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Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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Alyza Caszy Umayat

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Chapter 10

Analytic Geometry Topics

3 3
Directrix: x = − − = (x = −p)
Exercise Set 10.1 2 2

1. Graph (f) is the graph of x2 = 8y. y

4
2. Graph (c) is the graph of y 2 = −10x. y 2 6x
2
3. Graph (b) is the graph of (y − 2) = −3(x + 4). 2
4 2 2 4 x
4. Graph (e) is the graph of (x + 1)2 = 5(y − 2). 2

4
5. Graph (d) is the graph of 13x2 − 8y − 9 = 0.
6. Graph (a) is the graph of 41x + 6y 2 = 12.
10. y 2 = −2x
7. x2 = 20y
1
x2 = 4 · 5 · y Writing x2 = 4py y =4 −
2
x
2

Vertex: (0, 0) 1 1
V : (0, 0), F : − , 0 , D : x =
Focus: (0, 5) [(0, p)] 2 2
Directrix: y = −5 (y = −p)
y
y 4
y 2 2x
2
4
x 2 ⫽ 20y
2 4 2 2 4 x
2
⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x 4
⫺2

⫺4
11. x2 − 4y = 0
x2 = 4y
8. x2 = 16y
x2 = 4 · 1 · y Writing x2 = 4py
x2 = 4 · 4 · y
Vertex: (0, 0)
V : (0, 0), F : (0, 4), D : y = −4
Focus: (0, 1) [(0, p)]
y Directrix: y = −1 (y = −p)
4
y
2
4
4 2 2 4 x
2 x2 16y 2

4
4 2 2 4 x
2
x 4y 0
2

9. y 2 = −6x 4

3
y2 = 4 − x Writing y 2 = 4px
2 12. y 2 + 4x = 0
Vertex: (0,0) y 2 = −4x

3 y 2 = 4(−1)x
Focus: − ,0 [(p, 0)]
2
V : (0, 0), F : (−1, 0), D : x = 1

y on the y-axis so the axis of symmetry is the y-axis and p =

4 −π. The vertex (h, k) is the point on the y-axis midway
y 2 4x 0 between the directrix and the focus. Thus, it is (0, 0). We
2
have
4 2 2 4 x (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)
2
(x − 0)2 = 4(−π)(y − 0) Substituting
4
x2 = −4πy

13. x = 2y 2 18. (y − k)2 = 4p(x − h)

√
1 (y − 0)2 = 4(− 2)(x − 0)
y2 = x √
2 y 2 = −4 2x
1
y = 4· ·x
2
Writing y 2 = 4px 19. Since the directrix, x = −4, is a vertical line, the equation
8
is of the form (y − k)2 = 4p(x − h). The focus, (3, 2), is
Vertex: (0, 0) on the horizontal line y = 2, so the axis of symmetry is

1 y = 2. The vertex is the point on the line y = 2 that
Focus: ,0
8 is midway between the directrix and the focus. That is,
1 it
is the midpoint of the
segment
from (−4, 2) to (3, 2):
Directrix: x = − −4 + 3 2 + 2 1 1
8 , , or − , 2 . Then h = − and the
2 2 2 2
y directrix is x = h − p, so we have
2 x 2y 2 x = h−p
1
1 −4 = − − p
2
2 1 1 2 x 7
1 − = −p
2
2
7
= p.
2
1 2 Now we ﬁnd the equation of the parabola.
14. y = x
2
(y − k)2 = 4p(x − h)
1 1
V : (0, 0), F : 0, , D:y=− 7 1
2 2 (y − 2) = 4
2
x− −
2 2

y 1
(y − 2)2 = 14 x +
4 2
2 20. Since the directrix, y = −3, is a horizontal line, the equa-
4 2 2 4
tion is of the form (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k). The focus (−2, 3),
x
2 is on the vertical line x = −2, so the axis of symmetry is
1 2
4
y x
2 x = −2. The vertex is the point on the line x = −2 that
is midway between the directrix and the focus. That is, it
the midpoint of the segment from (−2, 3) to (−2, −3):
is
15. Since the directrix, x = −4, is a vertical line, the equation −2 − 2 3 − 3
, , or (−2, 0). Then k = 0 and the directrix
is of the form (y − k)2 = 4p(x − h). The focus, (4, 0), 3 2
is on the x-axis so the axis of symmetry is the x-axis and is y = k − p, so we have
p = 4. The vertex, (h, k), is the point on the x-axis midway y = k−p
between the directrix and the focus. Thus, it is (0, 0). We
−3 = 0 − p
have
(y − k)2 = 4p(x − h) 3 = p.

(y − 0) = 4 · 4(x − 0)
2
Substituting Now we ﬁnd the equation of the parabola.
2
y = 16x. (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)
[x − (−2)]2 = 4 · 3(y − 0)
16. (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)
(x + 2)2 = 12y
1
(x − 0)2 = 4 · (y − 0)
4 21. (x + 2)2 =−6(y − 1)

x2 = y 3
[x−(−2)]2 =4 − (y−1) [(x−h)2 = 4p(y−k)]
2
17. Since the directrix, y = π, is a horizontal line, the equation
is of the form (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k). The focus, (0, −π), is Vertex: (−2, 1) [(h, k)]

Focus: − 2, 1 + −
3
, or − 2, −
1 24. y 2 + 6y − x + 16 = 0
2 2 y 2 + 6y + 9 = x − 16 + 9
[(h, k + p)]
(y + 3)2 = x − 7
3 5
Directrix: y = 1 − − = (y = k − p) 1
2 2 [y − (−3)]2 = 4 (x − 7)
4
y V : (7, −3)

4 1 29
F : 7 + , −3 , or , −3
2
4 4
1 27
4 2 4 x D : x=7− =
4 4
2

4 y
2

(x 2)2 6(y 1) 4 8 12 16 20 x
2

22. (y − 3)2 = −20(x + 2) 4

(y − 3)2 = 4(−5)[x − (−2)] 6

8
V : (−2, 3)
F : (−2 − 5, 3), or (−7, 3) y 2 6y x 16 0

D : x = −2 − (−5) = 3 25. x2 − y − 2 = 0
y x2 = y + 2
12 1
(x − 0)2 = 4 · · [y − (−2)]
8 4
4 [(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)]
16 12 8 4 4 x Vertex: (0, −2) [(h, k)]
4
1 7
8 Focus: 0, −2 + , or 0, − [(h, k + p)]
4 4
(y 3)2 20(x 2) 1 9
Directrix: y = −2 − = − (y = k − p)
4 4
23. x2 + 2x + 2y + 7 = 0
x2 + 2x = −2y − 7 y

(x + 2x + 1) = −2y − 7 + 1 = −2y − 6
2 4

(x + 1)2 = −2(y + 3) 2

1 4 2
[x − (−1)]2 = 4 − [y − (−3)] 2 4 x
2
[(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)] 4 x2 y 2 0
Vertex: (−1, −3) [(h, k)]

1 7 26. x2 − 4x − 2y = 0
Focus: − 1, −3+ − , or − 1, −
2 2
x2 − 4x + 4 = 2y + 4
[(h, k+p)]
(x − 2)2 = 2(y + 2)
1 5
Directrix: y = −3 − − =− (y = k − p) 1
2 2 (x − 2)2 = 4 [y − (−2)]
2
y V : (2, −2)

1 3
2
F : 2, −2 + , or 2, −
2 2
4 2 2 4 x 1 5
2 D : y = −2 − = −
2 2
4
6

x 2 2x 2y 7 0

y 29. y2 − y − x + 6 = 0
4 y2 − y = x−6
2 1 1
y2 − y + = x−6+
4 2 2 4 x 4 4
2 2
1 23
4 y− = x−
2 4
2
x 2 4x 2y 0 1 1 23
y− = 4· x−
2 4 4
27. y = x2 + 4x + 3 [(y − k)2 = 4p(x − h)]

y − 3 = x2 + 4x 23 1
Vertex: , [(h, k)]
y − 3 + 4 = x2 + 4x + 4 4 2

y + 1 = (x + 2)2 23 1 1 1
Focus: + , , or 6, [(h + p, k)]
1 4 4 2 2
4· · [y − (−1)] = [x − (−2)]2
4 23 1 22 11
Directrix: x = − = or (x = h − p)
[(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)] 4 4 4 2
Vertex: (−2, −1) [(h, k)] y

1 3
Focus: − 2, −1 + , or − 2, − [(h, k + p)] 4
4 4
2
1 5
Directrix: y = −1− = − (y = k−p)
4 4 2 4 6 8 x
2
y
4
4

2 y2 y x 6 0

4 2 4 x 30. y2 + y − x − 4 = 0
2

4
y2 + y = x + 4
1 1
y2 + y + = x + 4 +
4 4
y x 2 4x 3
2
1 17
y+ = x+
28. y = x2 + 6x + 10 2 4
2
y − 10 + 9 = x2 + 6x + 9 1 1 17
y− − = 4· x− −
y − 1 = (x + 3)2 2 4 4

1 17 1
4 (y − 1) = [x − (−3)]2 V : − ,−
4 4 2

V : (−3, 1) 17 1 1 1
F : − + , − , or − 4, −
1 5 4 4 2 2
F : − 3, 1 + , or − 3,
4 4 17 1 9
D: x=− − =−
1 3 4 4 2
D : y =1− =
4 4 y
y 4

6 2

4 2 2 4 x
2 2

4
6 4 2 2 x
2
y2 y x 4 0
y x 2 6x 10

31. a) The vertex is (0, 0). The focus is (4, 0), so p = 4. y

The parabola has a horizontal axis of symmetry so (1.5, 2)

the equation is of the form y 2 = 4px. We have
y 2 = 4px
1.5 ft x
y2 = 4 · 4 · x 4 ft

y 2 = 16x
b) We make a drawing.

y
15
( x, — )
The parabola the form y 2 = 4px and a point on the
is of
2 4
parabola is 1.5, , or (1.5, 2).
2
15 ft
x x y 2 = 4px
22 = 4 · p · (1.5) Substituting
15 4 = 6p
( x, – — )
2 4
= p, or
6
The depth
ofthe satellite dish at the vertex is x 2
15 =p
where x, is a point on the parabola. 3
2 2 2
Since the focus is at (p, 0), or , 0 , the focus is ft, or
y2 = 16x 3 3
2 8 in., from the vertex.
15 15
= 16x Substituting for y 34.
2 2 y

225 (18, y)
= 16x
4
225
= x, or (4, 0) (18, 0) x
64
33
3 = x
64
33
The depth of the satellite dish at the vertex is 3 ft.
64
32. a) The parabola isof the 2
form y = 4px. A point on y 2 = 4px
6
the parabola is 1,
2
, or (1, 3). y 2 = 4 · 4 · 18

y 2 = 4px y 2 = 288
√
32 = 4 · p · 1 y = 12 2
√ √
9 The width at the opening is 2 · 12 2, or 24 2 in. ≈ 34 in.
=p
4 35. When we let y = 0 and solve for x, the only equation for
9 2
Then the equation of the parabola is y 2 = 4 · x, or which x = is (h), so only equation (h) has x-intercept
4 3
y 2 = 9x. 2
,0 .
9 3
b) The focus is at (p, 0), or , 0 , so the bulb should
4 36. Equations (a) - (f) are in the form y = mx + b and b = 7
9 1 in equation (d). When we solve equations (g) and (h)
be placed in., or 2 in., from the vertex.
4 4 7 1 1
for y we get y = 2x − and y = − x + , respectively.
33. We position a coordinate system with the origin at the 4 2 3
vertex and the x-axis on the parabola’s axis of symmetry. Neither has b = 7, so only equation (d) has y-intercept
(0, 7).
7
37. Note that equation (g) is equivalent to y = 2x − and
4
1 1
equation (h) is equivalent to y = − x + . When we look
2 3
at the equations in the form y = mx+b, we see that m > 0
for (a), (b), (f), and (g) so these equations have positive
slope, or slant up front left to right.

38. The equation for which |m| is smallest is (b), so it has the Then the equation is
least steep slant.
250
x2 = 4 (y − 10), or
39. When we look at the equations in the form y = mx+b (See 4
1 1 x2 = 250(y − 10).
Exercise 37.), only (b) has m = so only (b) has slope .
3 3 To find the lengths of the vertical cables, find y when x = 0,
40. When we substitute 3 for x in each equation, we see that 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100.
y = 7 only in equation (f) so only (f) contains the point When x = 0 : 02 = 250(y − 10)
(3, 7).
0 = y − 10
41. Parallel lines have the same slope and different y-
10 = y
intercepts. When we look at the equations in the form
y = mx + b (See Exercise 37.), we see that (a) and (g) When x = 20 : 202 = 250(y − 10)
represent parallel lines. 400 = 250(y − 10)
42. The pairs of equations for which the product of the slopes 1.6 = y − 10
is −1 are (a) and (h), (g) and (h), and (b) and (c). 11.6 = y
43. A parabola with a vertical axis of symmetry has an equa- When x = 40 : 402 = 250(y − 10)
tion of the type (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k). 1600 = 250(y − 10)
Solve for p substituting (−1, 2) for (h, k) and (−3, 1) for
6.4 = y − 10
(x, y).
16.4 = y
[−3 − (−1)]2 = 4p(1 − 2)
4 = −4p When x = 60 : 602 = 250(y − 10)

−1 = p 3600 = 250(y − 10)

The equation of the parabola is 14.4 = y − 10
[x − (−1)]2 = 4(−1)(y − 2), or 24.4 = y
(x + 1)2 = −4(y − 2). When x = 80 : 802 = 250(y − 10)
44. A parabola with a horizontal axis of symmetry has an 6400 = 250(y − 10)
equation of the type (y − k)2 = 4p(x − h). 25.6 = y − 10
Find p by substituting (−2, 1) for (h, k) and (−3, 5) for 35.6 = y
(x, y). When x = 100, we know from the given information that
(5 − 1)2 = 4p[−3 − (−2)] y = 50.
16 = 4p(−1) The lengths of the vertical cables are 10 ft, 11.6 ft, 16.4 ft,
16 = −4p 24.4 ft, 35.6 ft, and 50 ft.
−4 = p
The equation of the parabola is Exercise Set 10.2
(y − 1)2 = 4(−4)[x − (−2)], or
(y − 1)2 = −16(x + 2). 1. Graph (b) is the graph of x2 + y 2 = 5.

45. Position a coordinate system as shown below with the y- 2. Graph (f) is the graph of y 2 = 20 − x2 .
axis on the parabola’s axis of symmetry.
3. Graph (d) is the graph of x2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y = 6.
y
(–100, 50) (100, 50) 4. Graph (c) is the graph of x2 + y 2 + 10x − 12y = 3.
5. Graph (a) is the graph of x2 + y 2 − 5x + 3y = 0.
(0, 10)
x 6. Graph (e) is the graph of x2 + 4x − 2 = 6y − y 2 − 6.
20 40 60 80 100
7. Complete the square twice.
The equation of the parabola is of the form (x − h)2 = x2 + y 2 − 14x + 4y = 11
4p(y − k). Substitute 100 for x, 50 for y, 0 for h, and 10 x2 − 14x + y 2 + 4y = 11
for k and solve for p. x − 14x + 49 + y 2 + 4y + 4 = 11 + 49 + 4
2
(x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)
(x − 7)2 + (y + 2)2 = 64
(100 − 0)2 = 4p(50 − 10)
(x − 7)2 + [y − (−2)]2 = 82
10, 000 = 160p
Center: (7, −2)
250
=p Radius: 8
4

y y

8 4

4 2

8 4 4 8 12 4 2 2 4 x
x
2

8 4

x 2 y 2 14x 4y 11 x 2 y 2 4x 2y 4

11. Complete the square twice.

8. x2 + y 2 + 2x − 6y = −6
x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 − 6y + 9 = −6 + 1 + 9
x2 + 4x + y 2 − 6y = 12
(x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 4
x2 + 4x + 4 + y 2 − 6y + 9 = 12 + 4 + 9
[x − (−1)]2 + (y − 3)2 = 22
(x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
Center: (−1, 3)
[x − (−2)]2 + (y − 3)2 = 52
Radius: 2
Center: (−2, 3)
y Radius: 5
4
y
2

4 2 2 4 x 6
2
4
4
2

x2 y2 2x 6y 6 4 2 2 4 x

9. Complete the square twice. 4

x2 + y 2 + 6x − 2y = 6
x2 + 6x + y 2 − 2y = 6 x 2 y 2 4x 6y 12 0

x2 + 6x + 9 + y 2 − 2y + 1 = 6 + 9 + 1
12. x2 + y 2 − 8x − 2y − 19 = 0
(x + 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 16
x2 − 8x + y 2 − 2y = 19
[x − (−3)]2 + (y − 1)2 = 42
x − 8x + 16 + y 2 − 2y + 1 = 19 + 16 + 1
2
Center: (−3, 1)
(x − 4)2 + (y − 1)2 = 36
Radius: 4
(x − 4)2 + (y − 1)2 = 62
y Center: (4, 1)
4 Radius: 6
2
y
6 4 2 2 x
8
2

8 4 4 8 x
x 2 y 2 6x 2y 6
8
10. x2 + y 2 − 4x + 2y = 4
x2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 4 + 4 + 1 x 2 y 2 8x 2y 19 0
(x − 2) + (y + 1) = 9
2 2

(x − 2)2 + [y − (−1)]2 = 32
Center: (2, −1)
Radius: 3

13. Complete the square twice. y

x2 + y 2 − 6x − 8y + 16 = 0 8

x2 − 6x + y 2 − 8y = −16 4

x − 6x + 9 + y − 8y + 16 = −16 + 9 + 16
2 2
8 4 8 x
(x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 9 4

(x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 32 8

Center: (3, 4)
x 2 y 2 6x 10y 0
Radius: 3

y 16. x2 + y 2 − 7x − 2y =0
49 49
6 x2 − 7x + + y 2 − 2y + 1 = +1
4 4
4 2
7 53
2 x− + (y − 1)2 =
2 4
2 2 4 6 x 2 √ 2
7 53
2
x− + (y − 1)2 =
2 2

x 2 y 2 6x 8y 16 0 7
Center: ,1
2
14. x2 + y 2 − 2x + 6y + 1 = 0 √
53
x2 − 2x + y 2 + 6y = −1 Radius:
2
x2 − 2x + 1 + y 2 + 6y + 9 = −1 + 1 + 9
y
(x − 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
4
(x − 1)2 + [y − (−3)]2 = 32
2
Center: (1, −3)
2 2 4 6 8 x
Radius: 3
2

y 4

2
x 2 y 2 7x 2y 0
4 2 2 4 x
2
17. Complete the square twice.
4
x2 + y 2 − 9x = 7 − 4y
6
x2 − 9x + y 2 + 4y =7
81 81
x 2 y 2 2x 6y 1 0 x2 − 9x + + y 2 + 4y + 4 = 7+ +4
4 4
2
15. Complete the square twice. 9 125
x− + (y + 2)2 =
x + y + 6x − 10y = 0
2 2 2 4
2 √ 2
x2 + 6x + y 2 − 10y = 0 9 5 5
x− + [y − (−2)]2 =
x2 + 6x + 9 + y 2 − 10y + 25 = 0 + 9 + 25 2 2

(x + 3)2 + (y − 5)2 = 34 Center:
9
, −2
√ 2
[x − (−3)]2 + (y − 5)2 = ( 34)2 √
5 5
Center: (−3, 5) Radius:
√ 2
Radius: 34

y y
8 4
4 2

8 4 4 8 x 4 4 x
2
8 4

x 2 y 2 9x 7 4y x2 y2
1
4 1
18. y 2 − 6y − 1 = 8x − x2 + 3
x2 y2 x2 y2
x2 − 8x + y 2 − 6y = 4 24. + = 1, or 2 + 2 = 1
25 36 5 6
x2 − 8x + 16 + y 2 − 6y + 9 = 4 + 16 + 9 a = 6, b = 5
(x − 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 29 The major axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −6) and
√
(x − 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = ( 29)2 √ Since c = a − b , we √ − 25 = 11, so
2 2 2
(0, 6). have c2 = 36 √
c = 11 and the foci are (0, − 11) and (0, 11).
Center: (4, 3)
√
Radius: 29 y

y 4

8 2

4 2 2 4 x
2
8 4 4 x
4 4

x2 y2
y 2 6y 1 8x x 2 3 1
25 36

19. Graph (c) is the graph of 16x2 + 4y 2 = 64. 25. 16x2 + 9y 2 = 144
20. Graph (a) is the graph of 4x2 + 5y 2 = 20. x2 y2
+ =1 Dividing by 144
9 16
21. Graph (d) is the graph of x + 9y − 6x + 90y = −225.
2 2
x2 y2
+ 2 =1 Standard form
22. Graph (b) is the graph of 9x2 + 4y 2 + 18x − 16y = 11. 3 2 4
a = 4, b = 3
x2 y2
23. + =1 The major axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −4) and
4 1
√ Since c = a − b , we √ have c =√16 − 9 = 7, so
2 2 2 2
(0, 4).
x2 y2 c = 7 and the foci are (0, − 7) and (0, 7).
2
+ 2 =1 Standard form
2 1 To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Note also that since
a = 2, b = 1 b = 3, the x-intercepts are (−3, 0) and (3, 0). Plot these
The major axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (−2, 0) points as well and connect the four plotted points with a
√ that c = a − b √
2 2 2 smooth curve.
and (2, 0). Since we know , we have
c√= 4 − 1 = 3, so c = 3 and the foci are (− 3, 0) and
2

( 3, 0). y

To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Note also that since
b = 1, the y-intercepts are (0, −1) and (0, 1). Plot these 2
points as well and connect the four plotted points with a
smooth curve. 4 2 2 4 x
2

16x 2 9y 2 144

26. 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36 y

x2 y2 4
+ =1
4 9
x2 y2 4 2 2 4
+ =1 x
22 32
a = 3, b = 2 4
The major axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −3) and
√ Since c = a − b , we √ 9 − 4 = 5, so
2 2 2 2
(0, 3). √ have c = 5x 2 7y 2 35
c = 5 and the foci are (0, − 5) and (0, 5).
29. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 1
y
x2 y2
4 + =1
1 1
4 9
4 4 x2 y2
x 2 + 2 = 1
1 1
4 2 3
1 1
a= ,b=
9x 2 4y 2 36 2 3
1
The major axis is horizontal, so the vertices are − , 0
27. 2x2 + 3y 2 = 6 2
x2 y2 1 1 1 5
+ =1 and , 0 . Since c = a −b , we have c = − =
2 2 2 2
,
2√ 4 9 36
3 2 √ √
5 5 5
x2 y2 so c = and the foci are − , 0 and ,0 .
√ + √ =1 6 6 6
( 3)2 ( 2)2
√ √ To graph the ellipse, plot the
vertices. Note also
that since
a = 3, b = 2 1 1 1
√ b = , the y-intercepts are 0, − and 0, . Plot
The major axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (− 3, 0) 3 3 3
√ these points as well and connect the four plotted points
and ( 3, 0). Since c2 = a2 − b2 , we have c2 = 3 − 2 = 1,
so c = 1 and the foci are (−1, 0) and (1, 0). with a smooth curve.

To graph y
√ the ellipse, plot the vertices.
√ Note also√that since
b = 2, the y-intercepts are (0, − 2) and (0, 2). Plot
1
these points as well and connect the four plotted points
with a smooth curve.
1 1 x
y

4 1
2
4x 2 9y 2 1
4 2 2 4 x
2
30. 25x2 + 16y 2 = 1
4
x2 y2
+ =1
1 1
2x 2 3y 2 6
25 16
x2 y2
28. 5x2 + 7y 2 = 35 2 + 2 = 1
1 1
x2 y2
+ =1 5 4
7 5
1 1
x2 y2 a= ,b=
√ + √ =1 4 5
( 7)2 ( 5)2 The
√ √ major axis is vertical,
so the vertices are
a = 7, b = 5 1 1
√ 0, − and 0, . Since c2 = a2 − b2 , we have
4 4
The major
√ axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (− 7, 0)
1 1 9 3 3
and ( √ 7, 0). Since c2 = a2 − √ c2 = 7 − 5 = 2,
b2 , we have √ 2
c = − = , so c = and the foci are 0, −
so c = 2 and the foci are (− 2, 0) and ( 2, 0). 16 25 400 20 20
3
and 0, .
20

y Write the equation:

x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1
a b

0.25 0.25
x2 y2
x + =1
9 5
36. The foci, (0, −3) and (0, 3), are on the y-axis, so the major
axis is vertical. The foci are equidistant from the origin,
25x 2 16y 2 1 so the center of the ellipse is at the origin. The length of
the major axis is 10, so a = 10/2, or 5. Find b2 :
31. The vertices are on the x-axis, so the major axis is hori- c2 = a2 − b2
zontal. We have a = 7 and c = 3, so we can ﬁnd b2 : 9 = 25 − b2
c = a −b
2 2 2
b2 = 16
32 = 72 − b2 x2 y2
b = 49 − 9 = 40
2 The equation is + = 1.
16 25
Write the equation: (x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
37. + =1
x2 y2 9 4
2
+ 2 =1
a b (x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
x2 y2 2
+ =1 Standard form
+ =1 3 22
49 40
The center is (1, 2). Note that a = 3 and b = 2. The major
32. The major axis is vertical; a = 6 and c = 4.
axis is horizontal so the vertices are 3 units left and right
c2 = a2 − b2 of the center:
16 = 36 − b2 (1 − 3, 2) and (1 + 3, 2), or (−2, 2) and (4, 2).
b2 = 20 √
We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 9 − 4 = 5 and c = 5.
x2 y2 Then the foci are 5 units left and right of the center:
The equation is + = 1. √ √
20 36 (1 − 5, 2) and (1 + 5, 2).
33. The vertices, (0, −8) and (0, 8), are on the y-axis, so the To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Since b = 2, two
major axis is vertical and a = 8. Since the vertices are other points on the graph are 2 units below and above the
equidistant from the origin, the center of the ellipse is at center:
the origin. The length of the minor axis is 10, so b = 10/2,
(1, 2 − 2) and (1, 2 + 2) or (1, 0) and (1, 4)
or 5.
Plot these points also and connect the four plotted points
Write the equation:
with a smooth curve.
x2 y2
+ =1 y
b2 a2
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
x2
y 2
6 1
+ 2 =1 9 4
52 8
x2 y2 2
+ =1
25 64
4 2 2 4 x
34. The vertices, (−5, 0) and (5, 0) are on the x-axis, so the 2
major axis is horizontal and a = 5. Since the vertices are
equidistant from the origin, the center of the ellipse is at
38. (x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
the origin. The length of the minor axis is 6, so b = 6/2, + =1
x2 y2 1 4
or 3. The equation is + = 1.
25 9 (x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1 Standard form
35. The foci, (−2, 0) and (2, 0) are on the x-axis, so the major 12 22
axis is horizontal and c = 2. Since the foci are equidistant
The center is (1, 2). Note that a = 2 and b = 1. The major
from the origin, the center of the ellipse is at the origin.
axis is vertical so the vertices are 2 units below and above
The length of the major axis is 6, so a = 6/2, or 3. Now
the center:
we ﬁnd b2 :
c2 = a2 − b2 (1, 2 − 2) and (1, 2 + 2), or (1, 0) and (1, 4).
√
22 = 32 − b2 We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 4 − 1 = 3 and c = 3.
Then the foci are 3 units below and above the center:
4 = 9 − b2 √ √
(1, 2 − 3) and (1, 2 + 3).
b2 = 5

Since b = 1, two points on the graph other than the vertices y

2
are (1 − 1, 2) and (1 + 1, 2) or (0, 2) and (2, 2).
2 2 4 6 x
y 2

4 4

3 (x 1)2 (y 2)2
1
2 1 4

1
(x 2)2 (y 3)2
1
16 25
1 1 2 3 x

41. 3(x + 2)2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 192

(x + 3)2 (y − 5)2
39. + =1 (x + 2)2 (y − 1)2
25 36 + =1 Dividing by 192
64 48
[x − (−3)] 2
(y − 5) 2
+ =1 Standard form [x − (−2)]2 (y − 1)2
52 62 2
+ √ =1 Standard form
8 ( 48)2
√
The center is (−3, 5). Note that a = 6 and b = 5. The The
√ center is (−2, 1). Note that a = 8 and b = 48, or
major axis is vertical so the vertices are 6 units below and 4 3. The major axis is horizontal so the vertices are 8
above the center: units left and right of the center:
(−3, 5 − 6) and (−3, 5 + 6), or (−3, −1) and (−3, 11). (−2 − 8, 1) and (−2 + 8, 1), or (−10, 1) and (6, 1).
We know
√ that c2 = a2 − b2 , √
so c2 = 36 − 25 = 11 and We know that c2 = a2 −b2 , so c2 = 64−48 = 16 and c = 4.
c = 11. Then the foci are 11 units below and above Then the foci are 4 units left and right of the center:
the vertex:
√ √ (−2 − 4, 1) and (−2 + 4, 1) or (−6, 1) and (2, 1).
(−3, 5 − 11) and (−3, 5 + 11). √
To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Since b = 4 3 ≈
To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Since b = 5, two 6.928, two other points on the graph are about 6.928 units
other points on the graph are 5 units left and right of the below and above the center:
center:
(−2, 1 − 6.928) and (−2, 1 + 6.928), or
(−3 − 5, 5) and (−3 + 5, 5), or (−8, 5) and (2, 5)
(−2, −5.928) and (−2, 7.928).
Plot these points also and connect the four plotted points
with a smooth curve. Plot these points also and connect the four plotted points
with a smooth curve.
y
y
8
4
4
8 4 8 x
4 8 4 4 8 x
4
8
8

(x 3)2 (y 5)2
1 3(x 2)2 4(y 1)2 192
25 36

(x − 2)2 (y + 3)2
40. + =1 42. 4(x − 5)2 + 3(y − 4)2 = 48
16 25
(x − 5)2 (y − 4)2
(x − 2)2 [y − (−3)]2 + =1
2
+ =1 Standard form 12 16
4 52
(x − 5)2 (y − 4)2
√ + =1 Standard form
The center is (2, −3). Note that a = 5 and b = 4. The ( 12)2 42
major axis is vertical so the vertices are 5 units below and √
above the center: √ center is (5, 4). Note that a = 16 and b = 12, or
The
(2, −3 − 5) and (2, −3 + 5), or (2, −8) and (2, 2). 2 3. The major axis is vertical so the vertices are 4 units
below and above the center:
We know that c2 = a2 − b2 , so c2 = 25 − 16 = 9 and c = 3.
Then the foci are 3 units below and above the center: (5, 4 − 4) and (5, 4 + 4), or (5, 0) and (5, 8).
(2, −3 − 3) and (2, −3 + 3), or (2, −6) and (2, 0). We know that c2 = a2 − b2 , so c2 = 16 − 12 = 4 and c = 2.
Then the foci are 2 units below and above the center:
Since b = 4, two points on the graph other than the vertices
are (2 − 4, −3) and (2 + 4, −3), or (−2, −3) and (6, −3). (5, 4 − 2) and (5, 4 + 2), or (5, 2) and (5, 6).

