VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI – 590 018

INTERNSHIP REPORT (18CVI85)

On

“BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORK”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

PRAJWAL J M 4UB20CV030

Under the guidance of

Dr. Tejaswini Nikhil Bhagwat
Associate Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering,
University B D T College of Engineering
Davanagere-577002

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY B D T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DAVANAGERE 577002
2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship Training Report entitled “Building construction work” carried out
by PRAJWAL J M (4UB20CV030) are bonafide students of University B D T College of
Engineering in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Civil Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-2024. It is certified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the Internship Report. The Internship Report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of the Internship Report prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering
Degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D Signature of the Principal

Dr. Tajaswini Nikhil Bhagwat Dr. K Manjunatha Dr. D P Nagarajappa
Assistant professor Head of the department,Civil, Principal,

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1. ____________________ 1. ____________________

2. ____________________ 2. ____________________
3. ____________________ 3. ____________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my external guide, for
his valuable guidance and his continuous encouragement without which this work would not
have been a success.

I wish to express my gratitude to coordinator Dr. NAVEEN G M, Head of the

Department of Civil Engineering, University B D T College of Engineering for his
valuable guidance.

I would like to thank our beloved principal, for his co-operation and moral support.

Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all Faculty members, University
B D T College of Engineering , Family members and Friends, who have directly or
indirectly helped me for this successful completion of my internship work.
DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present entitled Inplant training on

“BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORK” is a record of work done by us in the

Department of Civil engineering, University B D T College of Engineering. The reports are

based on the project work done entirely by us and not copied from any other source. I

declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'

ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original

sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity

and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my

submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action

by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been

properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

PRAJWAL J M 4UB20CV030
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with the profound feeling of gratitude, we would like to express sincere thanks to our
institution, University B D T College of Engineering for providing excellent infrastructure
for the successful completion of this Report.

Our heartily thanks are due towards the Principal, for providing excellent infrastructure to
pursue the Internship Report in the college.

Heartily we wish to express whole thanks to our HOD Dr K MANJUNATHA, whose timely
support and suggestion went a long way in the completion of Internship work.

We would like to express our warm and heartfelt gratitude our guide to Dr TEJASWINI
NIKHIL BHAGWAT for his valuable suggestions, guidance, mortal support and
encouragement in completion of this seminar successfully. We have fortunate for having his
precious help.

We would like thank all the technical and non-technical staff those are directly and
indirectly responsible for the carrying out this Internship work successfully

We extend a very heartily thanks to our parents and friends for all the moral support they
provided during the preparation of the Internship Report.

PRAJWAL J M 4UB20CV030
 CONTENTS
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Company profile 1-3
CHAPTER 2: Introduction of building 3-12
2.1 General
2.2 Master plan used in construction
2.2.1 Cement
2.2.2 Aggregate
2.2.3 Bricks
2.2.4 Steel reinforcement
2.3 Stages in construction in residential building
2.4 Construction works
2.5 Main components of building
2.6 Vaastu direction
2.6.1 Vaastu shastra for building construction
2.7 Dimension of residential building plan
3.4 Site visit
CHAPTER3: Site marking and excavation 12-15
3.1 Site review
3.2 Site marking
3.3 Soling
3.4 Plinth
3.5 Size stone masonry
CHAPTER4: Brickmasonry 15-18
4.1 Burnt brick masonry work
4.2 Qualities of good brick
4.3 Hacking
4.4 Mortar joints
4.5 Lintel
4.6 Staircase
CHAPTER5:Shutteringandcentering 18-20
5.1 Shuttering
5.2 Centering
5.2.1 Type of centering material
5.2.2 Acrospan
5.2.3 Props and jacks
CHAPTER6:Flooringandcladding 20-22 6.1 Flooring
CHAPTER7:Reinforcement 22-27
7.1 Beam reinforcement
7.1.1 Staggering
7.1.2 Anchoring
7.2 One-way slab
7.2.1 Clear cover
7.3 Two-way slab
7.4 Concreting
7.4.1 Batching
7.4.2 Mixing
7.4.4 Placing of concrete
7.4.5 Compacting
7.4.6 Finishing of concreting
7.4.7 Curing
CHAPTER8 27-28
8.1 Plastering
8.1.1 Plastering ratio
8.1.2 Plastering thickness
CHAPTER9: Painting 28-29
9.1 Painting
9.2 Process of painting surface
9.3 Sand paper
9.4 Paint roller
9.5 Putty knife
CHAPTER10 29-30

Conclusion
VISITED SITES 30-31
 ABOUT COMPANY PROFILE

Zenith Constructions is comprised of visionary designers, skilled contractors, and

experienced business professionals committed to providing our clients with the highest level
of service in real estate, design, construction, interiors, and maintenance.

