Seminar 2.

A word as a main lexicological unit.

1. Definitions of a word.
2. The structure of a word.
3. Typology of words.

References:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1973
2. Ginsburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyaseva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English
Lexicology. M., 1966
3. Grinberg L.E., Kuznetz M.D., Kumacheva A.V., Melzer G.M. Exercises in Modern
English Lexicology. M., 1960
4. Гальперин И.Р. и др. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
5. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
6. Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология. М., 1970
7. Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английскогоязыка. М., 1972.
8. Хидекель С.С. и др. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Л.,
1969.
9. Швейцер А.Д. Очерк современного английского языка США. М., 1963, гл. 1,4.

Questions for self-control:

1. Give a definition of a word. (as many as possible)
Word is the basic unit of language, directly corresponds to the object of thought
(referent) – which is a generalized reverberation of a certain 'slice', 'piece' of objective
reality – and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant
Word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication. Thus,
the word can be defined as a unit of communication.
The word can be perceived as the total of the sounds which comprise it
The word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication,
materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to
grammatical employment and characterised by formal and semantic unity.
Word is the smallest significant unit of speech. Aristotle
A word is the main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the
association of a group of sounds with a meaning. This unit is used in grammatical functions
characteristic of it.
It is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance
Plato’s work: words are names or labels for things.

2. The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between two

structures of the word. What are they?
The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the
external and the internal structures of the word.

3. What is the external structure of a word? Give examples.

By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. For
example, in the word post-impressionists the following morphemes can be distinguished:
the prefixes post-, im-, the root press, the noun-forming suffixes -ion, -ist, and the
grammatical suffix of plurality -s. All these morphemes constitute the external structure of
the word post-impressionists.

4. Which section of Lexicology studies the external structure of a word?

The external structure of words, and also typical word-formation patterns, are
studied in the section on word-building.

5. What is the internal structure of a word?

The internal structure of the word, or its meaning, is nowadays commonly referred
to as the word's semantic structure. Words can serve the purposes of human
communication solely due to their meanings, and it is most unfortunate when this fact is
ignored by some contemporary scholars who, in their obsession with the fetish of structure
tend to condemn as irrelevant anything that eludes mathematical analysis. And this is
exactly what meaning, with its subtle variations and shifts, is apt to do.

6. What is semantics?
The area of lexicology specialising in the semantic studies of the word is called
semantics.

7. What is the unity of the word? Give examples.

8. What types of words can we distinguish morphologically?

Morphologically we distinguish between:
 - monomorphemic words (root words);
 - polymorphemic words (derivatives, compounds, derivational compounds).

9. What types of words can we distinguish semantically?

Semantically:
 - monosemantic words – words, having only one lexical meaning and
denoting, accordingly, one concept;
 - polysemantic words – words having several meanings, i.e. w. having several
meanings, thus denoting a whole set of related concepts grouped according to the national
peculiarities of a given language.

10. What types of words can we distinguish syntactically?

Syntactically:
 - categorematic words. (notional words, lexical words (items)/content
words);
Notional words constitute the bulk of the existing word stock while
function words constitute a smaller group of words. Notional words denote things, actions
and other extra-linguistic phenomena. Functional words denote relations and connections
between the notional words
 Lexical words (items) are single words or words that are grouped in a language’s
lexicon. Examples are cat , traffic light , take care of , by the way
Content words are words that name objects of reality and their qualities. They
signify actual living things (dog, cat, etc.), family members (mother, father, sister, etc.),
natural phenomena (snow, Sun, etc.) common actions (do, make, come, eat, etc.),
characteristics (young, cold, dark, etc.), etc. They consist mostly of nouns, but
certain verbs,adjectives, and adverbs can also be content words.
- syncategorematic words. (form-words, structural/functional words);
Form words are words that indicate mainly grammatical relationship (such as
auxiliary verb, preposition or conjunction).
Content words contrast with function words, which are words that have very
little substantive meaning and primarily denote grammatical relationships between content
words, such as prepositions (in, out, under, etc.), pronouns (I, you, he, who,
etc.), conjunctions (and, but, til, as, etc.)
Structural/functional words are words that have little lexical meaning or
have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other
words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the
structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds
sentences together. Thus, they serve as important elements to the structures of sentences