√
Since b = 2 3 ≈ 3.464, two points on the graph other than 44. Begin by completing the square twice.
the vertices are about (5 − 3.464, 4) and (5 + 3.464, 4), or x2 + 2y 2 − 10x + 8y + 29 = 0
(1.536, 4) and (8.464, 4).
x2 − 10x + 2(y 2 + 4y) = −29
y x2 − 10x + 25 + 2(y 2 + 4y + 4) = −29 + 25 + 2 · 4
8 (x − 5)2 + 2(y + 2)2 = 4
6 (x − 5)2 (y + 2)2
+ =1
4
4 2
(x − 5)2 [y − (−2)]2
2
2
+ √ =1
2 ( 2)2
2 4 6 8 x √
The center is (5, −2). Note that a = 2 and b = 2. The
4(x 5)2 3(y 4)2 48 major axis is horizontal so the vertices are 2 units left and
right of the center:
43. Begin by completing the square twice. (5 − 2, −2) and (5 + 2, −2), or (3, −2) and (7, −2).
√
4x2 + 9y 2 − 16x + 18y − 11 = 0 We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 4 − 2 = 2 and c = 2.
4x2 − 16x + 9y 2 + 18y = 11 Then the foci are 2 units left and right of the center:
√ √
4(x2 − 4x) + 9(y 2 + 2y) = 11 (5 − 2, −2) and (5 + 2, −2).
√
4(x2 − 4x + 4) + 9(y 2 + 2y + 1) = 11 + 4 · 4 + 9 · 1 Since b = 2 ≈ 1.414, two points on the graph other than
4(x − 2)2 + 9(y + 1)2 = 36 the vertices are about
(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2 (5, −2 − 1.414) and (5, −2 + 1.414), or
+ =1
9 4 (5, −3.414) and (5, −0.586).
(x − 2)2
[y − (−1)] 2
y
+ =1
32 22
The center is (2, −1). Note that a = 3 and b = 2. The 4

major axis is horizontal so the vertices are 3 units left and 2

right of the center:
2 2 x
(2 − 3, −1) and (2 + 3, −1), or (−1, −1) and (5, −1). 2
√
We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 9 − 4 = 5 and c = 5. 4
Then the foci are 5 units left and right of the center:
√ √
(2 − 5, −1) and (2 + 5, −1). x 2 2y 2 10x 8y 29 0

To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Since b = 2, two

45. Begin by completing the square twice.
other points on the graph are 2 units below and above the
center: 4x2 + y 2 − 8x − 2y + 1 = 0
(2, −1 − 2) and (2, −1 + 2), or (2, −3) and (2, 1). 4x2 − 8x + y 2 − 2y = −1
Plot these points also and connect the four plotted points 4(x2 − 2x) + y 2 − 2y = −1
with a smooth curve. 4(x2 − 2x + 1) + y 2 − 2y + 1 = −1 + 4 · 1 + 1
y 4(x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 4
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
4 + =1
4x 2 9y 2 16x 18y 11 0 1 4
2
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
4 2 2 4
+ =1
x 12 22
The center is (1, 1). Note that a = 2 and b = 1. The major
4 axis is vertical so the vertices are 2 units below and above
the center:
(1, 1 − 2) and (1, 1 + 2), or (1, −1) and (1, 3).
√
We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 4 − 1 = 3 and c = 3.
Then the foci are 3 units below and above the center:
√ √
(1, 1 − 3) and (1, 1 + 3).
To graph the ellipse, plot the vertices. Since b = 1, two
other points on the graph are 1 unit left and right of the
center:
(1 − 1, 1) and (1 + 1, 1) or (0, 1) and (2, 1).

Plot these points also and connect the four plotted points axis of the ellipse is vertical, its center is at the origin, and
with a smooth curve. a = 4. Use the information that e = 1/4 to find c:
c
y e=
a
4 1 c
= Substituting
2 4 4
c=1
4 2 2 4 x
2 Now c2 = a2 − b2 , so we can find b2 :
4 12 = 42 − b2
1 = 16 − b2
4x 2 y 2 8x 2y 1 0 b2 = 15
Write the equation of the ellipse:
46. Begin by completing the square twice.
x2 y2
9x2 + 4y 2 + 54x − 8y + 49 = 0 2
+ 2 =1
b a
9(x2 + 6x) + 4(y 2 − 2y) = −49
x2 y2
9(x2 + 6x + 9) + 4(y 2 − 2y + 1) = −49+9·9+4·1 + =1
15 16
9(x + 3)2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 36 50. Since the vertices, (−3, 0) and (3, 0), are on the x-axis and
(x − 3)2 (y − 1)2 are equidistant from the origin, we know that the major
+ =1
4 9 axis of the ellipse is horizontal, its center is at the origin,
[x − (−3)]2 (y − 1)2 and a = 3.
+ =1
22 32 Find c:
The center is (−3, 1). Note that a = 3 and b = 2. The c 7
=
major axis is vertical so the vertices are 3 units below and a 10
above the center: c 7
=
(−3, 1 − 3) and (−3, 1 + 3), or (−3, −2) and (−3, 4). 3 10
√ 21
We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 9 − 4 = 5 and c = 5. c=
Then the foci are 5 units below and above the center: 10
√ √
(−3, 1 − 5) and (−3, 1 + 5). Now find b2 :
Since b = 2, two points on the graph other than the vertices c2 = a2 − b2
2
are 21
= 32 − b2
(−3 − 2, 1) and (−3 + 2, 1), or (−5, 1) and (−1, 1). 10
459
y b2 =
100
4 x2 y2
The equation of the ellipse is + = 1.
2 9 459/100

6 4 2 2 51. From the figure in the text we see that the center of the
x
2 ellipse is (0, 0), the major axis is horizontal, the vertices are
(−50, 0) and (50, 0), and one y-intercept is (0, 12). Then
4
a = 50 and b = 12. The equation is
9x 2 4y 2 54x 8y 49 0
x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1
a b
47. The ellipse in Example 4 is flatter than the one in Example x2 y
+ 2 =1
2, so the ellipse in Example 2 has the smaller eccentricity. 502 12
We compute the eccentricities: In Example 2, c = 3 and x2 y2
a√= 5, so e = c/a = 3/5 = 0.6.√ In Example 4, c = + = 1.
2500 144
2 3 and a = 4, so e = c/a = 2 3/4 ≈ 0.866. These
52. Find the equation of the ellipse with center (0, 0), a =
computations confirm that the ellipse in Example 2 has
1048/2 = 524, b = 898/2 = 449, and a horizontal major
the smaller eccentricity.
axis:
48. Ellipse (b) is flatter than ellipse (a), so ellipse (a) has the x2 y2
+ =1
smaller eccentricity. 5242 4492
49. Since the vertices, (0, −4) and (0, 4) are on the y-axis and x2 y2
+ =1
are equidistant from the origin, we know that the major 274, 576 201, 601

53. Position a coordinate system as shown below where (5 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 4
b= = =2
1 unit = 107 mi. 2 2
The vertices lie on the vertical line x = 3, so the major
y
axis is vertical. We write the equation of the ellipse.
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
2
+ =1
9.3 9.1 x b a2
Focus Sun V (x − 3)2 (y − 1)2
+ =1
4 25

−1 − 1 −1 + 5
64. Center: , , or (−1, 2)
The length of the major axis is 9.3 + 9.1, or 18.4. Then 2 2
the distance from the center of the ellipse (the origin) to
a = [1 − (−1)]2 + (−1 − 2)2 = 3
V is 18.4/2, or 9.2. Since the distance from the sun to V
is 9.1, the distance from the sun to the center is 9.2 − 9.1, (−3 − 1)2 + (2 − 2)2 4
b= = =2
or 0.1. Then the distance from the sun to the other focus 2 2
is twice this distance: The vertices are on the line x = −1, so the major axis is
2(0.1 × 107 mi) = 0.2 × 107 mi vertical. The equation is
= 2 × 106 mi (x + 1)2 (y − 2)2
+ = 1.
4 9
54. Position a coordinate system as shown.
65. The center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the
vertices:
y
(0, 1.5) −3 + 3 0 + 0
, , or (0, 0).
2 2
x Then a = 3 and since the vertices are on the x-axis, the
(–2, 0) F1 F2 (2, 0) major axis is horizontal. The equation is of the form
x2 y2
+ = 1.
a2 b2
(0, –1.5) 22
Substitute 3 for a, 2 for x, and for y and solve for b2 .
3
a) We have an ellipse with a = 2 and b = 1.5. The foci 484
√ c = a − b , so c = 4 − 2.25 =
2 2 2 2
are at (±c, 0) where 4
1.75 and c =√ 1.75. Then the string should be + 92 = 1
9 b
attached 2 − 1.75 ft, or about 0.7 ft from the ends
4 484
of the board. + 2 =1
9 9b
b) The string should be the length of the major axis,
4b + 484 = 9b2
2
4 ft.
484 = 5b2
55. midpoint 484
= b2
56. zero 5
x2 y2
57. y-intercept Then the equation is + = 1.
9 484/5
58. two diﬀerent real-number solutions 66. a = 4/2 = 2; b = 1/2
59. remainder (x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
The equation is + = 1.
1/4 4
60. ellipse
67. Position a coordinate system as shown.
61. parabola
y
62. circle
(0, 14)
63. The center of the ellipse is the midpoint of the segment
connecting the vertices: (–25, 0) (25, 0) x

3 + 3 −4 + 6
, , or (3, 1).
2 2
Now a is the distance from the origin to a vertex. We use
the vertex (3, 6).
The equation of the ellipse is
a = (3 − 3)2 + (6 − 1)2 = 5
Also b is one-half the length of the minor axis.

x2 y2 10. The asymptotes pass through the origin, so the center is

2
+ 2 =1
25 14 the origin. The given vertex is on the y-axis, so the trans-
x2 y2 verse axis is vertical. We use the equation of an asymptote
+ = 1. to ﬁnd b.
625 196
a 5
A point 6 ft from the riverbank corresponds to (25 − 6, 0), x= x
or (19, 0) or to (−25 + 6, 0), or (−19, 0). Substitute either b 4
19 or −19 for x and solve for y, the clearance. 3 5
x = x Substituting 3 for a
192 y2 b 4
+ =1 12
625 196 =b
5
y2 361
= 1− y2 x2
196 625 The equation is − = 1.
9 144/25
361
y 2 = 196 1 −
625 x2 y2
11. − =1
y ≈ 9.1 4 4
The clearance 6 ft from the riverbank is about 9.1 ft. x2 y2
− = 1 Standard form
22 22
The center is (0, 0); a = 2 and b = 2. The transverse axis
Exercise Set 10.3 is horizontal so the vertices are (−2, 0) and (2,
√ 0). Since
√
c2 = a2 + b2 , we have √c2 = 4 + 4 = √
8 and c = 8, or 2 2.
x2 y2 Then the foci are (−2 2, 0) and (2 2, 0).
1. Graph (b) is the graph of − = 1.
25 9 Find the asymptotes:
y2 x2 b b
2. Graph (e) is the graph of − = 1. y = x and y = − x
4 36 a a
(y − 1)2 (x + 3)2 2 2
3. Graph (c) is the graph of − = 1. y = x and y = − x
16 1 2 2

(x + 4)2 (y − 2)2 y=x and y = −x

4. Graph (f) is the graph of − = 1. To draw the graph sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices,
100 81
and draw the branches of the hyperbola outward from the
5. Graph (a) is the graph of 25x2 − 16y 2 = 400. vertices toward the asymptotes.
6. Graph (d) is the graph of y 2 − x2 = 9.
y
7. The vertices are equidistant from the origin and are on the
4
y-axis, so the center is at the origin and the transverse axis
2
is vertical. Since c2 = a2 + b2 , we have 52 = 32 + b2 so
b2 = 16. ⫺4 4 x
y2 x2 ⫺2
The equation is of the form 2 − 2 = 1, so we have
a b ⫺4
y2 x2
− = 1.
9 16
x2 y2
⫺ ⫽1
8. The vertices are equidistant from the origin and are on the 4 4
x-axis, so the center is at the origin and the transverse axis
is horizontal. Since c2 = a2 + b2 , we have 22 = 12 + b2 so x2 y2
12. − =1
x2 y2 1 9
b2 = 3. The equation is − = 1.
1 3 x2 y2
− = 1 Standard form
9. The asymptotes pass through the origin, so the center is 12 32
the origin. The given vertex is on the x-axis, so the trans- The center is (0, 0); a = 1 and b = 3. The transverse axis
b 3 is horizontal so the vertices are (−1, 0) and (1,
√0). Since
verse axis is horizontal. Since x = x and a = 2, we
a 2 c2 = a2 + b2 , we 2
√ have c = 1√+ 9 = 10 and c = 10. Then
x2 y2 the foci are (− 10, 0) and ( 10, 0). Find the asymptotes:
have b = 3. The equation is of the form 2 − 2 = 1, so
a b b b
x2 y2 x2 y2 y = x and y = − x
we have 2 − 2 = 1, or − = 1. a a
2 3 4 9
3 3
y = x and y = − x
1 1
y = 3x and y = −3x

y Find the asymptotes:

4 b b
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
2 a a
3 3
4 2 2 4 x y + 2 = (x − 5) and y + 2 = − (x − 5), or
2 4 4
4 3 23 3 7
y = x− and y = − x+
4 4 4 4
x2 y2

1

9
1 y

(x − 2) 2
(y + 5) 2 8
13. − =1
9 1 4

(x − 2) [y − (−5)]
2 2
4 4 8 12 x
− =1 Standard form 4
32 12
8
The center is (2, −5); a = 3 and b = 1. The transverse
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 3 units left and right (x 5)2 (y 2)2
of the center:

16 9
1

(2 − 3, −5) and (2 + 3, −5), or (−1, −5) and (5, −5). (y + 3)2 (x + 1)2
2 2 2 2
√ 15. − =1
Since c = a + b √, we have c = 9 + 1 = 10 and c = 10. 4 16
Then the foci are 10 units left and right of the center: [y − (−3)]2 [x − (−1)]2
√ √ − =1 Standard form
(2 − 10, −5) and (2 + 10, −5). 2 2 42
Find the asymptotes:
The center is (−1, −3); a = 2 and b = 4. The transverse
b b
y − k= (x − h) and y − k=− (x − h) axis is vertical, so the vertices are 2 units below and above
a a the center:
1 1
y − (−5)= (x − 2) and y − (−5)=− (x − 2) (−1, −3 − 2) and (1, −3 + 2), or (−1, −5) and (−1, −1).
3 3 2 2 2 2
√
√c = a + b , we have c√= 4 + 16 = 20 and c = 20,
Since
1 1
y + 5= (x − 2) and y + 5=− (x − 2), or or 2 5. Then the foci are 2 5 units below and above of
3 3 the center:
1 17 1 13 √ √
y= x − and y=− x − (−1, −3 − 2 5) and (−1, −3 + 2 5).
3 3 3 3
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the Find the asymptotes:
graph. a a
y − k= (x − h) and y − k=− (x − h)
b b
y 2 2
y−(−3)= (x−(−1)) and y−(−3)=− (x−(−1))
2 4 4
1 1
4 2 2 4 6 x y+3= (x+1) and y+3=− (x+1), or
2 2 2
1 5 1 7
y= x − and y=− x −
2 2 2 2
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
graph.
(x 2)2 (y 5)2
1
9 1 y
(x − 5)2 (y + 2)2 2
14. − =1
16 9
6 x
(x − 5)2 [y − (−2)]2 2
2
− =1 Standard form
4 32 4

The center is (5, −2); a = 4 and b = 3. The transverse 6

axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 4 units left and right
of the center: (y 3)2 (x 1)2
1
4 16
(5 − 4, −2) and (5 + 4, −2), or (1, −2) and (9, −2).
Since c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = 16 + 9 = 25 and c = 5.
Then the foci are 5 units left and right of the center:
(5 − 5, −2) and (5 + 5, −2), or (0, −2) and (10, −2).

(y + 4)2 (x + 2)2 4x2 − y 2 = 16

16. − =1 18.
25 16
x2 y2
[y − (−4)]2 [x − (−2)]2 − =1
2
− =1 Standard form 4 16
5 42
x2 y2
− = 1 Standard form
The center is (−2, −4); a = 5 and b = 4. The transverse 22 42
axis is vertical, so the vertices are 5 units below and above The center is (0, 0); a = 2 and b = 4. The transverse axis
the center: is horizontal, so the vertices are (−2, 0) and (2, 0).
√ Since
(−2, −4 − 5) and (−2, −4 + 5), or (−2, −9) and (−2, 1). c2√= a2 + b2 , we have c2 = √ 4 + 16 = 20 √and c = 20, or
√ 2 5. Then the foci are (−2 5, 0) and (2 5, 0).
Since c2 = a2 +b2 , √
we have c2 = 25+16 = 41 and c = 41.
Then the foci are 41 units below and above the center: Find the asymptotes:
√ √ b b
(−2, −4 − 41) and (−2, −4 + 41). y = x and y = − x
a a
Find the asymptotes: 4 4
a a y = x and y = − x
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h) 2 2
b b
y = 2x and y = −2x
5 5
y + 4 = (x + 2) and y + 4 = − (x + 2), or
4 4 y
5 3 5 13
y = x− and y = − x− 4
4 2 4 2
2

y 4 2 2 4 x
4 2

4
8 4 4 8 x
4
4x 2 y 2 16
8

12
19. 9y 2 − x2 = 81
y2 x2
(y 4)2

(x 2)2
1 − =1
25 16 9 81
y2 x2
17. x2 − 4y 2 = 4 − 2 = 1 Standard form
32 9
x2 y2 The center is (0, 0); a = 3 and b = 9. The transverse
− =1
4 1 axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −3) and (0, 3).
√ Since
x2 y2 c2√= a2 + b2 , we have c2 = 9 +√81 = 90 and √ c = 90, or
− 2 = 1 Standard form 3 10. Then the foci are (0, −3 10) and (0, 3 10).
22 1
The center is (0, 0); a = 2 and b = 1. The transverse axis Find the asymptotes:
is horizontal, so the vertices are (−2, 0) and (2,√0). Since a a
y = x and y = − x
c2 = a2 + b2 , we 2
√ have c =√4 + 1 = 5 and c = 5. Then b b
the foci are (− 5, 0) and ( 5, 0). 3 3
y = x and y = − x
Find the asymptotes: 9 9
b b 1 1
y = x and y = − x y = x and y = − x
a a 3 3
1 1 Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
y = x and y = − x graph.
2 2
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
y
graph.
16
y 12
8
x 2 4y 2 4
4 4
2 16 8 8 12 16 x
4
4 4 x 8
2 12
4 16

9y 2 x 2 81

20. y 2 − 4x2 = 4 22. x2 − y 2 = 3

y2 x2 x2 y2
− =1 − =1
4 1 3 3
y2 x2 x2 y2
− = 1 Standard form √ − √ =1 Standard form
22 12 ( 3)2 ( 3)2
The center is (0, 0); a = 2 and b = 1. The transverse √ √
The center is (0, 0); a = 3 and b = √3. The transverse√
axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −2) and (0,√2). Since axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (− 3, 0) and ( 3,√0).
c2 = a2 + b2 , we √ have c2 = 4√+ 1 = 5 and c = 5. Then 2 2
Since c = a + b , √ 2
we have c =2
the foci are (0, − 5) and (0, 5). √ 3 + 3 = 6 so c = 6.
Then the foci are (− 6, 0) and ( 6, 0).
Find the asymptotes: Find the asymptotes:
a a
y = x and y = − x b
y = x and y = − x
b
b b a a
2 2 √ √
y = x and y = − x 3 3
1 1 y = √ x and y = − √ x
3 3
y = 2x and y = −2x
y=x and y = −x
y
y
4
4
2
2
4 2 2 4 x 4 2 2 4 x
2
2
4
4

y 2 4x 2 4
x2 y2 3
21. x2 − y 2 = 2 1
23. y 2 − x2 =
x 2
y 2 4
− =1 y2 x2
2 2 − =1
x2 y2 1/4 1/4
√ − √ =1 Standard form y2 x2
2 ( 2)2
( 2) − =1 Standard form
√ √ (1/2)2 (1/2)2
The center is (0, 0); a = 2 and b = √2. The transverse√ 1 1
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (− 2, 0) and ( 2, 0). The center is (0, 0); a = and b = . The transverse axis
2 2 2 2
Since c = a + b , we have c = 2 + 2 = 4 and c = 2. 2 2
1 1
Then the foci are (−2, 0) and (2, 0). is vertical, so the vertices are 0, − and 0, . Since
2 2
Find the asymptotes: 1 1 1 1
b b c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = + = and c = , or
y = x and y = − x √ √
4 4 2 √ 2
a a 2 2 2
√ √ . Then the foci are 0, − and 0, .
2 2 2 2 2
y = √ x and y = − √ x Find the asymptotes:
2 2
a a
y=x and y = −x y= x and y = − x
b b
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
1/2 1/2
graph. y= x and y = − x
1/2 1/2
y y=x and y = −x
4 Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
x2 y2 2 graph.
2
y
4 2 2 4 x
2 1
y 2 x 2 –14
4

1 1 x

1
24. y 2 − x2 = Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
9 graph.
y2 x2
− =1 y
1/9 1/9
2 2
y x 2
− =1 Standard form
(1/3)2 (1/3)2 4 2 4 6 x
1 1
The center is (0, 0); a = and b = . The transverse axis
3 3 x 2 y 2 2x 4y 4 0
1 1
is vertical, so the vertices are 0, − and 0, . Since 6
3 3
√
1 1 2 2
c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = + = and c = . Then
√ 9 √
9 9 3 26. Begin by completing the square twice.
2 2
the foci are 0, − and 0, . 4x2 − y 2 + 8x − 4y − 4 = 0
3 3
Find the asymptotes: 4(x2 + 2x) − (y 2 + 4y) = 4
a a 4(x + 2x + 1) − (y 2 + 4y + 4) = 4 + 4 · 1 − 1 · 4
2
y= x and y = − x
b b 4(x + 1)2 − (y + 2)2 = 4
1/3 1/3 (x + 1)2 (y + 2)2
y= x and y = − x − =1
1/3 1/3 1 4
y=x and y = −x [x − (−1)]2 [y − (−2)]2
2
− =1 Standard
1 22 form
y
1 The center is (−1, −2); a = 1 and b = 2. The transverse
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 1 unit left and right
of the center:
1 1 x
(−1 − 1, −2) and (−1 + 1, −2) or (−2, −2) and (0, −2)
√
1 Since c2 = a2 + b2√
, we have c2 = 1 + 4 = 5 and c = 5.
Then the foci are 5 units left and right of the center:
√ √
y2 x2
1 (−1 − 5, −2) and (1 + 5, −2).
9
Find the asymptotes:
25. Begin by completing the square twice. b b
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
x2 − y 2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0 a a
(x2 − 2x) − (y 2 + 4y) = 4 2 2
y + 2 = (x + 1) and y + 2 = − (x + 1)
(x − 2x + 1) − (y 2 + 4y + 4) = 4 + 1 − 1 · 4
2 1 1
y + 2 = 2(x + 1) and y + 2 = −2(x + 1), or
(x − 1)2 − (y + 2)2 = 1
y = 2x and y = −2x − 4
(x − 1)2 [y − (−2)]2
− =1 Standard
12 12 form y
The center is (1, −2); a = 1 and b = 1. The transverse 2
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 1 unit left and right
4 2 2 4 x
of the center: 2

(1 − 1, −2) and (1 + 1, −2) or (0, −2) and (2, −2) 4

2 2 2 2
√
Since c = a + b √ , we have c = 1 + 1 = 2 and c = 2. 6

Then the foci are 2 units left and right of the center:
√ √ 4x 2 y 2 8x 4y 4 0
(1 − 2, −2) and (1 + 2, −2).
Find the asymptotes:
b b
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
a a
1 1
y − (−2) = (x − 1) and y − (−2) = − (x − 1)
1 1
y+2 = x−1 and y + 2 = −(x − 1), or
y = x−3 and y = −x − 1

27. Begin by completing the square twice. 28. Begin by completing the square twice.
36x − y − 24x + 6y − 41 = 0
2 2
9x2 − 4y 2 + 54x + 8y + 41 = 0
(36x − 24x) − (y − 6y) = 41
2 2
9(x2 + 6x) − 4(y 2 − 2y) = −41

2 9(x2 + 6x + 9) − 4(y 2 − 2y + 1) = −41+9·9−4·1
36 x2 − x − (y 2 − 6y) = 41
3 9(x + 3)2 − 4(y − 1)2 = 36

36 x2 − x+
2 1 1
−(y 2 −6y+9) = 41+36· −1 · 9 (x + 3)2 (y − 1)2
3 9 9 − =1
4 9
2
1 [x − (−3)]2 (y − 1)2
36 x − − (y − 3)2 = 36 − =1 Standard
3 2 2 32
2 form
1
x− The center is (−3, 1); a = 2 and b = 3. The transverse
3 (y − 3)2 axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 2 units left and right
− =1
1 36 of the center:
2
1 (−3 − 2, 1) and (−3 + 2, 1), or (−5, 1) and (−1, 1).
x− √
3 (y − 3)2 Since c2 = a2 + b2 √
, we have c2 = 4 + 9 = 13 and c = 13.
2
− = 1 Standard
1 62 form Then the foci are 13 units left and right of the center:
√ √
1 (−3 − 13, 1) and (−3 + 13, 1).
The center is , 3 ; a = 1 and b = 6. The transverse
3 Find the asymptotes:
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 1 unit left and right b b
of the center: y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
a a
1 1 2
− 1, 3 and + 1, 3 or − , 3 and 3 3
y − 1 = (x + 3) and y − 1 = − (x + 3), or
3 3 3 2 2
4
,3 . 3 11 3 7
3 y = x+ and y = − x−
√ 2 2 2 2
Since c2 = a2 + b2 ,√we have c2 = 1 + 36 = 37 and c = 37.
Then the foci are 37 units left and right of the center: y

1 √ 1 √
6

− 37, 3 and + 37, 3 . 4

3 3
2
Find the asymptotes:
8 6 4 2 2 x
b b
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h) 2
a a
4
6 1 6 1
y−3 = x− and y − 3 = − x − 9x 2 4y 2 54x 8y 41 0
1 3 1 3

1 1 29. Begin by completing the square twice.
y−3 = 6 x− and y − 3 = −6 x − , or
3 3
9y 2 − 4x2 − 18y + 24x − 63 = 0
y = 6x + 1 and y = −6x + 5
9(y 2 − 2y) − 4(x2 − 6x) = 63
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
graph. 9(y 2 − 2y + 1) − 4(x2 − 6x + 9) = 63+9·1−4·9
9(y − 1)2 − 4(x − 3)2 = 36
y
(y − 1)2 (x − 3)2
− =1
36x 2 y 2 24x 6y 41 0 4 9
(y − 1)2 (x − 3)2
2
− =1 Standard
2 32 form
8 4 4 8 x
The center is (3, 1); a = 2 and b = 3. The transverse axis
is vertical, so the vertices are 2 units below and above the
center:
(3, 1 − 2) and (3, 1 + 2), or (3, −1) and (3, 3).
√
Since c2 = a2 + b2 √, we have c2 = 4 + 9 = 13 and c = 13.
Then the foci are 13 units below and above the center:
√ √
(3, 1 − 13) and (3, 1 + 13).

