BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED(BSNL)

TELECOM INTERNSHIP
Mini Project-I/Intern-I report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by

DOLA SAIRAM
21131A0445

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University,
Kakinada) VISHAKAPATNAM- 530
048
Academic year: 2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Mini project-I/Intern-I titled as BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM
LIMITED(BSNL) TELECOM INTERNSHIP a bonafide record of the work done by DOLA
SAIRAM (21131A0445) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awards of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering of the Gayatri
Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous) affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological university, Kakinada during the year 2023-2024

Name of the counsellor: Head of the Department:

DR. P. ARUNA KUMARI DR. N. DEEPIKA RANI
Assistant professor, Professor & HoD,
Dept. of ECE, Dept. of ECE,
GVPCE(A) GVPCE(A)
VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express our deep gratitude to our esteemed institute Gayatri Vidya
Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), which has provided me with an
opportunity to fulfil our cherished desire.

I thank our Internship Guide Dr. P. Aruna Kumari, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for the kind
suggestions and guidance for the successful completion of our internship.

I am highly indebted to Dr N. Deepika Rani, Associate Professor and Head of

the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gayatri
Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), for giving me an
opportunity to do the internship in college.

I express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. A.B. KOTESWARA RAO,
Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous) for his
encouragement to me during this project, giving us a chance to explore and learn
new technologies in the form of a virtual internship.

I would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited (BSNL) which have provided me an opportunity to fulfil our cherished
desire.

Finally, I am indebted to the teaching and non-teaching staff of the Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department for all their support in completing my
internship.

DOLA
SAIRAM
(21131A0445)
 ABSTRACT

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), is one of the India’s leading

telecommunications companies. In an era characterized by rapid technological
advancements and fierce competition in the telecommunication sector, BSNL
remains a pivotal player. Our study delves into various facets of BSNL, including
its history, infrastructure, services, challenges, and future prospects. We examine
how BSNL has evolved over the years, its role in connecting rural and urban India,
and the challenges it faces in a digital age. Additionally, we explore the strategic
initiatives taken by BSNL to stay relevant and competitive. By scrutinizing
BSNL’s operations and strategies, our analysis aims to provide valuable insights
into the telecommunications industry in India and its potential trajectory in the
coming years.
 CONTENTS
COURSE: BSNL TELECOMMUNICATION

SNO MODULES INTRODUCTION PG NO

Telecommunication Concepts Overview
• Introduction to telecommunication
• Advantages and Applications of
8-9
1. telecommunication
Module 1

Mobile Communication
• Introduction to Mobile Communication
• History of Mobile Communication
2.
• Migration from 1G to 5G
Module 2 • Basics of Antennas 10-12

GSM ARCHITECTURE
3. • GSM Network Overview
Module 3 13-15
• Basic Cellular System
OFC
• Basics of Optical Fibre
4. • Significance of OFC
• Applications of Optical fibre
Module 4 16 -17

ROUTING AND IP ADDRESS

• Routing Basics
• Static default routing diagram
5.
• IP Addressing
Module 5 • Diagram of address allocation process 18-19
 BROADBAND MULTIPLAY
• Broadband
6.
• Broadband Multiplay
Module 6 20
• Components of BB network

CRIMPING
7. • Crimping Overview
Module 7 21-22
• Crimping colour code
• Tools used in Crimping

8.
CASE STUDY
Case study on routing and IP Addresses
Module 8 23-24

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

• AWS Well-Architected Framework
9.
• Reliability and high availability
Module 9 25-26
AWS Trusted Advisor
MODULE 1: TELECOMMUNICATION CONCEPTS OVERVIEW

Introduction to Telecommunication:
Telecommunication refers to the transmission of information over long
distances using various technologies and mediums. It encompasses the
exchange of voice, data, and multimedia through the wired and wireless
networks. Telecommunications play a pivotal role in connecting people,
businesses, and devices globally, enabling communication and data transfer
across the world. Key components include telephones, mobile devices, fibre
optic cables, satellites, and the Internet, which collectively form the backbone
of modern communication systems. Advances in telecommunication have
revolutionized how to communicate, work, and access information in today’s
interconnected world.

Advantages of telecommunication:

1. Improve Efficiency:

With the help of the latest devices and technology, it is very easy for employees to
send and receive data from anywhere in the world in real time.