Focused on modern, contemporary and traditional styles, we embrace the opportunity to

design and build luxury homes that challenge the status quo. Let us imagine with you, build
for you, and create the home you and your family have always dreamed of.

Zenith construction in J P Nagar Mysore presents anything related to the planning and
erecting of physical structure involves construction. distinguished for their award-winning
projects, this construction group is truly one of the most established and recognized ones in
the housing and construction sector. creating unique and innovative spaces ever since
established, the company has been able to build a strong foundation over the passage of
time.

The builder has consultancy strived to exceed the expectation of its clients through quality
work, transparent work ethics, and the use of cutting-edge technology. The organization is
committed to providing an enhanced living experience to the residents through constant
innovation and creative delivery of projects. company has built more than 125+ houses in the
last five years in different locations in Mysore.
COMPANY PROFILE

ZENITH CONSTRUNCTIONS

NAME: JAYANTH (PROJECT MANAGER)

LOCATION: #378, PRAKASH COMPLEX, 2nd FLOOR,

AKKAMAHADEVI ROAD, C-BLOCK,
JP NAGAR, MYSURU 577008
INTERNSHIP REPORT 2023-24

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION OF BUILDING

1.1 GENERAL
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory. Buildings come in variety of sizes, shape and functions for wide
number of factors, from building materials, and have been adopted throughout history
available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic
regions.

Normally all buildings are constructed according to drawings and specification prepared by
architects. Each city has prescribed building byelaws to which building must conform. The
building byelaws lay down norms like minimum front, side and rear setbacks, minimum height
and area of habitable rooms, kitchen, bathroom, minimum area of windows, width of stair case
etc. Which are required to be followed by the architect in evolving the design of the building.

1.2 MATTERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Following are the materials used for the construction of a building

1. Bricks.

2. Concrete Blocks.

3. Cement.

4. Stone.

5. Coarse Aggregates.

6. Fine.

7. Timber.

8. Steel.

9. Floor Tiles.

10. Roof Tiles.

11. Metal.

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12. Doors and Windows.

13. Paints and Varnishes.

14. Brick Ballast.

15. Sanitary Materials.

16. Electric Materials etc.

1.1.1. CEMENT
The cement, often called the magic powder is a fine ground material consisting of compounds
of lime, silica, alumina and iron. When mixed with water its forms a paste which hardened and
bind the aggregate (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called as
concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortar together that is why it plays the
most critical role in giving strength and durability to the building. Cement used for residential
building is basically of three types

•PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT

Conforming to IS:455, it is a combination of good quality blast furnace slag from the iron steel
industry with clinker.

•PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

Conforming to IS: 1489, it is a combination of fly ash (from thermal power plant) with clinker
and gypsum. Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding port land cement clinker with
pozzolana. This type of cement used in marine structure

•ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

33 Grade conforming to IS:269, 43 grade conforming to IS:8112 and 53 grade conforming to
IS 12269.It is a combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. OPC is manufactured by
first burning at a very high temperature. The mixture of calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate)
and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the product (clinker) with small amount of
gypsum into a fine powder known as ordinary Portland cement

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Fig. 2.1 Cement

1.1.2 AGGREGATE
The sand obtained from river beds or quarries is used as fine aggregate. The fine aggregate
along with the hydrated cement paste fill the space between the coarse aggregate. The size of
smaller than 4.75mm is called fine aggregate.

1.1.3 BRICKS
Bricks are distinguished by their base (raw) material and size. Come in
200mmX100mmX100mm (including mortar thickness)

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Fig. 2.3 Bricks

1.1.4. STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing steel or reinforcement

steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and

reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension.

