujuva peli, joka ei

kuitenkaan ollut idealtaan ja toteutukseltaan tarpeeksi ainutlaatuinen päätyäkseen julkaistavaksi
asti. Työn tuloksena valmistunutta peliä tullaan kuitenkin käyttämään pohjana uudelle versiolle,
jonka tarkoituksena on pureutua tarkemmin nyt syntyneen pelin ongelmiin ja saada aikaan
lopputulos, joka on pelattavuudeltaan ja tuntumaltaan ainutlaatuisempi kuin edeltäjänsä.

ASIASANAT:

Pelinkehitys, peliala, julkaisu, Unity, Unity3D, peliohjelmointi, C#, FakeFish, indie

CONTENT

GLOSSARY 6

1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 GAME CONCEPT 8
2.1 Finite versus Infinite Runner 8
2.2 Difficulty 9

3 TOOLS 10
3.1 Game Engine 10
3.1.1 Adobe AIR 11
3.1.2 Cocos2d 12
3.1.3 Unity 13
3.1.4 Unreal Engine 4 13
3.1.5 Conclusion 14
3.2 Visual Studio 14
3.3 Blender 15
3.4 FMOD 16
3.5 Other Music Tools 16
3.6 BitBucket 17
3.7 Photoshop 17

4 PUBLISHING 19
4.1 East vs West 19
4.2 Mobile Publishing Channels 20
4.2.1 AppStore 21
4.2.2 Google Play 21
4.2.3 Windows Store 21
4.2.4 Conclusion 22

5 DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE RUNNER 23

5.1 Selecting a Platform 23
5.2 Story 23
5.3 2.5D 24
5.4 Level Design 25
5.5 Gameplay 26
5.5.1 Movement 26
5.5.2 Controls 27
5.5.3 Collisions 30
5.6 Falling 31
5.7 Graphical User Interface 32
5.7.1 Menus 33
5.7.2 In-Game 33
5.8 Animations 35
5.9 Monetization 36
5.10 Profiling 36
5.11 Building to Android 37

6 CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 40

PICTURES

Picture 1. Eastern (Yellow) vs. Western (Blue) Markets from the Game Development
Perspective. (August, 2008) 20
Picture 2. Gameplay Area Layout of the Twins. 24
Picture 3. The Twins, first half of the first level with the route in red. 25
Picture 4. Endless Running in Script. 26
Picture 5. Jumping Script. 27
Picture 6. Sliding Script. 28
Picture 7. Sliding Under an Obstacle. 29
Picture 8. Sliding Colliders versus Running Colliders. 30
Picture 9. Collision Script. 31
Picture 10. FallingCheck Script. 32
Picture 11. The Main Menu. 33
Picture 12. The In-Game UI. 34
Picture 13. Dynamic Buttons. 34
Picture 14. Troll Animator Controller. 35
Picture 15. Player Animator Controller. 36

FIGURES

Figure 1. Distribution of Game Engine Use. (Vision Mobile, 2014) 11

Figure 2. The Demise of Flash in the Jobs Market. (Dunstan, 2014) 12
GLOSSARY

2D Two-dimensional computer graphics

2.5D Two-and-a-half-dimensional, in this case meaning a 3D

world with the gameplay restricted to a 2D plane

3D Three-dimensional computer graphics

AI Artificial Intelligence

Avatar The character manipulated by the player

FPS Frames per Second

GUI Graphical User Interface

IDE Integrated Development Environment

NPC Non-Player Character or Non-Playable Character

SDK Software Development Kit

UI User Interface
 7

1 INTRODUCTION

In the summer of 2014 my friends and I established a game development com-

pany, FakeFish, to pursue the dream of developing games for a living. The the-
sis goes through the development process of a game’s free version that was
developed for FakeFish to be showcased at the Game Development’s Confer-
ence 2015 in San Francisco, California.

The first part addresses the game’s concept, the game design choices we made
and the games that inspired us, the platforms we are developing for and the
tools we chose to use during the development process. In the last chapter the
potential publishing channels for the game are explored.

The empirical section of the thesis goes through the actual game development
process from the eyes of a programmer and a project lead. Everything in this
project is programmed by me with the exception of the sounds and music that
are programmed to the game by FakeFish’s audio designer, with me only acting
as a consultant if needed. I also partake whenever possible in the level design
of the game with FakeFish’s full-time level designer having the main responsibil-
ity. In addition to the aforementioned tasks I am also responsible for the integra-
tion of many of the other elements produced, including the GUI, designed lev-
els, animations and 2D elements in to the game and making sure everything is
optimized and running smoothly.

In the closing chapters of the empirical section the possible additions in the fu-
ture and how the monetization of the game is planned through advertising are
discussed.

