Module-4 Problems

1) Compute the radius of relative stiffness of 150mm thick concrete slab for the following data.
i. Modulus of elasticity of concrete, E = 21 kN/mm²
ii. Modulus of subgrade reaction, K = 0.03 N/mm³ and 0.075N/mm³
Given data: h = 150mm and µ = 0.15

¼
E h3
Case i) ℓ= [ 2 )]
12K(1−µ

¼
21 x 10³x 1503
ℓ= [ ]
12x 0.03(1−0.152 )

𝓵 = 𝟔𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝐦𝐦

¼
21x 10³x150³
Case ii) ℓ= [ ]
12x 0.075(1−0.152 )

𝓵 = 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝐦𝐦

2) Compute the eqvalent radius of resisting section of 200mm slab, given that radius of contact area is
150mm.
a
= 0.75< 1.724
h

b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² - 0.675h

b = √1.6 𝑥 150² + 200² - 0.675x200

b = 140.68mm
3) Calculate wheel load stress at interior, corner and edge regions of cement concrete pavement using,
Westergaard’s equation from the following data:
i. Wheel load = P = 51kN = 5100kg
ii. E of CC = E = 30kN/mm² = 3x105 kg/cm²
iii. Pavement thickness, h = 180mm = 18cm
iv. Modulus of subgrade reaction = k = 0.06N/mm³= 6.0kg/cm³
v. Radius of resisting section = b =?
vi. Radius of contact area = a = 150mm = 15cm
vii. µ = 0.15

¼
E h3
ℓ= [ ]
12K(1−µ2 )

¼
3x105 x 183
ℓ= [ ] = 70.61cm
12x6(1−0.152 )

a 15 1
= = < 1.724
h 18 1.2
 b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² - 0.675h

b = √1.6 ∗ 15² + 18² - 0.675*18

b = 14cm or 140mm
At Interior,
0.316 P ℓ
Si = [4 log10 ( ) + 1.069]
h² b
0.316∗5100 70.61
Si = [4 log10 ( ) + 1.069]
18² 14

Si = 19.29kg/cm² or 1.93N/mm²
At edge,
0.572 P ℓ
Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359]
h² b
0.572∗ 5100 70.61
Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359]
18² 14

Se = 28.54kg/cm² or 2.854N/mm²

At Corner,
0.6
3P a√ 2
Sc =
h²
[1 − ( ℓ
) ]

0.6
3∗5100 15√2
Sc =
18²
[1 − (70.61) ]

Sc = 24.27kg/cm² or 2.427N/mm²

4) Calculate the wheel load stress at critical section by IRC stress equation using the following data.
i. Design wheel load = P = 51kN
ii. Tyre pressure = p = 0.72N/mm²
iii. E-value of concrete = 30kN/mm²
iv. Modulus of subgrade reaction = K = 0.1N/mm³
v. Slab thickness = h = 250mm
vi. Passion’s ratio, µ = 0.15

¼
E h3
ℓ= [ ]
12K(1−µ2 )

P 51∗103
a=√ = √ = 150.15mm
πp π∗0.72
¼
30x103 ∗ 2503
ℓ= [ ] =795mm
12∗0.1∗(1−0.152 )
 a 150.15
= = 0.606 < 1.724
h 250

b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² - 0.675h
b = √1.6 ∗ ( 150.15)² + 250² – 0.675*250
b = 145.21mm
At edge,
0.529 P ℓ
Se = [1 + 0.54µ] ∗ [4 log10 ( ) + log10 b − 0.4048]
h² b
0.529∗51x103 795
Se = [1 + 0.54 ∗ 0.15] ∗ [4 log10 ( ) + log10 145.21 − 0.4048]
250² 145.21

Se = 2.2N/mm²
At corner,
𝟏.𝟐 1.2
3P 𝐚√𝟐 3∗51x103 150.15√2
Sc =
h²
[1 − ( 𝓵
) ]= 250²
[1 − ( 795
) ]
Sc = 190N/mm²
5) From stress at edge, for h = 25cm, K = 10kg/cm³
Hint: Se = 17kg/cm² and Sc = 19kg/cm²