Fig. 2.4 Steel reinforcement

1.3 STAGES IN CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Stages of construction works are

1. Preconstruction work
2. Construction work

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1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Construction of residential building required following paper work before the start of actual
construction. These steps are,

• Preparation of drawings as per requirements of consumers.

• Estimation of material cost, labor cost & contingencies.
• Approval of drawings & estimates from Client.
• Approval of drawings from City Development Authority. It is most important because
• Residential building drawings should meet the authority defined rules.
• Start of construction work either through contractor or labor hired on daily basis.
1.4 CONSTRUCTION WORKS

After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins.

Following are the steps,

• Site clearance
• Demarcation of site
• Grid line marking
• Excavation
• Laying of PCC
• Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
• Shuttering and Scaffolding
• Concreting
• Electrical and Plumbing
• De shuttering
• Brick work
• Doors and Windows frames along with lintels
• Wiring for electrical purposes
• Plastering
• Flooring and Tiling work
• Painting
• Final completion and handing over the project.

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Fig 2.5 Component of a building

1.5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

• Foundation
• Plinth
• Damp proof course
• Plinth beam
• Floor
• Walls
• Openings
• Stair

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FOUNDATION
A foundation is necessary to even the distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a
manner that no damaging settlements take place hence. The foundation need to be constructed
on good or solid ground

PLINTH
A plinth is normally constructed just below the ground level immediately after the foundation it
rises the floor above the ground level and here with prevent surface water from entering the
building

DAMP PROOF COURSE

Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or water proof cement.
walls are constructed above the damp proof course.

Damp proof course prevents surface water from raising into the walls. Dampness reduces the
strength of the walls and create unhealthy living condition. Also it affects the paints and plaster
and increase the cost of maintenance.

PLINTH BEAM
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the types of the structure of the building and
nature of the soil. It provides additional stability in regards to settlement of the building and the
earthquake damages.

FLOOR
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Flooring is laid over the filling of the
plinth and on subsequent floors. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from raising to the top
and to have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.

WALL
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. can be made of the different
material like bricks, stones, mud. Concrete blocks lateritic blocks etc. if the walls are very long
columns can be provided to carry the roof

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OPENINGS
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators. Door provide
access. Windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation

Lintels are constructed just above the openings it is normally a stones slab or a concrete slab.
Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window

STAIRS

A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and decent
between the floors and landing. The apartment is room of a building in which stair is located is
called staircase. The space is opening occupied by the stair is called a stair way

ROOF
The roof provides protection for the building the people living it. The roof rests on the walls
and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy it.

SURFACE/FINISHES
External finishes are the outer most layer of protection, which protect the structure from
weathering.

1.6 VAASTU DIRECTIONS

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Fig 2.6 Possibilities of Vaastu directions Possibilities

Ishanya:
• Entrance
• Verandah
• Hall
• Pooja room
• Bed room
• Dining
• Avoid toilets and kitchen
• Kitchen
• Bedroom
• Hall
• Entrance

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Kubera

• Master bedroom
• Hall
• Dining
• Pooja room Vuyuya:
• Bathrooms
• Toilets
• Parking
• Avoid pooja room

1.6.1 Vaastu Shastra for Building Construction

• The site should be a square or a rectangle.
• The main door should be on north, east, or north east side.
• Ground level should slope towards northeast and levels in southwest should be higher than
all other sides. Avoid homes having a balcony in the South West direction

1.7 DIMENTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PLAN

Kitchen:

A kitchen is a place where food is prepared and stored for consumption.

• Size: 1.5 x 3
• 4 x 5 or 4 x 6

Dining Room:

It is the place where families take their brake fast, lunch, dinner.

• Size: 4 x 3 •4 x 5 or 5 x 6

Drawing Room:

Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter.

• The minimum area should be 15 to 20 square meters

• General sizes: 3.5 x 5.5 or 5 x 6 or 7x 9

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Ventilation in kitchen:

Window area should be at least 15% of floor.

Bed Room:

A man spends major part of the day in the bed room either sleeping or relaxing.