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2 GAME CONCEPT

The game, known as the Twins, developed for this thesis is an endless runner
with a finite amount of premade levels, thus the term finite runner. It is set in a
world heavily influenced by the Finnish national epic Kalevala, the same one all
FakeFish’s games are. This interconnection between games is seen to be a
powerful marketing tool in the future, with many of the same elements appear-
ing in multiple games and in addition to boosting marketing also reducing the
amount of needed assets.

In the game the player controls a frog who cannot stop running and has to satis-
fy his insatiable hunger while doing so, which in turn creates animosity amongst
the places he runs through. The gameplay consists of collecting different varie-
ties of food, avoiding obstacles and hostile creatures all the while running
through the fantasy world of the Finnish national epic, Kalevala.

2.1 Finite versus Infinite Runner

There are two categories endless runner games fall into: finite and infinite. In
the finite variation the game revolves around premade levels and has a better
ability to tell a story or a journey as a whole, whereas infinite runners rely on
procedurally generated levels and often character upgrading to keep the player
interested.

In the infinite category the player’s performance is usually evaluated by a single

arbitrary score, usually determined by either the distance travelled or points col-
lected, or a mix of both. On the other hand the finite category relies more on
constant scoring like percentage of stage completed and number of total collect-
ibles collected or total secrets found. When it comes to design the finite catego-
ry is more level design and wholeness oriented, whereas infinite runners often
require a considerable amount of more programming to achieve proper genera-
tion of levels.

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Both of these variations belong to the endless runner genre, which is a sub-
category of the platformer genre, and is characterized by the player character’s
inability to stop running, short play sessions and simple controls. The originator
of the genre is not exactly known, but B.C.’s Quest for Tires, a video game de-
veloped in 1983 for the computers of its time, can be seen as the first game to
introduce the endless running mechanic. In B.C.’s Quest for Tires the player
controls a caveman who has to rescue his girlfriend by traveling through several
levels on his unicycle while avoiding obstacles. The genre was popularized
twenty six years later by the game Canabalt in 2009 which has since inspired
many other games like Temple Run, Bit.Trip Runner and Jetpack Joyride to
name a few. (Parkin, 2013)

2.2 Difficulty

Challenge is a key element in the endless runner genre, be it a finite or an infi-

nite runner, even though they have completely different reasons for the need of
difficulty.

In the finite runner due to the pace of the gameplay the difficulty has to be high
to keep the required amount of content at a manageable level. If the difficulty is
not high enough, the player will dash through the levels in no time and be done
with the game before any real monetization opportunities have arisen.

In the infinite runner variation on the other hand the difficulty has to be very fine-
ly tuned to keep the user interested in a way that the game is not too hard but
not too easy either. If the game is too hard, the user will not have a great
enough feel of progress and ends up quitting and if it is too easy the same feel
of progress is lost if the running goes on forever without failing. One popular
way to control this difficulty in the infinite runners is character development
through upgrades to the user’s avatar, which both increases the feel of progres-
sion and also makes the game a little less difficult each time an upgrade is re-
ceived.

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3 TOOLS

Game development is a significantly diversified field and thus the tools required
by a project are also high in number. In this chapter the tools used by
FakeFish in their game development are introduced shortly with the reasons for
the chosen tools given, and alternatives being introduced as well.

3.1 Game Engine

Nowadays building an in-house game engine is a very rare occurrence, usually

only done by triple-A studios that require very specific functionality out of their
engines. For almost all smaller and even some AAA studios the common ap-
proach is to license an existing game engine and develop their game with it.

The advantages of using an existing game engine heavily outweigh the disad-
vantages as the commercial game engines of today are powerful and offer a
vast amount of functionality straight out of the box. In addition to the saved de-
velopment time when using a third-party engine, the developers also have an
easier time working together and recruiting new employees as the odds are that
others are familiar with the engine already and require little to no training with
the engine itself. This is also an important aspect from the eyes of a developer
since by having no in-house engine, the knowledge gained while working on a
project is not partially lost due to every other studio using their own game en-
gines. (King, 2011)

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Figure 1. Distribution of Game Engine Use. (Vision Mobile, 2014)

There are multiple third-party game engines available today, but as expected a
few have risen to be the more commonly used ones (Figure 1). As FakeFish
wanted to use an engine with a big community and established working meth-
ods the following game engines were the main options:

3.1.1 Adobe AIR

Adobe AIR is a cross-platform runtime system developed mainly as a platform

for building desktop and mobile applications but can also be used to develop
games. AIR uses Adobe Flash for the graphical representation and ActionScript
or HTML5 and JavaScript for programming to either develop native-like applica-
tions that run standalone outside of a web browser, or web-based applications
that run without the need of installing any additional software.

