SQL SERVER

SQL COMMANDS

DDL Commands (Data Defintion Language )

1. Create - to create database and table

2. use - to select specific database
3. alter - to modify the structure of table
4. drop - to drop/delete database , table
5. truncate - to delete all records at a time from table

DML Commands (Data Manipulation Language)

1. insert - to insert records/data in a table

2. update - to update/modify inserted/saved data
3. delete - to delete specific record from table

DCL Commands (Data Control Language)

grant - to give access of database

revoke - to take back access of database

DQL Commands (Data Querry Language)

select - to show/fetch records

TCL Commands (Transaction Control Language)

commit
savepoint -
rollback

/* create database */

create database database_name;

create database batch10;

/* select database */

use database_name;

use batch10;

/* datatypes */

1) Numeric data types

1. int (-2,147,483,648 bits to 2,147,483,648) 1000 bits = 1byte
1000 byte = 1kb 1024kb = 1mb 6000000000
 2. bigint (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 )
3. smallint (-32,768 to 32,768)
4. decimal
5. tinyint ( 0 - 255)
6. numeric

6999999999
7999999999

2) character String data types

1. char(8000 bits of characters) only alphabets
2. varchar (8000 characters) alphanumeric values (numbers+characters)
3. varchar(max) (231 characters)
4. nchar (4000 characters)
5. nvarchar (4000 characters)
6. text

char(15)
int

3)date and time datatype

1. date ('yyyy-mm-dd')
2. time ('hh:mm:ss')
3. datetime (jan-1-1753 to dec-31-9999) ('yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss')
4. smalldatetime (jan-1-1900 to jun-6-2079)

4) binary datatypes
1. binary (fixed binary length 8000 bytes)
2. varbinary (variable length 8000 bytes)

3. image

/* create table */

create table table_name

(
column1 datatype(length),
column2 datatype(length),
.
.
columnN datatype(length)
);

create table tbl_student

(
stud_id int,
stud_name char(40),
stud_address varchar(60),
stud_contactno bigint,
stud_email varchar(30),
stud_DOB date,
stud_Fees decimal,
stud_course varchar(30)
);

use batch10;

/* drop table */

drop table table_name;

drop table tbl_student;

/* drop database */
use admin;
drop database database_name;

drop database batch10;

create database batch10;

use batch10;

/* create table */

create table tbl_employee

(
emp_id int,
emp_name varchar(40),
emp_address varchar(50),
emp_mail varchar(30),
emp_contactno bigint,
emp_DOB date,
emp_salary decimal,
emp_dept_id int,
emp_qualification varchar(30),
emp_adharno bigint
);

/* show table / fetch records */

select columnnames from tablename;

select column1, column2,.....columnN from tablename;
select emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno, emp_DOB, emp_salary,
emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno from tbl_employee;

select emp_id, emp_name, emp_adharno, emp_salary from tbl_employee;

select * from tbl_employee;

/* insert data or records */

address method
value method

/* address method */

insert into table_name (column1, column2,....columnN) values ('val1',

'val2',......'valN');

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,

emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (1, 'Sahil', 'Pune', 'sahil@yahoo.com',9089786756, '1999-10-04', 40000, 5,
'BE-IT', 123456789012);

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,

emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (3124567890, 'Sahil', 'Pune', 'sahil@yahoo.com',9089786756, '1999-10-04',
40000, 5, 'BE-IT', 123456789012);

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,

emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (4, 'Riya', 'Aundh', ' ',9089786756, '1999-10-04', 40000, 5, 'BE-IT',
123456789012);

select * from tbl_employee;

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_contactno, emp_DOB,

emp_salary, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (2, 'Kiran', 'Pune', 8009786756, '1995-03-24', 35000, 'BE-IT',
989856789012);

/* direct fetch records from form*/

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,

emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values ( '@emp_id', '@emp_name', '@emp_address', '@emp_mail', '@emp_contactno',
'@emp_DOB', '@emp_salary', '@emp_dept_id', '@emp_qualification', '@emp_adharno');

/* value method */

insert into tablename values ('val1', 'val2',....,'valN');

insert into tbl_employee values (3, 'Pooja', 'Hadapsar', 'pooja@gmail.com',
8988999990, '2000-05-30', 40000, 2, 'BE-civil', 899898989898);

insert into tbl_employee values (3, 'Pooja', 'Hadapsar', 'pooja@gmail.com',

8988999990, 40000, 2, 'BE-civil', 899898989898); /* error */

use batch10;

select * from tbl_employee;