Find the asymptotes: 31. Begin by completing the square twice.

a a x2 − y 2 − 2x − 4y = 4
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
b b
(x − 2x + 1) − (y 2 + 4y + 4) = 4 + 1 − 4
2
2 2
y − 1 = (x − 3) and y − 1 = − (x − 3), or (x − 1)2 − (y + 2)2 = 1
3 3
(x − 1)2 [y − (−2)]2
2
y = x − 1 and y
2
= − x+3 2
− =1 Standard
3 3 1 12 form
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the The center is (1, −2); a = 1 and b = 1. The transverse
graph. axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 1 unit left and right
of the center:
y
(1 − 1, −2) and (1 + 1, −2), or (0, −2) and (2, −2).
6 √
Since c2 = a2 + b2√
, we have c2 = 1 + 1 = 2 and c = 2.
Then the foci are 2 units left and right of the center:
2 √ √
(1 − 2, −2) and (1 + 2, −2).
2 2 4 6 8 x Find the asymptotes:
b b
4 y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
a a
1 1
9y 2 4x 2 18y 24x 63 0 y − (−2) = (x − 1) and y − (−2) = − (x − 1)
1 1
y+2 = x−1 and y + 2 = −(x − 1), or
30. Begin by completing the square twice.
y = x−3 and y = −x − 1
x2 − 25y 2 + 6x − 50y = 41
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
x2 + 6x + 9 − 25(y 2 + 2y + 1) = 41 + 9 − 25 · 1 graph.
(x + 3)2 − 25(y + 1)2 = 25
y
(x + 3)2 (y + 1)2
− =1
25 1 4

[x − (−3)] 2
[y − (−1)] 2 2
− =1
52 12 4 2 2 4 x
The center is (−3, −1); a = 5 and b = 1. The transverse
axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 5 units left and right
of the center:
(−3 − 5, −1) and (−3 + 5, −1), or (−8, −1) and (2, −1). x 2 y 2 2x 4y 4
√
Since c2 = a2 + b2 ,√we have c2 = 25 + 1 = 26 and c = 26.
Then the foci are 26 units left and right of the center: 32. Begin by completing the square twice.
√ √
(−3 − 26, −1) and (−3 + 26, −1). 9y 2 − 4x2 − 54y − 8x + 41 = 0
Find the asymptotes: 9(y 2 − 6y + 9)−4(x2 + 2x + 1) = −41+9 · 9−4·1
b b 9(y − 3)2 − 4(x + 1)2 = 36
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
a a (y − 3)2 (x + 1)2
1 1 − =1
y + 1 = (x + 3) and y + 1 = − (x + 3), or 4 9
5 5
(y − 3)2 [x − (−1)]2
1 2 1 8 − =1 Standard
y = x− and y = − x− 22 32 form
5 5 5 5
The center is (−1, 3); a = 2 and b = 3. The transverse
y
axis is vertical, so the vertices are 2 units below and above
4 the center:
2 (−1, 3 − 2) and (−1, 3 + 2), or (−1, 1) and (−1, 5).
√
12 4 4 x Since c2 = a√2
+ b2 , we have c2 = 4 + 9 and c = 13. Then
2
the foci are 13 units below and above the center:
4
√ √
(−1, 3 − 13) and (−1, 3 + 13).
x 2 25y 2 6x 50y 41

Find the asymptotes: 34. Begin by completing the square twice.

a a x2 − y 2 = 8x − 2y − 13
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
b b
x − 8x − y 2 + 2y = −13
2
2 2
y − 3 = (x + 1) and y − 3 = − (x + 1), or x2 − 8x + 16 − (y 2 − 2y + 1) = −13 + 16 − 1
3 3
2 11 2 7 (x − 4)2 − (y − 1)2 = 2
y = x+ and y = − x+ (x − 4)2 (y − 1)2
3 3 3 3 √ − √ = 1 Standard form
( 2)2 ( 2)2
y
8
√ √
The center is (4, 1); a = 2 and b = √ 2. The transverse
6 axis is horizontal, so the vertices are 2 units left and right
4 of the center:
√ √
2 (4 − 2, 1) and (4 + 2, 1).
6 4 2 2 4 x Since c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = 2 + 2 = 4 and c = 2.
2 Then the foci are 2 units left and right of the center:
9y 2 4x 2 54y 8x 41 0 (4 − 2, 1) and (4 + 2, 1), or (2, 1) and (6, 1).
Find the asymptotes:
33. Begin by completing the square twice.
b b
y 2 − x2 − 6x − 8y − 29 = 0 y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
a a
(y − 8y + 16) − (x2 + 6x + 9) = 29 + 16 − 9
2 √ √
2 2
(y − 4)2 − (x + 3)2 = 36 y − 1 = √ (x − 4) and y − 1 = − √ (x − 4)
2 2
(y − 4)2 (x + 3)2 y−1 = x−4 and y − 1 = −(x − 4), or
− =1
36 36
y = x−3 and y = −x + 5
(y − 4)2 [x − (−3)]2
2
− =1 Standard
6 62 form y
4
The center is (−3, 4); a = 6 and b = 6. The transverse
axis is vertical, so the vertices are 6 units below and above 2

the center: 2 4 6 8 x
(−3, 4 − 6) and (−3, 4 + 6), or (−3, −2) and (−3, 10). ⫺2

2 2 2 2
√ ⫺4
√c = a +b , we have c√= 36+36 = 72 and c = 72,
Since
or 6 2. Then the foci are 6 2 units below and above the
center: x 2 ⫺ y 2 ⫽ 8x ⫺ 2y ⫺ 13
√ √
(−3, 4 − 6 2) and (−3, 4 + 6 2). 35. The hyperbola in Example 3 is wider than the one in Ex-
Find the asymptotes: ample 2, so the hyperbola in Example 3 has the larger
a a eccentricity.
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
b b Compute the eccentricities: In Example 2,√c = 5 and a = 4,
6 6 = 5/4, or 1.25. In Example 3, c = 5 and a = 1, so
so e √
y − 4 = (x − (−3)) and y − 4 = − (x − (−3))
6 6 e = 5/1 ≈ 2.24. These computations conﬁrm that the
y−4 = x+3 and y − 4 = −(x + 3), or hyperbola in Example 3 has the larger eccentricity.
y = x+7 and y = −x + 1 36. Hyperbola (b) is wider so it has the larger eccentricity.
Sketch the asymptotes, plot the vertices, and draw the
37. The center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the
graph.
vertices:

y 3−3 7+7
, , or (0, 7).
2 2
12
The vertices are on the horizontal line y = 7, so the trans-
8 verse axis is horizontal. Since the vertices are 3 units left
4 and right of the center, a = 3.
⫺12 ⫺4 4 8 Find c:
x
⫺4 c 5
e= =
⫺8
a 3
c 5
y 2 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ 6x ⫺ 8y ⫺ 29 ⫽ 0 = Substituting 3 for a
3 3
c=5

Now ﬁnd b2 : 40. y

c2 = a2 + b2
(x1, y1)
52 = 32 + b2
x
16 = b2
450 ft
Write the equation:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
2
− =1 (x2, y2)
a b2
x2 (y − 7)2 1 1
− =1 y1 = y2 , so y2 + y2 = 450. Then y2 = 300 and
9 16 2 2
1
38. The center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the y1 = · 300 = 150.
vertices: 2
Find x1 :
−1 − 1 3 + 7
, , or (−1, 5). x21 1502
2 2 − =1
The vertices are on the vertical line x = −1, so the trans- 902 1302
verse axis is vertical. Since the vertices are 2 units below 1502
x21 = 902 1 +
and above the center, a = 2. 1302
Find c: x1 ≈ 137.4
c Then the diameter of the top of the tower is
e= =4
a 2x1 ≈ 2(137.4) ≈ 275 ft.
c Find x2 :
=4
2
x22 3002
c=8 − =1
902 1302
Now ﬁnd b2 : 3002
x22 = 902 1 +
c2 = a2 + b2 1302
64 = 4 + b2 x2 ≈ 226.4
60 = b2 Then the diameter of the bottom of the tower is 2x2 ≈
2(226.4) ≈ 453 ft.
(y − 5)2 (x + 1)2
The equation is − = 1.
4 60 41. a) The graph of f (x) = 2x − 3 is shown below.
39. y
y
(0, 6) F1 Hyperbola 5
(0, 5) 4

x 3
2
1

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
(0, –6) F2 –1
Parabola –2 f (x ) = 2x — 3
(0, –8)
–3
–4
One focus is 6 units above the center of the hyperbola, so –5
c = 6. One vertex is 5 units above the center, so a = 5.
Find b2 : Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the
c2 = a2 + b2 graph more than once, the function is one-to-one.
62 = 52 + b2 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 2x − 3
11 = b 2
Interchange x and y: x = 2y − 3
Write the equation: Solve for y: x + 3 = 2y
2 2 x+3
y x
− 2 =1 =y
a2 b 2
x+3
y2 x2 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
− =1 2
25 11

√
42. a) The graph of f (x) = x3 +2 is shown below. It passes 44. a) The graph of f (x) = x + 4 is shown below. It
the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one. passes the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
y y

10 5 f (x ) = x + 4
8 4
6 f (x ) = x3 + 2 3
4 2
2 1

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–2 –1
–4 –2
–6 –3
–8 –4
–10 –5

√
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x3 + 2 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x+4
Interchange x and y: x = y + 2 3 √
Interchange x and y: x = y + 4
Solve for y: x − 2 = y3 Solve for y: x2 = y + 4
√
3
x−2 = y x −4 = y
2
√
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 3
x−2 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = x2 − 4, x ≥ 0

5 45. x+y= 5, (1)

43. a) The graph of f (x) = is shown below. x−y=
x−1 7 (2)
2x = 12 Adding
y x= 6
5 Back-substitute in either equation (1) or (2) and solve for
4
5 y. We use equation (1).
f (x ) = x 1 3
2 6+y = 5
1
y = −1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5
The solution is (6, −1).
–2
–3 46. 3x − 2y = 5, (1)
–4 5x + 2y = 3 (2)
–5 8x = 8 Adding
x= 1
Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the
Back-substitute and solve for y.
graph more than once, the function is one-to-one.
5 · 1 + 2y = 3 Using equation (2)
5
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 2y = −2
x−1
5 y = −1
Interchange x and y: x =
y−1 The solution is (1, −1).
Solve for y: x(y − 1) = 5
47. 2x − 3y = 7, (1)
5
y−1 = 3x + 5y = 1 (2)
x
5 Multiply equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 3 and add
y = +1
x to eliminate y.
5
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 = + 1, or
5+x 10x − 15y = 35
x x 9x + 15y = 3
19x = 38
x= 2
Back-substitute and solve for y.
3 · 2 + 5y = 1 Using equation (2)
5y = −5
y = −1
The solution is (2, −1).

48. 3x + 2y = −1 (1) Write the equation of the hyperbola:

2x + 3y = 6 (2) (x + 7)2 (y − 4)2
− =1
Multiply equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by −2 and 4 36
add. 51. S and T are the foci of the hyperbola, so c = 300/2 = 150.
9x + 6y = −3 0.186 mi
−4x − 6y = −12 200 microseconds · = 37.2 mi, the
1 microsecond
5x = −15 difference of the ships’ distances from the foci. That is,
x = −3 2a = 37.2, so a = 18.6.
Back-substitute and solve for y. Find b2 :
3(−3) + 2y = −1 Using equation (1) c2 = a2 + b2
2y = 8 1502 = 18.62 + b2
y=4 22, 154.04 = b2
The solution is (−3, 4). Then the equation of the hyperbola is
x2 y2 x2 y2
49. The center is the midpoint of the segment connecting − = 1, or − = 1.
18.62 22, 154.04 345.96 22, 154.04
(3, −8) and (3, −2):

3 + 3 −8 − 2
, , or (3, −5). Exercise Set 10.4
2 2
The vertices are on the vertical line x = 3 and are 3 units
above and below the center so the transverse axis is vertical 1. The correct graph is (e).
and a = 3. Use the equation of an asymptote to find b:
a 2. The correct graph is (a).
y − k = (x − h)
b 3. The correct graph is (c).
3
y + 5 = (x − 3) 4. The correct graph is (f).
b
3 9 5. The correct graph is (b).
y = x− −5
b b
This equation corresponds to the asymptote y = 3x − 14, 6. The correct graph is (d).
3
so = 3 and b = 1. 7. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1)
b
Write the equation of the hyperbola: y−x=1 (2)
(y − k) 2
(x − h) 2 First solve equation (2) for y.
− =1
a2 b2 y =x+1 (3)
(y + 5)2 (x − 3)2 Then substitute x + 1 for y in equation (1) and solve for
− =1 x.
9 1
50. The center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the x2 + y 2 = 25
vertices: x2 + (x + 1)2 = 25

−9 − 5 4 + 4 x + x2 + 2x + 1 = 25
2
, , or (−7, 4).
2 2 2x2 + 2x − 24 = 0
The vertices are on the horizontal line y = 4 and are 2 1
units left and right of the center, so the transverse axis is x2 + x − 12 = 0 Multiplying by
2
horizontal and a = 2. Use the equation of an asymptote (x + 4)(x − 3) = 0 Factoring
to find b:
b x+4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 Principle of zero
y − k = (x − h) products
a
x = −4 or x=3
b
y − 4 = (x + 7) Now substitute these numbers into equation (3) and solve
2
for y.
b 7
y = x+ b+4
2 2 y = −4 + 1 = −3
This equation corresponds to the asymptote y = 3x + 25, y = 3+1=4
b
so = 3 and b = 6. The pairs (−4, −3) and (3, 4) check, so they are the solu-
2 tions.

8. x2 + y 2 = 100, y = 0 or y = 3
y−x=2 2
x = 2 − (0) = 2
3
y =x+2 2
x = 2 − (3) = 0
x2 + (x + 2)2 = 100 3
The pairs (2, 0) and (0, 3) check.
x + x2 + 4x + 4 = 100
2

2x2 + 4x − 96 = 0 11. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1)

2
x + 2x − 48 = 0
2 y =x+5 (2)
(x + 8)(x − 6) = 0 We substitute x + 5 for y 2 in equation (1) and solve for x.
x = −8 or x = 6 x2 + y 2 = 25
y = −8 + 2 = −6 x2 + (x + 5) = 25
y =6+2=8 x2 + x − 20 = 0
The pairs (−8, −6) and (6, 8) check. (x + 5)(x − 4) = 0

9. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36, (1) x+5 = 0 or x−4 = 0

3y + 2x = 6 (2) x = −5 or x=4
First solve equation (2) for y. We substitute these numbers for x in either equation (1)
or equation (2) and solve for y. Here we use equation (2).
3y = −2x + 6
2 y 2 = −5 + 5 = 0 and y = 0.
y = − x+2 (3) y 2 = 4 + 5 = 9 and y = ±3.
3
2
Then substitute − x + 2 for y in equation (1) and solve The pairs (−5, 0), (4, 3) and (4, −3) check. They are the
3 solutions.
for x.
4x2 + 9y 2 = 36 12. y = x2 ,
2 2
x = y2
4x2 + 9 − x + 2 = 36
3
4 8 x = (x2 )2
4x + 9 x − x + 4 = 36
2 2
9 3 x = x4
4x2 + 4x2 − 24x + 36 = 36 0 = x4 − x
8x − 24x = 0
2
0 = x(x3 − 1)
x2 − 3x = 0 0 = x(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
x(x − 3) = 0 √
x = 0 or x = 3 12 − 4 · 1 · 1
−1 ±
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=
2
Now substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve √
for y. 1 3
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=− ± i
2 2 2
y = − ·0+2=2 y = 02 = 0
3
2 y = 12 = 1
y = − ·3+2=0 √ √
3 1 3 2 1 3
The pairs (0, 2) and (3, 0) check, so they are the solutions. y= − + i =− − i
2 2 2 2
1 √ √
10. 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36, 3 2 1 3
y= − − i =− + i
2 2 2 2
1 √3 √
3x + 2y = 6
1 3
x = 2− y
2 The pairs (0, 0), (1, 1), − + i, − − i ,
2 2 2 2
3
1 √ √
2 2 3 1 3
9 2 − y + 4y 2 = 36 and − − i, − + i check.
3 2 2 2 2
8 4 2
9 4 − y + y + 4y 2 = 36
3 9
36 − 24y + 4y 2 + 4y 2 = 36
8y 2 − 24y = 0
y 2 − 3y = 0
y(y − 3) = 0

13. x2 + y 2 = 9, (1) 16. x + y = −6,

x −y =9
2 2
(2) xy = −7
Here we use the elimination method. y = −x − 6
x2 + y 2 = 9 (1) x(−x − 6) = −7
x −y =
2 2
9 (2) −x2 − 6x = −7
2x2 = 18 Adding 0 = x2 + 6x − 7
x = 2
9 0 = (x + 7)(x − 1)
x = ±3 x = −7 or x = 1
If x = 3, x2 = 9, and if x = −3, x2 = 9, so substituting 3 y = −(−7) − 6 = 1
or −3 in equation (1) gives us y = −1 − 6 = −7
x2 + y 2 = 9 The pairs (−7, 1) and (1, −7) check.
9 + y2 = 9
17. y 2 = x + 3, (1)
y2 = 0
2y = x + 4 (2)
y = 0.
First solve equation (2) for x.
The pairs (3, 0) and (−3, 0) check. They are the solutions.
2y − 4 = x (3)
14. y 2 − 4x2 = 4 (1) Then substitute 2y − 4 for x in equation (1) and solve for
4x2 + y 2 = 4 (2) y.
y2 = x + 3
−4x2 + y 2 = 4 (1)
y 2 = (2y − 4) + 3
4x2 + y 2 = 4 (2)
y 2 = 2y − 1
2y 2 = 8 Adding
y 2 − 2y + 1 = 0
y2 = 4
(y − 1)(y − 1) = 0
y = ±2
y − 1 = 0 or y−1 = 0
Substitute for y in equation (2).
y = 1 or y=1
4x2 + 4 = 4
Now substitute 1 for y in equation (3) and solve for x.
4x2 = 0
2·1−4 = x
x=0
−2 = x
The pairs (0, 2) and (0, −2) check.
The pair (−2, 1) checks. It is the solution.
15. y 2 − x2 = 9 (1)
18. y = x2 ,
2x − 3 = y (2)
3x = y + 2
Substitute 2x − 3 for y in equation (1) and solve for x.
y = 3x − 2
y 2 − x2 = 9
(2x − 3)2 − x2 = 9 3x − 2 = x2

4x2 − 12x + 9 − x2 = 9 0 = x2 − 3x + 2
3x2 − 12x = 0 0 = (x − 2)(x − 1)
x2 − 4x = 0 x = 2 or x = 1
x(x − 4) = 0 y =3·2−2=4
x = 0 or x = 4 y =3·1−2=1
Now substitute these numbers into equation (2) and solve The pairs (2, 4) and (1, 1) check.
for y.
If x = 0, y = 2 · 0 − 3 = −3.
If x = 4, y = 2 · 4 − 3 = 5.
The pairs (0, −3) and (4, 5) check. They are the solutions.

√ √
19. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1) 6 21 6 21
Substituting or − for x in equation (1) gives
xy = 12 (2) 7 7
us
First we solve equation (2) for y. 36 · 21
+ y2 = 4
49
xy = 12
108
12 y2 = 4 −
y= 7
x 80
12 y2 = −
Then we substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for 7
x
x. 80 5
x2 + y 2 = 25 y=± − = ±4i
7 7
12 2 √
x2 + = 25 4i 35
x y=± . Rationalizing the
7
144 denominator
x2 + 2 = 25
x 6√21 4i√35
x4 + 144 = 25x2 Multiplying by x2 The pairs , ,
7 7
x4 − 25x2 + 144 = 0 6√21 4i√35 6√21 4i√35
,− , − , , and
u2 − 25u + 144 = 0 Letting u = x2 7 7 7 7
√
6 21 4i 35 √
(u − 9)(u − 16) = 0
− ,− check. They are the solutions.
u = 9 or u = 16 7 7
We now substitute x2 for u and solve for x. 22. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1)
2 2
x2 = 9 or x2 = 16 25x + 16y = 400 (2)
x = ±3 or x = ±4 −16x − 16y = −400 Multiplying (1) by −16
2 2

Since y = 12/x, if x = 3, y = 4; if x = −3, y = −4; 25x2 + 16y 2 = 400

if x = 4, y = 3; and if x = −4, y = −3. The pairs 9x2 = 0 Adding
(3, 4), (−3, −4), (4, 3), and (−4, −3) check. They are the x= 0
solutions. 02 + y 2 = 25 Substituting in (1)
20. x − y = 16, (1)
2 2 y = ±5
x + y 2 = 4 (2) The pairs (0, 5) and (0, −5) check.
x2 + x = 20 Adding
23. x2 + 4y 2 = 25, (1)
x2 + x − 20 = 0
x + 2y = 7 (2)
(x + 5)(x − 4) = 0
First solve equation (2) for x.
x = −5 or x = 4
y 2 = 4 − x Solving equation (2) for y 2 x = −2y + 7 (3)

y 2 = 4 − (−5) = 9 and y = ±3 Then substitute −2y + 7 for x in equation (1) and solve
for y.
y = 4 − 4 = 0 and y = 0
2
x2 + 4y 2 = 25
The pairs (−5, 3), (−5, −3), and (4, 0) check.
(−2y + 7)2 + 4y 2 = 25
2 2
21. x + y = 4, (1) 4y 2 − 28y + 49 + 4y 2 = 25
2 2
16x + 9y = 144 (2) 8y 2 − 28y + 24 = 0
−9x2 − 9y 2 = −36 Multiplying (1) by −9 2y 2 − 7y + 6 = 0
16x2 + 9y 2 = 144 (2y − 3)(y − 2) = 0
7x2 = 108 Adding
3
108 y= or y = 2
x2 = 2
7
Now substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve
108 3 for x.
x=± = ±6
7 7 3
√ x = −2 · + 7 = 4
6 21 Rationalizing the de- 2
x=± x = −2 · 2 + 7 = 3
7 nominator
3
The pairs 4, and (3, 2) check, so they are the solutions.
2

9 11
24. y 2 − x2 = 16, x=2 − +5=
8 4
2x − y = 1
x = 2(−2) + 5 = 1
y = 2x − 1 11 9
The pairs ,− and (1, −2) check.
(2x − 1)2 − x2 = 16 4 8
4x2 − 4x + 1 − x2 = 16 27. x2 + y 2 = 16, x2 + y 2 = 16, (1)
3x − 4x − 15 = 0
2 or
y 2 − 2x2 = 10 −2x2 + y 2 = 10 (2)
(3x + 5)(x − 3) = 0
5 Here we use the elimination method.
x = − or x = 3
3 2x2 + 2y 2= 32 Multiplying (1) by 2
5 13 −2x2 + y 2 = 10
y=2 − −1=−
3 3 3y 2= 42 Adding
y = 2(3) − 1 = 5 y2 = 14√
5 13 y = ± 14
The pairs − , − and (3, 5) check. √ √
3 3 Substituting 14 or − 14 for y in equation (1) gives us
25. x2 − xy + 3y 2 = 27, (1) x2 + 14 = 16
x−y =2 (2) x2 = 2
√
First solve equation (2) for y. x=± 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
x−2=y (3) The pairs (− 2, − 14), (− 2, 14), ( 2, − 14), and
√ √
Then substitute x − 2 for y in equation (1) and solve for ( 2, 14) check. They are the solutions.
x.
28. x2 + y 2 = 14, (1)
x2 − xy + 3y 2 = 27
x2 − y 2 = 4 (2)
x2 − x(x − 2) + 3(x − 2)2 = 27 2x2 = 18 Adding
x − x2 + 2x + 3x2 − 12x + 12 = 27
2 x2 = 9
x = ±3
3x2 − 10x − 15 = 0
9 + y 2 = 14 Substituting in equation
−(−10) ± (−10)2 − 4(3)(−15) (1)
x=
2·3
√ √ y2 = 5
10 ± 100 + 180 10 ± 280 √
x= = y=± 5
6 6 √ √ √
√ √
10 ± 2 70 5 ± 70 The√pairs (−3, − 5), (−3, 5), (3, − 5), and
x= = (3, 5) check.
6 3
Now substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve 29. x2 + y 2 = 5, (1)
for y. xy = 2 (2)
√ √
5 + 70 −1 + 70
y= −2= First we solve equation (2) for y.
3 3
√ √ xy = 2
5 − 70 −1 − 70
y= −2= 2
3 3 y=
5 + √70 −1 + √70 x
The pairs , and 2
3 3 Then we substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for
√
5 − 70 −1 − 70 √ x.
x
, check, so they are the solutions. x2 + y 2 = 5
3 3 2 2
26. 2y 2 + xy + x2 = 7, x2 + =5
x
x − 2y = 5 4
x2 + 2 = 5
x
x = 2y + 5
x4 + 4 = 5x2 Multiplying by x2
2y 2 + (2y + 5)y + (2y + 5)2 = 7 x4 − 5x2 + 4 = 0
2y 2 + 2y 2 + 5y + 4y 2 + 20y + 25 = 7 u2 − 5u + 4 = 0 Letting u = x2
2
8y + 25y + 18 = 0 (u − 4)(u − 1) = 0
(8y + 9)(y + 2) = 0 u = 4 or u = 1
9 We now substitute x2 for u and solve for x.
y=− or y = −2
8

x2 = 4 or x2 = 1 32. 2y 2 + xy = 5,
x = ±2 x = ±1 4y + x = 7
Since y = 2/x, if x = 2, y = 1; if x = −2, y = −1; if x = 1,
y = 2; and if x = −1, y = −2. The pairs (2, 1), (−2, −1), x = −4y + 7
(1, 2), and (−1, −2) check. They are the solutions. 2y 2 + (−4y + 7)y = 5
2 2
30. x + y = 20, 2y 2 − 4y 2 + 7y = 5
xy = 8 0 = 2y 2 − 7y + 5
8 0 = (2y − 5)(y − 1)
y=
x
8 2 5
y = or y = 1
x2 + = 20 2
x
5
64 x = −4 + 7 = −3
x2 + = 20 2
x2
x = −4(1) + 7 = 3
x4 + 64 = 20x2 5
x4 − 20x2 + 64 = 0 The pairs − 3, and (3, 1) check.
2
u2 − 20u + 64 = 0 Letting u = x2 33. a + b = 7, (1)
(u − 16)(u − 4) = 0 ab = 4 (2)
u = 16 or u=4 First solve equation (1) for a.
x2 = 16 or x2 = 4 a = −b + 7 (3)
x = ±4 or x = ±2 Then substitute −b + 7 for a in equation (2) and solve for
y = 8/x, so if x = 4, y = 2; if x = −4, y = −2; b.
if x = 2, y = 4; if x = −2, y = −4. The pairs (−b + 7)b = 4
(4, 2), (−4, −2), (2, 4), and (−2, −4) check. −b2 + 7b = 4
31. 3x + y = 7 (1) 0 = b2 − 7b + 4
4x2 + 5y = 56 (2)
−(−7) ± (−7)2 − 4 · 1 · 4
First solve equation (1) for y. b=
2·1
3x + y = 7 √
7 ± 33
b=
y = 7 − 3x (3) 2
Next substitute 7 − 3x for y in equation (2) and solve for Now substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve
x. for a.
7 + √33 √
7 − 33
4x2 + 5y = 56
a=− +7=
4x2 + 5(7 − 3x) = 56 2 2
7 − √33 √
7 + 33
4x2 + 35 − 15x = 56 a=− +7=
2 2
4x2 − 15x − 21 = 0 7 − √33 7 + √33
Using the quadratic formula, we ﬁnd that The pairs , and
√ √ √ √
2 2
15 − 561 15 + 561 7 + 33 7 − 33
x= or x = . , check, so they are the
8 8 2 2
Now substitute these numbers into equation (3) and solve solutions.
for y.
√ √
15 − 561 15 − 561 34. p + q = −4,
If x = , y =7−3 , or
8 8 pq = −5
√
11 + 3 561 p = −q − 4
.
8
√ √ (−q − 4)q = −5
15 + 561 15 + 561 −q 2 − 4q = −5
If x = , y =7−3 , or
8 8
√ 0 = q 2 + 4q − 5
11 − 3 561
. 0 = (q + 5)(q − 1)
8
√ √ q = −5 or q = 1
15 − 561 11 + 3 561
The pairs , and p = −(−5) − 4 = 1
8 8
√ √ p = −1 − 4 = −5
15 + 561 11 − 3 561
, check and are the solutions.
8 8 The pairs (1, −5) and (−5, 1) check.

35. x2 + y 2 = 13, (1) Solve equation (3) for x.

xy = 6 (2) 2x + 6y + 13 = 0
First we solve Equation (2) for y. 2x = −6y − 13
xy = 6 −6y − 13
x=
6 2
y=
x −6y − 13
Substitute for x in equation (1) and solve for y.
6 2
Then we substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for x2 + y 2 + 6y + 5 = 0
x
x. 2
x2 + y 2 = 13 −6y − 13
+ y 2 + 6y + 5 = 0
6 2 2
x2 + = 13
x 36y 2 + 156y + 169
+ y 2 + 6y + 5 = 0
36 4
x2 + 2 = 13
x 36y 2 + 156y + 169 + 4y 2 + 24y + 20 = 0
x4 + 36 = 13x2 Multiplying by x2 40y 2 + 180y + 189 = 0
x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0 Using the quadratic formula, we ﬁnd that
√ √
u2 − 13u + 36 = 0 Letting u = x2 −45 ± 3 15 −45 ± 3 15
y= . Substitute for y in
20 20
(u − 9)(u − 4) = 0
−6y − 13
u=9 or u=4 x= and solve for x.
2
√
We now substitute x2 for u and solve for x. −45 + 3 15
If y = , then
x2 = 9 or x2 = 4 20
√
x = ±3 or x = ±2 −45 + 3 15
−6 − 13 √
Since y = 6/x, if x = 3, y = 2; if x = −3, y = −2; 20 5 − 9 15
x= = .
if x = 2, y = 3; and if x = −2, y = −3. The pairs √
2 20
(3, 2), (−3, −2), (2, 3), and (−2, −3) check. They are the −45 − 3 15
solutions. If y = , then
20
√
x2 + 4y 2 = 20, −45 − 3 15
36. −6 − 13 √
xy = 4 20 5 + 9 15
x= = .
2 20
√ √
y=
4 5 + 9 15 −45 − 3 15
x The pairs , and
4 2 20 20
√ √
x2 + 4 = 20 5 − 9 15 −45 + 3 15
x , check and are the solutions.
64 20 20
x2 + 2 = 20
x 38. 2xy + 3y 2 = 7, (1)
x4 + 64 = 20x2 3xy − 2y 2 = 4 (2)
x4 − 20x2 + 64 = 0 2
6xy + 9y = 21 Multiplying (1) by 3
u2 − 20u + 64 = 0 Letting u = x2 −6xy + 4y 2 = −8 Multiplying (2) by − 2
(u − 16)(u − 4) = 0 13y 2 = 13
y2 = 1
u = 16 or u=4
y = ±1
x2 = 16 or x2 = 4
Substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for x.
x = ±4 or x = ±2
When y = 1 : 2 · x · 1 + 3 · 12 = 7
y = 4/x, so if x = 4, y = 1; if x = −4, y = −1; if x = 2,
y = 2; and if x = −2, y = −2. The pairs (4, 1), (−4, −1), 2x = 4
(2, 2), and (−2, −2) check. x =2

37. x2 + y 2 + 6y + 5 = 0 (1) When y = −1 : 2 · x · (−1) + 3(−1)2 = 7

x2 + y 2 − 2x − 8 = 0 (2) −2x = 4
Using the elimination method, multiply equation (2) by x = −2
−1 and add the result to equation (1). The pairs (2, 1) and (−2, −1) check.
x2 + y 2 + 6y + 5 = 0 (1)
−x2 − y 2 + 2x + 8 = 0 (2)
2x + 6y + 13 = 0 (3)

39. 2a + b = 1, (1) 42. xy = 4,

b=4−a 2
(2) x+y =5
Equation (2) is already solved for b. Substitute 4 − a for 2
x = −y + 5
b in equation (1) and solve for a.
(−y + 5)y = 4
2a + 4 − a2 = 1
−y 2 + 5y = 4
0 = a2 − 2a − 3
0 = y 2 − 5y + 4
0 = (a − 3)(a + 1)
0 = (y − 4)(y − 1)
a=3 or a = −1
y = 4 or y = 1
Substitute these numbers in equation (2) and solve for b.
x = −4 + 5 = 1
b = 4 − 32 = −5
x = −1 + 5 = 4
b = 4 − (−1)2 = 3
The pairs (1, 4) and (4, 1) check.
The pairs (3, −5) and (−1, 3) check. They are the solu-
tions. 43. xy − y 2 = 2, (1)
2xy − 3y 2 = 0 (2)
40. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36,
−2xy + 2y 2 = −4 Multiplying (1) by −2
x + 3y = 3
2xy − 3y 2 = 0
x = −3y + 3 −y 2 = −4 Adding
y2 = 4
4(−3y + 3)2 + 9y 2 = 36 y = ±2
4(9y 2 − 18y + 9) + 9y 2 = 36 We substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for x.
36y − 72y + 36 + 9y = 36
2 2 When y = 2 : x · 2 − 22 = 2
45y 2 − 72y = 0 2x − 4 = 2
5y 2 − 8y = 0 2x = 6
y(5y − 8) = 0 x=3
8 When y = −2 : x(−2) − (−2)2 = 2
y = 0 or y =
5 −2x − 4 = 2
x = −3 · 0 + 3 = 3
8 −2x = 6
9
x = −3 +3=− x = −3
5 5
9 8 The pairs (3, 2) and (−3, −2) check. They are the solu-
The pairs (3, 0) and − , check. tions.
5 5
41. a2 + b2 = 89, (1) 44. 4a2 − 25b2 = 0, (1)
a−b=3 (2) 2a2 − 10b2 = 3b + 4 (2)
First solve equation (2) for a.
4a2 − 25b2 = 0
a=b+3 (3)
Then substitute b + 3 for a in equation (1) and solve for b. −4a2 + 20b2 = −6b − 8 Multiplying (2) by −2

(b + 3)2 + b2 = 89 −5b2 = −6b − 8

b2 + 6b + 9 + b2 = 89 0 = 5b2 − 6b − 8
2b2 + 6b − 80 = 0 0 = (5b + 4)(b − 2)
b2 + 3b − 40 = 0 4
b=− or b = 2
(b + 8)(b − 5) = 0 5
Substitute for b in equation (1) and solve for a.
b = −8 or b = 5 4 2
4
Substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve for a. When b = − : 4a2 − 25 − =0
5 5
a = −8 + 3 = −5
4a2 = 16
a = 5+3=8
a2 = 4
The pairs (−5, −8) and (8, 5) check. They are the solu-
a = ±2
tions.