A few years ago Adobe AIR would have been a very solid choice to use as a
development platform, especially after the addition of cross-platform support in
2011, whereas today the trend has already shifted heavily towards other game
engines (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. The Demise of Flash in the Jobs Market. (Dunstan, 2014)

In addition to other game engines surpassing Adobe AIR in popularity, also on

the application side it is rapidly being replaced by a newer, more versatile
HTML5. These declines, both in game and application development, have af-
fected the update intervals and new feature development greatly and has
caused the community to disperse. With all these events in mind Flash was not
seen as a viable development platform. (Dunstan, 2014)

3.1.2 Cocos2d

Cocos2d is an open source game engine with various versions available devel-
oped by different third parties. Cocos2d’s Cocos2d-x branch is popular in the
Asian game development scene with famous European developers using it as
well and is a good choice for targeting multiple platforms. The main drawback is
that Cocos2d-x is built with 2D-games in mind, thus not having a good enough
support for 3D-elements. Other major disabilities are the fact that most of the
documentation of the game engine’s own functionality is written in Chinese and
that the engine has no graphical editing, making independent level designing for

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example too demanding without a vast knowledge of programming. (Cocos2d-

x.org, 2015)

3.1.3 Unity

Unity3D is the most popular game engine at the time of writing the thesis, being
used to make over sixty percent of current 3D mobile games. Unity offers tar-
geting to multiple platforms, has a good support for both 2D and 3D elements
and uses C# as a programming language which are the main reasons for its
wide use as a development platform. (Unity3D, 2014)

The documentation available on the internet is good and detailed, thanks to the
international use of the game engine. The engine in general is very user friend-
ly, and having a graphical representation of almost every part of the game de-
velopment process makes it easier as even non-programmers can develop and
view it.

Additional assets and extensions offered on the Asset Store make customizing
the Unity Editor easy and allow the developer to expand the editor’s features in
a required direction. With the new Unity 5 also offering all the previously paid
content for free for personal use makes it an appealing choice for any type of
game developer.

3.1.4 Unreal Engine 4

Unreal Engine is one of the oldest game engines still in use, first released in
1998 together with the game Unreal. Although the engine itself was released 17
years ago, it was made available to the public in November 2009 with the re-
lease of the Unreal Development Kit. (IGN, 2009)

As of today Unreal Development Kit is outdated with its over-the-top 25 % of

earnings royalty model, clunky asset integration and lack of runtime editing. The
new Unreal Engine 4 offers more features than the previous publicly available

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versions and is monetized by having a gross revenue royalty fee of 5 % in addi-

tion to a monthly subscription of $19. (Epic Games, 2015)

Unfortunately due to the gross revenue based royalty model of Unreal Engine 4,
FakeFish does not see licensing the engine being a viable option. For example
a sales of $100 000 of the game would be roughly divided as follows: 30 % for
the digital distributer, 30 % for Finland through taxes, and then of the $40 000
FakeFish would receive $5000 would go to Epic Games in royalties. Because of
the heavy taxation in addition to the digital distribution fees Epic Games’ cut of
the final sum would be much more than 5 %, which heavily encourages to look
at other options.

3.1.5 Conclusion

The top contenders for the game engine of choice were Unreal Engine 4 and
Unity, of which Unity was chosen as the development platform. The main rea-
sons for choosing Unity were the lack of royalties, larger community and experi-
ence with the platform in previous projects.

3.2 Visual Studio

Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) developed by

Microsoft, mainly intended as a tool to develop programs compatible with the
various Windows platforms from phones to PCs. Part of the Visual Studio IDE is
a code editor that supports C#, including a code completion component that
makes programming easier and more streamlined without the need to google
every new function the developer needs. As Unity supports the C# program-
ming language, getting the code completion, also called IntelliSense, of Visual
Studio to work together with Unity is easy. To get Visual Studio fully compatible
with the Unity engine, only a Visual Studio plugin for Unity called UnityVS needs
to be installed. The UnityVS plugin was developed by a company called Syn-
taxTree before being acquired by Microsoft in July 2014 and since then has

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seen major improvements with the UnityVS team having joined the Visual Stu-
dio development team. (SyntaxTree, 2014)

At first the $299 price tag of Visual Studio Professional, which is the minimum
requirement for the UnityVS plugin to work, might seem a bit much just to use
as a code editor. However Microsoft has many deals with educational facilities
and startup accelerators so a professional version of Visual Studio is often of-
fered for free for new startups and students.

Other notable code editors compatible with Unity and C# are Notepad++, Sub-
lime Text 2 and MonoDevelop, which is integrated into the Unity installation by
default. The main drawbacks of Notepad++ and Sublime Text 2 are the lack of
code completion support, although such functionality can be added to Sublime
Text 2 by installing community created packages. The biggest drawback of both
Sublime Text 2, with the Unity packages, and MonoDevelop on the other hand
are the performance issues. Both of these programs are slow to open and have
stability issues when multiple scripts are opened, thus being trumped in this
field by Visual Studio easily which is very stable and works fast even when sev-
eral scripts are being edited at the same time.