11. What types of words can we distinguish etymologically?

Etymologically:
- native words. A native word is a word (or more precisely, lexeme) that was
not borrowed from another language, but was inherited from an earlier stage of the
language;
- borrowed words. (borrowings);
Borrowed words are words which are adapted for use in another language.
- hybrids.
A hybrid word is a word which etymologically has one part derived fromone language and
another part derived from a different language. Television – from the Greek (tēle) meaning
"far" and the Latin visio meaning "seeing", from videre meaning "to see"; Sociology – from
the Latin socius, "comrade", and the Greek (lógos) meaning "word", "reason", "discourse"
Aquaphobia – from Latin aqua "water" and Greek φοβία (phobia) "fear"; this term is
distinguished from the non-hybrid word hydrophobia, which can refer to symptoms ofrabies.
Automobile – a wheeled passenger vehicle, from Greek αὐτός (autos) "self" and
Latin mobilis "moveable"
Hyperactive – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin activus
Hypercomplex – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin complexus meaning "an
embrace"
Multigraph – from the Latin multus "many" and the Greek γραφή (graphē); the non-hybrid word
would be polygraph, but that is generally used with a different meaning
- international words.
An international word is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same
or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in "several different languages
as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source" (I.V.Arnold)
Pronunciation and spelling are similar so that the word is understandable between the
different languages; many of them are of Latin and Greek origin. Most names of sciences are
international, e. g.philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine,
linguistics, lexicology. There are also numerous terms of art in this group: music, theatre,
drama, tragedy, comedy, artist, primadonna.
- occasional words
Occasional words (nonce-words, ephemeral words) – words, which cannot be
considered as permanent members of the word-stock: although they are, as a rule, formed
after existing patterns, they are not characterized by general currency but are individual
innovations introduced for a special occasion.
A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion
to solve an immediate problem of communication. Some nonce words have a meaning and
may become an established part of the language, while others are essentially meaningless
and disposable and are useful for exactly that reason, for instance in child language testing.
Examples of such words include "wug" (see Wug test) and "blicket".
Fluddle, a word reported by David Crystal which he understood to mean a water
spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word
existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved
popular.
Bouba and Kiki, used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and
their meaning.
Grok – coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, and now almost
mainstreamed.
– potential words – a derivatives or a compound which do not actually exist (i.e. have not
appeared in text), but which can be produced at any moment in accordance with the
productive word-forming patterns of the language (e.g. singable, smokable, etc.).
- register sensitive words
Register sensitive words are used in this or that register only. Certain words and
phrases are considered ‘sensitive’ because of their potential to mislead, confuse and/or
offend the general public by suggesting a specific function, affiliation, status, or business
pre-eminence. Therefore, the use of any such words in a company name requires approval
from the Secretary of State or other relevant authority before it can be registered with
Companies House. If permission is granted from the appropriate governing body, you must
provide Companies House with supporting documentation to prove this is the case.
Some of the most popular sensitive words include:
 Association
 England/English/British/
 Foundation/Fund/Society/Trust
 Fund
 Government/Parliament
 Her Majesty, or any other term or name connected with the Royal family
 Insurance
 The name of a profession you are not qualified to perform.
12. What types of words can we distinguish stylistically?
Stylistically:
- neutral words;
Neutral Words are used in both literary and colloquial language. They are the main
source of synonymy and polysemy (prolific in the production of new meanings). The wealth
of the neutral words is often overlooked due to their inconspicuous character but their
faculty for generating new stylistic variants is amazing.
- elevated (bookish) words;
Bookish words serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, high
poetry and poetic messages, authorial speech of creative prose; they are mainly observed in
the written form form; they contribute to the message the tone of solemnity, sophistication,
seriousness, gravity learnedness.
I must decline to pursue this painful discussion, It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is r
epugnant to my feelings.(Ch.Dickens)
Colloquial words are words or expressions used in ordinary language by common
people. They are informal and are used mainly in conversation
colloquial neutral bookish
kid child infant
chap fellow associate
get out go away retire
go on continue proceed
go ahead begin commence