When b = 2: 4a2 − 25(2)2 = 0 Substitute for b in equation (1) and solve for a.
√ √ √
4a2 = 100 When b = 2 : a( 2) − ( 2)2 = −4
√
a2 = 25 a 2 = −2
a = ±5 2 √
a = −√ = − 2
4 4 2
The pairs 2, − , − 2, − , (5, 2) and (−5, 2) check. √ √ √
5 5 When b = − 2 : a(− 2)−(− 2)2 = −4
√
45. m2 − 3mn + n2 + 1 = 0, (1) −a 2 = −2
3m2 − mn + 3n2 = 13 (2) −2 √
a= √ = 2
− 2
m2 − 3mn + n2 = −1 (3) Rewriting (1) √ √ √ √
The pairs (− 2, 2) and ( 2, − 2) check.
3m − mn + 3n = 13
2 2
(2)
47. x2 + y 2 = 5, (1)
−3m +9mn− 3n = 3 Multiplying (3) by −3
2 2
x−y =8 (2)
3m2 − mn+ 3n2 = 13 First solve equation (2) for x.
8mn = 16
x=y+8 (3)
mn = 2
2 Then substitute y + 8 for x in equation (1) and solve for
n= (4) y.
m
2 (y + 8)2 + y 2 = 5
Substitute for n in equation (1) and solve for m.
m y + 16y + 64 + y 2 = 5
2
2
2 2 2y 2 + 16y + 59 = 0
m2 − 3m + +1 = 0
m m
−16 ± (16)2 − 4(2)(59)
4 y=
m2 − 6 + 2 + 1 = 0 2·2
m √
4 −16 ± −216
m2 − 5 + 2 = 0 y=
m 4
√
m4 − 5m2 + 4 = 0 Multiplying −16 ± 6i 6
y=
by m2 4
Substitute u for m2 . 3 √
y = −4 ± i 6
u2 − 5u + 4 = 0 2
(u − 4)(u − 1) = 0 Now substitute these numbers in equation (3) and solve
for x.
u=4 or u=1 3 √ 3 √
2 x = −4 + i 6 + 8 = 4 + i 6
m =4 or m2 = 1 2 2
m = ±2 or m = ±1 3 √ 3 √
x = −4 − i 6 + 8 = 4 − i 6
2 2
Substitute for m in equation (4) and solve for n.
3 √ 3 √
2 The pairs 4 + i 6, −4 + i 6 and
When m = 2, n = = 1. 2 2
2
2 3 √ 3 √
When m = −2, n = = −1. 4 − i 6, −4 − i 6 check. They are the solutions.
−2 2 2
2 48. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36,
When m = 1, n = = 2.
1
2 y−x=8
When m = −1, n = = −2.
−1 y =x+8
The pairs (2, 1), (−2, −1), (1, 2), and (−1, −2) check. They
are the solutions. 4x2 + 9(x + 8)2 = 36
4x + 9(x2 + 16x + 64) = 36
2
46. ab − b2 = −4, (1)
ab − 2b2 = −6 (2) 4x2 + 9x2 + 144x + 576 = 36
13x2 + 144x + 540 = 0
ab − b2 = −4
−ab + 2b2 = 6 Multiplying (2) by −1
b2 = √2
b =± 2

√ √ √
−144 ±(144)2 − 4(13)(540) When x = −i 3 : (−i 3)2 + (−i 3)y = 5
x= √
2 · 13 −i 3y = 8
√
−72 ± 6i 51 72 6 √ 8
x= = − ± i 51 y=− √
13 13 13 i 3
√
72 6 √ 32 6 √ 8i 3
y = − + i 51 + 8 = + i 51 y=−
13 13 13 13 3
√ √
72 6 √ 32 6 √ √ 8i 3 √ 8i 3
y = − − i 51 + 8 = − i 51 The pairs i 3, − and − i 3, .
13 13 13 13 3 3

72 6 √ 32 6 √
The pairs − + i 51, + i 51 and 51. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1)
13 13 13 13
9x2 + 4y 2 = 36 (2)
72 6 √ 32 6 √
− − i 51, − i 51 check.
13 13 13 13 −4x2 − 4y 2 = −100 Multiplying (1) by −4
49. 2 2
a + b = 14, (1)
√ 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36
ab = 3 5 (2) 5x2 = −64
Solve equation (2) for b. 64
√ x =−
2
5
3 5
b= −64 8i
a
√ x=± = ±√
5 5
Substitute
3 5
for b in equation (1) and solve for a. √
a 8i 5
√ 2 x=± Rationalizing the
3 5 5 denominator
a2 + = 14 √ √
a 8i 5 8i 5
45 Substituting or − for x in equation (1) and
a2 + 2 = 14 5 5
a solving for y gives us
a4 + 45 = 14a2 64
− + y 2 = 25
5
a4 − 14a2 + 45 = 0
189
u2 − 14u + 45 = 0 Letting u = a2 y2 =
5
(u − 9)(u − 5) = 0
189 21
u=9 or u=5 y=± = ±3
5 5
a2 = 9 or a2 = 5 √
√ y=±
3 105
. Rationalizing the
a = ±3 or a = ± 5 5
√ √ √ denominator
= 3 5/a, if a = 3, b = √5; if a = −3, b = − 5;
Since b √ √ √ √ √
8i 5 3 105 8i 5 3 105
if a√= 5, b =√3; and √ if a = −
√ 5, b = −3. The pairs The pairs
5
,
5
, −
5
,
5
,
(3, 5), (−3, − 5), ( 5, 3), (− 5, −3) check. They are √ √ √ √

the solutions. 8i 5 3 105 8i 5 3 105
,− , and − ,−
5 5 5 5
50. x2 + xy = 5, (1) check.
2x2 + xy = 2 (2)
They are the solutions.
−x − xy =
2
−5 Multiplying (1) by −1
2x2 + xy = 2 52. x2 + y 2 = 1, (1)
x2 = √ −3 9x2 − 16y 2 = 144 (2)
x = ±i 3
16x2 + 16y 2 = 16 Multiplying (1) by 16
Substitute for x in equation (1) and solve for y. 9x2 − 16y 2 = 144
√ √ √
When x = i 3 : (i 3)2 + (i 3)y = 5 25x2 = 160
√ 160
i 3y = 8 x2 =
25
8 √
y= √ 4 10
i 3√ x=±
8i 3 5
y=− Substituting for x in equation (1) and solving for y gives
3
us

160 54. x2 − 7y 2 = 6,
+ y2 = 1
25
xy = 1
135
y2 = −
25 1
y=
135 x
y=± − 2
25 1
√ x −72
=6
3i 15 x
y=± .
5 7
√ √ √ √ x2 − 2 = 6
4 10 3i 15 4 10 3i 15 x
The pairs , , ,− ,
5 5 5 5 x4 − 7 = 6x2
√ √ √ √
4 10 3i 15 4 10 3i 15 x4 − 6x2 − 7 = 0
− , , and − ,−
5 5 5 5 u2 − 6u − 7 = 0 Letting u = x2
check.
(u − 7)(u + 1) = 0
53. 5y 2 − x2 = 1, (1) u=7 or u = −1
xy = 2 (2) x2 = 7 or x2 = −1
Solve equation (2) for x. √
x = ± 7 or x = ±i
2 √ √ √ √
x= Since y =√1/x, if x√= 7, y = 1/ 7 = 7/7; if x = − 7,
y
y = 1/(− 7) = − 7/7; if x = i, y = 1/i = −i, if x = −i,
2
Substitute for x in equation (1) and solve for y. y = 1/(−i) = i.
y √ √
2 √ 7 √ 7
2 The pairs 7, , − 7, − , (i, −i), and (−i, i)
5y 2 − =1 7 7
y check.
4
5y 2 − 2 = 1 55. The statement is true. See Example 4, for instance.
y
5y 4 − 4 = y 2 56. The statement is false. See Example 2, for instance.
5y − y − 4 = 0
4 2
57. The statement is true because a line and a circle can in-
5u2 − u − 4 = 0 Letting u = y 2 tersect in at most two points.
(5u + 4)(u − 1) = 0
58. The statement is true because it is possible for a line to
5u + 4 = 0 or u − 1 = 0 be tangent to an ellipse (that is, to touch the ellipse at a
4 single point).
u=− or u=1
5
59. Familiarize. We ﬁrst make a drawing. We let l and w
4 represent the length and width, respectively.
y2 = − or y2 = 1
5
2i ✚
y = ±√ or y = ±1 ✚
5
√ 10✚✚ w
2i 5 ✚
y=± or y = ±1 ✚
5 ✚
√ ✚
2i 5 2 5 l
Since x = 2/y, if y = ,x= √ = √ =
5 2i 5 i 5
Translate. The perimeter is 28 cm.
√ √5
5 −i 5 √ 2i 5 2l + 2w = 28, or l + w = 14
√ · √ = −i 5; if y = − ,
i 5 −i 5 5 Using the Pythagorean theorem we have another equation.
2 √ l2 + w2 = 102 , or l2 + w2 = 100
x= √ = i 5;
2i 5
− Carry out. We solve the system:
5
l + w = 14, (1)
if y = 1, x = 2/1 = 2; if y = −1, x = 2/ − 1 = −2.
√ √ 2
l + w = 100 2
(2)
√ 2i 5 √ 2i 5
The pairs − i 5, , i 5, − , (2, 1) and First solve equation (1) for w.
5 5
(−2, −1) check. They are the solutions. w = 14 − l (3)
Then substitute 14 − l for w in equation (2) and solve for
l.

l2 + w2 = 100 62. Let l and w represent the length and width, respectively.
l + (14 − l)2 = 100
2 Solve the system:
l2 + 196 − 28l + l2 = 100 2l + 2w = 6,
√
2l − 28l + 96 = 0
2 l2 + w2 = ( 5)2 , or
l2 − 14l + 48 = 0 l+w = 3
(l − 8)(l − 6) = 0 l + w2 = 5
2

l = 8 or l = 6 The solutions are (1, 2) and (2, 1). Choosing the larger
If l = 8, then w = 14 − 8, or 6. If l = 6, then w = 14 − 6, number as the length, we have the solution. The length is
or 8. Since the length is usually considered to be longer 2 m, and the width is 1 m.
than the width, we have the solution l = 8 and w = 6, or
63. Familiarize. We make a drawing of the dog run. Let l =
(8, 6).
the length and w = the width.
Check. If l = 8 and w = 6, then the√perimeter is 2·8+2·6,
√
or 28. The length of a diagonal is 82 + 62 , or 100, or
10. The numbers check.
State. The length is 8 cm, and the width is 6 cm. w

60. Let l and w represent the length and width, respectively.

We solve the system: l
lw = 2,
Since it takes 210 yd of fencing to enclose the run, we know
2l + 2w = 6 that the perimeter is 210 yd.
The solutions are (1, 2) and (2, 1). We choose the larger Translate.
number to be the length, so the length is 2 yd and the Perimeter: 2l + 2w = 210, or l + w = 105
width is 1 yd.
Area: lw = 2250
61. Familiarize. We first make a drawing. Let l = the length Carry out. We solve the system:
and w = the width of the brochure.
Solve the first equation for l: l = 105 − w
Substitute 105 − w for l in the second equation and solve
for w.
w
(105 − w)w = 2250
105w − w2 = 2250
l 0 = w2 − 105w + 2250
0 = (w − 30)(w − 75)
Translate.
Area: lw = 20 w = 30 or w = 75
Perimeter: 2l + 2w = 18, or l + w = 9 If w = 30, then l = 105 − 30, or 75. If w = 75, then
l = 105 − 75, or 30. Since length is usually considered
Carry out. We solve the system: to be longer than width, we have the solution l = 75 and
Solve the second equation for l: l = 9 − w w = 30, or (75, 30).
Substitute 9 − w for l in the first equation and solve for w. Check. If l = 75 and w = 30, the perimeter is 2·75+2·30,
(9 − w)w = 20 or 210. The area is 75(30), or 2250. The numbers check.
9w − w2 = 20 State. The length is 75 yd and the width is 30 yd.
0 = w2 − 9w + 20 64. Let l = the length and w = the width. Solve the system
√
0 = (w − 5)(w − 4) lw = 2,
w = 5 or w = 4 √
l2 + w2 = ( 3)2 .
If w = 5, then l = 9 − w, or 4. If w = 4, then l = 9 − 4, √ √ √
or 5. Since length is usually considered to be longer than
The solutions
√ √ 2, −1), (1, √2), and
are ( 2, 1), (−
(−1, − 2). Only the pairs ( 2, 1) and (1, 2) have mean-
width, we have the solution l = 5 and w = 4, or (5, 4).
ing in this problem. Since length is √
usually considered to
Check. If l = 5 and w = 4, the area is 5 · 4, or 20. The be longer than width, the length is 2 m, and the width
perimeter is 2 · 5 + 2 · 4, or 18. The numbers check. is 1 m.
State. The length of the brochure is 5 in. and the width
is 4 in.

65. Familiarize. We ﬁrst make a drawing. Let l = the length

and w = the width.
x y
✚
✚
2 ✚✚ w y
✚ x
✚ Area: x2 Area: y 2
✚
✚ Translate.
l The sum of the areas is 832 ft2 .
Translate.
√ ↓ ↓ ↓
Area: lw = 3 (1) x2 + y 2 = 832
From the Pythagorean theorem: l2 + w2 = 22 (2) The difference of the areas is 320 ft2 .
Carry out. We solve the system of equations.
↓ ↓ ↓
We first solve equation (1) for w. x2 − y 2 = 320
√
lw = 3 Carry out. We solve the system of equations.
√
3 x2 + y 2 = 832
w=
l
√ x2 − y 2 = 320
3
Then we substitute for w in equation 2 and solve for 2x2 = 1152 Adding
l
l. 2
√ 3 2
x = 576
2
l + =4 x = ±24
l
3 Since measurements cannot be negative, we consider only
l2 + 2 = 4 x = 24. Substitute 24 for x in the first equation and solve
l
for y.
l4 + 3 = 4l2
242 + y 2 = 832
l4 − 4l2 + 3 = 0
576 + y 2 = 832
u2 − 4u + 3 = 0 Letting u = l2
y 2 = 256
(u − 3)(u − 1) = 0
u = 3 or u = 1 y = ±16

We now substitute l2 for u and solve for l. Again, we consider only the positive value, 16. The possi-
ble solution is (24, 16).
l2 = 3 or l2 = 1
√ Check. The areas of the test plots are 242 , or 576, and
l = ± 3 or l = ±1
162 , or 256. The sum of the areas is 576 + 256, or 832.
Measurements
√ cannot be negative, so
√ we only need
√ to con- The diﬀerence of the areas is 576 − 256, or 320. The values
sider l = 3 and l√ = 1. Since w = 3/l, if l = 3, w = 1 check.
and if l = 1, w = 3. Length is usually considered √ to be State. The lengths of the test plots are 24 ft and 16 ft.
longer than√width, so we have the solution l = 3 and
w = 1, or ( 3, 1). 68. Let l and w represent the length and width, respectively.
√ √ √
√ If2 l =2 3 and w = 1, 2the area is 3 · 1 = 3.
Check. Solve the system:
√
Also ( 3) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2 . The numbers check. l2 + w2 = l + 1,
√ √
State. The length is 3 m, and the width is 1 m. l2 + w2 = 2w + 3
66. Let p = the principal and r = the interest rate. Solve the The solutions are (12, 5) and (0, −1). Only (12, 5) has
system: meaning in this problem. It checks. The length is 12 ft
and the width is 5 ft.
pr = 7.5,
(p + 25)(r − 0.01) = 7.5 69. The correct graph is (b).
The solutions are (125, 0.06) and (−1.50, −0.05). Only 70. The correct graph is (e).
(125, 0.06) has meaning in this problem. The principal
was $125 and the interest rate was 0.06, or 6%. 71. The correct graph is (d).

67. Familiarize. We let x = the length of a side of one test 72. The correct graph is (f).
plot and y = the length of a side of the other plot. Make
73. The correct graph is (a).
a drawing.
74. The correct graph is (c).

75. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 16, 78. Graph: x ≥ y 2 ,

y<x x−y ≤2
The solution set of x2 + y 2 ≤ 16 is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16
and the region inside it. The solution set of y < x is y
the half-plane below the line y = x. We shade the region 4
(4, 2)
common to the two solution sets. 2

y 4 2 2 4 x
2
5 (1, 1)
4
3 (2兹2, 2兹2)
2
1
⫺5⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
⫺1
1 2 3 5 x 79. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 25,
(⫺2兹2, ⫺2兹2)
⫺2
⫺3
x−y >5
⫺5 The solution set of x2 + y 2 ≤ 25 is the circle x2 + y 2 = 25
and the region inside it. The solution set of x − y > 5
To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve is the half-plane below the line x − y = 5. We shade the
the system of equations region common to the two solution sets.
x2 + y 2 = 16,
y
y = x.
√ √ 4
The √ of intersection are (−2 2, −2 2) and
√ points 3
2
(2 2, 2 2). 1
(5, 0)

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 1 2 3 4 x
76. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 10, ⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
y>x ⫺4

(0, ⫺5)
y
4 To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve
2 (兹5, 兹5) the system of equations
x2 + y 2 = 25,
⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x
(⫺兹5, ⫺兹5) ⫺2 x − y = 5.
⫺4 The points of intersection are (0, −5) and (5, 0).
80. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≥ 9,
77. Graph: x2 ≤ y, x−y >3
x+y ≥2
The solution set of x2 ≤ y is the parabola x2 = y and the y
region inside it. The solution set of x + y ≥ 2 is the line 4 (3, 0)
x + y = 2 and the half-plane above the line. We shade the 2
region common to the two solution sets.
⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x
⫺2
y
⫺4 (0, ⫺3)
5
(⫺2, 4) 4
3

Graph: y ≥ x2 − 3,
2
1 (1, 1) 81.
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
⫺1
1 2 3 4 5 x y ≤ 2x
⫺2
⫺3 The solution set of y ≥ x2 − 3 is the parabola y = x2 − 3
⫺4
⫺5
and the region inside it. The solution set of y ≤ 2x is the
line y = 2x and the half-plane below it. We shade the
To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve region common to the two solution sets.
the system of equations
x2 = y,
x + y = 2.
The points of intersection are (−2, 4) and (1, 1).

y 85. 23x = 64
7
6 23x = 26
(3, 6)
5
4 3x = 6
3
2 x=2
1
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 1 2 3 4 5 x
The solution is 2.
(⫺1, ⫺2) ⫺2
86. 5x = 27
ln 5x = ln 27
To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve
the system of equations x ln 5 = ln 27
ln 27
y = x2 − 3, x=
ln 5
y = 2x.
x ≈ 2.048
The points of intersection are (−1, −2) and (3, 6).
87. log3 x = 4
82. Graph: y ≤ 3 − x2 ,
x = 34
y ≥x+1
x = 81
y The solution is 81.
4
88. log(x − 3) + log x = 1
2 (1, 2)
log(x − 3)(x) = 1
4 2 2 4 x x2 − 3x = 10
(2, 1) 2
x2 − 3x − 10 = 0
4
(x − 5)(x + 2) = 0
x = 5 or x = −2
83. Graph: y ≥ x2 ,
y <x+2 Only 5 checks.

The solution set of y ≥ x2 is the parabola y = x2 and 89. (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2

the region inside it. The solution set of y < x + 2 is the If (2, 4) is a point on the circle, then
half-plane below the line y = x + 2. We shade the region
(2 − h)2 + (4 − k)2 = r2 .
common to the two solution sets.
If (3, 3) is a point on the circle, then
y
(3 − h)2 + (3 − k)2 = r2 .
5
4 (2, 4)
3
Thus
2 (2 − h)2 + (4 − k)2 = (3 − h)2 + (3 − k)2
(⫺1, 1) 1
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 1 2 3 4 5 x 4 − 4h + h2 + 16 − 8k + k 2 =
⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
9 − 6h + h2 + 9 − 6k + k 2
⫺4
⫺5
−4h − 8k + 20 = −6h − 6k + 18
2h − 2k = −2
To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve
h − k = −1
the system of equations
If the center (h, k) is on the line 3x−y = 3, then 3h−k = 3.
y = x2 ,
y = x + 2. Solving the system
h − k = −1,
The points of intersection are (−1, 1) and (2, 4).
3h − k = 3
84. Graph: y ≤ 1 − x2 ,
we ﬁnd that (h, k) = (2, 3).
y >x−1
Find r2 , substituting (2, 3) for (h, k) and (2, 4) for (x, y).
y We could also use (3, 3) for (x, y).
4 (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
2 (2 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 = r2
(1, 0)
⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x 0 + 1 = r2
⫺2
(⫺2, ⫺3) 1 = r2
⫺4
The equation of the circle is (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1.

90. Let (h, k) represent the point on the line 5x + 8y = −2 x2 y2

92. 2
− 2 =1
which is the center of a circle that passes through the a b
points (−2, 3) and (−4, 1). The distance between (h, k) Substitute each ordered pair for (x, y).
and (−2, 3) is the same as the distance between (h, k) and √ 2
3 5
(−4, 1). This gives us one equation: −
(−3)2 2
[h−(−2)]2 +(k−3)2 = [h−(−4)]2 +(k−1)2 − = 1,
a2 b2
(h + 2)2 + (k − 3)2 = (h + 4)2 + (k − 1)2 √ 2
3 5
h2 +4h+4+k 2 −6k+9 = h2 +8h+16+k 2 −2k+1 (−3) 2
b2
− = 1,
4h − 6k + 13 = 8h − 2k + 17 a2 b2
2
−4h − 4k = 4 3
−
h + k = −1 2 02
− =1
We get a second equation by substituting (h, k) in a2 b2
5x + 8y = −2. 9 45
− 2 = 1, (1)
5h + 8k = −2 a2 4b
We now solve the following system: 9 45
− 2 = 1, (2)
h + k = −1, a2 4b
9
5h + 8k = −2 =1 (3)
4a2
The solution, which is the center of the circle, is (−2, 1).
Note that equation (1) and equation (2) are identical. Mul-
Next we ﬁnd the length of the radius. We can ﬁnd the tiply both sides of equation (3) by 4:
distance between either (−2, 3) or (−4, 1) and the center 9
(−2, 1). We use (−2, 3). =4
a2
r = [−2 − (−2)]2 + (1 − 3)2 9
Substitute 4 for 2 in equation (1) and solve for b2 .
r = 02 + (−2)2 a
√ 45
r= 4=2 4− 2 = 1
4b
We can write the equation of the circle with center (−2, 1)
16b2 − 45 = 4b2
and radius 2.
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 12b2 = 45
45 15
[x − (−2)]2 + (y − 1)2 = 22 b2 = , or
12 4
(x + 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 4 Solve equation (3) for a2 .
9
91. The equation of the ellipse is √
of the
form =1
x2 y2 3 √ 1 4a2
+ = 1. Substitute 1, and 3, for (x, y) 9
a2 b2 2 2 = a2
to get two equations. 4
√ 2 x2 y2
3 The equation of the hyperbola is − = 1.
12 2 1 3 9/4 15/4
+ = 1, or 2 + 2 = 1
a2 b2 a 4b 93. (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 Standard form
2
√ 2
1 Substitute (4, 6), (6, 2), and (1, −3) for (x, y).
( 3)
+
2 3
= 1, or 2 + 2 = 1
1 (4 − h)2 + (6 − k)2 = r2 (1)
a2 b2 a 4b (6 − h)2 + (2 − k)2 = r2 (2)
1 1
Substitute u for 2 and v for 2 .
a b (1 − h) + (−3 − k) = r
2 2 2
(3)
3 Thus
u + v = 1, 4u + 3v = 4,
4 (4 − h)2 + (6 − k)2 = (6 − h)2 + (2 − k)2 , or
or
1 h − 2k = −3
3u + v = 1 12u + v = 4
4 and
1
Solving for u and v, we get u = , v = 1. Then (4 − h)2 + (6 − k)2 = (1 − h)2 + (−3 − k)2 , or
4
1 1 1 h + 3k = 7.
u = 2 = , so a2 = 4; v = 2 = 1, so b2 = 1.
a 4 b We solve the system
Then the equation of the ellipse is
h − 2k = −3,
x2 y2 x2
+ = 1, or + y 2 = 1. h + 3k = 7.
4 1 4

2
Solving we get h = 1 and k = 2. Substituting these values 1 5
± + y2 =
in equation (1), (2), or (3), we ﬁnd that r2 = 25. 2 16
The equation of the circle is (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 25. 1 5
+ y2 =
4 16
94. Using (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 and the given points, we
have 1
y2 =
(2 − h)2 + (3 − k)2 = r2 (1) 16
1
(4 − h)2 + (5 − k)2 = r2 (2) y=±
4
(0 − h) + (−3 − k) = r
2 2 2
(3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
We get , , − , , ,− and
Then equation (1) − equation (2) gives h + k = 7 and 2 4 2 4 2 4

equation (2) − equation (3) gives h + 2k = 4. We solve 1 1
this system: − ,− .
2 4
h + k = 7, 2 2
1 1
h + 2k = 4. Check. It is true that ± exceeds twice ±
2 4
Then h = 10, k = −3, r = 10 and the equation of the circle 1 1 1 1
by : = 2 +
is (x−10)2 +[y−(−3)]2 = 102 , or (x−10)2 +(y+3)2 = 100. 8 4 16 8
2 2
95. See the answer section in the text. 1 1 5
Also ± + ± = . The pairs check.
2 4 16
96. Let x and y represent the numbers. Solve: 1 1 1 1 1
xy = 2, State. The numbers are and or − and or and
2 4 2 4 2
1 1 33 1 1 1
+ = . − or − and − .
x y 8 4 2 4

1 1 98. Make a drawing.
The solutions are , 8 and 8, . In either case the
4 4
1 ✻
numbers are and 8. 5 5
4
97. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the numbers. 5 x 5
y y y + 10
Translate.
The square of a certain number exceeds twice the square 5 x 5
1 5 5
of another number by .
8 ❄
1 ✛ x + 10 ✲
x2 = 2y 2 +
8
5 We let x and y represent the length and width of the base
The sum of the squares is . of the box, respectively. Then the dimensions of the metal
16
sheet are x + 10 and y + 10.
5
x2 + y 2 = Solve the system
16
Carry out. We solve the system. (x + 10)(y + 10) = 340,

x2 − 2y 2 = ,
1
(1) x · y · 5 = 350.
8 The solutions are (10, 7) and (7, 10). The dimensions of
5 the box are 10 in. by 7 in. by 5 in.
x2 + y 2 = (2)
16
99. See the answer section in the text.
1
x − 2y =
2 2
, 100. x2 − y 2 = a2 − b2 , (1)
8
5 x−y =a−b (2)
2x2 + 2y 2 = Multiplying (2) by 2
8 Solve equation (2) for x.