3.3 Blender

The 3D-models and animations in the game are made by using Blender, an
open-source 3D computer graphics software that is completely free to use. As
with any open-source software, the main problem of Blender is the lack of a
clear roadmap of the future development. Especially as the main team that
manages the software consists only of two full-time and two half-time employ-
ees, which means that most of the development itself is done by the community
with the employees only managing the updates and approving changes.
(Blender, 2013)

The most important reason for choosing to use Blender as the 3D graphics
software is the high cost of the alternatives. The commonly used commercial
alternatives for Blender are Maya and 3ds Max, both of which are developed

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and owned by Autodesk. The Autodesk programs cost around $200 each per
month, which for a new startup company is way too much for the little ad-
vantage over Blender, mainly faster bug fixing and customer support, they pro-
vide.

3.4 FMOD

FMOD is a sound effects engine developed by Firelight Technologies and sup-

ports many game engines and operating systems, with the most notable engine
partners of FMOD being Unity, Unreal Engine and CryEngine. The main feature
FMOD provides is the creation and playback of interactive audio throughout
gameplay, which makes the repeating sounds in the game seem more alive
with small but distinct changes to volume, tone and playback speed during
runtime. (FMOD Studio Brochure, 2015)

The pricing model of FMOD Studio is especially lenient for startups as using the
sound engine for projects with a budget of under $100 000 is completely free of
charge. Even after the budgets grow, the price of FMOD keeps within reasona-
ble limits as it’s based on a target platform basis and is completely decidable by
the developer on which platforms to release the game on. (FMOD Studio Li-
censes, 2015)

3.5 Other Music Tools

Whereas FMOD takes care of the playback of sounds during gameplay, Logic
Pro X and Audacity are used in the initial creation of the music and effects. Log-
ic Pro X is a digital audio workstation and MIDI sequencer developed by Apple
for the Mac OS X platform and in FakeFish’s games it is the main tool for music
creation with Audacity, a free open source digital audio editor, being used for its
static noise reduction capabilities.

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Logic Pro X is a relatively expensive application with its retail price currently at
$199 but is worth the money and is a widely used and renowned workstation
among professionals.

3.6 BitBucket

BitBucket’s git revision control system is used during the development to main-
tain a repository of the game’s files to easily add new files and make them
available to the development team. Reverting back to older files is easy and
efficient with the BitBucket’s version control and saves a great deal of work in
case a new commit breaks the game. The repository was used by utilizing Win-
dows PowerShell’s git command integration and thus no GUI client was used.

BitBucket is initially free for five users in a single private repository, but with a
little inviting between the five original users the size of the team can be grown to
eight users with no cost. The repository has a 1GB soft and a 2GB hard limit for
size. Upon reaching the first limit of 1GB, the users are warned of the reposito-
ry’s growth and given instructions on how to reduce its size. Using the reposito-
ry can continue as normal, although the repository will not tell a detailed size
anymore until the 2GB limit is reached. At 2GBs the repository will be locked
and no further file commits can be issued. (Stepka, 2015)

Alternatives to BitBucket were GitHub and Perforce: GitHub, having no free li-
cense for private repositories, was quickly dropped and with Perforce requiring
a private server to run on was also cast aside at the time. Perforce has not been
completely discarded, mainly due to its integration possibilities with Unity, and
will likely be used for FakeFish’s bigger title’s source control in the future.

3.7 Photoshop

Photoshop is a raster graphics editor by Adobe Systems and as of June 2013

has been exclusively part of the Creative Cloud service. With the team’s graphic
artists having most of their experience in Photoshop, it is considered a definite

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choice from the get-go and is used to create concept art, textures and sprites
for the game.

The main competitors for Photoshop used in tandem are Gimp and Pixlr, mainly
because they are free and offer non-artists a way to quickly edit and create
placeholder graphics. GIMP, GNU Image Manipulation Program, is a traditional
desktop application whereas Pixlr is an online graphics editor, both of which
offer a large number of the basic functionality like transparency and layers
which are required even by many temporary graphics, resulting in a better test-
ing and developing experience.