6) A CC pavement of thickness 20cm rests over a WBM base course with modulus of reaction
30kg/cm³. Find the load stresses at the edge and corner regions under a wheel load of 5100kg unit IRC
stress charts. Assume a = 15cm, E = 3x105kg/cm² and µ = 0.15
¼ ¼
E h3 3x105 ∗ 203
ℓ= [ ] =[ ] = 90.87cm
12K(1−µ2 ) 12∗30(1−0.152 )
a 15
= = 0.75 < 1.74
h 20
b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² - 0.675h = √(1.6 ∗ 152 ) + 20² - 0.675*20 = 14.06cm

At edge,
0.529 P ℓ
Se = [1 + 0.54µ] ∗ [4 log10 ( ) + log10 b − 0.4048]
h² b
0.529∗ 5100 90.87
Se = [1 + (0.54 ∗ 0.15)] ∗ [4 log10 ( ) + log10 (14.06) − 0.4048]
20² 14.06
Se = 28.98kg/cm²

At corner,
𝟏.𝟐 1.2
3P 𝐚√𝟐 3∗5100 15√2
Sc =
h²
[1 − ( 𝓵
) ]= 20²
[1 − (90.87) ] = 31.57kg/cm²
7) Calculate wheel load stresses at interior, edge and corners using Weatergaard’s equations for
wheel load = 51kN, tyre pressure = 0.75N/mm², E = 30kN/mm², K = 0.08N/mm² and slab thickness
250mm. (Dec/Jan-2019-20)
Assume, µ = 0.15
¼
E h3
ℓ= [ ]
12K(1−µ2 )

¼
30∗10³∗ 2503
ℓ= [ ] = 840.69mm
12∗0.08∗(1−0.152 )
P 51∗103
a=√ = √ = 147.12mm
πp π∗0.75
a 147.12
= = 0.588 < 1.724
h 250
b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² – 0.675h
b = √1.6 ∗ ( 147.12)² + 250² – 0.675*250
b = 142.90 mm
At Interior,
0.316 P ℓ
Si = [4 log10 ( ) + 1.069]
h² b

0.316∗51∗10³ 840.69
Si = [4 log10 ( ) + 1.069] =1.069N/mm²
250² 142.90

At edge,
0.572 P ℓ
Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359]
h² b
0.572∗ 51∗10³ 840.69
Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359] = 1.604N/mm²
250² 142.90
At Corner,
0.6 0.6
3P a√ 2 3∗51∗10³ 147.12√2
Sc =
h²
[1 − ( ℓ
) ] = 250²
[1 − ( 840.69
) ] = 1.38N/mm²
Temperature Stresses Problems:

1) Determine the warping stress at interior, edge and corner regions in 25cm thick concrete pavement
with transverse joint at 11m interval and longitudinal joint at 3.6m interval. The modulus of subgrade
reaction, K = 6.9kg/cm³, assume temperature differential to be 0.6ºC/cm of slab thickness, radius of
wheel load distribution = 15cm, thermal co-efficient of concrete = 10*10-6/ºC, modulus of elasticity of
concrete, E = 3*105 kg/cm² and Poisson’s ratio µ= 0.15 to calculate warping stress at interior, edge and
corner regions.
3 ¼
Eh
ℓ= [ ]
12K(1 − µ2 )
¼
3∗105 ∗ 25³
ℓ= [ ] = 87.23cm
12∗6.9∗(1−0.152 )
Interior region:
Eet Cx+µCy
St(i) = [ ]
2 1−µ²
t = 0.6ºC/cm* 25 = 15ºC
Cx and Cy warping stress obtained from warping stress co-efficient are Bradbury’s chart
Lx = 11m = 1100cm
Lx 1100
Ly = 3.6m = 360cm, from chart = = 12.61 i.e., Cx = 1.02
ℓ 87.23
Ly 360
And = = 4.12 i.e., Cy = 0.55
ℓ 87.23
Interior region:
Eet Cx+µCy 3∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 1.02+(0.15∗0.55)
St(i) = [ ]= [ ] = 25.37kg/cm²
2 1−µ² 2 1−0.15²
Edge region:
Eet Eet
St(e) = ∗ Cx or ∗ Cy Which ever is grater using that value.
2 2
3∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 3∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15
St(e) = ∗ 1.02 = 22.95kg/cm² or ∗ 0.55 = 12.37kg/cm²
2 2
3∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15
St(e) = ∗ 1.02 = 22.95kg/cm²
2

Corner region:

Eet a 3∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 15

St(c) = √ = √ = 7.32kg/cm²
3(1−µ) ℓ 3(1−0.15) 87.23

2) Determine the warping stress in a 25cm concrete pavement with 12m transverse joint width of lane
is 3.6m and temperature differential between top and bottom of concrete slab is 15ºC. For concrete,
take E = 3.2x105kg/cm², µ = 0.15 and K = 5kg/cm³ use stress chart.
¼
E h3
ℓ= [ ]
12K(1−µ2 )
¼
3.2x105 ∗25³
ℓ= [ ] = 96.08cm
12∗5(1−0.152 )
From chart,
Lx = 12m = 1200cm
Lx 1200 Ly 360
Ly = 3.6m = 360cm, from chart = = 12.48 i.e, Cx = 1.02 and = = 3.74
ℓ 96.08 ℓ 96.08
i.e., Cy = 0.2

Interior region:
Eet Cx+µCy 3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 1.02+(0.15∗0.2)
St(i) = [ ]= [ ] = 25.78kg/cm²
2 1−µ² 2 1−0.15²

Edge region:
Eet Eet
St (e) = ∗ Cx or ∗ Cy Which ever is grater using that value.
2 2
3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15
St(e) = ∗ 1.02 = 24.48kg/cm² or ∗ 0.2 = 4.8kg/cm²
2 2
3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15
St(e) = ∗ 1.02 = 24.48kg/cm²
2

Corner region: Assume radius, a = 15cm

Eet a 3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗15 15
St(c) = √ = √ = 7.43kg/cm²
3(1−µ) ℓ 3(1−0.15) 96.08
3) A CC pavement slab of thickness 20cm is constructed over a granular sub-base having modulus of
reaction 15kg/cm³. The maximum temp. difference between the top and bottom of the slab during
summer day and night is found to be 18ºC. The spacing between the transverse joint is 4.5m and that
between longitudinal joints is 3.5m. the design wheel load is 5100kg, radius of contact area is 15cm, E
value of CC is 3x105kg/cm², µ = 0.15, coefficient of thermal expansion of CC is 10x10-6 per ºC and
frictional coefficient is 1.5. Using the edge and corner load stress charts given by the IRC and the chart
for the warping stress coefficient, find the worst combination of stresses at the edge.

Solution.
i) Edge Region, for h = 20cm and K = 15kg/cm³, E = 3x105kg/cm², a = 15cm, P = 5100kg
¼ ¼
E h3 3x105 ∗ 203
ℓ= [ ] = [12∗15∗(1−0.152 )] = 60.77cm
12K(1−µ2 )
0.572 P ℓ
Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359]
h² b
a 15
= = 0.75 < 1.724
h 20
b = √1.6 𝑎² + ℎ² - 0.67h = √1.6 ∗ 15² + 20² - 0.675*20 = 14.06cm

0.572 P ℓ 0.572∗5100 60.77

Se = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359] = [4 log10 ( ) + 0.359] = 21.16kg/cm²
h² b 20² 14.06
From chart, Se = 24.0kg/cm²

ii) Warping stress at edge:

Radius relative stiffness, l = 60.8cm
Length of slab, Lx = 4.5m = 450cm, Ly = 3.5m = 350cm
Lx 450
= = 7.40 therefore Cx = 1.02
ℓ 60.8
Ly 350
= = 5.75 therefore Cy = 0.87 and t = 18ºC
ℓ 60.8
Eet
Maximum warping stress at edge, St (e) = ∗ Cx = 27.54kg/cm²
2
iii) Frictional stresses:
W∗Lx∗f 2400∗4.5∗1.5
Sf = = = 0.81 kg/cm²
2∗104 2∗104
iv) Combined stresses at edge region:
Critical combination of stress during
Summer mid-day = load stress + warping stress – frictional stress
= 24 + 27.54 – 0.81= 50.73kg/cm²

Corner Region:
i) Load stress: h = 20cm and K = 15kg/cm³
0.6 0.6
3P a√ 2 3∗5100 15√2
Sc =
h²
[1 − ( ℓ
) ] = 20²
[1 − (60.80) ] = 17.91 kg/cm²
From chart, Sc = 28.0kg/cm²

ii) Maximum warping stress:

Eet a 3.2∗105 ∗10∗10−6 ∗18 15

St(c) = √ = √ = 9.15kg/cm²
3(1−µ) ℓ 3(1−0.15) 60.80
iii) Frictional stresses: This is zero at corner region
iv) Combined stresses at corner region: Critical combination of stress during
Summer mid-night = load stress + warping stress – frictional stress = 28.0 + 9.15 + 0 = 37.15kg/cm²

Spacing of Expansion and Contraction joints:

1) Determine the spacing between contraction joints for 3.5m slab width having thickness of 20cm and
f = 1.5, for the following two cases:
i. For plain cement concrete, allowable, Sc = 0.8kg/cm²
ii. For reinforcement CC, 1.0cm dia. Bars at 0.30m spacing.
Solution.
Case i) for plain cement concrete slab (without reinforcement)
Assuming unit weight of CC, W = 2400kg/m³
Sc∗2x104 0.8∗2x104
Spacing between contraction joints, Lc = = = 4.44m
W∗f 2400∗1.5
Case ii) for reinforcement CC slab
Total cross sectional area of steel, As in one direction along the slab width

b∗Π∗d² 3.5∗Π∗1.0²
As = = = 9.16cm²
Lc∗4 0.3∗4
Spacing between contraction joints,
Ss∗200∗As 1200∗200∗9.16
Lc = = = 8.72m
b∗h∗W∗f 3.5∗20∗2400∗1.5

2) The width of expansion joint gap is 2.5cm in a cement concrete pavement. If the laying temperature
is 10ºC, and the maximum slab temperature in summer is 54ºC, calculate the spacing between
expansion joints. Assume coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete as 10 x 10-6 per ºC.

2.5
δ' = = 1.25 cm
2
T2 – T3 = 54 – 10 = 44ºC
δ′ 1.25
Le = = = 28.5m
100C(T1−T2) 100∗44∗10∗10−6

3) The maximum increase in temperature is expected to be 26ºC after the construction of a CC

pavement. If the expansion joint gap is 1.1cm, design the spacing between the expansion and
contraction joints. Assume plain cement concrete construction, with thermal coefficient = 10 x 10 -6 per
ºC, unit weight = 2400 kg/m³, allowable stress in tension during initial period of curing = 0.8 kg/cm²
and the coefficient of friction of the interface = 1.4.

Spacing between contraction joints in plain CC pavement,

2 Se 2∗0.8∗
Lc = x104 = x104 = 4.76m
W∗f 2400∗1.4

Maximum spacing suggested by the IRC is 4.5m for plain CC pavements and so adopt Lc = 4.5m
δ′ 1.1
Spacing between expansion joints, Le = = = 42.3m
100C(T1−T2) 100∗10∗10−6 ∗26

Therefore provide spacing of expansion joints = 9x4.5 = 40.5m

4) Determine spacing of contraction joint subjected for 3.5m width having thickness 250mm for RCC 10mm dia
bars at 300mm c/c spacing provided at the joints. Take allow stresses in tension in steel is 120 N/mm² and co-
efficient of friction is 1.5

WKT,
2∗As∗SS
Spacing of contraction joints, Lc =
f∗B∗h∗γ
3.5
No. of bars = = 11.67 or 12 No’s
0.3
Here,
πd2 π∗102
As = cross sectional area of steel = No. of bars x = 12 x = 942.47mm²= 0.942m²
4 4
2∗As∗SS 2∗0.942∗120
Lc = = = 7.18 m
f∗B∗h∗γ 1.5∗3.5∗0.25∗24

Design of Dowel Bar:

1) Design the size and spacing of dowel bars at the expansion joints of a cement concrete pavement of
thickness 25cm with radius of relative stiffness 80cm, for b design wheel load of 5000kg. Assume load
capacity of the dowel system as 40% of the design wheel load. Joint width is 2.0cm, permissible shear
and flexural stresses in dowel bar are 1000 and 1400 kg/cm² respectively and permissible bearing
stress in CC is 100kg/cm².
Length of Dowel Bar, L
Assume the diameter of the dowel bar, d= 2.5cm
ℓ = 80cm h = 25cm
P = 5000kg δ = 2cm
Fs = 1000 kg/cm² Ff = 1400kg/cm²
Fb = 100 kg/cm²
Step1: For equal capacity of dowel bar in bending and bearing
 𝐹𝑓 (𝐿𝑑+1.58𝛿) 1400∗(𝐿𝑑+1.5∗2)
Ld = 5d√ = 5* 2.5 * √
𝐹𝑏 (𝐿𝑑+8.8𝛿) 100∗ (𝐿𝑑+8.8∗2)
Therefore as a first trial assume Ld = 45cm
1400∗(45+1.5∗2)
Ld = 12.5 * √ = 40.95cm, Which is less than 45cm
100∗ (45+8.8∗2)
Step2: Assume Ld = 40.5
1400∗(40.5+1.5∗2)
Ld = 12.5 * √ = 40.47cm
100∗ (40.5+8.8∗2)
Therefore total length of embedment, Ld = 40.5cm