• A minimum floor area 10 square meter should be provided

• Size: 4 x 3 or 5 x 4 or 3 x 3 or 4 x 4
• Ventilation: Minimum window area of 10% of floor area.

Bath room or Water closet:

Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and their waste water is collected conveyed off

• Water closet is the place of collection of human discharge

• A minimum floor area 1.8 square meter
• Sizes; 1.5 X 2 or 2 X 3 or 3 X 4

Store Room:

It is used store the items like food grains cylinders utensils etc. Floor area 15 square meter
to 20 square meter.

Verandah:

It is area open on one side, two sides, 3 sides,

• Minimum width 1.5 not greater than 4

• Minimum height of verandah 2.1

Pooja room:

Many peoples perform pooja in houses. It quite calm space to perform pooja. It should be
located in N-E corner of building

• Sizes: 2.1 x 2.1

• Roughly 4 in area

Study room:

It is a place of where study material stocked and read. Area of study room should be 10 to 12

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All dimensions in feet.

2.4 SITE VISIT

SL SITE VISIT GUIDE

NO

1. Brick Work at Vijay Nagar (Mysore) Hemanth sir

2. plastering work, Vasanth Nagar (Mysore) Mahesh sir

3.
Coloumn starter work at BEML Nagar Shashank sir
(Mysore)
4. Escavation work at Rajeev Nagar, mysore Surya Sir

5. Dewatering work at Rajeev Nagar Mysore Surya Sir

Table 3.1 Site Visit

CHAPTER -3

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SITE MARKING AND EXCAVATION

3.1 SITE REVIEW
Site review is the process of collecting information, assessment of data and reporting potential
hazards beneath a site which are unknown.

• The nature and sequence of strata

• The ground water conditions at the site
• The physical properties of soil and rock underlying the site
• The mechanical properties such as strength of different soil or rock strata
• Drainage and water supply lines
• Obstructions like electric lines, trees etc.

SITE CLEARANCE
This is the first task of site preparation. The site should be in a cleared and graded condition. It
involves the removal of trees, demolishing buildings, removing any and all old underground
infrastructure, and any other obstacles that might affect the construction process in the future
or hinder the project to be done.

DEMARCATION OF SITE
The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the
construction zone. Initially the site may not exist in corrected alignment as per “Bye laws”
fixed by concerned corporation or municipality.

For ex: -

• If the site is in any arbitrary shape, then we have to make it to view as a perfect shape like
rectangle, square etc.
• We need to leave some space between road and the entrance of the construction site.
• Some minimum space has to be left at both the ends from neighbor property.
• One of the faces of the site should be parallel to the road.

3.2 SITE MARKING

Site marking is one of the starting points of the construction. Marking out is the process of
transforming a design or pattern to a work piece, as the first step in the construction process.

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EXCAVATION
Excavation is the process of moving the earth, rock or the other materials with tools or
equipment. It includes earthwork, trenching etc. Excavation is used in the construction to
create building foundations, roads. Some of different process used in excavation include
trenching, digging, and dredging and site development. Each of this process requires unique
techniques, tools and machinery to get the job done. The process used will depend upon the
structure that will result from the construction process.
This is the process of digging earth on site where the foundation is to be laid.

• Setting out corner benchmarks.

• Surveying ground and top levels.
• Excavation to approved depth.
• Trimming.
• Dressing the loose soil.
• Soil. Dressing the loose soil

Fig. 3.2 Excavation of foundation

3.3 SOLING
Soling in construction field is the bottom most layer of any component of structure. Soling
may consist of bricks, stones. It is one of the most common techniques used for soil
stabilization. Soling consists of digging the earth to a required depth and laying the crushed
stone quarries one adjacent to another and filling the gaps with the sand. After laying for the
entire area, consolidating with the Heavy Rollers or by ramming is done. Over this either a
pier or regular foundation is carried out. It is one of the most common techniques used for soil

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stabilization. It helps in enhancing the bearing capacity of soil. Hard core soling can be done
either by bricks. or by rubble stones laid under floors / foundations, hand packed or as per
specifications or requirement at site

3.4 PLINTH
A plinth is normally constructed just below the ground level immediately after the foundation it
rises the floor above the ground level and here with prevent surface water from entering the
building.