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4 PUBLISHING

Publishing games today is easy thanks to digital distribution which eliminates

the need for physical copies and makes game development less risky. In the
earlier days of game development, especially in the cartridge era of the 1980s
and 1990s, every published game was a huge risk due to the high cost of pro-
ducing physical copies, no ways of updating content and the logistics required
to get them to store shelves. As these risks are completely nullified by digital
distribution, many independent game developers have joined the game devel-
opment scene and have a way to distribute their games without huge invest-
ments. This leads to a much greater diversity in games and should also result in
a better experience for the customer overall, as game breaking bugs can be
fixed later on and new content added to the base game. Unfortunately as the
ability to update games post-launch is now a possibility, some developers have
seen it more as a moneymaking opportunity: release a cut version of their game
and then sell the rest of the game through paid downloadable content. (Walker,
2007)

4.1 East vs West

Distributing games all around the world is easy and relatively cheap, thus one of
the notable challenges game developers face when publishing games is locali-
zation. Main difficulty when it comes to publishing worldwide is the East, Asia,
versus the West, the Western world, confrontation as these markets are com-
pletely different when it comes to games. As these two are the most potential
ones for games, localizing a game to fit both of these markets is often a possi-
bility that needs to be taken into account in development.

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Picture 1. Eastern (Yellow) vs. Western (Blue) Markets from the Game Devel-
opment Perspective. (August, 2008)

Localizing is often not just translating the game into the target market’s lan-
guage, but making it feel local and compatible with their culture, laws and regu-
lations. The more localization, or in this case culturalization, is required, the
more time and money is needed. Especially the laws and regulations of the tar-
get market have to be adhered to just to have the game in a publishable state,
but it is often advisable to at the very least do a partial culturalization. In a par-
tial culturalization the game’s atmosphere, music and characters mainly, are
tweaked to better match the target market’s expectations and to make it easier
for the players to immerse themselves in the game. (Skoog, 2012)

4.2 Mobile Publishing Channels

The mobile publishing channels in the western world are tied to their respective
platforms and operating systems with Google’s Google Play for Android, Ap-
ple’s AppStore for iOS and Microsoft’s Windows Store for Windows. These
three are the major channels when distributing mobile content in the West and
are the main focus for possible publishing in the future. In the Eastern culture
local third party stores, especially in China, are more prevalent and are used

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instead of the Google’s store due to Google being banned since 2010 for an
alleged hacking attempt. These third party app stores are usually maintained by
local mobile network operators, contain more targeted content than the
Google’s equivalent and require extra work for foreign games and applications
to be included in the store’s selection. (Orsini, 2014)

4.2.1 AppStore

Apple’s AppStore is the number one mobile store when it comes to premium
apps and games, with iOS users downloading more paid apps than Android
users on average. Also the significant difference in 2013’s revenue between
AppStore, $10 billion and Google Play, $1.3 billion, incentivize developers to
primarily target AppStore, especially if the game or application follows the pre-
mium model. (Forrest, 2014)

4.2.2 Google Play

Android is the go-to platform for free games with in-app purchases to maximize
downloads and the potential customer base, with Android phones having a 77.8
% share of the worldwide smartphone market at the end of 2013. When target-
ing Android devices, via Google Play or a third party store, the developer has to
always keep in mind the wide diversity of Android devices, which makes it very
time consuming to publish a version that runs smoothly on all desired devices.
(Forrest, 2014)

4.2.3 Windows Store

Windows Store has since its creation had a problem with lack of popular apps,
which has likely played a part in the smaller popularity of the Windows Phones.
Many popular games and apps are missing from the Windows Store and proba-
bly aren’t coming there any time soon. (Attkisson, 2013)

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Since then the situation has improved with some of the more popular apps and
games reaching the Windows Phone platform and keeping the Windows Store
still afloat. From the perspective of the developer Windows Store shows some
promise: with the average download earning the developer $0.23, it almost ri-
vals the AppStore’s $0.24 per download. Compared to the $0.04 per download
on Android, Windows Store is looking like a good channel for apps and games
with a premium model. (WMPowerUser, 2014)

4.2.4 Conclusion

For a game following the premium model the Apple’s AppStore is a clear win-
ner, although Windows Store is showing some promise and is worth keeping in
mind. Picking a choice for free-to-play games with in-app purchases on the oth-
er hand is a bit more complicated, since both AppStore and Google Play offer
potential. With those two stores in mind it comes down to the quality versus
quantity in customers: Does the game offer many often optional purchases that
influence the game’s flow and hope to feed off more on the so called whales,
people who purchase excessive amounts of in-app goods, and depend mostly
on this marginal group of players for revenue, then the AppStore is a valid pri-
mary choice. On the other hand if the goal of the game is to maximize the
amount of downloads and players to increase revenue, maybe through in-game
ads or purchases that seem mandatory to the player, Google Play is a winner
just for the sheer amount of potential downloads. As the game is developed with
marketing in mind and is going to be free-to-play, the main platform is going to
be Android and the game will be distributed through Google Play.