3x2 =
6 x=y+a−b (3)
8 Substitute for x in equation (1) and solve for y.
1
2
x = (y + a − b)2 − y 2 = a2 − b2
4
y + 2ay − 2by + a − 2ab + b2 − y 2 = a2 − b2
2 2
1
x= ± 2ay − 2by = 2ab − 2b2
2
1 2y(a − b) = 2b(a − b)
Substitute ± for x in (2) and solve for y.
2 y=b

Substitute for y in equation (3) and solve for x. 1 p

=−
q 6
x=b+a−b=a
6
The pair (a, b) checks. − =p
q
101. x3 + y 3 = 72, (1) Substitute −6/q for p in equation (1) and solve for q.
6 2
x+y =6 (2) − + q 2 = 13
Solve equation (2) for y: y = 6 − x q
36
Substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for x. + q 2 = 13
q2
x3 + (6 − x)3 = 72 36 + q 4 = 13q 2
x3 + 216 − 108x + 18x2 − x3 = 72 q 4 − 13q 2 + 36 = 0
18x2 − 108x + 144 = 0 u2 − 13u + 36 = 0 Letting u = q 2
x − 6x + 8 = 0
2
1 (u − 9)(u − 4) = 0
Multiplying by
18 u=9 or u=4
(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0 x2 = 9 or x2 = 4
x = 4 or x = 2 x = ±3 or x = ±2
If x = 4, then y = 6 − 4 = 2.
Since p = −6/q, if q = 3, p = −2; if q = −3, p = 2;
If x = 2, then y = 6 − 2 = 4.
if q = 2, p = −3; and if q = −2, p = 3. The pairs
The pairs (4, 2) and (2, 4) check. (−2, 3), (2, −3), (−3, 2), and (3, −2) check. They are the
solutions.
5
102. a+ b= , (1)
6 104. x2 + y 2 = 4, (1)
a b 13 (x − 1) + y = 4
2 2
(2)
+ = (2)
b a 6 Solve equation (1) for y 2 .
5 5 − 6a y 2 = 4 − x2 (3)
b= −a= Solving equation (1) for b
6 6 Substitute for 4 − x for y 2 in equation (2) and solve for
2

5 − 6a x.
a 6 13 (x − 1)2 + (4 − x2 ) = 4
+ = Substituting for b
5 − 6a a 6 x2 − 2x + 1 + 4 − x2 = 4
6 in equation (2)
6a 5 − 6a 13 −2x = −1
+ =
5 − 6a 6a 6 x=
1
2
36a2 + 25 − 60a + 36a2 = 65a − 78a2
1
150a2 − 125a + 25 = 0 Substitute for x in equation (3) and solve for y.
2
2
6a2 − 5a + 1 = 0 1
y2 = 4 −
(3a − 1)(2a − 1) = 0 2
1 1 1
a = or a = y2 = 4 −
3 2 4
Substitute for a and solve for b. 15
1 y2 =
5 − 6 4
1 3 = 1. √
When a = , b = 15
3 6 2 y=±
1 2
5−6 √ √
1 2 = 1. 1 15 1 15
When a = , b = The pairs , and ,− check. They are
2 6 3 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 the solutions.
The pairs , and , check. They are the solu-
3 2 2 3
tions. 105. 5x+y = 100,
32x−y = 1000
103. p2 + q 2 = 13, (1)
1 1 (x + y) log 5 = 2, Taking logarithms and
=− (2) (2x − y) log 3 = 3 simplifying
pq 6
Solve equation (2) for p. x log 5 + y log 5 = 2, (1)
2x log 3 − y log 3 = 3 (2)

Multiply equation (1) by log 3 and equation (2) by log 5 7. Graph (d) is the graph of 16x2 + 9y 2 = 144.
and add.
8. Graph (a) is the graph of x2 + y 2 = 16.
x log 3 · log 5 + y log 3 · log 5 = 2 log 3
2x log 3 · log 5 − y log 3 · log 5 = 3 log 5 9. Graph (g) is the graph of 4(y − 1)2 − 9(x + 2)2 = 36.
3x log 3 · log 5 = 2 log 3 +
10. Graph (f) is the graph of 4(x + 1)2 + 9(y − 2)2 = 36.
3 log 5
2 log 3 + 3 log 5 11. Graph (h) is the graph of (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 4.
x=
3 log 3 · log 5
12. Graph (c) is the graph of 25x2 − 4y 2 = 100.
Substitute in (1) to ﬁnd y.
2 log 3 + 3 log 5 13. y 2 = 12x
· log 5 + y log 5 = 2
3 log 3 · log 5 y2 = 4 · 3 · x
2 log 3 + 3 log 5 Vertex: (0, 0)
y log 5 = 2 −
3 log 3 Focus: (3, 0)
6 log 3 − 2 log 3 − 3 log 5
y log 5 = Directrix: x = −3
3 log 3
4 log 3 − 3 log 5 y
y log 5 =
3 log 3
4 log 3 − 3 log 5 4
y=
3 log 3 · log 5 2

2 log 3 + 3 log 5 4 log 3 − 3 log 5 4 2 2 4
The pair , checks. It is x
3 log 3 · log 5 3 log 3 · log 5 2
the solution. y2 12x
4

106. ex − ex+y = 0, (1)

e −e
y x−y
=0 (2) 14. x2 − 6x − 4y = −17
Factor (1): ex (1 − ey ) = 0 x2 − 6x = 4y − 17
x
e =0 or 1−e = 0
y
x2 − 6x + 9 = 4y − 17 + 9
No solution y= 0 (x − 3)2 = 4y − 8
Substitute in (2). (x − 3)2 = 4(y − 2)
e0 − ex−0 = 0 (x − 3)2 = 4 · 1 · (y − 2)
1−e = 0
x
V : (3, 2)
x=0
F : (3, 2 + 1), or (3, 3)
The solution is (0, 0). D : y = 2 − 1, or y = 1

y
Chapter 10 Mid-Chapter Mixed Review
6

1. The equation (x + 3) = 8(y − 2) is equivalent to the equa-

2 4

tion [x − (−3)]2 = 4 · 2(y − 2), so the given statement is 2

true. See page 835 in the text.
2 2 4 6 x
2. The equation (x − 4)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9 is equivalent to the 2
x 2 6x 4y 17
equation (x − 4)2 + [y − (−1)]2 = 32 . This is the equation
of a circle with center (4, −1) and radius 3, so the given
statement is false. 15. x2 + y 2 + 4x − 8y = 5
x2 + 4x + y 2 − 8y = 5
3. True; see page 852 in the text.
x2 + 4x + 4 + y 2 − 8y + 16 = 5 + 4 + 16
4. False; see Example 2 on page 864 in the text. (x + 2)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25
5. Graph (b) is the graph of x2 = −4y. [x − (−2)]2 + (y − 4)2 = 52

6. Graph (h) is the graph of (y + 2)2 = 4(x − 2). Center: (−2, 4); radius: 5

y 18. 25x2 + 4y 2 − 50x + 8y = 71

25(x2 − 2x) + 4(y 2 + 2y) = 71
8
25(x − 2x + 1 − 1) + 4(y 2 + 2y + 1 − 1) = 71
2
6
25(x − 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 71 + 25 + 4
4

2
25(x − 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 100
(x − 1)2 (y + 1)2
6 2 2 x + =1
4 25
(x − 1)2 [y − (−1)]2
+ =1
x 2 y 2 4x 8y 5 2 2 52
Center: (1, −1); a = 5, b = 2
16. x2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y − 6 = 0 Vertices: (1, −1 − 5) and (1, −1 + 5), or (1, −6) and (1, 4)
√
x2 − 6x + y 2 + 2y = 6 c2 = 25 − 4 = 21, so c = 21
√ √
x2 − 6x + 9 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 6 + 9 + 1 Foci: (1, −1 − 21) and (1, −1 + 21)
(x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
y
(x − 3)2 + [y − (−1)]2 = 42
Center: (3, −1); radius: 4 4

2
y
4 2 2 4 x
4 2

2 4

6
2 2 4 6 x
2
25x 2 4y 2 50x 8y 71
4

19. 9y 2 − 16x2 = 144

x 2 y 2 6x 2y 6 0
y2 x2
− =1
16 9
17. x2 y2
+ =1 y2 x2
1 9
2
− 2 =1
4 3
x2 y2 The center is (0, 0); a = 4, b = 3. The transverse axis
2
+ 2 =1
1 3 is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −4) and (0, 4). Since
a = 3, b = 1 c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = 16 + 9 = 25, and c = 5. Then
The major axis is vertical, so the vertices are (0, −3) and the foci are (0, −5) and (0, 5).
√ Since√c = a − b we have c √= 9 − 1 = √
2 2 2 2
(0, 3). 8, so Find the asymptotes:
c = 8, or 2 2, and the foci are (0, −2 2) and (0, 2 2). a a
y = − x and y = x
b b
y
4 4
y = − x and y = x
4
3 3
The graph is on page A-67 in the text.
2

(x + 3)2 (y − 2)2
4 2 2 4 x 20. − =1
2 1 4
4 x2 y2 [x − (−3)]2 (y − 2)2
1 9 1 − =1
12 22
The center is (−3, 2); a = 1, b = 2. The transverse axis is
horizontal, so the vertices are 1 unit left and right of the
center:
(−3 − 1, 2) and (−3 + 1, 2), or (−4, 2) and (−2, 2).
√
Since c2 = a2 + b2√
, we have c2 = 1 + 4 = 5 and c = 5.
Then the foci are 5 units left and right of the center:
√ √
(−3 − 5, 2) and (−3 + 5, 2).

Find the asymptotes: 23. x2 + 2y 2 = 20, (1)

b
y − k = (x − h)
b
and y − k = − (x − h) y 2 − x2 = 28 (2)
a a
x2 + 2y 2 = 20
2 2
y − 2 = [x − (−3)] and y − 2 = − [x − (−3)] −x2 + y 2 = 28
1 1
3y 2 = 48 Adding
y − 2 = 2(x + 3) and y − 2 = −2(x + 3)
2
y = 16
The graph is on page A-67 in the text.
y = ±4
21. x2 + y 2 = 29, (1)
Substitute in equation (1) to ﬁnd the x-values that corre-
x−y = 3 (2)
spond to these y-values.
First solve equation (2) for x.
x2 + 2(±4)2 = 20
x−y = 3
x2 + 2 · 16 = 20
x = y+3
x2 + 32 = 20
Substitute y + 3 for x in equation (1) and solve for y.
x2 = −12
2
(y + 3) + y = 29 2 √
x = ±2 3i
y 2 + 6y + 9 + y 2 = 29 √ √ √
The√solutions are (2 3i, 4), (2 3i, −4), (−2 3i, 4), and
2y 2 + 6y + 9 = 29 (−2 3i, −4).
2y 2 + 6y − 20 = 0
24. 2x − y = −4, (1)
y 2 + 3y − 10 = 0 Dividing by 2
3x2 + 2y = 7 (2)
(y + 5)(y − 2) = 0
4x − 2y = −8
y+5 = 0 or y − 2 = 0
3x2 + 2y = 7
y = −5 or y=2
3x2 + 4x = −1
When y = −5, x = y + 3 = −5 + 3 = −2.
3x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
When y = 2, x = y + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5.
(3x + 1)(x + 1) = 0
The solutions are (−2, −5) and (5, 2).
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
22. x2 + y 2 = 8, (1)
1
xy = 4 (2) x=− or x = −1
3
Solve equation (2) for y. 1
When x = − , we have
4 3
y=
x 1
4 2 − − y = −4
Substitute for y in equation (1) and solve for x. 3
x 2
2 − − y = −4
4 3
x2 + =8
x 10
16 −y = −
x2 + 2 = 8 3
x 10
x4 + 16 = 8x2 y= .
3
x4 − 8x2 + 16 = 0 When x = −1, we have
Let u = x2 . 2(−1) − y = −4
u2 − 8u + 16 = 0 −2 − y = −4
(u − 4)2 = 0 −y = −2
u−4 = 0 or u − 4 = 0 y = 2.

u=4 or u=4 1 10
The solutions are − , and (−1, 2).
x2 = 4 or x2 = 4 3 3
x = ±2 or x = ±2 25. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the numbers.
4 Translate. The sum of the numbers is 1, so we have one
When x = 2, y = = 2.
2 equation:
4
When x = −2, y = = −2. x + y = 1.
−2
The solutions are (2, 2) and (−2, −2).

The sum of the squares of the numbers is 13, so we have a 31. Although we can always visualize the real-number solu-
second equation: tions, we cannot visualize the imaginary-number solutions.
x2 + y 2 = 13.
Exercise Set 10.5
Carry out. We solve the system of equations
1. We use the rotation of axes formulas to find x and y .
x + y = 1, (1)
x = x cos θ + y sin θ
x2 + y 2 = 13. (2) √ √
= 2 cos 45◦ − 2 sin 45◦
First solve equation (1) for y. √ √
√ 2 √ 2
x+y = 1 = 2· − 2·
2 2
y = −x + 1
= 1−1=0
Substitute −x + 1 for y in equation (2) and solve for x.
y = −x sin θ + y cos θ
x2 + (−x + 1)2 = 13 √ √
= − 2 sin 45◦ − 2 cos 45◦
x2 + x2 − 2x + 1 = 13 √ √
2x2 − 2x + 1 = 13
√ 2 √ 2
= − 2· − 2·
2 2
2x2 − 2x − 12 = 0
= −1 − 1 = −2
x2 − x − 6 = 0 Dividing by 2
The coordinates are (0, −2).
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
2. x = x cos θ + y sin θ
x − 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
= −1 · cos 45◦ + 3 sin 45◦
x = 3 or x = −2 √ √
2 2
When x = 3, y = −x + 1 = −3 + 1 = −2. =− +3·
2 2
When x = −2, y = −x + 1 = −(−2) + 1 = 3. √
2 2 √
In either case, we find that the numbers are 3 and −2. = = 2
2
Check. 3 + (−2) = 1 and 32 + (−2)2 = 9 + 4 = 13, so the y = −x sin θ + y cos θ
solution checks.
= −(−1) sin 45◦ + 3 cos 45◦
State. The numbers are 3 and −2. √ √
2 2
= +3·
26. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 8, 2 2
√
x>y 4 2 √
= =2 2
The graph is on page A-67 in the text. 2 √ √
The coordinates are ( 2, 2 2).
27. Graph: y ≥ x2 − 1,
3. We use the rotation of axes formulas to find x and y .
y ≤ x+1
x = x cos θ + y sin θ
The solution set of y ≥ x2 − 1 is the parabola y = x2 − 1 = 0 · cos 30◦ + 2 sin 30◦
and the region inside it. The solution set of y ≤ x + 1 is
1
the line y = x + 1 and the half-plane below it. We shade = 0+2· =1
the region common to the two solution sets. 2
The graph is on page A-67 in the text. y = −x sin θ + y cos θ
To find the points of intersection of the graphs we solve = −0 · sin 30◦ + 2 cos 30◦
√
the system of equations 3 √
= 0+2· = 3
y = x2 − 1, 2 √
y = x + 1. The coordinates are (1, 3).
The points of intersection are (−1, 0) and (2, 3). 4. x = x cos θ + y sin θ
√
= 0 · cos 60◦ + 3 sin 60◦
28. No; parabolas with a horizontal axis of symmetry fail the √
vertical-line test. √ 3 3
= 0+ 3· =
2 2
29. No, the center of an ellipse is not part of the graph of the
ellipse. Its coordinates do not satisfy the equation of the y = −x sin θ + y cos θ
√
ellipse. = −0 · sin 60◦ + 3 cos 60◦
√
30. No; the asymptotes of a hyperbola are not part of the √ 1 3
= 0+ 3· =
graph of the hyperbola. The coordinates of points on the 2 2 √

asymptotes do not satisfy the equation of the hyperbola. 3 3
The coordinates are , .
2 2

5. We use the rotation of axes formulas to ﬁnd x and y. 9. 3x2 − 5xy + 3y 2 − 2x + 7y = 0

x = x cos θ − y sin θ A = 3, B = −5, C = 3
= 1 · cos 45◦ − (−1) sin 45◦ B 2 − 4AC = (−5)2 − 4 · 3 · 3 = 25 − 36 = −11
√ √
2 2 Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
= +
2 2 (or circle).
√
2 2 √ 10. 5x2 + 6xy − 4y 2 + x − 3y + 4 = 0
= = 2
2
B 2 − 4AC = 62 − 4 · 5 · (−4) = 36 + 80 = 116
y = x sin θ + y cos θ Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
= 1 · sin 45◦ − 1 · cos 45◦
√ √ 11. x2 − 3xy − 2y 2 + 12 = 0
2 2
= − =0 A = 1, B = −3, C = −2
2 2
√ B 2 − 4AC = (−3)2 − 4 · 1 · (−2) = 9 + 8 = 17
The coordinates are ( 2, 0).
Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
6. x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ 12. 4x2 + 7xy + 2y 2 − 3x + y = 0
= −3 2 cos 45◦ − 2 sin 45◦
√ √ B 2 − 4AC = 72 − 4 · 4 · 2 = 49 − 32 = 17
√ 2 √ 2
= −3 2 · − 2· Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
2 2
= −3 − 1 = −4 13. 4x2 − 12xy + 9y 2 − 3x + y = 0
y = x sin θ + y cos θ A = 4, B = −12, C = 9
√ √ B 2 − 4AC = (−12)2 − 4 · 4 · 9 = 144 − 144 = 0
= −3 2 sin 45◦ + 2 cos 45◦
√ √
√ 2 √ 2 Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a
= −3 2 · + 2· parabola.
2 2
= −3 + 1 = −2 14. 6x2 + 5xy + 6y 2 + 15 = 0
The coordinates are (−4, −2). B 2 − 4AC = 52 − 4 · 6 · 6 = 25 − 144 = −119
7. We use the rotation of axes formulas to ﬁnd x and y. Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
(or circle).
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
= 2 cos 30◦ − 0 · sin 30◦ 15. 2x2 − 8xy + 7y 2 + x − 2y + 1 = 0
√
3 √ A = 2, B = −8, C = 7
= 2· −0= 3
2 B 2 − 4AC = (−8)2 − 4 · 2 · 7 = 64 − 56 = 8
y = x sin θ + y cos θ Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
◦ ◦
= 2 sin 30 + 0 · cos 30 16. x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 − 3x + 4y = 0
1 B 2 − 4AC = 62 − 4 · 1 · 9 = 36 − 36 = 0
= 2· +0=1
2
√ Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a
The coordinates are ( 3, 1). parabola.
8. x = x cos θ − y sin θ 17. 8x2 − 7xy + 5y 2 − 17 = 0
√
= −1 · cos 60◦ − (− 3) sin 60◦ A = 8, B = −7, C = 5
√
1 √ 3 B 2 − 4AC = (−7)2 − 4 · 8 · 5 = 49 − 160 = −111
= − + 3·
2 2 Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
1 3
=− + =1 (or circle).
2 2
18. x2 + xy − y 2 − 4x + 3y − 2 = 0
y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ B 2 − 4AC = 12 − 4 · 1 · (−1) = 1 + 4 = 5
= −1 · sin 60◦ − 3 cos 60◦
√ Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
3 √ 1
=− − 3· 19. 4x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 = 15
2 2
√
2 3 √ A = 4, B = 2, C = 4
=− =− 3
2
√ B 2 − 4AC = 22 − 4 · 4 · 4 = 4 − 64 = −60
The coordinates are (1, − 3). Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
(or circle). To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.

A−C 4−4 After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
cot 2θ = = =0
B 2 simplifying, we have
◦ ◦
Then 2θ = 90 and θ = 45 , so (y )2 (x )2
√ √ − = 1.
2 2 4 1
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. y

x = x cos θ − y sin θ y' 4 x'

√ √ √
2 2 2 2
45
=x
−y = (x − y )
2 2 2 4 2 2 4 x
2

y = x sin θ + y cos θ 4
√ √ √
2 2 2
= x + y = (x + y ) 2
2 2 2 (y') (x')2
4 1 1
Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
√ 2 √ √
2 2 2 21. x2 − 10xy + y 2 + 36 = 0
4 (x − y ) + 2 (x − y ) (x + y ) +
2 2 2
√ 2 A = 1, B = −10, C = 1
2
4 (x + y ) = 15 B 2 − 4AC = (−10)2 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 100 − 4 = 96
2
Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
After simplifying we have
To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
(x )2 (y )2 A−C 1−1
+ = 1. cot 2θ = = =0
3 5
√ B −10
This is √ − 5)
the equation of an ellipse with vertices (0,√ Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so
and (0, √ √
√ 5) on the y -axis. The x -intercepts are (− 3, 0) 2 2
and ( 3, 0). We sketch the graph. sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
y Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
y' 2 x' √ √ √
2 2 2
1 45° = x − y = (x − y )
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 x
1
y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ √
2 2 2 2
=x
+y = (x + y )
2 2 2
(x)2 (y)2 Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
3

5
1 √ 2 √ √
2 2 2
(x − y ) − 10 (x − y ) (x + y ) +
2 2 2
20. 3x2 + 10xy + 3y 2 + 8 = 0 √ 2
2
B 2 − 4AC = 102 − 4 · 3 · 3 = 100 − 36 = 64 (x + y ) + 36 = 0
2
Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
After simplifying we have
To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
A−C 3−3 (x )2 (y )2
cot 2θ = = =0 − = 1.
B 10 9 6
Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so This is the equation of a hyperbola with vertices (−3, √ 0)
√ √ 6
2 2 and (3, 0) on the x -axis. The asymptotes are y = − x
sin θ =
2
and cos θ =
2
. √ 3
6
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. and y = x . We sketch the graph.
3
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ √ y
2 2 2
= x − y = (x − y )
2 2 2 y 4 x
2 45
y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ √ 4 2 2 4 x
2 2 2
=x
+y = (x + y ) 2
2 2 2 (x)2 (y)2
4 1
9 6

√ √ √
22. x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 4 2x − 4 2y = 0 x y 3
12 + =0
B 2 − 4AC = 22 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 4 − 4 = 0 2 2
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a After simplifying we have
parabola. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ. (y )2 = 6x .
A−C 1−1 This is the equation of a parabola with vertex at (0, 0) of
cot 2θ = = =0
B 2 the x y -coordinate system and axis of symmetry y = 0.
◦ ◦
Then 2θ = 90 and θ = 45 , so We sketch the graph.
√ √
2 2
sin θ = and cos θ = . y
2 2 y (y)2 6x
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. 4

x = x cos θ − y sin θ 2 x
√ √ √ 30
2 2 2 4 2
− y (x − y )
2 4
= x = x
2 2 2 2

4
y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ √
2 2 2 √
= x + y = (x + y ) 24. 13x2 + 6 3xy + 7y 2 − 16 = 0
2 2 2 √
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and B 2 − 4AC = (6 3)2 − 4 · 13 · 7 = 108 − 364 = −256
simplifying, we have Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
2
(x ) = 4y . or a circle. To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
A−C 13 − 7 6 1
cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
y B 6 3 6 3 3
y' x' Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so
4
√
2 1 3
45 sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
4 2 2 4 x
2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
4
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √
3 1 x 3 y
=x · −y · = −
2
(x') 4y' 2 2 2 2
√ √ y = x sin θ + y cos θ
23. x2 − 2 3xy + 3y 2 − 12 3x − 12y = 0 √ √
√ 1 3 x y 3
A = 1, B = −2 3, C = 3 = x · +y · = +
√ 2 2 2 2
B 2 − 4AC = (−2 3)2 − 4 · 1 · 3 = 12 − 12 = 0 After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a simplifying, we have
parabola. To rotate the axes we first determine θ. (x )2 (y )2
+ = 1.
A−C 1−3 −2 1 1 4
cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
B −2 3 −2 3 3
y
Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so (x)2 (y)2
1
√ y 1 4
1 3 4
sin θ = and cos θ = . x
2 2 2
30
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
4 2 2 4 x
x = x cos θ − y sin θ 2
√ √
3 1 x 3 y 4
= x · − y · = −
2 2 2 2
√
y = x sin θ + y cos θ 25. 7x2 + 6 3xy + 13y 2 − 32 = 0
√ √ √
1 3 x y 3 A = 7, B = 6 3, C = 13
= x · + y · = + √
2 2 2 2 B 2 − 4AC = (6 3)2 − 4 · 7 · 13 = 108 − 364 = −256
Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
√ 2 √ √ Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
x 3 y √ x 3 y x y 3
− −2 3 − + + or a circle. To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
2 2 2 2 2 2 A−C 7 − 13 −6 1
√ 2 √ cot 2θ = = √ = √ = −√
x y 3 √ x 3 y B 6 3 6 3 3
3 + − 12 3 − −
2 2 2 2 Then 2θ = 120◦ and θ = 60◦ , so

√
3 1 y
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2 y' 4 x'
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. 2
45
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ 4 2 2 4 x
1 3 x y 3 2
= x · −y · = −
2 2 2 2 4

y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ (x')
2
(y')2
x 3 y 9 1
3 1
=x · +y · = + 3
2 2 2 2
Substitute for x and y in the given equation. √
27. 11x2 + 10 3xy + y 2 = 32
√ 2 √ √ √
x y 3 √ x y 3 x 3 y A = 11, B = 10 3, C = 1
7 − +6 3 − + + √
2 2 2 2 2 2 B 2 − 4AC = (10 3)2 − 4 · 11 · 1 = 300 − 44 = 256
√ 2
x 3 y Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
13 + − 32 = 0
2 2 To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
After simplifying we have A−C 11 − 1 10 1
cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
(x )2 (y )2 B 10 3 10 3 3
+ = 1. Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so
2 8
√ √
This √is the equation √ of an ellipse√with vertices (0, − 8) and 1
sin θ = and cos θ =
3
.
(0, 8), or (0, −2 2)√and (0, 2 2)√on the y -axis. The 2 2
x -intercepts are (− 2, 0) and ( 2, 0). We sketch the Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
graph. x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √
3 1 x 3 y
y = x · − y · = −
x 2 2 2 2
4
y 2 60 y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √
1 3 x y 3
4 2 2 4 x = x · + y · = +
2 2 2 2 2
(x)2 (y)2 Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
4 1 √ 2 √ √
2 8 x 3 y √ x 3 y x y 3
11 − + 10 3 − + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
26. x2 + 4xy + y 2 − 9 = 0 √
y 3
2
x
B 2 − 4AC = 42 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 16 − 4 = 12 + = 32
2 2
Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola. After simplifying we have
To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
A−C 1−1 (x )2 (y )2
cot 2θ = = =0 − = 1.
2 8
B 4 √
Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so This is√the equation of a hyperbola with vertices (− 2, 0)
√ √ and
2 2 √ ( 2, 0) on the √ x -axis. The asymptotes are y =
sin θ = and cos θ = . 8 8
2 2 − √ x and y = √ x , or y = −2x and y = 2x . We
2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. sketch the graph.
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ √ y
2 2 2 (x)2 (y)2
= x − y = (x − y ) y 2

8
1
2 2 2 4

2 x
y = x sin θ + y cos θ 30
√ √ √ 4 2 2 4
2 2 2 x
=x
+y = (x + y ) 2
2 2 2
4
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
simplifying, we have
(x )2 (y )2 28. 5x2 − 8xy + 5y 2 = 8
− = 1.
3 9 B 2 − 4AC = (−8)2 − 4 · 5 · 5 = 64 − 100 = −36
Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
or a circle. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.

A−C 5−5 This is the equation of a parabola with vertex at (0, 0) of

cot 2θ = = =0
B −8 the x y -coordinate system and axis of symmetry x = 0.
◦ ◦
Then 2θ = 90 and θ = 45 , so We sketch the graph.
√ √
2 2
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2 y y ~(x)2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
y 4 x
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ √ 2
45
2 2 2
=x
−y = (x − y ) 4 2 2 4 x
2 2 2
2
y = x sin θ + y cos θ 4
√ √ √
2 2 2
= x + y = (x + y ) √ √
2 2 2 30. x2 + 2 3xy + 3y 2 − 8x + 8 3y = 0
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and √
B 2 − 4AC = (2 3)2 − 4 · 1 · 3 = 12 − 12 = 0
simplifying, we have
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a
(x )2 (y )2
+ = 1. parabola. To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
81 9
A−C 1−3 −2 1
cot 2θ = = √ = √ = −√
y B 2 3 2 3 3
Then 2θ = 120◦ and θ = 60◦ , so
y 8 x √
4 45 3 1
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
8 4 4 8 x Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
4
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
8 (x)2 (y)2
1
√ √
81 9 1 3 x y 3
= x · − y · = −
√ √ √ 2 2 2 2
29. 2x2 + 2 2xy + 2y 2 − 8x + 8y = 0
√ √ √ y = x sin θ + y cos θ
A = 2, B = 2 2, C = 2 √ √
√ √ √ 3 1 x 3 y
B 2 − 4AC = (2 2)2 − 4 · 2 · 2 = 8 − 8 = 0 =x · +y · = +
2 2 2 2
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
parabola. To rotate the axes we first determine θ. simplifying, we have
√ √ √
A−C 2− 2 (x + 1)2 = −2 3y + 1.
cot 2θ = = √ =0
B 2 2
Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so y
√ √ x'
2 2 4
sin θ = and cos θ = . y' 2 60
2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. 4 2 2 4 x
x = x cos θ − y sin θ 2
√ √ √ 4
2 2 2
=x
−y = (x − y )
2 2 2
(x' 1)2 2兹苵3 y' 1
y = x sin θ + y cos θ √ √
√ √ √ 31. x2 + 6 3xy − 5y 2 + 8x − 8 3y − 48 = 0
2 2 2 √
= x + y = (x + y )
2 2 2 A = 1, B = 6 3, C = −5
√
Substitute for x and y in the given equation. B 2 − 4AC = (6 3)2 − 4 · 1 · (−5) = 108 + 20 = 128
√ 2 √ √
√ 2 √ 2 2 Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
2 (x − y ) + 2 2 (x − y ) (x + y ) +
2 2 2 To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
√ 2 √ √ A−C 1 − (−5) 6 1
√ 2 2 2 cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
2 (x +y ) −8· (x −y )+8· (x +y ) = 0 B 6 3 6 3 3
2 2 2
Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so
After simplifying we have √
1 1 3
y = − (x )2 . sin θ = and cos θ = .
4 2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.

x = x cos θ − y sin θ (x 1)2 (y 1)2

√ √ y 1
3 1 x 3 y 16 8
= x · − y · = −
2 2 2 2 y
4 x
2
y = x sin θ + y cos θ 45
√ √ 4 2
1 3 x y 3 2 4 x
= x · + y · = + 2
2 2 2 2
Substitute for x and y in the given equation. 4
√ 2 √ √
x 3 y √ x 3 y x y 3
− +6 3 − + −
2 2 2 2 2 2 33. x2 + xy + y 2 = 24
√ 2 √
x y 3 x 3 y A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
5 + +8 − −
2 2 2 2 B 2 − 4AC = 12 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 1 − 4 = −3
√
√ x y 3 Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
8 3 + − 48 = 0 or a circle. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
2 2
After simplifying we have A−C 1−1
cot 2θ = = =0
B 1
(x )2 (y + 1)2
− = 1. Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so
10 5 √ √
√ 2 2
This is the equation of a hyperbola with vertices
√ (− 10, 0) sin θ = and cos θ = .
√ 2 2
5
and ( 10, 0) and asymptotes y +1 = − √ x and y +1 = Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
√ 10
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
5 1 1
√ x , or y + 1 = − √ x and y + 1 = √ x We sketch √ √ √
2 2 2
10 2 2 = x − y = (x − y )
the graph. 2 2 2

y y = x sin θ + y cos θ
y √ √ √
4 2 2 2
=x
+y = (x + y )
2 x 2 2 2
30
Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
4 2 2 4 x √ 2 √ √
2 2 2 2
(x)2 (y 1)2 (x − y ) + (x − y ) (x + y ) +
4 1 2 2 2
10 5 √ 2
2
√ √ (x + y ) = 24
32. 3x2 − 2xy + 3y 2 − 6 2x + 2 2y − 26 = 0 2
After simplifying we have
B 2 − 4AC = (−2)2 − 4 · 3 · 3 = 4 − 36 = −32
(x )2 (y )2
Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse + = 1.
16 48
or a circle. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ. √
A−C 3−3 This is the
√ equation of √ an ellipse with√vertices (0, − 48)
cot 2θ =
B
=
−2
=0 and (0, 48), or (0, −4 3) and (0, 4 3) on the y -axis.
Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so The
√ √ x -intercepts are (−4, 0) and (4,0). We sketch the graph.
2 2
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2 y
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
8
x = x cos θ − y sin θ y x
√ √ √ 4
45
2 2 2
= x − y = (x − y ) 8 4 4 8
2 2 2 x
4
y = x sin θ + y cos θ 8
√ √ √ (x)2 (y)2
1
2 2 2
=x
+y = (x + y ) 16 48
2 2 2
√
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and 34. 4x2 + 3 3xy + y 2 = 55
√
simplifying, we have B 2 − 4AC = (3 3)2 − 4 · 4 · 1 = 27 − 16 = 11
(x − 1)2 (y + 1)2 Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
+ = 1.
16 8 To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.