3.5 SIZE STONE MASONRY

Stones are cut, shaped, and placed to form structures and designs. Masons use them together
with mortar to build foundations, walls, floors, and columns. Because stones are an abundant
and natural material, homes that use stone masonry tend to be very durable and long-lasting.

CHAPTER- 4

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BRICK MASONRY
4.1 BURNT BRICK MASONRY WORK
Masonry wall are the most durable part of any building or structure. They are providing
strength, durability to the structure and also helps to control indoor and outdoor temperature. It
separates a building from outside world.

Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material with individual
units’ bricks, stones, marbles, granites concrete blocks, tiles, etc. Mortar is a mixture of
binding material with sand. Binding materials can be cement, lime, soil or any other. The
durability and strength of masonry wall construction depends on the type and quality of
material used and workmanship

Standard size of brick recommended by BIS is 190mm X 90mm X 90mm.with mortar

thickness the size such bricks become 200mm X 100mm X 100mm and it is known as the
nominal size of the modular brick.

The average weight of a brick is about 3 to 3.5kg

Fig. 4.1 Brick masonry

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-4.2 Qualities of good brick

1. Well burnt

2. Clear ringing sound

3. Water absorption

4. Comprehensive strength

5. Strength and density

6. Shape

4.3 HACKING
Hacking refers striking of surfaces such as RCC walls, columns, beams, slabs etc., with a
chisel to dent the surface in order to create a proper mechanical

4.4 MORTAR JOINTS

In masonry, mortar joints are the spaces between bricks, concrete blocks, or glass blocks
that are filled with mortar or grout. If the surface of the masonry remains unplaster, the
joints contribute significantly to the appearance of the masonry.

Fig. 4.5 Mortar joint

4.5 LINTEL
A lintel is one type of beam which is utilized to support the above wall or partition
material when openings like doors, windows, and so forth are necessary to provide a
building structure. The primary function of the lintel is to take loads originating from
the high wall and

4.6 STAIR CASE

Staircase is an important component of building providing access to different floors and
roof of the building. A stair is a system of steps by which people and objects may pass
from one level of building to another

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Tread: The horizontal upper portion of the step is called tread

•Minimum tread dimension 10 inches

Rise: This is a vertical distance between the upper face of any two consecutive steps

•Maximum dimension of rise 7 inches

Fig. 4.7 Stair case

TYPES OF STAIR CASE

• Dog legged staircase
• Chain link staircase
• Spiral staircase
• Circular staircase
• Waist slab staircase
• Cantilever staircase.

CHAPTER -5

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SHUTTERING ANDCENTERING
5.1 SHUTTERING
Form work (shuttering) is concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in
which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete form
work construction depends on form work material and type of structural element.
Formwork can also be named based on the type of structural member construction such
as slab formwork for use in beam form work. Column formwork for use in beams and
columns and footings retaining walls respectively etc. Shuttering or form work is the
term used for temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material used to provide
support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self-support.

A good formwork should satisfy the fallowing requirement

• It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads
• It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically so as to retain its shape.
• The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout
• Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
• The material of the formwork should be cheap easily available and should be suitable
for reuse.
• The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
• It should be light as possible
• The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
• It should rest on firm base.

5.2 CENTERING
Centering is a temporary adjustment and part of frame work which is arranged to
support horizontal members. Centeringare mainly provided in floor slabs and beams.

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Fig. 5.3 Centering

5.2.1TYPES OF CENTERING MATERIAL

• Adjustable prop.
• Acrospan.
• Telescopic steel prop.
• Scaffolding prop system.
• Steel prop.
• Formwork prop
• Light duty props

5.2.2 ACROSPAN
Acrospan is used to supporting the structure during floor casting. This is the modern
way of doing casting and has been accepted worldwide.

5.2.3 PROPS AND JACK

This material is used for supporting all kinds of formwork, slabs, beams, walls, and
columns. They are also required for wide variety of application in general construction
and repair works.
• It can be extended to a desired length
• Eliminate labour work
• High strength
• Excellent durability
• Reusable
CHAPTER -6

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FLOORING AND CLADDING

6.1 FLOORING
Purpose of flooring is to get a good hard, level and beautiful surface for living. The
floors directly resting on ground are known as ground floors while the floors of each
story are known as upper floors.