2. Inspire Collaboration:

Telecommunication is very important for the company when it comes to

performing cross-cultural communication in the company.

3. Bring flexibility to the workspace:

Telecommunication gives an environment for employees to perform flexible work.

With the help of video conferencing and video calling, employee can join the
meeting from home. This reduces the need of manually attending meeting in office.
 4. Save time:
With the use of video conferencing and video calling, a host can invite all the
participants and start the meetings. It is a very simple process. the host needs to
send an invitation link through email, and all other employees can join directly
through link. The host can check whether the employee is available in meeting or
not by seeing online status. Most telecommunication application offers participants
to set the status for their presence like busy, free for calls, away and more.

Applications of telecommunication:

1.Used in electronic communication system to send and receive messages

electronically.

2.E-mail is used to send or receive messages with the help of internet.

3. Voice mail is used to send a voice mail to a person who is unavailable to take a call.

4. Bulletin Board System (BSS) is a computer-based messaging system that

allows post messages, share files and interact with others.

5. Public Information Services provides access to information such as news,

weather, and traffic updates.
 MODULE 2: MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION:

Mobile Communication is use of technology that allows
us to communicate with others in different locations without the use of any
physical connection (wires or cables). Mobile Communication makes our life
easier, and it saves time and effort.

A mobile phone is an example of mobile communication (wireless

communication). It is an electric device used for full duplex two-way radio
telecommunication over a cellular network of base station known as cell site.

HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION:

 MIGRATION FROM 1G TO 5G:

1G: Advanced Mobile Phone Services

(AMPS) 2G: Global System for Mobile (GSM)

2.5G: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

3G: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

4G: Mobile phone technology

5G: Cellular network

BASICS OF ANTENNAS:

Antennas are basic components of any electronic system

which depend on free space as a propagation medium. An antenna is a device
which provides a means for radiating and receiving radio waves. It is a transducer
between a guided electromagnetic wave and an electromagnetic wave propagation
in free space. In a communication link, the transmitter is connected through a cable
or waveguide to one antenna, the signal is radiated to another antenna, and passes
through another cable or waveguide to the receiver.
The three main types of basic antennas are directional,
semi directional, omni directional.

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS:
Directional Antennas send and receive signal in one
direction only, usually in tight focused, a narrow beam. The signal antenna from a
direction antenna has a cigar shape and looks the same from top as well as sides.
This shape is referred to as lobe.

SEMI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS:

Semi directional antennas are designed to direct
the RF signal in a specific direction for point-to-point communication. Semi
directional antennas are used for short to medium distance communication indoors
or outdoors. These can be used for outdoor point to point communication for a
mile. These antennas provide unidirectional coverage.
OMNI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS:
Omni directional antennas radiates equal
radio power in all directions perpendicular to an axis with power varying with
angle to the axis. This is different type of antenna compared to the other antenna as
they radiate power in all direction, having spherical radiation pattern. Omni
directional antennas are widely used for radio broadcasting antennas.

RADIATION PATTERN OF ANTENNAS:

MODULE 3: GSM ARCHITECTURE

GSM NETWORK OVERVIEW:

GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for

mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency bands of 850 MHz, 900MHz,
1800MHz, 1900MHz. It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA.

GSM is having four different sizes of cells are used in GSM:

1. Macro: In the size of cell, Base Station antenna is installed.

2. Micro: In the size of cell, antenna size is less than the average roof level.

3. Pico: Small cells diameter of few meters.

4.Umbrella: It covers the shadowed

region. FEATURES OF GSM:

1. Supports international roaming.

2. Clear voice clarity.

3. Ability to support multiple handheld

services. 4.Spectral/frequency efficiency

5. Low powered handheld device.

6. Ease of accessing network.

7. Low service cost.

BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEM:

A basic cellular system consists of following components:

1. Mobile unit

2. Cell Site (Base Station)

3. MTSO (Mobile Switching

Telephone Office) 4.System interconnects

and 5.Communication protocol

1. MOBILEUNIT:
A mobile unit is a portable, low weight handset carried by the user
which has wireless connectivity with the nearest base station. A simple mobile
contains unit, a radio transceiver, and an antenna system. The transceiver consists
of a transmitter and receiver for two-way telephonic conversation.

2. CELL SITE:
It provides an interface between the mobile unit and the MTSO. It
is also known as base station consists of control unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power
plant and data terminals.

3. MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Centre):

 It is the heart of mobile system. Its processor provides cellular
administration and central coordination. It may also be connected with landline
telephone network. It consists of cellular processor and cellular switch.

4. SYSTEM INTERCONNECT:
The radio connectivity, voice grade four wire-line connectivity,
optical fibre connectivity, microwave link, data link etc., can be used to connect
mobile unit, base station, MTSO and public switch telephone network (PTSN).

5. Communication Protocols:
The protocol governs the process of call connection and
disconnection at the end of conversation.
 MODULE 4: OFC (OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION)

BASICS OF OPTICAL FIBRE:

Optical fibre is a highly-transparent strand og glass
that transmits light signals with low attenuation (loss of signal power) over long
distances, providing nearly limitless bandwidth. This technology enables
telecommunications service providers to send voice, data, and video at increasing
rates.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OFC:

1. High data transmission rates

2. Low signal loss

3. Immunity to electromagnetic

interference 4.Security

5. Durability and Longevity

6. Reduced Latency

7. Capacity of multiplexing

8. Broad Applications

9. Economic Benefits

10. Global Connectivity

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL

FIBRE:

1. Optical Fibre is used in medical industry in several instruments to observe

the interior body components by entering into hallow places in the body because of
its thin and flexible nature.

2. It is used in communication system as it is used in both transmission and

reception. Speed and accuracy can be improved by using it in many network
applications.
3. OFC is used in broadcasting. Such cables deliver high-speed, high-
bandwidth HDTV signals. When compared with amount of copper cable, optical
fibre cable is less expensive.

4. Now a days optical fibre cable is used for decorations and lighting for any
occasions.
 MODULE 5: ROUTING AND IP ADDRESS
ROUTING BASICS:
Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one
or more networks. The principal of routing can apply to any type of network, from
telephone network to public transportation. In packet-switching networks, such as
the internet, routing selects the paths for Internet Protocols (IP) packets to travel
from their origin to destination. These Internet routing decisions are made by
specialized pieces of network hardware called routers.

STATIC DEFAULT ROUTING DIAGRAM:

IP ADDRESSING:
IP stands for “Internet Protocol “which is the sets of rules for
governing the format of data sent via internet or local network: they contain local
information and makes the device accessible for communication. The internet needs
a way to differentiate between different computers, routers, and websites. IP
addresses provide a way of doing so and form essential part of how internet works.
An IP address is a string of separated by a period. IP addresses
are expressed as a set of four numbers. Each number is in the set can be in the
range of 0 to 255. So, the full IP addressing range can be from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255. IP address is not random.

TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES:
1. Consumer IP Address
2. Private IP Address
3. Public IP Address

DIAGRAM OF ADDRESS ALLOCATION PROCESS:

 MODULE 6: BROADBAND MULTIPLAY

BROADBAND:
Broadband is the wide-bandwidth data transmission that exploits
signals at a wide spread of frequencies or different simultaneous frequencies, and
used in fast internet connections. The medium can be coaxial cable, twisted pair or
satellite.

MULTIPLAY BROADBAND:
Multi play is an extension of triple-play technology, meaning,
running all sorts of services on the same medium. Multi play aims to make your
telephone wire carry multiple applications of voice, data and video through the set
top box. Multi play will strive to be your one stop solution for all your
information, communication and entertainment needs.

COMPONENTS OF BB NETWORK:

1. Customer premises Equipment (CPE): It consists of two parts, one is splitter

and another one is voice data and internet data.
2. DSLAM: It is a digital subscriber line access multiplexer. It mux and demux
the voice and data packets and change packets from ATM to VLAN.
3. Tier 2 Switch: This is aggregation switch which aggregate the packets coming
from different DSLAM.
4. Tier 1 Switch: This is aggregation switch which aggregate the packets coming
from different Tier 2 switch.
5. Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)/BNG: This is a intelligent router
which is responsible for routing the packets and allotting the dynamic/static
public IP to customer, start the session and stop the session, control the
customer speed, communicate with DNS server.

6. Broadband Network Gateway (BNG): This is intelligent router which is

responsible for routing the packets and allotting dynamic/static public IP to
consumer.
MODULE 7: CRIMPING
CRIMPING OVERVIEW:
Crimping in BSNL generally refers to the process of
attaching connectors, such as RJ45 connectors for Ethernet cables or RJ11
connectors for telephone cables, to the ends of cables. This is done to ensure a
secure and reliable connection for data or voice transmission. Crimping involves
using a specialized tool to squeeze the connector onto the cable’s wires, creating a
tight and electrically sound connection. It’s essential skill for technicians working
with telecommunications and networking equipment.