A−C 4−1 3 1 Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.

cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
B 3 3 3 3 3 x = x cos θ − y sin θ
Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so 1 2 x 2y
√ = x · √ − y · √ = √ − √
1 3 5 5 5 5
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. y = x sin θ + y cos θ
x = x cos θ − y sin θ 2 1 2x y
√ √ = x · √ + y · √ = √ + √
3 1 x 3 y 5 5 5 5
=x · −y · = −
2 2 2 2 Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
2
y = x sin θ + y cos θ x 2y x 2y 2x y
√ √ 4 √ −√ −4 √ − √ √ +√ +
1 3 x y 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
= x · + y · = + 2
2 2 2 2 2x y √ x 2y
√ +√ −8 5 √ − √ −
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and 5 5 5 5

simplifying, we have √ 2x y
(x )2 (y )2 16 5 √ + √ =0
− = 1. 5 5
10 110 After simplifying we have
y (y )2 = 8x .
y'
4 This is the equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) of
2
x' the x y -coordinate system and axis of symmetry y = 0.
30 2
4 2 2 4
Since we know that sin θ = √ and 0◦ < θ < 90◦ , we can
x 5
2
use a calculator to ﬁnd that θ ≈ 63.4◦ . Thus, the xy-axes
4 are rotated through an angle of about 63.4◦ to obtain the
x y -axes. We sketch the graph.
2
(x') (y')2
10 110 1
y
x
√ √ 4
35. 4x2 − 4xy + y 2 − 8 5x − 16 5y = 0 63.4
y 2
A = 4, B = −4, C = 1
4 2 2 4 x
B 2 − 4AC = (−4)2 − 4 · 4 · 1 = 16 − 16 = 0 2
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a 4
parabola. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ. (y)2 8x

A−C 4−1 3
cot 2θ = = =− 36. 9x2 − 24xy + 16y 2 − 400x − 300y = 0
B −4 4
Since cot 2θ < 0, we have 90◦ < 2θ < 180◦ . We make a B 2 − 4AC = (−24)2 − 4 · 9 · 16 = 576 − 576 = 0
sketch.
Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a
y parabola. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
A−C 9 − 16 7
cot 2θ = = =
B −24 24
5
4 2 Since cot 2θ > 0, we have 0◦ < 2θ < 90◦ . We make a
sketch.
y
-3 x

3
From the sketch we see that cos 2θ = − . Using half-angle 25
5
formulas, we have 24

1 − − 3
1 − cos 2θ 5 2
sin θ = = =√ 2
2 2 5 7 x
and
7
From the sketch we see that cos 2θ = . Then
1 + − 3 25
1 + cos 2θ 5 1
cos θ = = =√ .
2 2 5

x = x cos θ − y sin θ
7
1 − cos 2θ 1 − 25 3 7 1 7x y
sin θ =
2
=
2
=
5 = x · √ − y · √ = √ − √
50 50 50 50
and
y = x sin θ + y cos θ

7
1 + cos 2θ 1 + 25 4 1 7 x 7y
cos θ = = = . = x · √ + y · √ = √ + √
2 2 5 50 50 50 50
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
4 3 2
x = x cos θ − y sin θ = x − y 7x y 7x y x 7y
5 5 11 √ − √ +7 √ − √ √ +√ −
50 50 50 50 50 50
3 4 2
y = x sin θ + y cos θ = x + y x 7y
5 5 13 √ + √ = 621
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and 50 50
simplifying, we have After simplifying we have
(y )2 = 20x . (x )2 (y )2
− = 1.
3 54 46
Since we know that sin θ = and 0◦ < θ < 90◦ , we can √
5 This is√the equation of√a hyperbola with√ vertices (− 54, 0)
use a calculator to ﬁnd that θ ≈ 36.9◦ . and ( 54, 0), or (−3 6, 0)and (3 6, 0) on the x -axis.
y 23 23
The asymptotes are y = − x and y = x . Since
y' 27 27
4 1
2
x' we know that sin θ = √ and 0◦ < θ < 90◦ , we can
36.9 50
4 2 2 4
use a calculator to ﬁnd that θ ≈ 8.1◦ . Thus, the xy-axes
x
2 are rotated through an angle of about 8.1◦ to obtain the
4
x y -axes. We sketch the graph.

y y
2
(y') 20x'
8

37. 11x2 + 7xy − 13y 2 = 621 4 8.1 x

A = 11, B = 7, C = −13 8 4 4 8 x
4
B − 4AC = 7 − 4 · 11 · (−13) = 49 + 572 = 621
2 2
8 (x)2 (y)2
Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola. 1
54 46
To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
A−C 11 − (−13) 24 38. 3x2 + 4xy + 6y 2 = 28
cot 2θ = = =
B 7 7 B 2 − 4AC = 42 − 4 · 3 · 6 = 16 − 72 = −56
Since cot 2θ > 0, we have 0◦ < 2θ < 90◦ . We make a
sketch. Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
or a circle. To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
A−C 3−6 3
y cot 2θ = = =−
B 4 4
Proceeding as we did in Exercise 35, we find that
25 x 2y 2x y
7 x = √ − √ , y = √ + √ , and θ ≈ 63.4◦ .
2 5 5 5 5
24 x After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
24 simplifying, we have
From the sketch we see that cos 2θ = . Using half-angle
formulas, we have
25 (x )2 (y )2
+ = 1.
4 14

24
1 − cos 2θ 1 − 25 1 y
sin θ = = =√ x
2 2 50 4
and
y 2 63.4

24
1 + cos 2θ 1 + 25 7 4 2 2 4 x
cos θ = = =√ . 2
2 2 50
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. 4 (x)2 (y)2
1
4 14

π radians
39. 120◦ = 120◦ · B(y )2 sin θ cos θ + C(x )2 sin2 θ + 2Cx y sin θ cos θ +
180◦ C(y )2 cos2 θ + Dx cos θ − Dy sin θ + Ex sin θ +
120◦ Ey cos θ + F = 0
= π radians
180◦
2π (x )2 (A cos2 θ + B cos θ sin θ + C sin2 θ) +
= radians
3 x y (−2A cos θ sin θ + B(cos2 θ − sin2 θ) +
π radians 2C sin θ cos θ) + (y )2 (A sin2 θ − B sin θ cos θ +
40. −315◦ = −315◦ ·
180◦ C cos2 θ) + x (D cos θ + E sin θ) + y (−D sin θ +
−315◦ E cos θ) + F = 0
= π radians
180◦ Thus we have an equation of the form
7π
=− radians A (x )2 + B x y + C (y )2 + D x + E y + F = 0,
4
π π 180◦ where
41. radians = radians ·
3 3 π radians A = A cos2 θ + B sin θ cos θ + C sin2 θ,
π
= · 180◦ B = −2A sin θ cos θ + B(cos2 θ − sin2 θ)+
3π 2C sin θ cos θ, or
1
= · 180◦ = 60◦ 2(C − A) sin θ cos θ + B(cos2 θ − sin2 θ),
3
3π 3π 180◦ C = A sin2 θ − B sin θ cos θ + C cos2 θ,
42. radians = radians ·
4 4 π radians D = D cos θ + E sin θ,
3π ◦
= · 180 E = −D sin θ + E cos θ, and
4π
3 F = F.
= · 180◦ = 135◦
4
45. A + C
43.
x = x cos θ + y sin θ,
= (A cos2 θ + B sin θ cos θ + C sin2 θ)+
y = y cos θ − x sin θ
(A sin2 θ − B sin θ cos θ + C cos2 θ)
First rewrite the system.
= A(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + B(sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ)+
x cos θ + y sin θ = x , (1)
C(sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
−x sin θ + y cos θ = y (2)
= A·1+B·0+C ·1
Multiply Equation (1) by sin θ and Equation (2) by cos θ
and add to eliminate x. = A+C
x sin θ cos θ + y sin2 θ = x sin θ 46. x2 + y 2 = r2

−x sin θ cos θ + y cos θ = y cos θ
2
(x cos θ − y sin θ)2 + (x sin θ + y cos θ)2 = r2

2 2
y(sin θ + cos θ) = x sin θ + y cos θ (x )2 cos2 θ − 2x y cos θ sin θ + (y )2 sin2 θ+
y = x sin θ + y cos θ (x )2 sin2 θ + 2x y sin θ cos θ + (y )2 cos2 θ = r2

Substitute x sin θ + y cos θ for y in Equation (1) and solve (x )2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)+
for x. x y (−2 sin θ cos θ + 2 sin θ cos θ)+
x cos θ + (x sin θ + y cos θ) sin θ = x
(y )2 (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) = r2
x cos θ + x sin2 θ + y sin θ cos θ = x
(x )2 · 1 + x y · 0 + (y )2 · 1 = r2
x cos θ = x − x sin2 θ−
(x )2 + (y )2 = r2
y sin θ cos θ
x cos θ = x (1 − sin2 θ)−
Exercise Set 10.6
y sin θ cos θ
x cos θ = x cos2 θ−
3
y sin θ cos θ 1. Graph (b) is the graph of r = .
1 + cos θ
x = x cos θ−y sin θ 4
2. Graph (e) is the graph of r = .
Thus, we have x = x cos θ − y sin θ and y = x sin θ + 1 + 2 sin θ
y cos θ.
8

3. Graph (a) is the graph of r = .
2
44. A(x cos θ−y sin θ) +B(x cos θ−y sin θ)(x sin θ+y cos θ)+ 4 − 2 cos θ
C(x sin θ+y cos θ)2 +D(x cos θ−y sin θ)+ 12
E(x sin θ+y cos θ)+F = 0 4. Graph (f) is the graph of r = .
4 + 6 sin θ
A(x )2 cos2 θ − 2Ax y cos θ sin θ + A(y )2 sin2 θ + 5
5. Graph (d) is the graph of r = .
B(x )2 cos θ sin θ + Bx y (cos2 θ − sin2 θ) − 3 − 3 sin θ

6 d)
6. Graph (c) is the graph of r = . y
3 + 2 cos θ 5
4
1 3 4
7. r = r=
2 2 + cos q
1 + cos θ 1

a) The equation is in the form r = ep 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x

with 1
1 + e cos θ 2
e = 1, so the graph is a parabola. 3
4
b) Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 1, we have p = 1. 5

Thus the parabola has a vertical directrix 1 unit 15

to the right of the pole. 9. r =
5 − 10 sin θ
c) We find the vertex by letting θ = 0. When θ = 0, a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
1 1 1 5:
r= = = .
1 + cos 0 1+1 2 3
r=
1 1 − 2 sin θ
Thus, the vertex is ,0 . ep
2 The equation is in the form r = with
d) 1 − e sin θ
y e = 2.
5
Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
4
3 3
b) Since e = 2 and ep = 2 · p = 3, we have p = .
1 2 2
r = ————
1 + cos θ 1 3
Thus the hyperbola has a horizontal directrix
—8 —7 —6 —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 x 2
—1 units below the pole.
—2 π
c) We find the vertices by letting θ = and θ =
—3 2
—4 3π π
—5 . When θ = ,
2 2
15 15 15
4 r= π = 5 − 10 · 1 = −5 = −3.
8. r = 5 − 10 sin
2 + cos θ 2
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by 3π
When θ = ,
2: 2
2 15 15 15
r= r= = = = 1.
1 3π 5 − 10(−1) 15
1 + cos θ 5 − 10 sin
2 2
ep
π 3π
The equation is in the form r =
1 + e cos θ
with Thus, the vertices are − 3, and 1, .
2 2
1
e= .
2 d) y
Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
2

b) Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 2, we have p = 4.

2 2 —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix 4 units —1
15
—2 r = —————
to the right of the pole. 5 – 10 sin θ
—3
c) We ﬁnd the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π. —4

When θ = 0, —5
—6
4 4 4
r= = = . —7
2 + cos 0 2+1 3
When θ = π, 12
4 4 10. r =
r= = = 4. 4 + 8 sin θ
2 + cos π 2−1 a) We ﬁrst divide numerator and denominator by

4 4:
Thus, the vertices are , 0 and (4, π).
3 3
r=
1 + 2 sin θ
ep
The equation is in the form r = with
1 + e sin θ
e = 2.
Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.

3
b) Since e = 2 and ep = 2 · p = 3, we have p = . d) y
2
3
Thus the hyperbola has a horizontal directrix 4 8
2 r=
units above the pole. 6 − 3 cos q
2
π
c) We find the vertices by letting θ = and θ =
2 4 2 2 4 x
3π π 2
. When θ = ,
2 2 4
12 12 12
r= π = 4 + 8 · 1 = 12 = 1.
4 + 8 sin 6
2 12. r =
3π 2 + 2 sin θ
When θ = ,
2 a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
12 12 12 2:
r= = = = −3.
3π 4 + 8(−1) −4 3
4 + 8 sin r=
2 1 + sin θ

π 3π ep
Thus, the vertices are 1, and − 3, . The equation is in the form r =
1 + e sin θ
with
2 2
e = 1, so the graph is a parabola.
d) y
12
r = ————— b) Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 3, we have p = 3.
6 4 + 8 sin θ
5 Thus the parabola has a horizontal directrix 3
4 units above the pole.
3 π
c) We find the vertex by letting θ = . When
2 2
1 π
θ= ,
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x 2
—1 6 6 6 3
—2 r= π = 2 + 2 · 1 = 4 = 2.
2 + 2 sin
2
8
11. r = 3 π
6 − 3 cos θ Thus, the vertex is ,
2 2
.
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
d) y
6:
5
4/3 6
r= 4 r = —————
1 2 + 2 sin θ
1 − cos θ 3
2 2
ep 1
The equation is in the form r = with
1 − e cos θ —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 —1
e= .
2 —2
—3
Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
—4
1 1 4 8 —5
b) Since e = and ep = · p = , we have p = .
2 2 3 3
8 20
Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix units 13. r =
3 10 + 15 sin θ
to the left of the pole.
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π.
10:
When θ = 0,
2
8 8 8 r=
r= = = . 3
6 − 3 cos 0 6−3·1 3 1 + sin θ
2
When θ = π, ep
The equation is in the form r = with
8 8 8 1 + e sin θ
r= = = . 3
6 − 3 cos π 6 − 3(−1) 9 e= .
2
8 8
Thus, the vertices are , 0 and ,π . Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
3 9
3 3 4
b) Since e = and ep = · p = 2, we have p = .
2 2 3
4
Thus the hyperbola has a horizontal directrix
3
units above the pole.

π 9
c) We find the vertices by letting θ = and θ = 15. r =
2 6 + 3 cos θ
3π π
. When θ = , a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
2 2
20 20 20 4 6:
r= π = 10 + 15 · 1 = 25 = 5 . 3/2
10 + 15 sin r=
2 1
1 + cos θ
3π 2
When θ = , ep
2 The equation is in the form r = with
20 20 20 1 + e cos θ
r = π = 10 + 15(−1) = −5 = 1
10 + 15 sin e= .
2 2
−4. Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.

4 π 3π
Thus, the vertices are , and − 4, . 1 1 3
b) Since e = and ep = · p = , we have p = 3.
5 2 2 2 2 2
d) y
Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix 3 units
7
to the right of the pole.
6 c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π.
5
4
When θ = 0,
3 20 9 9 9
r = —————— r= = = = 1.
2 10 + 15 sin θ 6 + 3 cos 0 6+3·1 9
1
When θ = π,
x
—8 —6 —4 —2
—1
2 4 6 8 9 9 9
r= = = = 3.
—2 6 + 3 cos π 6 + 3(−1) 3
—3
Thus, the vertices are (1, 0) and (3, π).
—4
d) y
10
14. r =
8 − 2 cos θ 4
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by r= 9
2 6 + 3 cos q
8:
5/4 4 2 2 4 x
r= 2
1
1 − cos θ
4 4
ep
The equation is in the form r = with
1 − e cos θ
1 4
e= . 16. r =
4 3 − 9 sin θ
Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse. a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
1 1 5 3:
b) Since e = and ep = · p = , we have p = 5. 4/3
4 4 4 r=
Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix 5 units 1 − 3 sin θ
to the left of the pole. ep
The equation is in the form r = with
c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π. 1 − e sin θ
When θ = 0, e = 3.
10 10 10 5 Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
r= = = = .
8 − 2 cos 0 8−2·1 6 3 4 4
b) Since e = 3 and ep = 3 · p = , we have p = .
When θ = π, 3 9
10 10 10 4
r= = = = 1. Thus the hyperbola has a horizontal directrix
8 − 2 cos π 8 − 2(−1) 10 9
units below the pole.
5 π
Thus, the vertices are , 0 and (1, π). c) We find the vertices by letting θ = and θ =
3 2
3π π
d) y
. When θ = ,
2 2
2 10 4 4 4 2
π = 3 − 9 · 1 = −6 = − 3 .
r= r=
8 − 2 cos q
1
3 − 9 sin
2
2 1 1 2 x
1

3π 12
When θ = , 18. r =
2 3 + 9 cos θ
4 4 4 1 a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
r= = = = .
3π 3 − 9(−1) 12 3 3:
3 − 9 sin
2 4
r=
2 π 1 3π 1 + 3 cos θ
Thus, the vertices are − , and , . ep
3 2 3 2 The equation is in the form r = with
d) 1 + e cos θ
y e = 3. Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
5 4
4 b) Since e = 3 and ep = 3 · p = 4, we have p = .
4
r = —————
3
3 3 – 9 sin θ 4
2
Thus the hyperbola has a vertical directrix
3
1 units to the right of the pole.
x
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1
—1
1 2 3 4 5 c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π.
—2 When θ = 0,
—3 12 12 12
—4 r= = = = 1.
—5
3 + 9 cos 0 3+9·1 12
When θ = π,
3 12 12 12
17. r = r= = = = −2.
2 − 2 sin θ 3 + 9 cos π 3 + 9(−1) −6
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by Thus, the vertices are (1, 0) and (−2, π).
2: d) y
3/2
r=
1 − sin θ 2
ep
The equation is in the form r = with 12
1 − e sin θ 1 r = —————
3 + 9 cos θ
e = 1, so the graph is a parabola.
3 3 —1 1 2 3 x
b) Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = , we have p = .
2 2 —1
3
Thus the parabola has a horizontal directrix
2 —2
units below the pole.
c) We find the vertex by letting θ = 3π . When
2 4
3π 19. r =
θ= , 2 − cos θ
2
3 3 3 a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
r= = = . 2:
3π 2 − 2(−1) 4
2 − 2 sin 2
2
r=
1
Thus, the vertex is
3 3π
, . 1 − cos θ
4 2 2
ep
d) The equation is in the form r = with
y 1 − e cos θ
1
6 e= .
5 2
4 Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
3 1 1
2 b) Since e = and ep = · p = 2, we have p = 4.
2 2
1 Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix 4 units
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x to the left of the pole.
—1
3 c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π.
—2 r = —————
2 – 2 sin θ
—3 When θ = 0,
4 4
r= = = 4.
2 − cos 0 2−1
When θ = π,
4 4 4
r= = = .
2 − cos π 2 − (−1) 3

4
Thus, the vertices are (4, 0) and ,π .
3

π
d) c) We ﬁnd the vertices by letting θ = and θ =
y 2
3π π
. When θ = ,
4 2 2
2 7 7 7
r= π = 2 + 10 · 1 = 12 .
2 2 4 6
2 + 10 sin
x 2
2 3π
4 When θ = ,
4 r= 2
2 − cos q
7 7 7
r= = =− .
5 3π 2 + 10(−1) 8
20. r = 2 + 10 sin
1 − sin θ 2

ep 7 π 7 3π
a) The equation is in the form r = with Thus, the vertices are , and − , .
1 − e sin θ 12 2 8 2
e = 1,
so the graph is a parabola. d) y

5
b) Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 5, we have p = 5. 4 7
r = —————
Thus the parabola has a horizontal directrix 5 2 + 10 sin θ
3
units below the pole. 2

c) We ﬁnd the vertex by letting θ = 3π . When 1

2 —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
3π —1
θ= , —2
2
—3
5 5 5 —4
r= = = .
3π 1 − (−1) 2
1 − sin —5
2

5 3π 3
Thus, the vertex is , . 22. r =
2 2 8 − 4 cos θ
d) y
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
8:
5
4
3/8
r=
5 1
3
r = ————
1 – sin θ 1 − cos θ
2 2
1 ep
The equation is in the form r = with
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 − e cos θ
—1 1
—2 e= .
—3
2
—4 Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
—5
1 1 3 3
b) Since e = and ep = · p = , we have p = .
2 2 8 4
7 3
21. r = Thus the ellipse has a vertical directrix unit
2 + 10 sin θ 4
to the left of the pole.
a) We first divide numerator and denominator by
2: c) We find the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π.
7/2 When θ = 0,
r= 3 3 3
1 + 5 sin θ r= = = .
ep 8 − 4 cos 0 8−4·1 4
The equation is in the form r = with
1 + e sin θ When θ = π,
e = 5.
3 3 3 1
Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola. r= = = = .
8 − 4 cos π 8 − 4(−1) 12 4
7 7
b) Since e = 5 and ep = 5 · p = , we have p = . 3 1
2 10 Thus, the vertices are , 0 and ,π .
7 4 4
Thus the hyperbola has a horizontal directrix
10
unit above the pole.

6
d) y
28. r=
2 + 2 sin θ
1
r= 3 2r + 2r sin θ = 6
8 − 4 cos q
2r = 6 − 2r sin θ
1 1 x r = 3 − r sin θ

x2 + y2 = 3 − y
1

x + y 2 = 9 − 6y + y 2
2

1 x2 = −6y + 9, or
23. r=
1 + cos θ x + 6y − 9 = 0
2

r + r cos θ = 1 20
29. r=
r = 1 − r cos θ 10 + 15 sin θ
10r + 15r sin θ = 20
x2 + y 2 = 1 − x
x2 + y 2 = 1 − 2x + x2 10r = 20 − 15r sin θ
y = −2x + 1, or
2 2r = 4 − 3r sin θ

y 2 + 2x − 1 = 0 2 x2 + y 2 = 4 − 3y
4 4x2 + 4y 2 = 16 − 24y + 9y 2
24. r=
2 + cos θ 4x − 5y + 24y − 16 = 0
2 2

2r + r cos θ = 4 10
30. r=
2r = 4 − r cos θ 8 − 2 cos θ
8r − 2r cos θ = 10
2 x2 + y 2 = 4 − x
4x2 + 4y 2 = 16 − 8x + x2 8r = 2r cos θ + 10
3x + 4y + 8x − 16 = 0
2 2 4r = r cos θ + 5

15 4 x + y2 = x + 5
2
25. r=
5 − 10 sin θ 16x2 + 16y 2 = x2 + 10x + 25
5r − 10r sin θ = 15 15x + 16y − 10x − 25 = 0
2 2

5r = 10r sin θ + 15 9
31. r=
r = 2r sin θ + 3 6 + 3 cos θ
6r + 3r cos θ = 9
x2 + y 2 = 2y + 3
x2 + y 2 = 4y 2 + 12y + 9 6r = 9 − 3r cos θ
x2 − 3y 2 − 12y − 9 = 0 2r = 3 − r cos θ

12 2 x + y2 = 3 − x
2
26. r=
4 + 8 sin θ 4x2 + 4y 2 = 9 − 6x + x2
4r + 8r sin θ = 12 3x2 + 4y 2 + 6x − 9 = 0
4r = 12 − 8r sin θ 4
32. r=
r = 3 − 2r sin θ 3 − 9 sin θ
3r − 9r sin θ = 4
x2 + y 2 = 3 − 2y
x2 + y 2 = 9 − 12y + 4y 2 3r = 9r sin θ + 4

x2 − 3y 2 + 12y − 9 = 0 3 x2 + y 2 = 9y + 4
8 9x2 + 9y 2 = 81y 2 + 72y + 16
27. r=
6 − 3 cos θ 9x − 72y − 72y − 16 = 0
2 2

6r − 3r cos θ = 8 3
33. r=
6r = 3r cos θ + 8 2 − 2 sin θ
2r − 2r sin θ = 3
6 x2 + y 2 = 3x + 8
36x2 + 36y 2 = 9x2 + 48x + 64 2r = 2r sin θ + 3

27x + 36y − 48x − 64 = 0
2 2 2 x2 + y 2 = 2y + 3
4x2 + 4y 2 = 4y 2 + 12y + 9
4x2 = 12y + 9, or
4x − 12y − 9 = 0
2

12 2
34. r= 40. e = , r = − sec θ
3 + 9 cos θ 3
3r + 9r cos θ = 12 The equation of the directrix can be written
3r = 12 − 9r cos θ −1
r= , or r cos θ = −1.
r = 4 − 3r cos θ cos θ
This corresponds to the equation x = −1 in rectangular
x2 + y 2 = 4 − 3x coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 1 unit to the
x + y 2 = 16 − 24x + 9x2
2 left of the pole. Using the table on page 868 of the text,
−8x2 + y 2 + 24x − 16 = 0 we see that the equation is of the form
ep
4 r= .
35. r= 1 − e cos θ
2 − cos θ
2
2r − r cos θ = 4 Substituting for e and 1 for p, we have
3
2r = r cos θ + 4 2 2
·1 2
2 x2 + y2 = x + 4 r= 3 = 3 , or .
2 2 3 − 2 cos θ
4x2 + 4y 2 = x2 + 8x + 16 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
3 3
3x + 4y − 8x − 16 = 0
2 2
41. e = 1, r = 4 sec θ
5
36. r= The equation of the directrix can be written
1 − sin θ
r − r sin θ = 5 4
r= , or r cos θ = 4.
cos θ
r = r sin θ + 5
This corresponds to the equation x = 4 in rectangular
x2 + y 2 = y + 5 coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 4 units to the
x2 + y 2 = y 2 + 10y + 25 right of the pole. Using the table on page 868 of the text,
we see that the equation is of the form
x2 = 10y + 25, or ep
x − 10y − 25 = 0
2 r= .
1 + e cos θ
7 Substituting 1 for e and 4 for p, we have
37. r=
2 + 10 sin θ 1·4 4
r= = .
2r + 10r sin θ = 7 1 + 1 · cos θ 1 + cos θ
2r = 7 − 10r sin θ 42. e = 3, r = 2 csc θ

2 x2 + y 2 = 7 − 10y The equation of the directrix can be written
4x2 + 4y 2 = 49 − 140y + 100y 2 2
r= , or r sin θ = 2.
4x2 − 96y 2 + 140y − 49 = 0 sin θ
3 This corresponds to the equation y = 2 in rectangular
38. r= coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 2 units
8 − 4 cos θ
above the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the
8r − 4r cos θ = 3
text, we see that the equation is of the form
8r = 4r cos θ + 3 ep
r= .
8 x2 + y 2 = 4x + 3 1 + e sin θ
64x + 64y 2 = 16x2 + 24x + 9
2 Substituting 3 for e and 2 for p, we have
3·2 6
48x2 + 64y 2 − 24x − 9 = 0 r= = .
1 + 3 sin θ 1 + 3 sin θ
39. e = 2, r = 3 csc θ 1
43. e = , r = −2 sec θ
The equation of the directrix can be written 2
3 The equation of the directrix can be written
r= , or r sin θ = 3.
sin θ −2
r= , or r cos θ = −2.
This corresponds to the equation y = 3 in rectangular cos θ
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 3 units This corresponds to the equation x = −2 in rectangular
above the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 2 units to the
text, we see that the equation is of the form left of the pole. Using the table on page 868 of the text,
ep we see that the equation is of the form
r= .
1 + e sin θ ep
r= .
Substituting 2 for e and 3 for p, we have 1 − e cos θ
2·3 6 1
r= = . Substituting for e and 2 for p, we have
1 + 2 sin θ 1 + 2 sin θ 2

1 This corresponds to the equation y = −2 in rectangular

·2 1 2
r= 2 = , or . coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 2 units
1 1 2 − cos θ
1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ below the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the
2 2 text, we see that the equation is of the form
44. e = 1, r = 4 csc θ ep
r= .
The equation of the directrix can be written 1 − e sin θ
4 Substituting 4 for e and 2 for p, we have
r=
sin θ
, or r sin θ = 4. 4·2 8
r= = .
This corresponds to the equation y = 4 in rectangular 1 − 4 sin θ 1 − 4 sin θ
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 4 units 48. e = 3, r = 3 csc θ
above the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the
The equation of the directrix can be written
text, we see that the equation is of the form
ep 3
r= . r= , or r sin θ = 3.
1 + e sin θ sin θ
This corresponds to the equation y = 3 in rectangular
Substituting 1 for e and 4 for p, we have
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 3 units
1·4 4
r= = . above the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the
1 + 1 · sin θ 1 + sin θ text, we see that the equation is of the form
3 ep
45. e = , r = 5 csc θ r= .
4 1 + e sin θ
The equation of the directrix can be written Substituting 3 for e and 3 for p, we have
5 3·3 9
r= , or r sin θ = 5. r= = .
sin θ 1 + 3 sin θ 1 + 3 sin θ
This corresponds to the equation y = 5 in rectangular
49. f (x) = (x − 3)2 + 4
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 5 units
above the polar axis. Using the table on page 868 of the f (t) = (t − 3)2 + 4 = t2 − 6t + 9 + 4 = t2 − 6t + 13
text, we see that the equation is of the form Thus, f (t) = (t − 3)2 + 4, or t2 − 6t + 13.
ep
r= . 50. f (2t) = (2t − 3)2 + 4 = 4t2 − 12t + 9 + 4 = 4t2 − 12t + 13
1 + e sin θ
3 Thus, f (2t) = (2t − 3)2 + 4, or 4t2 − 12t + 13.
Substituting for e and 5 for p, we have
4
3 51. f (x) = (x − 3)2 + 4
·5 15/4 15 f (t − 1) = (t − 1 − 3)2 + 4 = (t − 4)2 + 4 = t2 − 8t + 16 + 4 =
r= 4 = or .
3 3 4 + 3 sin θ t2 − 8t + 20
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
4 4 Thus, f (t − 1) = (t − 4)2 + 4, or t2 − 8t + 20.
4
46. e = , r = 2 sec θ 52. f (t + 2) = (t + 2 − 3)2 + 4 = (t − 1)2 + 4 = t2 − 2t + 1 + 4 =
5
t2 − 2t + 5
The equation of the directrix can be written
2 Thus, f (t + 2) = (t − 1)2 + 4, or t2 − 2t + 5.
r= , or r cos θ = 2.
cos θ 53.
This corresponds to the equation x = 2 in rectangular y

coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 2 units to the

right of the pole. Using the table on page 868 of the text,
we see that the equation is of the form
ep 100 million
P
r= . /6
1 + e cos θ
4 x
Substituting for e and 2 for p, we have
5
4
·2 8/5 8
r= 5 = , or .
4 4 5 + 4 cos θ
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ Since the directrix lies above the pole, the equation is of
5 5 ep
the form r = . The point P on the parabola
47. e = 4, r = −2 csc θ 1 + e sin θ
has coordinates (1 × 10 , π/6). (Note that 100 million =
8
The equation of the directrix can be written 1×108 .) Since the conic is a parabola, we know that e = 1.
−2 We substitute 1 × 108 for r, 1 for e, and π/6 for θ and then
r= , or r sin θ = −2.
sin θ ﬁnd p.