Minimum length of dowel bar required, L = Ld + δ = 40.5 + 2 = 42.5cm

Therefore provide 2.5cm dia dowel bars of length 45cm

Load Transfer Capacity of Single Dowel Bar, P’ (shear) = 0.785d²Fs = 0.785*2.5²*1000 = 4906kg
Actual value of Ld = 45 – 2 = 43cm

2 𝑑³𝐹𝑓 (2∗2.53 ∗1400)

P’ (bending) = = = 722kg
𝐿𝑑 +8.8𝛿 (43+8.8∗2)
𝐹𝑏∗𝐿𝑑² ∗𝑑 100∗43²∗2.5
P’ (bearing) = = = 804kg
12.5(𝐿𝑑+1.5𝛿) 12.5(43+1.5∗2)
Taking the lowest of the three values for design, load capacity of a dowel bar, P’ (design) = 722kg.

Required load Capacity Factor: load capacity of the dowel group = 40% of P
= 0.4*5000 = 2000kg
2000
Required capacity factor for dowel group, n = 722 = 2.77
Spacing of Dowel Bars
Effective distance up to which there is load transfer = 1.8*ℓ = 1.8*80 = 144cm
Assuming a trial spacing of 35cm between the dowel bars, the capacity factor available for the group
144−35 144−70 144−105 144−140 350
n’= 1 + + + + =5- = 2.57
144 144 144 144 144

The value of capacity factor available is less than the capacity factor required,
Therefore assume a closer spacing of 30cm.
144−30 144−60 144−90 144−120
n’= 1 + + + + =2.92
144 144 144 144
n’ > n
Hence, Design is safe

2) Design the dowel system for a concrete, using the following data
i. Design wheel load=51kN
ii. Design load transfer = 40%
iii. Slab thickness = 220mm
iv. Joint width , δ = 20mm
 v. Permissible shear stress in dowel bar =100N/mm²
vi. Permissible flexural stress in dowel bar =140N/mm²
vii. Permissible bearing stress in concrete = 10N/mm²
viii. K value of subgrade = 0.08N/mm³
ix. Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 30kn/mm²
x. µ = 0.15
Solution
Assume, d = 25mm

Step1: To determine embedded length of dowel bar.

For equal capacity of dowel bar in bending and bearing
𝐹𝑓 (𝐿𝑑+1.58𝛿) 140∗(𝐿𝑑+1.5∗20)
Ld = 5d√ = 5* 25 * √
𝐹𝑏 (𝐿𝑑+8.8𝛿) 10∗ (𝐿𝑑+8.8∗20)
Therefore as a first trial assume Ld = 400mm
140∗(400+1.5∗20)
400 = 125 * √
10∗ (400+8.8∗20)

Ld = 404.10mm
By solving trail & error, we have embedded length, Ld = 404.10mm

Step2: To calculate load carrying capacity of single bar.

The load carrying capacity (P’) of single dowel bar is taken as the least of the values obtained from the
following equation.
In Shear, P’ = 0.785d²Fs = 0.785*25²*100 = 49062.5N = 49.06kN

2 𝑑³𝐹𝑓 2∗25³∗140
In Bending: P’ = = = 7541.80N = 7.54kN
𝐿𝑑 +8.8𝛿 404.10+(8.8∗20)

𝐹𝑏∗𝐿𝑑² ∗𝑑 10∗404.102 ∗25

In Bearing: P’= = = 7523.46N = 7.52kN
12.5(𝐿𝑑+1.5𝛿) 12.5(404.10+1.5∗20)
Therefore load carrying capacity of single dowel bar = 7.52kN

Step3: To Calculate required capacity factor

Assuming load capacity of dowel system as 40% of designed wheel load.

