The document discusses different methods of electric heating including direct and indirect resistance heating, arc heating, and high frequency heating through induction and dielectric heating. It provides details on the principles, requirements, and equations for calculating heat transfer of each method.
The document discusses different methods of electric heating including direct and indirect resistance heating, arc heating, and high frequency heating through induction and dielectric heating. It provides details on the principles, requirements, and equations for calculating heat transfer of each method.
The document discusses different methods of electric heating including direct and indirect resistance heating, arc heating, and high frequency heating through induction and dielectric heating. It provides details on the principles, requirements, and equations for calculating heat transfer of each method.
The document discusses different methods of electric heating including direct and indirect resistance heating, arc heating, and high frequency heating through induction and dielectric heating. It provides details on the principles, requirements, and equations for calculating heat transfer of each method.
(1) Economical. (2) Cleanliness . (3) Pollution free. (4) Ease of control. (5) High temperature. (6) Uniform heating. (7) High efficiency. (8) Automatic protection. (9) Safety. (10) Heating of non-conducting materials.
2-Requirements of a Good Heating Element :-
1-High Resistivity. 2-High Melting Point. 3-High Oxidising Temperature. 4- Low temperature coefficient of resistance
Modes of Transfer of Heat:
1. conduction, 2. convection, or 3. radiation.
1- conduction:- Take place in solid materials such as the heating of insulating materials.
where k is the coefficient of the thermal conductivity for the material.
2- convection Heat dissipation is given by the following expression.
Where a and b are the constants whose values are depend upon the heating surface and T1 and T2 are the temperatures of heating element and fluid in °C, respectively. Ex: Immersion water heater.
3- Radiation:-
where T1 is the temperature of the source in kelvin, T2 is the
temperature of the substance to be heated in kelvin, and k is the radiant efficiency: Ex: Solar heaters. Methods of Electric Heating:-
Classification of electrical heating
(i) Direct resistance heating In this method, the electric current is made to pass through the charge (or) substance to be heated. This principle of heating is employed in electrode boiler. We can control temperature by voltage (current) and Resistance by varying the depth of immersion and the distance between the electrodes.
Direct resistance heating
(ii) Indirect resistance heating In this method, the electric current is made to pass through a wire or high-resistance heating element, the heat so developed is transferred to charge from the heating element by convection or radiation. This method of heating is employed in immersion water heaters. Arc Heating : If the high voltage is applied across an air gap, the air in the gap gets ionized under the influence of electrostatic forces and becomes conducting medium, current flows in the form of a continuous spark, known as arc. A very high voltage is required to establish an arc but very small voltage is sufficient to maintain it, across the air gap.
1-Direct arc heating :-
In this method, by striking the arc between the charge and the electrode or electrodes, the heat so developed is directly conducted and taken by the charge. 2-Indirect arc heating :- In this method, arc is established between the two electrodes, the heat so developed is transferred to the charge (or) substance by radiation. The furnaces operating on this principle are known as indirect arc furnaces. This method is generally used in the melting of non-ferrous metals.
Power input to the arc furnace can be controlled by varying the length of the arc by raising or lowering the electrodes thereby varying the resistance of the arc. Another way is by varying the applied voltage by the use of tappings provided on the primary side of furnace transformer. Equivalent circuit of arc furnace :-
Equivalent circuit parameters are described as RT is the equivalent
resistance of transformer referred to secondary, XT is the equivalent reactance of transformer referred to secondary, XL is the reactance of load, RL is the resistance of load, RE is the resistance of electrodes, EA is the arc voltage (voltage drop across arc), and RA is the arc resistance.
Example 1: Calculate the time taken to melt 5 ton of steel in three-phase arc furnace having the following data. High-Frequency Heating The main difference between the power-frequency and the high- frequency heating is that in the conventional methods, the heat is transferred either by conduction convection or by radiation, but in the high-frequency heating methods, the electromagnetic energy converted into the heat energy in side the material. The high-frequency heating can be applied to two types of materials. The heating of the conducting materials, such as ferro-magnetic and non-ferro-magnetic, is known as induction heating. The process of heating of the insulating materials is known as dielectric heating.
1- Induction Heating : The induction heating process makes use of the currents induced by the electromagnetic action in the material to be heated. To develop sufficient amount of heat, the resistance of the material must be low which is possible only with the metals, and the voltage must be higher, which can be obtained by employing higher flux and higher frequency. Therefore, the magnetic materials can be heated than non-magnetic materials due to their high permeability.
Heat developed in the disc is depending upon the following factors :
1-Primary coil current.
2-The number of the turns of the coil. 3-Supply frequency. 4-The magnetic coupling between the coil and the disc. 5- The high electrical resistivity of the disc. Induction heating
2-Dielectric Heating : When non-metallic materials i.e., insulators such as wood, plastics, and china glass are subjected to high-voltage alternating electric field, the atoms get stresses, and due to inter-atomic friction caused by the repeated deformation and the rotation of atomic structure (polarization), heat is produced. This is known as dielectric loss. This dielectric loss in insulators corresponds to hysteresis loss in ferro- magnetic materials. This loss is due to the reversal of magnetism or magneto molecular friction. These losses developed in a material that has to be heated.
Dielectric heating Where V is the applied voltage in volts, f is the supply frequency in Hz, ε0 is the absolute permittivity of the medium = 8.854 × 10Ð12 F/m, εr is the relative permittivity of the medium = 1 for free space, A is the area of the plate or electrode (m2), d is the thickness of the dielectric medium, and δ is the loss angle in radian. We Can control heating :
Normally frequency used for dielectric heating is in the range of 1-40
MHz. The use of high voltage is also limited due to the breakdown voltage of thin dielectric that is to be heated, under normal conditions; the voltage gradient used is limited to 18 kV/cm. Example 2: A piece of insulating material is to be heated by dielectric heating. The