1·p Then we substitute 2x for t in y = 6t − 7.

1 × 108 = π
1 + 1 · sin y = 6(2x) − 7
6
1 × 10 =
p 8 y = 12x − 7
1 + 0.5 Given that −1 ≤ t ≤ 6, we ﬁnd the corresponding restric-
p
1 × 108 = tions on x:
1.5 1 1 1
1.5 × 108 = p For t = −1 : x = t = (−1) = − .
2 2 2
1.5 × 108 1 1
The equation of the orbit is r = . For t = 6 : x = t = · 6 = 3.
1 + sin θ 2 2
1
54. y
Then we have y = 12x − 7, − ≤ x ≤ 3.
2
2. The graph is on page IA-62 in the text.
P To ﬁnd an equivalent rectangular equation, we substitute
120 million x for t in y = 5 − t: y = 5 − x
/4 Given that −2 ≤ t ≤ 3 and x = t, the corresponding
x restrictions on x are −2 ≤ x ≤ 3. Then we have y =
5 − x, −2 ≤ x ≤ 3.
3. y
Since the directrix lies above the pole, the equation is of
ep
the form r = . The point P on the parabola 4
1 + e sin θ
has coordinates (1.2 × 108 , π/4). (Note that 120 million = 2

1.2 × 108 .) Since the conic is a parabola, we know that 4 2 2 4 x

e = 1. We substitute 1.2 × 108 for r, 1 for e, and π/4 for 2
θ and then find p.
4
1·p
1.2 × 10 = 8
π
1 + 1 · sin x = 4t 2, y = 2t, −1 t 1
4
p
1.2 × 108 = √ To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
2 y = 2t for t.
1+
2 y = 2t
p
1.2 × 108 = √ y
2+ 2 =t
2
2 y
2.0 × 108 ≈ p Then we substitue for t in x = 4t2 .
2
2.0 × 108 2
The equation of the orbit is r = . y
1 + sin θ x=4
2
y2
x = 4·
Exercise Set 10.7 4
x = y2
1. y
Given that −1 ≤ t ≤ 1, we find the corresponding restric-
tions on y.
30

20 For t = −1: y = 2t = 2(−1) = −2.

10 For t = 1: y = 2t = 2 · 1 = 2.
1 1 2 3 x Then we have x = y 2 , −2 ≤ y ≤ 2.
10

4. The graph is on page IA-62 in the text.

1
x t, y 6t 7; 1 t 6 To find
2
√ an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
x = t for t:
To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve √
1 x= t
x = t for t.
2 x2 = t
1
x= t Then we substitute x2 for t in y = 2t + 3: y = 2x2 + 3
2
2x = t Given that 0 ≤ t ≤ 8, we find the corresponding restric-
tions on x:

√ √
For t = 0 : x = t= 0 = 0. 9. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
√ √ √ x = 2t − 1 for t:
For t = 8 : x = t = 8, or 2 2.
√ x = 2t − 1
Then we have y = 2x2 + 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 2.
x + 1 = 2t
5. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
1
x = t2 for t. (x + 1) = t
2
x = t2
√ 1
x=t Then we substitute (x + 1) for t in y = t2 :
2
(We choose the nonnegative square root because 2
1
0 ≤ t ≤ 4.) y=
2
(x + 1)
√ √
Then we substitute x for t in y = t: 1
√ y = (x + 1)2
y= x = (x1/2 )1/2 4
√ Given that −3 ≤ t ≤ 3, we find the corresponding restric-
y = x1/4 , or 4 x
tions on x:
Given that 0 ≤ t ≤ 4, we find the corresponding restric-
For t = −3 : x = 2t − 1 = 2(−3) − 1 = −7.
tions on x:
For t = 3 : x = 2t − 1 = 2 · 3 − 1 = 5.
For t = 0 : x = t2 = (0)2 = 0.
1
For t = 4 : x = t2 = 42 = 16. Then we have y = (x + 1)2 , −7 ≤ x ≤ 5.
√ 4
Then we have y = 4 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 16. (This result could
10. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
also be expressed as x = y 4 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.) 1
x = t for t:
6. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve 3
x = t3 + 1 for t: 1
x= t
x = t3 + 1 3
3x = t
x − 1 = t3
√ Then we substitute 3x for t in y = t: y = 3x.
3
x−1 = t
√ √ Given that −5 ≤ t ≤ 5, we find the corresponding restric-
Then we substitute 3
x − 1 for t in y = t: y = 3
x−1
tions on x:
Given that −3 ≤ t ≤ 3, we find the corresponding restric- 1 1 5
tions on x: For t = −5 : x = t = (−5) = − .
3 3 3
For t = −3 : x = t3 + 1 = (−3)3 + 1 = −26. 1 1 5
For t = 5 : x = t = · 5 = .
For t = 3 : x = t3 + 1 = 33 + 1 = 28. 3 3 3
√ 5 5
Then we have y = 3 x − 1, −26 ≤ x ≤ 28. Then we have y = 3x, − ≤ x ≤ .
3 3
7. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we can substi- 11. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
1 1
tute x for t + 3 in y = : y= . x = e−t for et :
t+3 x
x = e−t
Given that −2 ≤ t ≤ 2, we find the corresponding restric-
tions on x: 1
x= t
e
For t = −2 : x = t + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1.
1
For t = 2 : x = t + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5. et =
x
1 1 1
Then we have y = , 1 ≤ x ≤ 5. Then we substitute for et in y = et : y = .
x x x
8. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve Given that −∞ ≤ t ≤ ∞, we find the corresponding re-
x = 2t3 + 1 for 2t3 : strictions on x:
x = 2t3 + 1 As t approaches −∞, e−t approaches ∞. As t approaches
x − 1 = 2t3 ∞, e−t approaches 0. Thus, we see that x > 0.
Then we substitute x − 1 for 2t3 in y = 2t3 − 1: 1
Then we have y = , x > 0.
x
y = (x − 1) − 1
12. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
y = x−2
x = 2 ln t for t2 :
Given that −4 ≤ t ≤ 4, we find the corresponding restric- x = 2 ln t
tions on x:
x = ln t2
For t = −4 : x = 2t3 + 1 = 2(−4)3 + 1 = −127.
ex = t2
For t = 4 : x = 2t3 + 1 = 2 · 43 + 1 = 129.
Then we substitute ex for t2 in y = t2 : y = ex .
Then we have y = x − 2, −127 ≤ x ≤ 129.

Given that 0 < t < ∞, we find the corresponding restric- sin2 t + cos2 t =1
tions on x. As t approaches 0, 2 ln t approaches −∞. As t 2 2
y x
approaches ∞, x = 2 ln t also approaches ∞. + =1
2 2
Then we have y = e , −∞ < x < ∞.
x
x2 y2
+ =1
13. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve 4 4
for cos t and sin t in the parametric equations: x2 + y 2 =4
x y
= cos t, = sin t For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, −2 ≤ 2 cos t ≤ 2.
3 3 Then we have x2 + y 2 = 4, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to
eliminate the parameter: 17. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
2 2
sin t + cos t =1 x = sec t for cos t:
2 2 x = sec t
y x
+ =1 1
3 3 x=
cos t
x2 y2 1
+ =1 cos t =
9 9 x
x2 + y 2 =9 1 1
Then we substitute for cos t in y = cos t: y = .
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, −3 ≤ 3 cos t ≤ 3. x x
π π
Then we have x2 + y 2 = 9, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3. For − < t < , 1 ≤ x < ∞.
2 2
14. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve 1
Then we have y = , x ≥ 1.
for cos t and sin t in the parametric equations: x
x y 18. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
= cos t, = sin t
2 4 x = sin t for csc t:
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to x = sin t
eliminate the parameter: 1 1
sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 =
x sin t
2 2 1
y x = csc t
+ =1 x
4 2
2 2 1 1
x y Then we substitute for csc t in y = csc t: y = .
+ =1 x x
4 16
For 0 < t < π, 0 < x ≤ 1.
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, −2 ≤ 2 cos t ≤ 2.
1
x2 y2 Then we have y = , 0 < x ≤ 1.
Then we have + = 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. x
4 16
19. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
15. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
y for cos t and sin t in the parametric equations:
y = 2 sin t for sin t: = sin t.
2 x = 1 + 2 cos t y = 2 + 2 sin t
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to x − 1 = 2 cos t y − 2 = 2 sin t
eliminate the parameter: x−1 y−2
= cos t = sin t
sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 2 2
2
y Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to
+ x2 = 1 eliminate the parameter:
2
y2 sin2 t + cos2 t =1
x2 + =1 2 2
4 y−2 x−1
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, −1 ≤ cos t ≤ 1. + =1
2 2
2
Then we have x2 +
y
= 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. (x − 1) 2
(y − 2)2
4 + =1
4 4
16. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 =4
for cos t and sin t in the parametric equations: For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, −1 ≤ 1 + 2 cos t ≤ 3.
x y
= cos t, = sin t Then we have (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 4, −1 ≤ x ≤ 3.
2 2
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to
eliminate the parameter:

20. To find an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve c) The ball hits the ground when y = 0, so we solve
for sec t and tan t in the parametric equations: the equation y = 0 using the quadratic formula.
x = 2 + sec t y = 1 + 3 tan t 7 + 40t − 16t2 = 0
x − 2 = sec t y − 1 = 3 tan t −16t2 + 40t + 7 = 0

y−1 −40 ± 402 − 4(−16)(7)
= tan t t=
3 2(−16)
Using the identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ, we can substitute to t ≈ −0.2 or t ≈ 2.7
eliminate the parameter:
The negative value for t has no meaning in this
1 + tan2 t = sec2 t application. Thus the ball is in the air for about
2
y−1 2.7 sec.
1+ = (x − 2)2
3 d) Since the ball is in the air for about 2.7 sec, the
(y − 1)2 horizontal distance it travels is given by
1 = (x − 2)2 − √
9 x = 40 3(2.7) ≈ 187.1 ft.
π
For 0 < t < , 3 < 2 + sec t < ∞. e) To find the maximum height of the ball, we find the
2
maximum value of y. At the vertex of the quadratic
(y − 1)2
Then we have (x − 2)2 − = 1, x > 3. function represented by y we have
9
b 40
21. y = 4x − 3 t=− =− = 1.25.
2a 2(−16)
Answers may vary. When t = 1.25,
If x = t, then y = 4t − 3. y = 7 + 40(1.25) − 16(1.25)2 = 32 ft.
t t
If x = , then y = 4 · − 3 = t − 3. 1
4 4 26. a) x = (200 cos 60◦ )t = 200 · t = 100t
2
22. y = x2 − 1 √
3
Answers may vary. y = 0+(200 sin 60◦ )t−16t2 = 200 · t−16t2 =
2
If x = t, then y = t2 − 1. √
100 3t − 16t2
If x = t−2, then y = (t−2)2 −1 = t2 −4t+4−1 = t2 −4t+3. √
b) When t = 4, y = 100 3(4) − 16 · 42 ≈ 436.8 ft.
23. y = (x − 2)2 − 6x √
When t = 8, y = 100 3(8) − 16 · 82 ≈ 361.6 ft.
Answers may vary.
c) Solve y = 0.
If x = t, then y = (t − 2)2 − 6t. √
100 3t − 16t2 = 0
If x = t + 2, then y = (t + 2 − 2)2 − 6(t + 2) = t2 − 6t − 12. √
t(100 3 − 16t) = 0
24. y = x3 + 3 t = 0 or t ≈ 10.8
Answers may vary. The projectile is in the air for about 10.8 sec.
If x = t, then y = t3 + 3. d) When t ≈ 10.8, x ≈ 100(10.8) ≈ 1080 ft.
√ √
If x = 3 t, then y = ( 3 t)3 + 3 = t + 3. e) At the vertex of the quadratic function represented
◦
25. a) We substitute 7 for h, 80 for v0 , and 30 for θ in the by y we have
√
parametric equations for projective motion. b 100 3
t=− =− ≈ 5.4
x = (v0 cos θ)t 2a 2(−16)
= (80 cos 30◦ )t When t ≈ 5.4,
√ √
3 √ y ≈ 100 3(5.4) − 16(5.4)2 ≈ 468.7 ft.
= 80 · t = 40 3t
2
27. Graph y = x3 .
y = h + (v0 sin θ)t − 16t2 y
= 7 + (80 sin 30◦ )t − 16t2 x y
−2 −8
1 −1 −1
4
= 7 + 80 · t − 16t2
2 0 0 2 y x3
= 7 + 40t − 16t2 1 1 4 2 2 4 x
b) The height of the ball at time t is given by y. 2 8 2

When t = 1, y = 7 + 40 · 1 − 16 · 12 = 31 ft. 4

When t = 2, y = 7 + 40 · 2 − 16 · 2 = 23 ft.
2

28. 2. (x − 2)2 (y + 3)2

y + =1
4 9
(x − 2) 2
[y − (−3)]2
4 + = 1 Standard form
x y3 22 32
2 The graph is an ellipse with center (2, −3), so the state-
4 2 2 4
ment is false.
x
2
3. False; see pages 833 and 835 in the text.
4. The statement is true. See page 843 in the text.
√ 5. The statement is false. See Example 4 on page 866 in the
29. Graph f (x) = x − 2.
text.
x f (x) y 6. Graph (d) is the graph of y 2 = 5x.
2 0
3 1 4 f (x) 兹x 2 7. Graph (a) is the graph of y 2 = 9 − x2 .
6 2 2 8. Graph (e) is the graph of 3x2 + 4y 2 = 12.
11 3
2 2 4 6 x 9. Graph (g) is the graph of 9y 2 − 4x2 = 36.
2
4 10. Graph (b) is the graph of x2 + y 2 + 2x − 3y = 8.
11. Graph (f) is the graph of 4x2 + y 2 − 16x − 6y = 15.
30.
y 12. Graph (h) is the graph of x2 − 8x + 6y = 0.
(x + 3)2 (y − 1)2
4 13. Graph (c) is the graph of − = 1.
16 25
2
14. (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)

4 2 2 4 x 3
2 (x − 0)2 = 4 − (y − 0)
2
3
f (x) x2 = −6y
x2 1
15. y 2 = −12x
31. The curve is generated clockwise when the equations x = y 2 = 4(−3)x
3 cos t, y = −3 sin t are used. Alternatively, the equations F : (−3, 0), V : (0, 0), D: x = 3
x = 3 sin t, y = 3 cos t can be used.
16. x2 + 10x + 2y + 9 = 0
32. To ﬁnd the equivalent rectangular equation we ﬁrst solve
the given equations for cos2 t and sin2 t, respectively. x2 + 10x = −2y − 9

x = cos3 t y = sin3 t x2 + 10x + 25 = −2y − 9 + 25

(x + 5)2 = −2y + 16
x2/3 = cos2 t y 2/3 = sin2 t
1
Now substitute in the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1. [x − (−5)]2 = 4 − (y − 8)
2
y 2/3 + x2/3 = 1, or
V : (−5, 8)
x2/3 + y 2/3 = 1
1 15
F : − 5, 8 + − or − 5,
2 2
Chapter 10 Review Exercises 1 17
D : y =8+ =
2 2
17. Begin by completing the square twice.
1. x + y2 = 1 16x2 + 25y 2 − 64x + 50y − 311 = 0
y2 = x − 1 16(x2 − 4x) + 25(y 2 + 2y) = 311
1
(y − 0)2 = 4 · (x − 1) 16(x2 − 4x + 4) + 25(y 2 + 2y + 1) = 311 + 16 · 4 + 25 · 1
4
This 16(x − 2)2 + 25(y + 1)2 = 400
parabola
has a horizontal axis of symmetry, the focus
5 3 (x − 2)2 [y − (−1)]2
is , 0 , and the directrix is x = . Thus it opens to the + =1
4 4 25 16
left and the statement is true. The center is (2, −1). Note that a = 5 and b = 4. The
major axis is horizontal so the vertices are 5 units left and
right of the center: (2 − 5, −1) and (2 + 5, −1), or (−3, −1)

and (7, −1).
√ We know that c = a − b = 25 − 16 = 9
2 2 2
Since the focus is at (p, 0) =
1 1
, 0 , the focus is ft, or
and c = 9 = 3. Then the foci are 3 units left and right 6 6
of the center: (2 − 3, −1) and (2 + 3, −1), or (−1, −1) and 0.167 ft, from the vertex.
(5, −1). 21. x2 − 16y = 0, (1)
x2 − y 2 = 64 (2)
From equation (1) we have x2 = 16y. Substitute in equa-
tion (2).
16y − y 2 = 64
0 = y 2 − 16y + 64
0 = (y − 8)2
0 = y−8
18. The vertices (0, −4) and (0, 4) are on the y-axis, so the 8=y
major axis is vertical and a = 4. Since the vertices are x − (8)2 = 64
2
Substituting in equation (2)
equidistant from the origin, the center of the ellipse is at 2
x = 128
the origin. The length of the minor axis is 6, so b = 6/2, √ √
or 3. The equation is x = ± 128 = ±8 2
√ √
x2 y2 The pairs (−8 2, 8) and (8 2, 8) check.
+ = 1.
9 16 22. 4x2 + 4y 2 = 65, (1)
19. Begin by completing the square twice. 6x2 − 4y 2 = 25 (2)
1
x2 − 2y 2 + 4x + y − = 0 10x2 = 90 Adding
8
x2 = 9 √
1 1 x = ± 9 = ±3
(x + 4x) − 2 y − y =
2 2
2 8
4(±3)2 + 4y 2 = 65 Substituting in (1)
1 1 1 1
(x2 + 4x + 4) − 2 y 2 − y + = +4−2· 36 + 4y 2 = 65
2 16 8 16
2 4y 2 = 29
1 √
(x + 2)2 − 2 y − =4 29 ± 29
4 y=± =
2 4 2
1 √ √ √
y − 29 29 29
[x − (−2)]2 4 The pairs 3, , − 3, , 3, − , and
− =1 √ 2 2 2
4 2
29
1 − 3, − check.
The center is − 2, . The transverse axis is horizon- 2
4
tal, so
the vertices are 2units left and right of the cen- 23. x2 − y 2 = 33, (1)
1 1 1
ter: − 2 − 2, and − 2 + 2, , or − 4, and x + y = 11 (2)
4 4 4
y = −x + 11
1
0, . Since c2 = a2 + b2 , we have c2 = 4 + 2 = 6 and x2 − (−x + 11)2 = 33 Substituting in (1)
4√ √
c = 6.Then the foci are 6 units left and right of the x − (x − 22x + 121) = 33
2 2
√ 1 √ 1
center: − 2 − 6, and − 2 + 6, . x2 − x2 + 22x − 121 = 33
4 4
22x = 154
Find the asymptotes:
b b x=7
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h) y = −7 + 11 = 4
a a
√ √ The pair (7, 4) checks.
1 2 1 2
y− = (x + 2) and y − = − (x + 2)
4 2 4 2 24. x2 − 2x + 2y 2 = 8, (1)
2
is ofthe form y = 4px. A point on the
20. The parabola 2x + y = 6 (2)
2
parabola is 1.5, , or (1.5, 1). y = −2x + 6
2
x2 − 2x + 2(−2x + 6)2 = 8 Substituting in (1)
y 2 = 4px
x − 2x + 2(4x2 − 24x + 36) = 8
2
12 = 4 · p · 1.5
x2 − 2x + 8x2 − 48x + 72 = 8
1 = 6p
9x2 − 50x + 64 = 0
1
=p (x − 2)(9x − 32) = 0
6

x − 2 = 0 or 9x − 32 = 0 28. x2 + y 2 = 18, (1)

x = 2 or 9x = 32 2x + y = 3 (2)
32
x = 2 or x=
9 y = −2x + 3 Solving (2) for y
2 2
y = −2(2) + 6 = 2 x + (−2x + 3) = 18 Substituting in (1)

32 10 x + 4x − 12x + 9 = 18
2 2
y = −2 +6=−
9 9 5x2 − 12x − 9 = 0

The pairs (2, 2) and
32 10
,− check. (5x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
9 9
5x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
25. x2 − y = 3, (1) 5x = −3 or x=3
2x − y = 3 (2) 3
x = − or x=3
From equation (1) we have y = x2 − 3. Substitute in
5

equation (2). 3 21
y = −2 − +3=
2x − (x2 − 3) = 3 5 5
y = −2 · 3 + 3 = −3
2x − x2 + 3 = 3
3 21
0 = x2 − 2x The pairs − , and (3, −3) check.
5 5
0 = x(x − 2)
29. x2 + y 2 = 100, (1)
x = 0 or x = 2
2x2 − 3y 2 = −120 (2)
y = 02 − 3 = −3
2 2
y = 22 − 3 = 1 3x + 3y = 300 Multiplying (1) by 3
2x2 − 3y 2 = −120
The pairs (0, −3) and (2, 1) check.
5x2 = 180 Adding
26. x2 + y 2 = 25, (1) x2 = 36
x2 − y 2 = 7 (2) x= ±6
2x2 = 32 Adding (±6)2 + y 2 = 100
x2 = 16 y 2 = 64
x = ±4 y = ±8
(±4)2 + y 2 = 25 The pairs (6, 8), (−6, 8), (6, −8), and (−6, −8) check.
y2 = 9 30. x2 + 2y 2 = 12, (1)
y = ±3 xy = 4 (2)
The pairs (4, 3), (4, −3), (−4, 3) and (−4, −3) check. 4
y= Solving (2) for y.
x
27. x2 − y 2 = 3, (1) 2
4
y = x2 − 3 (2) x2 + 2 = 12 Substituting in (1)
x
From equation (2) we have x2 = y + 3. Substitute in 32
equation (1). x2 + 2 = 12
x
y + 3 − y2 = 3 x4 + 32 = 12x2
0 = y2 − y x4 − 12x2 + 32 = 0
0 = y(y − 1) (x2 − 4)(x2 − 8) = 0
y = 0 or y = 1 x2 − 4 = 0 or x2 − 8 = 0
2
x2 = 0 + 3 x =4 or x2 = 8
√
x2 = 3 x = ±2 or x = ±2 2
√
x=± 3 y=
4
=2
2
x2 = 1 + 3 4
y= = −2
x2 = 4 −2
4 √
x = ±2 y= √ = 2
√ √ 2 2
The pairs ( 3, 0), (− 3, 0), (2, 1), and (−2, 1) check. 4 √
y= √ =− 2
−2 2

√ √ √ √
The pairs (2, 2), (−2, −2), (2 2, 2) and (−2 2, − 2) l − 7 = 0 or l − 12 = 0
check. l = 7 or l = 12
31. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the numbers. 84 84
If l = 7, then w = = 12. If l = 12, then w = = 7.
Translate. The sum of the numbers is 11. 7 12
Since length is usually considered to be longer than width,
x + y = 11 we have l = 12 and w = 7, or (12, 7).
The sum of the squares of the numbers is 65. Check. If l = 12 and w = 7, then the perimeter is
x2 + y 2 = 65 2 · 12 + 2 · 7, or 38, and the area is 12 · 7, or 84. The solution
checks.
Carry out. We solve the system of equations.
State. The length of the rectangle is 12 m, and the width
x + y = 11, (1) is 7 m.
x2 + y 2 = 65 (2)
33. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the positive integers.
First we solve equation (1) for y.
Translate. The sum of the numbers is 12.
y = 11 − x
x + y = 12
Then substitute 11 − x for y in equation (2) and solve for
3
x. The sum of the reciprocals is .
8
x2 + (11 − x)2 = 65
1 1 3
x2 + 121 − 22x + x2 = 65 + =
x y 8
2x2 − 22x + 121 = 65 Carry out. We solve the system of equations.
2x2 − 22x + 56 = 0 x + y = 12, (1)
x2 − 11x + 28 = 0 Dividing by 2 1 1 3
+ = (2)
(x − 4)(x − 7) = 0 x y 8
x − 4 = 0 or x − 7 = 0 First solve equation (1) for y.
x = 4 or x=7 y = 12 − x
If x = 4, then y = 11 − 4 = 7. Then substitute 12 − x for y in equation (2) and solve for
x.
If x = 7, then y = 11 − 7 = 4. 1 1 3
+ = , LCD is 8x(12 − x)
In either case, the possible numbers are 4 and 7. x 12 − x 8

Check. 4 + 7 = 11 and 42 + 72 = 16 + 49 = 65. The 1 1 3
answer checks. 8x(12 − x) + = 8x(12 − x) ·
x 12 − x 8
State. The numbers are 4 and 7. 8(12 − x) + 8x = x(12 − x) · 3
32. Familiarize. Let l and w represent the length and width 96 − 8x + 8x = 36x − 3x2
of the rectangle, in meters, respectively. 96 = 36x − 3x2
Translate. The perimeter is 38 m. 3x2 − 36x + 96 = 0
2l + 2w = 38 x2 − 12x + 32 = 0 Dividing by 3
2
The area is 84 m . (x − 4)(x − 8) = 0
lw = 84 x − 4 = 0 or x − 8 = 0
Carry out. We solve the system of equations: x = 4 or x=8
2l + 2w = 38, (1) If x = 4, y = 12 − 4 = 8.
lw = 84 (2) If x = 8, y = 12 − 8 = 4.
First solve equation (2) for w. In either case, the possible numbers are 4 and 8.
84 1 1 2 1 3
w= Check. 4 + 8 = 12; + = + = . The answer
l 4 8 8 8 8
84 checks.
Then substitute for w in equation (1) and solve for l.
l State. The numbers are 4 and 8.
84
2l + 2 · = 38 34. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the length of a side of
l
168 the larger and smaller squares, in centimeters, respectively.
2l + = 38
l Translate. The perimeter of the larger square is 12 cm
2l2 + 168 = 38l Multiplying by l more than the perimeter of the smaller square.
2l2 − 38l + 168 = 0 4x = 4y + 12
2(l − 7)(l − 12) = 0

The area of the larger square exceeds the area of the other Check. If the radii are 11 ft and 3 ft, the sum of the areas
square by 39 cm2 . is π · 112 + π · 32 = 121π + 9π = 130π ft2 . The diﬀerence
x2 = y 2 + 39 of the areas is 121π − 9π = 112π ft2 . The answer checks.
We have a system of equations. State. The radius of the larger circle is 11 ft, and the
radius of the smaller circle is 3 ft.
4x = 4y + 12, (1)
36. Graph: y ≤ 4 − x2 ,
x2 = y 2 + 39 (2)
x−y ≤2
Carry out. We solve the system of equations. First solve
equation (1) for x. The solution set of y ≤ 4 − x2 is the parabola y = 4 − x2
and the region inside it. The solution set of x − y ≤ 2 is
x=y+3
the line x − y = 2 and the half-plane above it. We shade
Then substitute y + 3 for x in equation (2) and solve for the region common to the two solution sets.
y.
y
(y + 3)2 = y 2 + 39
5
y 2 + 6y + 9 = y 2 + 39
3
6y + 9 = 39 2
1
(2, 0)
6y = 30 5 4 3 1 1 3 4 5 x
1
y=5 2
3
If y = 5, then x = 5 + 3 = 8. 4
(3, 5) 5

Check. The perimeters of the square are 4 · 8, or 32 cm,

and 4 · 5, or 20 cm. The perimeter of the larger square is To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs we solve
12 cm more than the perimeter of the smaller square. The the system of equations
areas are 82 , or 64 cm2 , and 52 , or 25 cm2 . The area of y = 4 − x2 ,
the larger square exceeds the area of the smaller square by x − y = 2.
39 cm2 . The solution checks.
The points of intersection are (−3, −5) and (2, 0).
State. The perimeters of the squares are 32 cm and 20 cm.
37. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 16,
35. Familiarize. Let x = the radius of the larger circle and x+y <4
let y = the radius of the smaller circle. We will use the
formula for the area of a circle, A = πr2 . The solution set of x2 + y 2 ≤ 16 is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16
and the region inside it. The solution set of x + y < 4
Translate. The sum of the areas is 130π ft2 . is the half-plane below the line x + y = 4. We shade the
πx2 + πy 2 = 130π region common to the two solution sets.
The diﬀerence of the areas is 112π ft2 . y
πx2 − πy 2 = 112π 5
(0, 4)
We have a system of equations. 3
2
πx2 + πy 2 = 130π, (1) 1
(4, 0)
πx2 − πy 2 = 112π (2) 5 3 2 1
1
1 2 3 5 x
2
Carry out. We add. 3

πx2 + πy 2 = 130π 5

πx − πy =
2 2
112π
38. Graph: y ≥ x2 − 1,
2πx2 = 242π
x2 = 121 Dividing by 2π y<1
x= ±11 The solution set of y ≥ x2 −1 is the parabola y = x2 −1 and
Since the length of a radius cannot be negative, we consider the region inside it. The solution set of y < 1 is the half-
only x = 11. Substitute 11 for x in equation (1) and solve plane below the line y = 1. We shade the region common
for y. to the two solution sets.
π · 112 + πy 2 = 130π y
2 5
121π + πy = 130π 4
3
πy 2 = 9π 2
(兹2, 1) (兹2, 1)
y2 = 9
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
y = ±3 2
3
Again, we consider only the positive solution. 4
5

To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs of the re- y

lated equations we solve the system of equations 4
y x
y = x2 − 1, 2 45
y = 1.
√ √ 4 2 2 4 x
The points of intersection are (− 2, 1) and ( 2, 1). 2

4 (x)2 (y)2
39. Graph: x2 + y 2 ≤ 9, 1
6 4
x ≤ −1
The solution set of x2 + y 2 ≤ 9 is the circle x2 + y 2 = 9 41. x2 − 10xy + y 2 + 12 = 0
and the region inside it. The solution set of x ≤ −1 is the B 2 − 4AC = (−10)2 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 100 − 4 = 96
line x = −1 and the half-plane to the left of it. We shade Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
the region common to the two solution sets. To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
A−C 1−1
y cot 2θ = = =0
5
B −10
◦ ◦
4 Then 2θ = 90 and θ = 45 , so
(1, 2兹2) √ √
2 2 2
1 sin θ = and cos θ = .
5 4 2 1 1 2 4 5 x
2 2
1
2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
(1, 2兹2) x = x cos θ − y sin θ
4
5
√ √ √
2 2 2
=x
−y = (x − y )
2 2 2
40. 5x2 − 2xy + 5y 2 − 24 = 0
A = 5, B = −2, C = 5 y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ √
B 2 − 4AC = (−2)2 − 4 · 5 · 5 = 4 − 100 = −96 2 2 2
= x + y = (x + y )
Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse 2 2 2
(or circle). To rotate the axes we first determine θ. After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
A−C 5−5 simplifying, we have
cot 2θ = = =0 (x )2 (y )2
B −2 − = 1.
Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so 3 2
√ √
2 2 y
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
4 x
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas. y
x = x cos θ − y sin θ 2 45
√ √ √
2 2 2 4 2 2 4 x
= x − y = (x − y ) 2
2 2 2 (x)2 (y)2
4 1
3 2
y = x sin θ + y cos θ
√ √ √ √
2 2 2
=x
+y
= (x + y ) 42. 5x2 + 6 3xy − y 2 = 16
2 2 2 √
A = 5, B = 6 3, C = −1
Substitute for x and y in the given equation. √
√ 2 √ √ B 2 − 4AC = (6 3)2 − 4 · 5 · (−1) = 108 + 20 = 128
2 2 2
5 (x − y ) − 2 (x − y ) (x + y ) + Since the discriminant is positive, the graph is a hyperbola.
2 2 2
√ 2 To rotate the axes we first determine θ.
2 A−C 5 − (−1) 6 1
5 (x + y ) − 24 = 0 cot 2θ = = √ = √ =√
2 B 6 3 6 3 3
After simplifying we have Then 2θ = 60◦ and θ = 30◦ , so
√
4(x )2 + 6(y )2 − 24 = 0, or 1 3
sin θ = and cos θ = .
(x )2 (y )2 2 2
+ = 1.
6 4 Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
√
This is x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ the equation of an ellipse with vertices (− 6, 0) √ √
and ( 6, 0) on the x -axis. The y -intercepts are (0, −2) 3 1 x 3 y
and (0,2). = x · − y · = −
2 2 2 2

y = x sin θ + y cos θ 44. r =

6
√ √ 3 − 3 sin θ
1 3 x y 3
= x · + y · = + We ﬁrst divide the numerator and denominator by 3:
2 2 2 2
Substitute for x and y in the given equation. 2
r=
√ 2 √ √ 1 − sin θ
x 3 y √ x 3 y x y 3
5 − +6 3 − + − ep
2 2 2 2 2 2 This equation is in the form r = with e = 1.
1 − e sin θ
√ 2
x y 3 Since e = 1, the graph is a parabola.
+ = 16
2 2
y
After simplifying we have
(x )2 (y )2 6
− = 1.
2 4 4
√
This is the equation of a hyperbola with vertices (− 2, 0) 2
√ 2 2
and ( 2, 0) and asymptotes y = − √ x and y = √ x , 4 2 2 4 x
√ √ 2 2 2 6
or y = − 2x and y = 2x . r=
3 − 3 sin u

y (x)2 (y)2 Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 2, we have p = 2.