0.4∗51x103
Required capacity factor, n = 7.52x10³ = 2.71

Step4: To Calculate available capacity factor (n’)

1.8ℓ−S 1.8ℓ−2S 1.8ℓ−3S
n’ = 1 + + +
1.8ℓ 1.8ℓ 1.8ℓ
Assume suitably, S = 250mm c/c
¼ ¼
E h3 3x105 ∗ 2203
ℓ= [ ] = [ ] = 763.83mm
12K(1−µ2 ) 12∗0.08∗(1−0.152 )

(1.8∗763.83)−250 (1.8∗763.83)−(2∗250) (1.8∗763.83)−(3∗250)

n’ = 1 + + + = 2.90
1.8∗763.83 1.8∗763.83 1.8∗763.83
Step5: n’ > n, Design is safe provide 25mm dia bars at 250mm c/c spacing.

3) Design the size and spacing of dowel bars at the expansion joints of CC pavement of thickness
280mm with a radius of relative stiffness 900mm for wheel load of 60kN. Assume the load capacity of
dowel system of 40% of design wheel load. Joint width is 20mm permissible shear and flexural
stresses in dowel bars are 100N/mm² and 140N/mm² respectively and permissible bearing system in
CC has 10N/mm².

Step1: To determine embedded length dowel bars.

Assume d = 25mm for equal capacity of dowel bar in bending and bearing and 𝛿 = 20mm
𝐹𝑓 (𝐿𝑑+1.58𝛿) 140∗(𝐿𝑑+1.5∗20)
Ld = 5d√ = 5* 25 * √
𝐹𝑏 (𝐿𝑑+8.8𝛿) 10∗ (𝐿𝑑+8.8∗20)
Therefore as a first trial assume Ld = 400mm
140∗(400+1.5∗20)
400 = 125 * √
10∗ (400+8.8∗20)

Ld = 404.10mm
By solving trail & error, we have embedded length, Ld = 404.10mm

Step2: The load carrying capacity (P’) of single dowel bar is taken as the least of the values obtained
from the following equation.
In Shear, P’ = 0.785d²Fs = 0.785*25²*100 = 49062.5N

2 𝑑³𝐹𝑓 2∗25³∗140
In Bending: P’ = = = 7541.80N
𝐿𝑑 +8.8𝛿 404.10+(8.8∗20)

𝐹𝑏∗𝐿𝑑² ∗𝑑 10∗404.102 ∗25

In Bearing: P’= = = 7523.46N
12.5(𝐿𝑑+1.5𝛿) 12.5(404.10+1.5∗20)
Therefore load carrying capacity of single dowel bar = 7523.46N

Step3: To Calculate required capacity factor

Assuming load capacity of dowel system as 40% of designed wheel load.

0.4∗60x103
Required capacity factor, n =
7523.46
= 3.18

Step4: To Calculate available capacity factor (n’)

1.8ℓ−S 1.8ℓ−2S 1.8ℓ−3S
n’ = 1 + + +
1.8ℓ 1.8ℓ 1.8ℓ
Assume suitably, S = 150mm c/c
(1.8∗900)−150 (1.8∗900)−(2∗150) (1.8∗900)−(3∗150)
n’ = 1 + + + = 3.44
1.8∗900 1.8∗900 1.8∗900

Step5: n’ > n, Design is safe provide 25mm dia bars at 150mm c/c spacing.
Design of Tie Bars:
1) A cement concrete pavement has a thickness of 18cm and has two lanes of 7.2m with a longitudinal
joint along the center. Design the dimensions and spacing of the tie bar. Use the following data:
i. Allowable working stress in tension, Ss = 1400kg/cm²
ii. Unit weight of concrete, γ = 2400kg/m³
iii. Coefficient of friction, f = 1.5
iv. Allowable bond stress in deformed bars in concrete, Sb = 24.6 kg/cm²

𝟕.𝟐
Area of steel per metre of longitudinal joint is given by b = = 3.6m; h = 18cm
𝟐
For allowable tensile stress in steel for deformed bars = 2.46N/mm² and plain bars = 1.75N/mm²

b∗f∗h∗γ 3.6∗1.5∗18∗2400
As = = = 1.333cm²/m
100∗Ss 100∗1750

𝜋∗𝑑2
Using 1cm diameter bars having area of cross section as = 0.785cm² ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝛱𝑑), the spacing of the
4
tie bars is given by
100∗0.785
Spacing = = 58.9cm say 58cm
1.333

d∗Ss 1∗1400
Using 1cm diameter tie bars, the length Lt is Lt = = = 28.5cm
2∗Sb 2∗24.6
Use 1cm diameter dia bars of length 30cm at 50 to 58cm c/c.