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5 DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE RUNNER

The development of the game’s showcase version started in December 2014

and continued until the end of February 2015, with the time spent on the project
hovering at around two months total. During this time two fully playable levels
were produced and after that the production was halted until the summer of
2015.

5.1 Selecting a Platform

With the company’s current focus being mobile games, the Twins is planned to
be released on all possible modern mobile devices. With the game’s general
design being of the casual variety, a very popular type of game on the mobile
devices, a PC version of the game is unlikely to happen due to lack of demand
on the platform. Also the simplicity of the controls and quick play sessions are
features prominent on the mobile platform.

5.2 Story

All the FakeFish products share the same universe of the Finnish epic Kalevala,
with each game taking a different point of view into the mythological world. The
vision of the world is not an absolute representation of Kalevala by any means
as there are creatures, locations and ideas added into it.

The runner game, working title the Twins, is a story about a frog-man hybrid
and his abducted brother. At the start of the game Willie, after a food hoarding
gone wrong, sees his brother Hans being taken away and vows to rescue him.
To free his brother Willie must travel through the world of Kalevala all the while
keeping his insatiable hunger under control by hoarding food wherever he goes.
As expected others do not tolerate Willie’s actions and try to stop the thief with
many traps, obstacles and spells.

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5.3 2.5D

A full 3D-game with many high quality elements in the game would too demand-
ing for the current mobile device generation, so the solution is to use 3D-
elements in the main gameplay area, with the layers in front and behind of the
player having pure 2D-graphics (Picture 1).

Picture 2. Gameplay Area Layout of the Twins.

By having this division between graphical elements helps highlight the path for
the player as the gameplay area is the only one with 3D-elements, and also re-
quires less work since there is no need to 3D-model scenery for the player to
run through.

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5.4 Level Design

The level design of the game, the Twins, has a clear goal: to make levels that
are short, dynamic and difficult. The length of the levels is based on duration of
the run, with every level designed to last one minute and thirty seconds. The
difficulty and dynamicity of the levels is reached by designing the levels in such
a way that the player never has more than a few seconds of time to think, hav-
ing a soundtrack that adapts to the level’s action and creating a running route
with enough variety and different types of obstacles.

Picture 3. The Twins, first half of the first level with the route in red.

As seen in Picture 3, the route is very erratic and rarely gives a player any room
for thinking, which enhances the difficulty of the level. The levels are designed
to ramp up in difficulty fast, with the first level being a sort of a tutorial and easy
to complete in comparison to the following levels. In the end most of the levels
should take dozens or even hundreds of attempts to get through flawlessly.
Even after this level of skill has been acquired, there are also secrets and de-
signed harder paths the player has to take in order to complete everything in the
level. This high level of difficulty was one of the game’s aims as it helps reduce
the amount of required content. As players need to repeat the same area over
and over again instead of easily running through. Swiftly finishing all the content
the game has to offer is not possible for most people which then increases the
lifetime of the game significantly.

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5.5 Gameplay

The basic gameplay of the Twins is running endlessly, avoiding obstacles and
reaching the end of the level. In addition to just surviving the player can collect
two types of food: berries and more exotic food items. Berries are planned to be
used as a currency in the future to open new levels in addition to being linked to
player score. The more exotic food items, related to the respective level’s
theme, are planned to be the currency for unlocking other goodies.

5.5.1 Movement

The main gameplay element of the player running is achieved by applying a

constant velocity on the x-axis to a Rigidbody2D component (Picture 4).

Picture 4. Endless Running in Script.

The velocity is applied in a FixedUpdate() function instead of the regular FPS

dependant Update() to ensure constant updating regardless of what the game’s
current FPS is, as FixedUpdate() updates always with a fixed time interval ad-
justable by the developer. For Twins a default time step value of 0.02 seconds
is used, which then determines the update frequency of the function, 50 times a
second. The y-axis velocity is also set to a constant value by normalizing the y-
axis and then multiplying it by the MaxSpeed variable. This is done to ensure
constant speed when going up or down slopes and is disabled when the player
jumps.

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5.5.2 Controls

The screen is divided into two halves, with one half of the screen used as a
jump button and the other as an ability button. By default the left side of the
screen is used to jump and the right side to trigger an ability, but the sides are
dynamically adjusted according to the player’s actions. In the first level both of
the buttons are used to jump when the level is played for the first time. Data is
then collected about the side of preference for jumping: if the player uses the
left side of the screen for jumping, come level 2 the ability is going to be placed
on the right side of the screen and vice versa.

At this stage the game has only two abilities, jumping (Picture 5) and sliding
(Picture 6).

Picture 5. Jumping Script.