13. What are root words? Give examples.

 monomorphemic words (root words);
 Root words are simply words that are used (written or spoken) that do not have an
additional prefix or suffix added to the end or beginning of them.

14. What are simple words? Give examples

Simple words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the
inflexion is zero)

15. What are derived words? Give examples

Derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion.
1. Happy (root word):
  Unhappy (derived by adding the prefix "un-" to indicate the opposite)
 Happiness (derived by adding the suffix "-ness" to form a noun)
2. Play (root word):
 Replay (derived by adding the prefix "re-" to indicate doing again)
 Player (derived by adding the suffix "-er" to indicate a person who plays)
3. Friend (root word):
 Friendly (derived by adding the suffix "-ly" to indicate a characteristic)
 Unfriend (derived by adding the prefix "un-" to indicate the opposite action)
4. Nation (root word):
 National (derived by adding the suffix "-al" to indicate relating to a nation)
 International (derived by adding the prefix "inter-" and the suffix "-al" to
indicate between nations)
5. Build (root word):
 Rebuild (derived by adding the prefix "re-" to indicate building again)
 Builder (derived by adding the suffix "-er" to indicate a person who builds)

16. What are compound words? Give examples

Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion.
1. Butterfly:
 Butter + fly
 A flying insect with wings that are often colored and patterned like butter.
2. Sunflower:
 Sun + flower
 A tall plant with a large, yellow, disk-shaped flower head.
3. Rainbow:
 Rain + bow
 A meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction, and
dispersion of light in water droplets.
4. Bookshelf:
 Book + shelf
 A piece of furniture with shelves for storing books.
5. Snowman:
 Snow + man
 A figure made of packed snow, typically resembling a person.
6. Lighthouse:
 Light + house
 A tower or structure equipped with a light to guide or warn ships at sea.
7. Toothpaste:
 Tooth + paste
 A substance used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the health of
teeth.
 17. What are compound-derived words? Give examples
Compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more
affixes and an inflexion.
Examples: kind-hearted, old-timer, schoolboyishness, teenager.
1. Breakfast (compound word):
 Break + fast
 Breakfast (derived by adding the suffix "-fast" indicating the meal that breaks
the overnight fasting period)
2. Teaspoon (compound word):
 Tea + spoon
 Teaspoon (derived by adding the base word "spoon" to indicate a smaller
spoon used for stirring or measuring tea)
3. Football (compound word):
 Foot + ball
 Football (derived by adding the base word "ball" to indicate a game played
with a ball that is primarily kicked with the feet)
4. Sundown (compound word):
 Sun + down
 Sundown (derived by adding the base word "down" to indicate the time
when the sun goes below the horizon)
5. Notebook (compound word):
 Note + book
 Notebook (derived by adding the base word "book" to indicate a book for
writing or taking notes)

18. What is a morpheme?

A word, can be divided into smaller sense units - morphemes. The morpheme is the
smallest meaningful language unit.

19. What are allomorphs? Give examples

An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme that varies in sound without changing
meaning. e.g. please, pleasant, pleasure.