Types of flooring

1. Tile Flooring
2. Stone Flooring
3. Wood Flooring or Timber flooring
4. Terrazzo flooring
5. Marble flooring
6. Mosaic flooring
7. PVC Flooring
8. Glass Flooring
9. Laminate flooring
10. Carpet flooring
11. Brick flooring
12. Concrete Flooring
13. Mud flooring
14. Cork flooring
15. Acid resisting flooring
16. Linoleum flooring
17. Rubber flooring
18. Magnesite flooring

Procedure of tiles laying

• Clean the floor of dust and debris •Snap chalk lines to find center of room
• Layout tile with spacers for dry run.
• Snap another chalk line.
• Use cement and sand mortar in the ratio of 1:6 add some water to create consistent
paste.

• Soak the lines in water for at least 30 minutes.

• Apply a 12-15mm of mortar, it should be spread evenly. Fine slurry should be applied to
back of tile, place it on floor and press it gently.

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• Epoxy grout is used to fill the gap between tiles (after 24 hours)
• Curing is done for 3 days.

CHAPTER-7

REINFORCEMENT
7.1 BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement are provided to resist tensile stresses due to bending and shear in beams
for singly reinforced sections. For singly reinforced beams, two additional bars are
provided in compression face of the beam so that stirrups can be tiedwith bars.

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Fig.7.1 Beam reinforcement

• Bottom bars 20mm diameter 3 numbers

• Top bars 12mm diameter 3 numbers
• Extra bars 16mm diameter 2 numbers
• 2 legged vertical stirrups 8mm diameter @ spacing center to center 6 inches.

7.1.1 STAGGERING
Staggering lapped joints increases the complexity of detailing and steel fixing, and may
require additional resources and slow construction on site. Major design codes
encourage staggering lapped joints in tension by imposing a penalty on lap length
depending on the proportion if bars lapped at the same sections.

7.1.2ANCHORING
The material to be used for anchoring steel bars in concrete should be capable to bond
the steel bar without pulling when the load is applied It is a pure epoxy anchoring resin
supplied in one kit of 2-component cartridges liked together with one single head.

7.2 ONE WAY SLAB

One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or
greater than 2, considered as One way slab because this slab will bend in one direction
in the direction along its shorter span.

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Main bar is provided 10mm diameter

Distribution bar is provided 8mm diameter

7.2.1 Clear cover

The size of clear cover of slab should be ranging between 20mm to 30 mm. Clear cover
of size 20mm apply for 4-to-5-inch thick rcc slab, 20mm for flat slab and 30mm for
6inch-thick slab.

7.3 TWO WAY SLAB

• If L/b ratio is less than two then it is considered a two-way slab •In two way slab the
main reinforcement provided in both direction.
• In two-way slab crank is provided in four directions.
• In two-way slab load is carried both directions.
• In two-way slab quantity of steel used more compared to the one-way slab
• While designing two-way slab we provide more steel hence the depth of slab decreases,
as a result, the thickness of two-way slab is less as compared to one way slab.
• In a two-way slab, bending in both directions.
• The two-way slab used constructive floors multistory building.

Fig. 7.2 slab reinforcement

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7.4 CONCRETING
Steps in concreting

• Batching
• Mixing
• Transporting
• Placing
• Compacting
• Curing
• Finishing

7.4.1 Batching
Batching is the process of measuring different concrete materials. The process of
measuring different concrete materials such as cement, coarse aggregate, sand, water for
the making of concrete is known as Batching can be done in two different ways.

• Volumetric Batching
• Weight Batching

In volume Batching the measurement of concrete materials are taken by volume &on the
other hand the measurement is taken by weight in weight Batching.

7.4.2 Mixing
Mixing concrete is simply defined as the complete blending of the materials which are
required for the production of homogeneous concrete. In this process, all the materials
are thoroughly mixed in required proportion until the paste shows uniform color and
consistency. Hand mixing and machine mixing are two different methods of mixing.