2)A cement concrete pavement has a thickness of 220mm and width 3.35m the no. of two lanes.
Design the dimensions and spacing of the tie bars. Use the following data:
i. Allowable working stress in tension, Ss = 140N/mm²
ii. Unit weight of concrete, γ = 24x10-6/mm³
iii. Coefficient of friction, f = 1.5
iv. Allowable bond stress in deformed bars in concrete, Sb = 2.46 N/mm²

WKT, Area of steel required/m length of joint,

1000∗b∗f∗h∗γ 1000∗3350∗1.5∗220∗24∗10−6
As = = = 189.51mm²/m
Ss 140

Assuming dia of tie bars as 10mm.

𝜋∗𝑑2 𝜋∗102
Cross sectional area of each bar = as = = = 78.53mm²
4 4
As 189.51
No. of bars = = = 2.41say 3 No’s
as 78.53
1000
Spacing of bars = = 333.3 say 330mm
3
To calculate length of tie bars:
d∗Ss 10∗140
Lt = = = 284.5mm say 250mm
2∗Sb 2∗2.46
3) Design the tie bars for a concrete pavement using the following data: lane width 3.5m, coefficient of friction
=1.5, density of concrete 2400kg/m³, allowable tensile stress in deformed bars 2000kg/cm², allowable tensile
stress in plain bars 1250kg/cm², allowable bond stress for deformed bars 24.6kg/cm², allowable bond stress for
plain bars = 17.5kg/cm² and diameter of tie bars = 12mm

i) For deformed bars

b∗f∗h∗γ 3.50∗1.5∗18∗2400
As = = =1.333m²
100∗Ss 100∗2000
Dia of bar = 1.2cm (a = Πd²/4 =1.13cm²)
100∗1.13
Spacing = = 84.77 say 85cm
1.333
d∗Ss 1.2∗2000
Length of deformed tie bars, Lc = = = 48.78 say 50cm
2∗Sb 2∗24.6
Use 12mm deformed tie bars at 50cm c/c spacing.

ii) For plain bars

b∗f∗h∗γ 3.50∗1.5∗18∗2400
As = = =1.81m²
100∗Ss 100∗1250
Dia of bar = 1.2cm (a = Πd²/4 =1.13cm²)
100∗1.13
Spacing = = 62.43 say 63cm
1.81
d∗Ss 1.2∗1250
Length of deformed tie bars, Lc = = = 42.85 say 43cm
2∗Sb 2∗17.5
Use 12mm deformed tie bars at 50cm c/c spacing.

4) A cement concrete pavement has a thickness of 20cm and has two lanes of 7.5m with a longitudinal
joint along the center. Design the dimensions and spacing of the tie bar. Use the following data:
i. Allowable working stress in tension, Ss = 1400kg/cm²
ii. Unit weight of concrete, γ = 2500kg/m³
iii. Coefficient of friction, f = 1.5
iv. Allowable bond stress in deformed bars in concrete, Sb = 24.6 kg/cm²

𝟕.𝟓
Area of steel per metre of longitudinal joint is given by b = = 3.75m; h = 20cm
𝟐
For allowable tensile stress in steel for deformed bars = 2.46N/mm² and plain bars = 1.75N/mm²

i) For Plain
b∗f∗h∗γ 3.75∗1.5∗20∗2500
As = = = 1.607cm²/m
100∗Ss 100∗1750
𝜋∗𝑑2
Using 1cm diameter bars having area of cross section as = 0.785cm² ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝛱𝑑), the spacing of the
4
tie bars is given by
100∗0.785
Spacing = = 48.84cm say 49cm
1.607
 d∗Ss 1∗1400
Using 1cm diameter tie bars, the length Lt is Lt = = = 28.5cm
2∗Sb 2∗24.6
Use 1cm diameter dia bars of length 30cm at 40 to 49cm c/c.