1
y 4 2 4 Thus the parabola has a horizontal directrix 2 units below
2 x the pole.
30 3π 3π
4 2 2 4 x We ﬁnd the vertex by letting θ = . When θ = ,
2 2
2
6 6
4 r= = = 1.
3π 3 − 3(−1)
3 − 3 sin
2
√ √
43. x2 + 2xy + y 2 − 2x + 2y = 0 3π
Thus the vertex is 1, .
2
B − 4AC = 2 − 4 · 1 · 1 = 4 − 4 = 0
2 2

Since the discriminant is zero, the graph is a 8

45. r =
parabola. To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ. 2 + 4 cos θ
A−C 1−1 We ﬁrst divide the numerator and denominator by 2:
cot 2θ = = =0 4
B 2 r=
◦ ◦ 1 + 2 cos θ
Then 2θ = 90 and θ = 45 , so
√ √ ep
2 2 Thus the equation is in the form r = with
sin θ = and cos θ = . 1 + e cos θ
2 2 e = 2. Since e > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
x = x cos θ − y sin θ y
√ √ √
2 2 2
(x − y )
4
=x −y = r= 8
2 2 2 2 2 + 4 cos q

y = x sin θ + y cos θ 4 8 12 x
√ √ √
2 2 2
= x + y = (x + y )
2 2 2
After substituting for x and y in the given equation and
simplifying, we have Since e = 2 and ep = 2 · p = 4, we have p = 2. Thus the
(x )2 = −y . hyperbola has a vertical directrix 2 units to the right of
the pole.
y (x)2 y We ﬁnd the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π. When
y θ = 0,
4 x
8 8 4
2 45
r= = = .
2 + 4 cos 0 2+4 3
4 2 2 4 x When θ = π,
2 8 8
r= = = −4.
4 2 + 4 cos π 2−4

4
The vertices are , 0 and (−4, π).
3

4 π
46. r = When θ = ,
2 − cos θ 2
We ﬁrst divide the numerator and denominator by 2: 1818 6
r= π = 9 + 6 = 5.
2 9 + 6 sin
r= 2
1
1 − cos θ 3π
2 When θ = ,
ep 2
Then the equation is in the form r = with 18 18
1 − e cos θ r= = = 6.
1 3π 9−6
e= . 9 + 6 sin
2 2

Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse. 6 π 3π
The vertices are , and 6, .
5 2 2
y
6
48. r=
4 3 − 3 sin θ
2 3r − 3r sin θ = 6
2 2 4 6 x 3r = 3r sin θ + 6
2 r = r sin θ + 2
4 r= 4
2 − cos q x2 + y2 = y + 2
1 1 x + y 2 = y 2 + 4y + 4
2

Since e = and ep = · p = 2, we have p = 4. Thus the x2 − 4y − 4 = 0

2 2
ellipse has a vertical directrix 4 units to the left of the pole.
8
We ﬁnd the vertices by letting θ = 0 and θ = π. 49. r=
2 + 4 cos θ
When θ = 0, 2r + 4r cos θ = 8
4 4
r= = = 4. 2r = −4r cos θ + 8
2 − cos 0 2−1
When θ = π, r = −2r cos θ + 4

4 4 4 x2 + y 2 = −2x + 4
r= = = .
2 − cos π 2 − (−1) 3 x + y 2 = 4x2 − 16x + 16
2

The vertices are (4, 0) and
4
,π . 0 = 3x2 − y 2 − 16x + 16
3
4
18 50. r=
47. r = 2 − cos θ
9 + 6 sin θ 2r − r cos θ = 4
We ﬁrst divide the numerator and denominator by 9:
2r = r cos θ + 4
2
r= 2 x2 + y 2 = x + 4
2
1 + sin θ
3 4x2 + 4y 2 = x2 + 8x + 16
ep
Thus the equation is in the form r = with 3x2 + 4y 2 − 8x − 16 = 0
1 + e sin θ
2 18
e= . 51. r=
3 9 + 6 sin θ
Since 0 < e < 1, the graph is an ellipse. 9r + 6r sin θ = 18
y 9r = −6r sin θ + 18

9 x2 + y 2 = −6y + 18
2
3 x2 + y 2 = −2y + 6
4 2 2 4 x
2 9x2 + 9y 2 = 4y 2 − 24y + 36
4 9x + 5y + 24y − 36 = 0
2 2

6 18 1
r=
9 + 6 sin q 52. e = , r = 2 sec θ
2
2 2 The equation of the directrix can be written
Since e = and ep = · p = 2, we have p = 3. Thus the
3 3 2
ellipse has a horizontal directrix 3 units above the pole. r= , or r cos θ = 2.
π 3π cos θ
We ﬁnd the vertices by letting θ = and θ = . This corresponds to the equation x = 2 in rectangular
2 2
coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 2 units to the

right of the pole. Using the table on page 868 in the text, 56. x = t, y = 2 + t; −3 ≤ t ≤ 3
we see that the equation is of the form
ep y
r= .
1 + e cos θ 6
1
Substituting for e and 2 for p, we have 4
2
1 2
·2 1 2
r= 2 = , or . 4 2 2 4 x
1 1 2 + cos θ
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ 2
2 2
53. e = 3, r = −6 csc θ
x = t, y = 2 + t; −3 t 3
The equation of the directrix can be written
6 To ﬁnd an equivalent rectangular equation, we substitute
r=− , or r sin θ = −6. x for t in y = 2 + t: y = 2 + x.
sin θ
This corresponds to the equation y = −6 in rectangular Given that −3 ≤ t ≤ 3, we ﬁnd the corresponding restric-
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 6 units tions on y:
below the pole. Using the table on page 868 in the text, For t = −3: x = t = −3.
we see that the equation is of the form
For t = 3: x = t = 3.
ep
r= . Then we have y = 2 + x, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3.
1 − e sin θ
√
Substituting 3 for e and 6 for p, we have 57. x = t, y = t − 1; 0 ≤ t ≤ 9
3·6 18
r= = .
1 − 3 sin θ 1 − 3 sin θ y

54. e = 1, r = −4 sec θ 6

The equation of the directrix can be written 4

4 2
r=− , or r cos θ = −4.
cos θ
1 1 2 3 x
This corresponds to the equation x = −4 in rectangular 2
coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 4 units to the
left of the pole. Using the table on page 868 in the text,
we see that the equation is of the form x = √t, y = t − 1; 0 t 9
ep
r= . To find
√ an equivalent rectangular equation, we first solve
1 − e cos θ
x = t for t.
Substituting 1 for e and 4 for p, we have √
x= t
1·4 4
r= = . x2 = t
1 − 1 · cos θ 1 − cos θ
55. e = 2, r = 3 csc θ Then we substitute x2 for t in y = t − 1: y = x2 − 1. Given
that 0 ≤ t ≤ 9, we find the corresponding restrictions on
The equation of the directrix can be written x:
3 √ √
r= , or r sin θ = 3. For t = 0: x = t = 0 = 0.
sin θ √ √
This corresponds to the equation y = 3 in rectangular For t = 9: x = t = 9 = 3.
coordinates, so the directrix is a horizontal line 3 units Then we have y = x2 − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
above the pole. Using the table on page 868 in the text,
we see that the equation is of the form 58. x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
ep
r= . y
1 + e sin θ
Substituting 2 for e and 3 for p, we have 4
2·3 6 2
r= = .
1 + 2 sin θ 1 + 2 sin θ
4 2 2 4
2 x
4

x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t; 0 t 2p

To ﬁnd an equivalent rectangular equation, we ﬁrst solve

for cos t and sin t in the parametric equations:

x y
= cos t, = sin t b) The height of the projectile at time t is given by y.
2 2 √
When t = 3, y = 75 2(3) − 16 · 32 ≈ 174.2 ft.
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can eliminate the √
parameter: When t = 6, y = 75 2(6) − 16 · 62 ≈ 60.4 ft.
sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 c) The ball hits the ground when y = 0, so we solve
2 2 the equation y = 0.
y x √
+ =1 75 2t − 16t2 = 0
2 2 √
y2 x2 t(75 2 − 16t) = 0
+ =1 t = 0 or t ≈ 6.6
4 4
x2 + y 2 = 4 Time t = 0 corresponds to the time before the pro-
jectile is launched. The projectile hits the ground
59. x = 3 sin t, y = cos t; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π when t ≈ 6.6, so it is in the air for about 6.6 sec.

y
d) Since the projectile is in the air for about 6.6 sec,
the horizontal distance it travels is given by
√
4 x = 75 2(6.6) ≈ 700 ft.
2
e) The maximum height of the projectile is the maxi-
4 2 2 4 x mum value of the quadratic function represented by
2 y. At the vertex of that function we have
√
4 b 75 2
t=− =− ≈ 3.3
2a 2(−16)
x = 3 sin t, y = 2 cos t; 0 t 2p When t ≈ 3.3,
√
y ≈ 75 2(3.3) − 16(3.3)2 ≈ 175.8 ft.
To ﬁnd an equivalent rectangular equation, we ﬁrst solve
x
x = 3 sin t for sin t: = sin t. 63. y 2 − 4y − 12x − 8 = 0
3
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can eliminate the y 2 − 4y = 12x + 8
parameter: y − 4y + 4 = 12x + 8 + 4
2

2 2
sin t + cos t = 1 (y − 2)2 = 12x + 12
2
x (y − 2)2 = 12(x + 1)
+ y2 = 1
3 (y − 2)2 = 12[x − (−1)]
2
x The vertex of this parabola is (−1, 2), so answer B is cor-
+ y2 = 1
9 rect.
60. y = 2x − 3 64. A straight line can intersect an ellipse at 0 points, 1 point,
Answers may vary. or 2 points but not at 4 points, so answer D is correct.
If x = t, then y = 2t − 3. 65. x2 + 4y 2 = 4
If x = t + 1, then y = 2(t + 1) − 3 = 2t − 1. x2 y2
+ = 1 Dividing by 4
61. y = x2 + 4 4 1
This represents an ellipse with center (0, 0) and a hori-
Answers may vary. zontal major axis with vertices (−2, 0) and (2, 0) and y-
If x = t, y = t2 + 4. intercepts (0, −1) and (0, 1). Graph C is the graph of this
If x = t − 2, y = (t − 2)2 + 4 = t2 − 4t + 8. ellipse.

62. a) We substitute 0 for h, 150 for v0 , and 45◦ for θ in 66. Familiarize. Let x and y represent the numbers.
the parametric equations for projectile motion. Translate. The product of the numbers is 4.
x = (v0 cos θ)t xy = 4
= (150 cos 45◦ )t 65
√ The sum of the reciprocals is .
2 √ 56
= 150 · t = 75 2t 1 1 65
2 + =
x y 56
y = h + (v0 sin θ)t − 16t2
Carry out. We solve the system of equations.
= 0 + (150 sin 45◦ )t − 16t2
√ xy = 4, (1)
2 √
= 150 · t − 16t2 = 75 2t − 16t2 1 1 65
2 + = (2)
x y 56

First solve equation (1) for y. 68. The vertices are (0, −3) and (0, 3), so the center is (0, 0),
4 and the major axis is vertical.
y=
x x2 y2
+ =1
4 a2 32
Then substitute for y in equation (2) and solve for x. √
x 1 3 3
1 1 65 Substitute − , and solve for a.
+ = 2 2
x 4/x 56 2 √ 2
1 x 65 1 3 3
+ = −
x 4 56 2 2
+ =1
1 x 65 a2 32
56x + = 56x · 1 3
x 4 56 + =1
4a2 4
56 + 14x2 = 65x
1 + 3a2 = 4a2 Multiplying by 4a2
14x − 65x + 56 = 0
2
1 = a2
(2x − 7)(7x − 8) = 0
1=a
2x − 7 = 0 or 7x − 8 = 0
y2
2x = 7 or 7x = 8 The equation of the ellipse is x2 + = 1.
9
7 8
x= or x= 400
2 7 69. A and B are the foci of the hyperbola, so c = = 200.
7 4 2 8 2
If x = , y = =4· = . 0.186 mi
2 7/2 7 7 300 microseconds · = 55.8 mi, the diﬀer-
1 microsecond
8 4 7 7 ence of the ship’s distances from the foci. That is, 2a =
If x = , y = =4· = .
7 8/7 8 2 55.8, so a = 27.9.
7 8 Find b2 .
In either case the possible numbers are
and .
2 7 c2 = a2 + b2
7 8 1 1 2 7 16 49 65
Check. · = 4; + = + = + = . 2002 = 27.92 + b2
2 7 7/2 8/7 7 8 56 56 56
The answer checks. 39, 221.59 = b2
7 8 Then the equation of the hyperbola is
State. The numbers are and .
2 7 x2 y2
− = 1.
67. Using (x − h) + (y − k) = r and the given points, we
2 2 2
778.41 39, 221.59
have
70. See page 833 of the text.
(10 − h)2 + (7 − k)2 = r2 (1)
(−6 − h)2 + (7 − k)2 = r2 (2) 71. Circles and ellipses are not functions.
(−8 − h)2 + (1 − k)2 = r2 (3) 72. The procedure for rotation of axes would be done ﬁrst
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1). when B = 0. Then you would proceed as when B = 0.
(10 − h)2 − (−6 − h)2 = 0 73. Each graph is an ellipse. The value of e determines the
64 − 32h = 0 location of the center and the lengths of the major and
minor axes. The larger the value of e, the farther the
h=2
center is from the pole and the longer the axes.
Subtract equation (3) from equation (2).
(−6 − h)2 − (−8 − h)2 + (7 − k)2 − (1 − k)2 = 0
Chapter 10 Test
20 − 4h − 12k = 0
20 − 4(2) − 12k = 0
k=1 1. Graph (c) is the graph of 4x2 − y 2 = 4.
Substitute h = 2, k = 1 into equation (1). 2. Graph (b) is the graph of x2 − 2x − 3y = 5.
(10 − 2)2 + (7 − 1)2 = r2
3. Graph (a) is the graph of x2 + 4x + y 2 − 2y − 4 = 0.
100 = r2
10 = r 4. Graph (d) is the graph of 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36.

The equation is (x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 100. 5. x2 = 12y

x2 = 4 · 3y
V : (0, 0), F : (0, 3), D : y = −3

y a = 4, b = 3
4 The center is (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal, so the
√ 0). Since c = a − b√, we have
2 2 2
2 vertices are (−4, 0) and (4,
2
c√ = 16 − 9 = 7, so c = 7 and the foci are (− 7, 0) and
4 2 2 4 x ( 7, 0).
2

4
x 2 12y

6. y 2 + 2y − 8x − 7 = 0
y 2 + 2y = 8x + 7
y 2 + 2y + 1 = 8x + 7 + 1
(y + 1)2 = 8x + 8
[y − (−1)]2 = 4(2)[x − (−1)]
V : (−1, −1)
F : (−1 + 2, −1) or (1, −1) 10. (x + 1)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1
D : x = −1 − 2 = −3 4 9
[x − (−1)]2 (y − 2)2
y + =1
22 32
4 The center is (−1, 2). Note that a = 3 and b = 2. The
2 major axis is vertical, so the vertices are 3 units below and
above the center:
4 2 2 4 x
(−1, 2 − 3) and (−1, 2 + 3) or (−1, −1) and (−1, 5).
2 √
4
We know that c2 =√a2 − b2 , so c2 = 9 − 4 = 5 and c = 5.
Then the foci are 5 units below and above the center:
√ √
y 2 2y 8x 7 0 (−1, 2 − 5) and (−1, 2 + 5).

7. (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k)
(x − 0)2 = 4 · 2(y − 0)
x2 = 8y
8. Begin by completing the square twice.
x2 + y 2 + 2x − 6y − 15 = 0
x2 + 2x + y 2 − 6y = 15
(x2 + 2x + 1) + (y 2 − 6y + 9) = 15 + 1 + 9
(x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
[x − (−1)]2 + (y − 3)2 = 52 11. The vertices (0, −5) and (0, 5) are on the y-axis, so the
Center: (−1, 3), radius: 5 major axis is vertical and a = 5. Since the vertices are
equidistant from the center, the center of the ellipse is at
4
the origin. The length of the minor axis is 4, so b = = 2.
2
x2 y2
The equation is + = 1.
4 25
12. 4x2 − y 2 = 4
x2 y2
− =1
1 4
x2 y2
− 2 =1
12 2
The center is (0, 0); a = 1 and b = 2.
9. 9x2 + 16y 2 = 144 The transverse axis is horizontal, so the vertices are (−1, 0)
x2 y2 (1, 0). Since c2 = a2 + b2 ,√we have c2 √
and √ = 1 + 4 = 5 and
+ =1
16 9 c = 5. Then the foci are (− 5, 0) and ( 5, 0).
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
42 3

a a
Find the asymptotes: y−k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
b b
b b
y = x and y = − x 3 3
a a y − 0 = √ (x − 0) and y − 0 = − √ (x − 0)
3 2 3 2
2 2 √ √
y = x and y = − x 2 2
1 1 y= x and y=− x
y = 2x and y = −2x 2 2
2
is ofthe form y = 4px. A point on the
15. The parabola
y 18
parabola is 6, , or (6, 9).
4 2
2 y 2 = 4px
92 = 4 · p · 6
4 2 2 4 x
2 81 = 24p
4 27
=p
8

4x 2 y 2 4 27 27
Since the focus is at (p, 0) = , 0 , the focus is in.
8 8
(y − 2)2 (x + 1)2 from the vertex.
13. − =1
4 9 16. 2x2 − 3y 2 = −10, (1)
(y − 2)2
[x − (−1)] 2
x2 + 2y 2 = 9 (2)
− =1
22 32
2x − 3y = −10
2 2
The center is (−1, 2); a = 2 and b = 3.
−2x2 − 4y 2 = −18 Multiplying (2) by −2
The transverse axis is vertical, so the vertices are 2 units
below and above the center: − 7y 2 = −28 Adding

(−1, 2 − 2) and (−1, 2 + 2) or (−1, 0) and (−1, 4). y2 = 4

√ y = ±2
Since c2 = a2 + b2 √
, we have c2 = 4 + 9 = 13 and c = 13.
Then the foci are 13 units below and above the center: x + 2(±2)2 = 9
2
Substituting into (2)
√ √
(−1, 2 − 13) and (−1, 2 + 13). x2 + 8 = 9
Find the asymptotes: x2 = 1
a a x = ±1
y − k = (x − h) and y − k = − (x − h)
b b
The pairs (1, 2), (1, −2), (−1, 2) and (−1, −2) check.
2 2
y − 2 = (x − (−1)) and y − 2 = − (x − (−1))
3 3 17. x2 + y 2 = 13, (1)
2 2
y − 2 = (x + 1) and y − 2 = − (x + 1) x+y =1 (2)
3 3
2 8 2 4 First solve equation (2) for y.
y = x+ and y= − x+ y =1−x
3 3 3 3
Then substitute 1 − x for y in equation (1) and solve for
y
x.
4 x2 + (1 − x)2 = 13
2 x2 + 1 − 2x + x2 = 13
4 2 2 4 x 2x2 − 2x − 12 = 0
2
2(x2 − x − 6) = 0
4
2(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
(y 2) 2 (x 1) 2
x = 3 or x = −2
4 9 1
If x = 3, y = 1 − 3 = −2. If x = −2, y = 1 − (−2) = 3.
14. 2y − x = 18
2 2 The pairs (3, −2) and (−2, 3) check.
y2 x2 18. x + y = 5, (1)
− =1
9 18 xy = 6 (2)
y2 x2
− √ =1 First solve equation (1) for y.
32 (3 2)2
√ y = −x + 5
h = 0, k = 0, a = 3, b = 3 2

Then substitute −x + 5 for y in equation (2) and solve for 2700

2l + 2 · = 210
x. l
5400
x(−x + 5) = 6 2l + = 210
l
−x2 + 5x − 6 = 0 2
2l + 5400 = 210l Multiplying by l
−1(x2 − 5x + 6) = 0 2l2 − 210l + 5400 = 0
−1(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 2(l2 − 105l + 2700) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3 2(l − 45)(l − 60) = 0
If x = 2, y = −2 + 5 = 3. If x = 3, y = −3 + 5 = 2. l = 45 or l = 60
The pairs (2, 3) and (3, 2) check. 2700 2700
If l = 45, then w = = 60. If l = 60, then w = =
45 60
19. Familiarize. Let l and w represent the length and width 45. Since length is usually considered to be longer than
of the rectangle, in feet, respectively. width, we have l = 60 and w = 45.
Translate. The perimeter is 18 ft. Check. Perimeter: 2 · 60 + 2 · 45 = 210 ft
2l + 2w = 18 (1) Area: 60 · 45 = 2700 ft2
From the Pythagorean theorem, we have The solution checks.
√
l2 + w2 = ( 41)2 (2) State. The dimensions of the playground are 60 ft by
Carry out. We solve the system of equations. We ﬁrst 45 ft.
solve equation (1) for w.
21. Graph: y ≥ x2 − 4,
2l + 2w = 18
y < 2x − 1
2w = 18 − 2l
The solution set of y ≥ x2 − 4 is the parabola y = x2 − 4
w = 9−l and the region inside it. The solution set of y < 2x − 1
Then substitute 9 − l for w in equation (2) and solve for l. is the half-plane below the line y = 2x − 1. We shade the
√ region common to the two solution sets.
l2 + (9 − l)2 = ( 41)2
l2 + 81 − 18l + l2 = 41 y

2l2 − 18l + 40 = 0 5
4
(3, 5)

2(l − 9l + 20) = 0
2 3
2
2(l − 4)(l − 5) = 0 1
5 4 3 1 1 3 4 5 x
1
l = 4 or l = 5
(1, 3) 3
If l = 4, then w = 9 − 4 = 5. If l = 5, then w = 9 − 5 = 4.
Since length is usually considered to be longer than width, 5

we have l = 5 and w = 4.
To ﬁnd the points of intersection of the graphs of the re-
Check. The perimeter
√ is 2 · 5√+ 2 · 4, or 18 ft. The length lated equations we solve the system of equations
of a diagonal is 52 + 42 , or 41 ft. The solution checks.
y = x2 − 4,
State. The dimensions of the garden are 5 ft by 4 ft.
y = 2x − 1.
20. Familiarize. Let l and w represent the length and width The points of intersection are (−1, −3) and (3, 5).
of the playground, in feet, respectively.
22. 5x2 − 8xy + 5y 2 = 9
Translate.
A = 5, B = −8, C = 5
Perimeter: 2l + 2w = 210 (1)
B 2 − 4AC = (−8)2 − 4 · 5 · 5 = 64 − 100 = −36
Area: lw = 2700 (2)
Since the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
Carry out. We solve the system of equations. First solve
(or a circle). To rotate the axes we ﬁrst determine θ.
equation (2) for w.
A−C 5−5
2700 cot 2θ = = =0
w= B −8
l
2700 Then 2θ = 90◦ and θ = 45◦ , so
Then substitute for w in equation (1) and solve for √ √
l 2 2
l. sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
Now substitute in the rotation of axes formulas.
x = x cos θ − y sin θ
√ √ √
2 2 2
= x − y = (x − y )
2 2 2

y = x sin θ + y cos θ right of the pole. Using the table on page 868 in the text,
√ √ √ we see that the equation is of the form
2 2 2
= x + y = (x + y ) ep
2 2 2 r= .
1 + e cos θ
Substitute for x and y in the given equation.
√ 2 √ √ Substituting 2 for e and 3 for p, we have
2 2 2 2·3
5 (x − y ) − 8 (x − y ) (x + y ) + r= =
6
.
2 2 2 1 + 2 cos θ 1 + 2 cos θ
√ 2
2
5 (x + y ) = 9 y
2 25.
18
After simplifying we have
(x )2
+ (y )2 = 1.
9
This is the equation of an ellipse with vertices (−3, 0) and
(3, 0) on the x -axis. The y -intercepts are (0, −1) and
(0,1). We sketch the graph.
2
1 2 3 4 x
y
x = √t, y = t + 2; 0 t 16
y' 4 x'

2
45
26. x = 3 cos θ, y = 3 sin θ; 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
4 2 2 4 x
To ﬁnd an equivalent rectangular equation, we ﬁrst solve
2 for cos θ and sin θ in the parametric equations:
x y
4 = cos θ, = sin θ
3 3
Using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we can substitute to
2 eliminate the parameter:
23. r =
1 − sin θ
ep sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1
The equation is of the form r = with e = 1. 2 2
1 − e sin θ y x
Since e = 1, the graph is a parabola. + =1
3 3
y x2 y2
+ =1
2
9 9
2 r=
1 − sin u x2 + y 2 =9
1
For 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, −3 ≤ 3 cos θ ≤ 3.
2 1 1 2 x Then we have x2 + y 2 = 9, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3.
1

2
27. y = x − 5
Answers may vary.
Since e = 1 and ep = 1 · p = 2, we have p = 2. Thus the If x = t, y = t − 5.
parabola has a horizontal directrix 2 units below the pole. If x = t + 5, y = t + 5 − 5 = t.
3π
We ﬁnd the vertex by letting θ =
2
. 28. a) We substitute 10 for h, 250 for v0 , and 30◦ for θ in
3π the parametric equations for projectile motion.
When θ = , x = (v0 cos θ)t
2
2 2 = (250 cos 30◦ )t
r= = = 1. √
3π 1 − (−1) 3 √
1 − sin = 250 · t = 125 3t
2
2
3π
The vertex is 1, . y = h + (v0 sin θ)t − 16t2
2
= 10 + (250 sin 30◦ )t − 16t2
24. e = 2, r = 3 sec θ
1
The equation of the directrix can be written = 10 + 250 · t − 16t2
2
3 = 10 + 125t − 16t2
r= , or r cos θ = 3.
cos θ
b) The height of the projectile at time t is given by y.
This corresponds to the equation x = 3 in rectangular
coordinates, so the directrix is a vertical line 3 units to the When t = 1, y = 10 + 125 · 1 − 16 · 12 = 119 ft.
When t = 3, y = 10 + 125 · 3 − 16 · 32 = 241 ft.

c) The ball hits the ground when y = 0, so we solve

the equation y = 0.
10 + 125t − 16t2 = 0
−16t2 + 125t + 10 = 0

−125 ± (125)2 − 4(−16)(10)
t=
2(−16)
t ≈ −0.1 or t ≈ 7.9
The negative value for t has no meaning in this ap-
plication. Thus we see that the projectile is in the
air for about 7.9 sec.
d) Since the projectile is in the air for about 7.9 sec,
the horizontal distance it travels is given by
√
x = 125 3(7.9) ≈ 1710.4 ft.
e) The maximum height of the projectile is the maxi-
mum value of the quadratic function represented by
y. At the vertex of that function we have
b 125
t=− =− = 3.90625.
2a 2(−16)
When t = 3.90625,
y = 10 + 125(3.90625) − 16(3.90625)2 ≈ 254.1 ft.
29. (y−1)2 = 4(x+1) represents a parabola with vertex (−1, 1)
that opens to the right. Thus the correct answer is A.
30. Use the midpoint formula to ﬁnd the center.

1 + 5 1 + (−3)
(h, k) = , = (3, −1)
2 2
Use the distance formula to ﬁnd the radius.
1 1 √
r= (1 − 5)2 + (1−(−3))2 = (−4)2 + (4)2 = 2 2
2 2
Write the equation of the circle.
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
√
(x − 3)2 + [y − (−1)]2 = (2 2)2
(x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 8

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