/* alter to add column */

alter table tablename add columnname datatype(length);

alter table tbl_employee add emp_bankdetails bigint;

/* alter to modify column */

alter table tablename alter column columnname datatype(length);

alter table tbl_employee alter column emp_bankdetails varchar(40);

/* alter to drop column */

alter table tablename drop column/index/constraint

columnname/indexname/constraintname;

alter table tbl_employee drop column emp_bankdetails;

select * from tbl_employee;

/* update */

update tablename set newvalue where condition ;

update tbl_employee set emp_mail = 'kiran@gmail.com' where emp_id = 2;

select * from tbl_employee;

update tbl_employee set emp_address = 'Poona' where emp_address = 'Pune';

update tbl_employee set emp_mail = 'riya@gmail.com' where emp_mail = ' ';

update tbl_employee set emp_dept_id = 10 where emp_dept_id is null;

insert into table_name (column1, column2,....columnN)

values ('val1', 'val2',......'valN'),
('val1', 'val2',......'valN'),
('val1', 'val2',......'valN');

insert into tbl_employee ( emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_mail, emp_contactno,

emp_DOB, emp_salary, emp_dept_id, emp_qualification, emp_adharno)
values (5, 'Meera', 'Pune', 'meera@yahoo.com',7767786756, '1999-09-14', 45000, 3,
'BE-Mechanical', 167676789012),
(6, 'Rahul', 'Hadapsar', 'rahul@gmail.com',7897786756, '1998-01-18', 50000,
2, 'BE-Civil', 223456789012);

select * from tbl_employee;

/* delete */

delete from tablename where condition;

delete from tbl_employee where emp_qualification = 'BE-Mechanical';

select * from tbl_employee;

/* truncate */

truncate table table_name;

truncate table tbl_employee;

/* SQL Operators */

1) Arithmetic Operators

a = 10 b = 20
1. Addition (+) a + b
2. Subtraction (-)
3. Multiplication (*)
4. Division (/)
5. Modulus (%)

a = 10 b = 3
a/b = 10/3 =

2) Comparison Operators
a = 10; b = 5;
1. = a = b false
2. != a != b
3. > a > b
4. < a < b
 5. >= a >= b
6. <= a <= b
9. <> a<>b

3) Logical Operators
1. ANY select * from product any (select * from order where productid =
10);
2. AND select * from student where marks > 80 and age < 16;
3. OR select * from student where marks > 80 or age < 16;
4. EXISTS
5. LIKE
6. BETWEEN - between [lowerrange] and [higherrange]
7. IN - columnname in('val1',...., 'valN')
'val' in(col1,col2,.....)
8. NOT
9. ALL

use batch10;
select * from tbl_employee;
use customer;
select * from student1;

select marks, studid, marks + studid from student1;

select marks, studid, marks - studid from student1;

select marks, studid, marks * studid from student1;

select marks, studid, marks / studid from student1;

select marks, studid, marks % studid from student1;

/* cluases */

select
from
where
group by
having
order by

/* where */

select * from student1;

select columnnames from tablename where condition;

select * from student1 where marks = 92;

select * from student1 where marks != 92;

select * from student1 where marks > 90;

select * from student1 where marks >= 90;

select * from student1 where marks <= 80;

select * from student1 where marks < 90;

select * from student1 where marks <> 77;

select * from student1 where district like 'pune';

select * from student1 where district like 'pune' and marks < 80;

select * from student1 where district like 'pune' or marks < 80;

select * from student1 where marks between 80 and 90;

select studname from student1 where district in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');

select * from student1 where district in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');

select * from student1 where 'pune' in(address, district, city);

select * from student1 where 'wai' in(address, district, city);

select * from student1 where district not in('pune', 'solapur', 'satara');

select * from student1 where marks not between 80 and 90;

select * from customer;

select * from orders;

select * from customer where exists (select * from orders where customer.custid=
orders.custid and custid = 5);

select * from customer where custid = any (select custid from orders where
productname = 'clothes');

select * from customer where custid = all (select custid from orders where
productname = 'clothes');

/* aggregate functions */

count()
sum()
min()
max()
avg()
round()

select aggregate_function(columnname) from tablename;

select * from student1;

select count(studid) from student1;

select count(state) as no_of_states from student1;

select sum(marks) as total_marks from student1;

select max(marks) as Max_marks from student1;

select min(marks) as Min_marks from student1;

select avg(marks) as avg_marks from student1;

select round(marks, 2) as marks from student1;