JumpAbility is a child of the Ability class and inherits variables from its parent,
one of which is the ability to jump while ability is active, and is utiized by the
sliding ability during which jump can be used. First the JumpAbility gets values
set in the PlayerCharacter script for the initial jump force and also determines
that jump cannot be used while jumping. Then nothing is done until an input
from the player pressing the jump-button is received and the ability is turned on.

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Once input is received, the PlayerCharacter’s CurrentAbility is deactivated and

the animator is told that the player is no longer in touch with the ground by set-
ting the Boolean “Landed” to false, which starts the jumping animation. Jumping
is set to true and the jump is also added to a jump calculator just for the sake of
statistics. Jump’s effect is added to the Player’s Rigidbody2D’s velocity by set-
ting the y-velocity to be equal to the JumpForce and gravity is manipulated for a
better, more realistic falling speed after the jump. After all this also a jumping
sound is played by the FMOD audio middleware engine.

Picture 6. Sliding Script.

SlideAbility is also a child of the Ability class and has the same basic functionali-
ty as described in the JumpAbility paragraph. The main differences in function-
ality are the Player’s avatar rotating according to the platform’s angle, being
able to jump while sliding and changing colliders. Slide is used to go through
narrow passages that are impossible to run through (Picture 7).

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Picture 7. Sliding Under an Obstacle.

The rotation is achieved by simply disabling the Rigidbody’s FixedAngle Boole-

an, which allows the Player’s avatar to rotate and match the platform’s angle.
The rotation is based on the colliders’ position when compared to the platform’s
collider, which is why during sliding the colliders change significantly, thus al-
lowing the Player to go through much narrower passages (Picture 8).

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Picture 8. Sliding Colliders versus Running Colliders.

The two collider-types, standing and sliding colliders, are premade and saved to
the TargetSize and TargetCenter variables, changing the colliders’ dimensions
position respectively. The colliders are controlled by the PlayerCharacter’s
ChangeColliderSize function which first changes the colliders to match the slid-
ing requirements when the slide ability is called, then returning them back to the
upright position whenever the ability is deactivated.

5.5.3 Collisions

The collisions in the game are relatively simple and only have two different out-
comes: player landing on an object or running into an object (Picture 9).

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Picture 9. Collision Script.

First upon collision the contact points of the Collision2D object are evaluated
and checked if they are between the acceptable range of greater than -0.71 and
smaller than 0.71. These values have been acquired by testing and represent
the angle of the collision, with 0 being a completely flat collision and 1 a com-
pletely vertical one. What this does is any collision with a collision angle of
equal or less than 70 degrees is acceptable and does not end in the Player’s
demise. If acceptable, the end result is then interpreted as the player landing
and treated accordingly by setting the required animation and jumping related
Booleans to correct values, applying the default gravity scale when not jumping
to make falling off objects possible and playing a landing sound.

5.6 Falling

Falling is a distinctive state that needs to be differentiated from jumping to have

the camera follow the player’s position in a way that the player is always visible
on the screen, disable jumping as player runs off a cliff for example and when
landing play a sound associated with a long fall (Picture 10).

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Picture 10. FallingCheck Script.

The CheckFallHeight function is called every time a player jumps or falls off an
edge of an object or terrain and is iterated through until it is determined if the
Player is falling or not. This is evaluated by shooting a RayCast down from the
Player’s current position every 0.1 seconds and comparing the length of the
RayCast to the maximum falling threshold, if bigger the player is falling, other-
wise just jumping off an object or falling a small distance.

5.7 Graphical User Interface

At this point in development the GUI consists of a Main Menu and In-game UI,
both of which are at a very early stage of development and are not to be con-
sidered final.

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5.7.1 Menus

The main menu is simple set of different screens: level selection, settings,
achievements and stats (Picture 11).

Picture 11. The Main Menu.

The levels screen contains a basic level selector with the currently available
levels. Settings screen has a variety of adjustable values like music, effects, in-
game button placement and a How to Play –section. Achievements screen at
the moment is just a list of possible achievements to be added in the future with
no functionality. Stats screen shows statistics of gameplay that are saved to an
XML file on the device and read on application start.

5.7.2 In-Game

The visible part of the in-game UI is a very minimalistic representation, with only
a button for going back to the main menu, collected berries display and a

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prompt in the middle of the screen to tell the Player how to begin the run (Pic-
ture 12).

Picture 12. The In-Game UI.

Hidden part of the UI consists of the two hidden buttons, one taking up the left
half of the screen and another the right part of the screen, which control the
character’s jumping and ability use. Both of these buttons forego the Unity’s
GUI button logic by being custom made event triggers that are created upon
starting the game (Picture 13).

Picture 13. Dynamic Buttons.