20. What are the types and subtypes of morphemes? Describe them.
 Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical morphemes and grammatical
(functional) morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound.
Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word,
they coincide with the stem of simple words. Free grammatical morphemes are function
words: articles, conjunctions and prepositions ( the, with, and).
Bound lexical morphemes are affixes: prefixes (dis-), suffixes (-ish) and also blocked
(unique) root morphemes (e.g. Fri-day, cran-berry). Bound grammatical morphemes are
inflexions (endings), e.g. -s for the Plural of nouns, -ed for the Past Indefinite of regular
verbs, -ing for the Present Participle, -er for the Comparative degree of adjectives.
According to the nature and the number of morphemes constituting a word there
are different structural types of words in English: simple, derived, compound, compound-
derived.

21. What is a word stem? Give examples.

When speaking about the structure of words stems it also should be mentioned. The
stem is the part of the word which remains unchanged throughout the paradigm of the
word, e.g. the stem «hop» can be found in the words: «hop», «hops», «hopped»,
«hopping». The stem «hippie» can be found in the words: «hippie», «hippies», «hippie’s»,
«hippies’». The stem «job-hop» can be found in the words : «job-hop», «job-hops», «job-
hopped», «job-hopping».

22. What are monosemantic words?

monosemantic words – words, having only one lexical meaning and denoting, accordingly,
one concept;

23. What are polysemantic words?

polysemantic words – words having several meanings, i.e. w. having several meanings, thus
denoting a whole set of related concepts grouped according to the national peculiarities of a
given language.

24. What are categorematic words?

categorematic words. (notional words, lexical words (items)/content words);

25. What are syncategorematic words?

syncategorematic words. (form-words, structural/functional words);

26. What are notional words? Give examples

Notional words denote things, actions and other extra-linguistic phenomena (subjects,
attributes, adverbials). EXAMPLES: roof, beautiful, poorly
Notional words constitute the bulk of the existing word stock while
function words constitute a smaller group of words. Notional words denote things, actions
and other extra-linguistic phenomena. Functional words denote relations and connections
between the notional words
27. What are lexical/ content words? Give examples
Lexical words (items) are single words or words that are grouped in a language’s
lexicon. Examples are cat , traffic light , take care of , by the way
Content words are words that name objects of reality and their qualities. They
signify actual living things (dog, cat, etc.), family members (mother, father, sister, etc.),
natural phenomena (snow, Sun, etc.) common actions (do, make, come, eat, etc.),
characteristics (young, cold, dark, etc.), etc. They consist mostly of nouns, but
certain verbs,adjectives, and adverbs can also be content words.

28. What are form words? Give examples

Form words are words that indicate mainly grammatical relationship (such as auxiliary verb,
preposition or conjunction).

29. What are structural/functional words? Give examples

Structural/functional words are words that have little lexical meaning or
have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other
words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the
structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds
sentences together. Thus, they serve as important elements to the structures of sentences

30. What parts of speech can notional/content words be?

notional/content words: nouns, but certain verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can also
be content words.
Content words are words that name objects of reality and their qualities. They
signify actual living things (dog, cat, etc.), family members (mother, father, sister, etc.),
natural phenomena (snow, Sun, etc.) common actions (do, make, come, eat, etc.),
characteristics (young, cold, dark, etc.), etc. They consist mostly of nouns, but
certain verbs,adjectives, and adverbs can also be content words.

31. What parts of speech can form words be?

form words: prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions
Form words are words that indicate mainly grammatical relationship (such as
auxiliary verb, preposition or conjunction).

32. What parts of speech can function words be?

function words: pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions
Content words contrast with function words, which are words that have very
little substantive meaning and primarily denote grammatical relationships between content
words, such as prepositions (in, out, under, etc.), pronouns (I, you, he, who,
etc.), conjunctions (and, but, til, as, etc.)
33. What are neutral words? Give examples.
Neutral Words are used in both literary and colloquial language. They are the main source of
synonymy and polysemy (prolific in the production of new meanings). The wealth of the
neutral words is often overlooked due to their inconspicuous character but their faculty for
generating new stylistic variants is amazing.