COLOUR CODE FOR CRIMPING:

ORDER OF THE COLOUR CODE-:

Orange-white, Orange, Green-white, Blue, Blue-White, Green, Brown-White,
Brown. This colour code is BSNL colour code. We need set the wires according to
the colour code while performing crimping otherwise the colour code will be
shown error while detecting the order of the colour code.

TOOLS USED IN CRIMPING:

1. Crimping Tool
2. Jumper
Wires 3.RJ45
Connector
4.RJ45 Network Cable Tester
 MODULE 8: CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY ON ROUTING AND IP ADDRESSES-:

Background: A large multinational enterprise, XYZ Corporation, with offices and
data centers across the globe, faced significant challenges in managing its network
routing and IP address allocation. This case study highlights the issues they
encountered and the solutions they implemented.

Key Issues:
1. IP Address Exhaustion: XYZ Corporation was rapidly running out of
available IPv4 addresses due to the expansion of its network infrastructure. The
increasing number of devices, including servers, workstations, and IoT devices,
required a comprehensive solution.

2. Inefficient Routing: The company's network had grown organically over the
years, resulting in a complex routing infrastructure with multiple routing protocols.
This complexity led to suboptimal routing paths, network congestion, and
performance issues.

3. Lack of IP Address Documentation: There was a lack of accurate

documentation for IP address allocations and assignments. This made it
challenging to troubleshoot network issues, track resource utilization, and plan for
future growth effectively.

4. Security Concerns: The absence of proper IP address management exposed

the network to security risks, including IP conflicts and unauthorized device
access. The company needed a more robust security strategy.
Solutions Implemented:
1. IPv6 Adoption: To address the IPv4 address exhaustion issue, XYZ
Corporation adopted IPv6, which provided a vastly larger address space. They
gradually migrated their internal networks and data centers to IPv6 while
maintaining IPv4 compatibility.

2. Routing Protocol Redesign: The company conducted a comprehensive

review of its routing protocols and redesigned the network's routing structure.
They implemented a standardized, hierarchical routing design using BGP (Border
Gateway Protocol) at the core and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) in distribution
and access layers.
3. IP Address Management System: XYZ Corporation deployed an IP
Address Management (IPAM) system to automate IP address allocation,
tracking, and documentation. This system allowed for efficient IP address
assignments, resource monitoring, and instant identification of IP conflicts.

4. Network Security Enhancements: To improve security, the company

implemented strict access control policies based on IP address ranges. They
also introduced regular IP address audits to identify and eliminate unauthorized
devices on the network.

Results and Benefits:

1. Efficient IP Resource Utilization: IPv6 adoption ensured a virtually

limitless supply of IP addresses, eliminating address exhaustion concerns.

2. Improved Network Performance: The redesigned routing structure resulted in

optimized routing paths, reduced congestion, and improved network performance.

3. Enhanced Network Visibility: The IPAM system provided real-time visibility

into IP address assignments, leading to quicker issue resolution and more efficient
resource allocation.

4. Heightened Security: Tightened access controls and regular IP address audits

improved network security and reduced the risk of unauthorized access.

Conclusion:
By addressing IP address exhaustion, optimizing routing protocols, implementing
an IPAM system, and enhancing network security, XYZ Corporation successfully
managed its network infrastructure challenges. These solutions ensured efficient
resource utilization, improved network performance, and heightened security,
allowing the company to support its global operations effectively.
 MODULE 9: CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

CONCLUSION:
Telecommunication has established itself as an irreplaceable force
in all our lives. Securing connections, enhancing safety, driving economic growth,
and promoting education, telecommunication has indelibly woven itself into the
very fabric of society.

REFERENCES:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited

https://portal.bsnl.in/myportal/cfa.do

https://skill-lync.com/blogs/different-forms-of-telecommunication-its-types-and-
leading-service-providers

https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bsnl-bbnl-merger-to-
monetise-fibre-boost-rural-penetration-says-polycab-
executive/94532995#:~:text=In%20July%20this%20year%2C%20the,cleared%20
t he%20BSNL%2DBBNL%20merger