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The triggers are attached to an object with an EventTrigger component already

in place and these triggers’ type is of the PointerDown type, which is a feature
only in EventTriggers as Unity’s own button implementation are of the Pointer-
Up type. PointerUp has a delaying effect when calling functions as it is only
called the user touches the screen and then ends the touch, instead of calling a
function immediately when a user starts touching the screen. This delay is the
reason for using EventTriggers with a PointerDown type to make jumping in the
game have no extra delays.

5.8 Animations

The animations in the game are imported together with the model from Blender
and controlled in Unity with the Animator component. In the game the NPC’s AI
is simple as it usually only needs to do a single task endlessly. One example of
this very simple AI and its controller is the Troll Animator Controller (Picture 14).

Picture 14. Troll Animator Controller.

The Troll Animator has a series of toggle values, represented by circles on the
left side of the screen, that are set before the game starts which dictate the be-
haviour of the troll for the whole game. Each state has a related toggle value
that triggers the animation and plays it until a new toggle value is set. As the
behaviour of the trolls is very simple, no complex cross-state interactions are
required unlike in the Player Animator Controller (Picture 15).

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Picture 15. Player Animator Controller.

The Player’s Animator Controller is more complex and in addition to toggles

uses Booleans, represented by squares on the left side of the screen, to have a
more consistent behaviour since purely using toggles can be problematic when
there are many cross-state interactions. What makes the Player Animator Con-
troller more complex is the user whose actions are impossible to predetermine,
and thus requires a great deal of animation blending based on the Player’s ac-
tions to make everything look seamless.

5.9 Monetization

With the game being completely free to play, the main monetization planned for
the game in the future is going to be from ad revenue, which is now, with the
release of Unity 5 and UnityAds in the Game Developer’s Conference of 2015,
very simple to implement and efficient. Watching ads is completely obligatory,
but it is incentivized by rewarding the user for each advertisement watched with
in-game currency. The advertisements are fifteen second long game ads which
can be targeted to the most potential users by the genre they are currently play-
ing, their device and country. (UnityAds, 2015)

5.10 Profiling

The main tool for optimization in Unity 5 is the Profiler, which reports where the
time is spent on running the game, for example rendering, animating or scripts.

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If one of these areas is significant enough to slow down the game, it will be visi-
ble on the profiler and give information on where the problem may lie. Running
the profiler every now and then when developing is a good practice to catch
resource hogging elements before they are hard to fix.

5.11 Building to Android

During the development it is crucial to constantly keep building to the target

platform one is developing for to avoid unexpected problems. Especially when
the target platform is not PC, testing anything where the target platform’s con-
trols play a significant role is important to not develop something that is not
compatible with the target platform at all.

The build process with Unity itself is simple, just choose a few basic settings
and the building is started. What matters is the target platform and the software
needed to get the build compatible for the device in question. On the device
itself a developer mode needs to be applied so that the device sees the incom-
ing data as a legitimate application instead of an install from an unverified
source, thus blocking the build from succeeding.

For Android, only the SDK Tools package is required, which can be downloaded
from https://developer.android.com/sdk/ and installed with ease following the
instructions provided. In addition to the packages featured in the instructions it
is likely that a Google USB driver package needs to be installed as well, which
is found from the SDK under the Extras folder. After the packages are installed
building from Unity can start. Upon the first initiation of the build process Unity
will inquire the user of the location of the Android SDK and once the correct
folder is selected, a build will be initiated. The first time a game is built it takes
longer than the consequent builds as everything is not needed to be included in
the build installation.

Briefly for comparison the other mobile operating systems, iOS and Windows
Phone, both require their respective PC counterparts, either a Mac or a Win-
dows PC, for building. On Macs the Unity build process will be finalized in

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xCode, a free IDE provided by Apple, whereas on Windows finalizing is done by

Visual Studio, an IDE by Microsoft with a price tag of $299 for the cheapest ver-
sion.

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6 CONCLUSION

Even though the endless runner genre has been one of the most popular game
genres in the few years of its official existence, it still has potential for new inno-
vations and creative solutions. Unfortunately the Twins in its current form will
likely never be developed with the game’s concept as is, since it does not bring
enough innovation to the already saturated genre. The game’s concept has al-
ready been honed further and the development of a new version with improved
concept, mainly focusing on gameplay mechanics, has started and so far prov-
en to be more unique and innovating.

The Twins might have not been even close to the best of success stories, but
for FakeFish it was almost as important as if it was. The people who worked on
the project learned to estimate the work hour requirements of their tasks much
better and the importance of continuous testing. FakeFish also now has a demo
of what it can do in two months’ time, which will prove useful when seeking cus-
tomer projects in the future.

Once FakeFish’s main project is well underway and the level designers and
graphical artists have extra time, working on the Twins’ new version will be re-
sumed. Most of the programming for the game was already done for the first
version and can be reused, thus the main focus of the work is going to be on
game and level design.

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