34. Are neutral words or bookish words or colloquial words the main source of synonymy
and polysemy?
neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy

35. What are elevated (bookish) words? Give examples.

Bookish words serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, high poetry
and poetic messages, authorial speech of creative prose; they are mainly observed in the
written form form; they contribute to the message the tone of solemnity, sophistication,
seriousness, gravity learnedness.
I must decline to pursue this painful discussion, It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is r
epugnant to my feelings.(Ch.Dickens)

Infant - Child
Abode - Home
Cacophony - Noise
Quaint - Charming
Mellifluous - Sweet-sounding
Obfuscate - Confuse
Penultimate - Second-to-last
Peruse - Read
Sesquipedalian - Long-winded
Ephemeral - Short-lived

36. What are colloquial words? Give examples.

Colloquial words are words or expressions used in ordinary language by common people.
They are informal and are used mainly in conversation
Adorable-cute
Child – baby

37. Give examples of the same meaning of the word, but in different stylistic styles
(neutral, bookish and colloquial).

1. Start (neutral) - Commence (bookish) - Kick off (colloquial)

2. Finish (neutral) - Conclude (bookish) - Wrap up (colloquial)
3. Help (neutral) - Aid (bookish) - Lend a hand (colloquial)
 4. Angry (neutral) - Irate (bookish) - Mad (colloquial)
5. Talk (neutral) - Converse (bookish) - Chat (colloquial)

colloquial neutral bookish

kid child infant
chap fellow associate
get out go away retire
go on continue proceed
go ahead begin commence

38. What are native words?

A native word is a word (or more precisely, lexeme) that was not borrowed from
another language, but was inherited from an earlier stage of the language;

39. What are borrowed words? Give examples.

Borrowed words are words which are adapted for use in another language.
 Café (French)
 Piano (Italian)
 Ballet (French)
 Kindergarten (German)
 Chocolate (Nahuatl, an indigenous language of Mexico)
 Tsunami (Japanese)
 Guru (Sanskrit)

40. What are hybrids? Give examples.

A hybrid word is a word which etymologically has one part derived fromone languag
e and another part derived from a different language.
Aquaphobia – from Latin aqua "water" and Greek φοβία (phobia) "fear"; this term is
distinguished from the non-hybrid word hydrophobia, which can refer to symptoms ofrabies.
Automobile – a wheeled passenger vehicle, from Greek αὐτός (autos) "self" and
Latin mobilis "moveable"
Hyperactive – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin activus
Hypercomplex – from Greek ὑπέρ (hyper) meaning "over" and Latin complexus meaning "an
embrace"
Multigraph – from the Latin multus "many" and the Greek γραφή (graphē); the non-hybrid
word would be polygraph, but that is generally used with a different meaning

41. What are international words? Give examples.

An international word is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same
or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in "several different languages
as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source" (I.V.Arnold)
Pronunciation and spelling are similar so that the word is understandable between the
different languages; many of them are of Latin and Greek origin. Most names of sciences are
international, e. g.philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine,
linguistics, lexicology. There are also numerous terms of art in this group: music, theatre,
drama, tragedy, comedy, artist, primadonna.

42. Give examples of international words – names of science.

Psychology, biology philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, linguistics,
lexicology.

43. Give examples of international words – terms of art.

An etude, impressionism. music, theatre, drama, tragedy, comedy, artist, primadonna.

44. Give examples of international words – political terms.

Socialism, communism. politics, policy, revolution, progress, democracy, communism, anti-
militarism.

45. Give examples of international words of the 20th century.

atomic, antibiotic, radio, television, sputnik.

46. Give examples of international words – sport terms.

The English language also contributed a considerable number of international
words to world languages. Among them the sports terms occupy a prominent
position: football, volley-ball, baseball, hockey, cricket, rugby, tennis, golf, etc.