Mix design ratio 1:3:4

When the mixing is done properly the freshly made concrete is then transported to the
construction site, this process is known as transportation. After the concrete is correctly
placed on the form work. Concrete can be transported in two ways

• Manual Transportation
• Mechanical Transportation

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Types of transportation of concrete

• Pans
• Wheel barrows
• Transit mixers
• Chutes
• Belt conveyors
• Pumps
• Tower cranes

This concreting work wheel barrow used to transport the concrete

7.4.4 Placing of concrete

The process of depositing in concrete in its required position is called placing of
concrete. It is essential to place concrete properly and carefully in order to obtain good
quality of surfaces.

Fig. 7.3 placing of concrete

7.4.5 Compacting
Compaction is the process in which the air bubbles are eliminated from the freshly
placed concrete. It is required to increase the ultimate strength of concrete by
enhancing the bond with reinforcement. It increases the significantly the ultimate
strength of concrete and enhances the bond with reinforcement.

7.4.6 Finishing of concrete

The process of obtaining a true and uniform concrete surface is known as Finishing of
concrete surface. Finishing help to keep the surface free from undulation.

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7.4.7 Curing
Curing is the process in which the concrete keeps its moisture for a certain time period
to complete the hydration process. Curing should be done properly to increase the
strength of concrete.

Required curing days

• 7 days
• 14 days
• Maximum strength achieves 28 days

Fig. 7.4 Pond Curing of Concrete

CHAPTER -8

PLASTERING
8.1 PLASTERING
Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surface in the construction
of house and other structures with plastic material, called plaster which is the mixture is
the of lime or concrete and sand along with required quantity of water.

8.1.1 PLASTERING RATIO

• Inside plastering = 1:6
• Outside plastering = 1:4

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• Ceiling plastering = 1:3

8.1.2 PLASTERING THICKNESS

• Inside plastering thickness = 12mm to 15mm
• Outside plastering thickness = 20mm to 25mm

Fig 8.1 External plasteringFig 8.2 Internal plastering

CHAPTER- 9

PAINTING
9.1 PAINTING
Painting is used to protect, decorate of the wall surface or surface by covering it with a
pigmented coating. Paint is applied on Timber, metal, wall surface or other materials in
the form of a liquid which on drying forms a thin film on the painted surface.

Objects of painting

• To protect the surface from effects of the atmosphere

• To prevent decay of wood and corrosion in metal.
• To provide decorative surface.

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• To provide a smooth surface for easy cleaning.

Distemper paints Emulsion paints Solvent based Functional paints

Fig. 9.1 Different Types ofPaint

9.2 Process of painting surfaces

• Surface preparation: The surface should be cured and completely dry.
• Applying primer: It is applied to provide adhesion between surface and paint, it also
makes the surface smooth. One coat of primer is applied
• Applying putty: It is applied to repair cracks and to make smooth and level surface.
Two coats of putty is applied and then it is rubbed.
• Applying paint: Paint is applied two or three coats on the surface.

9.3 SAND PAPER

Sand paper serves to remove imperfections on walls, ceiling, furniture, floors, etc. It is also
used to roughen surfaces too glossy for paint or filling compound to adhere easily.

9.4 PAINT ROLLER

A paint roller is a paint application tool used for painting large flat surfaces rapidly and
efficiently.

9.5 PUTTY KNIFE

A putty knife is a specialized tool used when glazing single glazed windows, to work
putty around the edges of each pane of glass. An experienced glazer will apply the putty
by hand, and then smooth it with the knife.

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9.6CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS

Figure 9.2: Flow chart for classification of paints

CHAPTER- 10

CONCLUSION
The main aim of study within this project was to investigate how a structure is
constructed within its desired properties. I got to know about the basic and advanced
techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer
has to face during construction i.e., labour problems, cost management environmental
challenges etc.

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I feel that I got maximum out of the experience. Also, I learnt the way of work
in an organization, the importance of being punctual, the importance of maximum
commitment and the importance of team spirit.

I understood the technical and managerial aspect of residential housing project. I cleared
our many doubts regarding building construction. Overall, it must be said that the
construction methods and quality control on residential projects need a very good
coordination and large quantities of man power equipment and funds. During the period
of 4 weeks all the site staff helped as a lot to provide all the information about any
query.

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