47. Give examples of international words – fruit and foodstuffs.

Fruit and foodstuffs imported from exotic countries often transport their names
too and, being simultaneously imported to many countries, become international: coffee,
cocoa, chocolate, coca-cola, banana, mango, avocado, grapefruit.

48. Are international words mainly borrowings?

It is important to note that international words are mainly borrowings. The
outward similarity of such Words as the English son, the German Sohn and the
Russian сын should not lead one to the quite false conclusion that they are international
words. They represent the Indo-European group of the native element in each respective
language and are cognates, i. e. words of the same etymological root, and not borrowings.

49. Are such words as the English son, the German Sohn and the Russian сын international
words? Why?/Why not?
The outward similarity of such Words as the English son, the German Sohn and the
Russian сын should not lead one to the quite false conclusion that they are international
words. They represent the Indo-European group of the native element in each respective
language and are cognates, i. e. words of the same etymological root, and not borrowings.
50. What are occasional words? Give examples.
Occasional words (nonce-words, ephemeral words) – words, which cannot be
considered as permanent members of the word-stock: although they are, as a rule, formed
after existing patterns, they are not characterized by general currency but are individual
innovations introduced for a special occasion.
Fluddle, a word reported by David Crystal which he understood to mean a water
spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word
existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved
popular.
Bouba and Kiki, used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and
their meaning.
Grok – coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, and now almost
mainstreamed.
Stem composition “star-run”, “hyperspace”, “back-life”.
Conversion “to planet”.
organlegger (the word is created by Lary Niven from the following words — “organ” and
“bootlegger” — a person who sells and kills people to get their inner organs)
for example: unwish, teleputers

51. What are the other names of occasional words?

(nonce-words, ephemeral words)
A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion
to solve an immediate problem of communication. Some nonce words have a meaning and
may become an established part of the language, while others are essentially meaningless
and disposable and are useful for exactly that reason, for instance in child language testing.
Examples of such words include "wug" (see Wug test) and "blicket".

52. What are potential words? Give examples.

– potential words – a derivatives or a compound which do not actually exist (i.e.
have not appeared in text), but which can be produced at any moment in accordance with
the productive word-forming patterns of the language (e.g. singable, smokable, etc.).
Examples: walkie-talkie, bread-and-butter, hiss-and-tell.

53. What are register sensitive words? Give examples.

Register sensitive words are used in this or that register only. Certain words and
phrases are considered ‘sensitive’ because of their potential to mislead, confuse and/or
offend the general public by suggesting a specific function, affiliation, status, or business
pre-eminence. Therefore, the use of any such words in a company name requires approval
from the Secretary of State or other relevant authority before it can be registered with
Companies House. If permission is granted from the appropriate governing body, you must
provide Companies House with supporting documentation to prove this is the case.
 Association
 England/English/British/
 Foundation/Fund/Society/Trust
  Fund
 Government/Parliament
 Her Majesty, or any other term or name connected with the Royal family
 Insurance
 The name of a profession you are not qualified to perform.

54. Name the most popular register sensitive words.

Some of the most popular sensitive words include:
 Association
 England/English/British/
 Foundation/Fund/Society/Trust
 Fund
 Government/Parliament
 Her Majesty, or any other term or name connected with the Royal family
 Insurance
 The name of a profession you are not qualified to perform.

55. The use of the word ‘Royal’ is prohibited in a company name. Why?

For example, using the word ‘Royal’ in a company name

The use of the word ‘Royal’ is prohibited, as well as the use of the following
associated words: King, Queen, Prince, Princess, Duke, Duchess, His/Her Majesty, and
Windsor. The inclusion of such words could mislead the public by falsely suggesting an
association with the Royal family. This could unfairly boost the image and status of a
business.
Similarly, using Royal names, residences and emblems on company products and
promotional materials is prohibited because it suggests the company supplies goods to, or is
endorsed by, the Royal family. These rules will only vary in exceptional circumstances, and
permission must be granted by the Lord Chamberlain’s Office.