/*scaler functions */

len()
upper()
lower()

select len(studname) as length, studname from student1;

select upper(studname)as studname, studname from student1;

select lower(studname)as studname, studname from student1;

/* group by clause */

select aggregate_function(columnname) from tablename group by columnname;

select * from student1;

select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address;

select count(marks) as no_of_students, marks from student1 group by marks;

/* having clause */

select count(marks) as no_of_students, marks from student1 group by marks having

marks > 80;

select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address

having marks > 80;
select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 where marks > 80
group by address ;

select count(address)as no_of_students, address from student1 group by address

having address in('aundh', 'pune', 'hadapsar');

/* order by clause */

select columnnames from tablename order by columnname;

select * from student1;

select * from student1 order by studname;

select * from student1 order by marks;

select * from student1 order by marks desc;

select * from tbl_employee;

select name, salary from tbl_employee where salary > 1250;

/* constraints */

not null
default
check

/* not null */

create table tblnotnull

(
id int not null,
name char(30),
address varchar(40)
);

select * from tblnotnull;

insert into tblnotnull (id, name, address) values (1, 'shreya', 'Wai');
insert into tblnotnull ( name, address) values ( 'shreya', 'Wai');
insert into tblnotnull (id, address) values (1, 'Wai');

/* default constraint */

create table center

(
id int,
name char(30),
center varchar(30) default 'Mumbai'
);

select * from center;

insert into center (id, name, center) values (1, 'sahil', 'pune');
insert into center (id, name) values (1, 'sahil');
insert into center (id, name, center) values (2, 'pooja', 'Thane');
insert into center (id, name) values (3, 'pratik');

/* check constraint */

create table reg

(
id int,
name char(20),
marks decimal,
check(marks > 60)
);

select * from reg;

insert into reg values (1, 'riya', 89);

insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 61);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 60);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 79);
insert into reg values (2, 'tejas', 40);

/* sql keys */

primary key
unique key
alternate key
foreign key
composite key
super key
candidate key

/* primary key */

create table tblstudent

(
studid int primary key,
studname char(30),
address varchar(40)
);

select * from tblstudent;

insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (1, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (2, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent ( studname, address) values ('viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (6, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (3, 'viaan', 'KP');

insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (11, 'viaan', 'KP');
insert into tblstudent (studid, studname, address) values (7, 'viaan', 'KP');

/* unique key */

create table tblstudent1

(
studid int primary key,
studname char(30),
address varchar(40),
mobile bigint unique,
adharno bigint not null unique
);

select * from tblstudent1;

insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile, adharno) values (1,
'viaan', 'KP', 9090909090, 454323456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile, adharno) values (2,
'viaan', 'KP', 8880909090, 134623456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, mobile) values (3, 'viaan',
'KP', 9090909088);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, adharno) values (4, 'viaan',
'KP', 954323456789);
insert into tblstudent1 (studid, studname, address, adharno) values (5, 'viaan',
'KP', 994323456789);

/* foreign key */

columnname datatype foreign key references tablename(columnname)

create table customer

(
id int primary key,
name char(30),
address varchar(40)
);

create table tblorder

(
orderid int primary key,
product char(30),
custid int foreign key references customer(id)
);

select * from customer;

select * from tblorder;

insert into tblorder values (1, 'Colthes', 1);

insert into customer values (1, 'Ganesh', 'Pune');

/* composite key */

create table tblcourse

(
id int,
name char(30),
coursename varchar(30),
primary key(id, coursename)
);

select * from tblcourse;

insert into tblcourse values (1, 'raj', 'java');
insert into tblcourse values (2, 'Priya', 'java');
insert into tblcourse values (1, 'raj', 'python');

/* sql joins */

select * from customer;

select * from orders;
select * from product0;

1.INNER JOIN
2.OUTER JOIN
a.LEFT OUTER JOIN
b.RIGHT OUTER JOIN
c.FULL OUTER JOIN
3.CROSS JOIN
4.SELF JOIN

/* INNER JOIN */

select columnnames from table1 join table2 on table1.columnname =

table2.columnname;

select * from orders inner join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;

/* left outer join */

select * from orders left outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;

/* right outer join */

select * from orders right outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;

/* full outer join */

select * from orders full outer join customer on orders.custid = customer.custid;

/* cross join */

select * from orders cross join customer;

select * from orders cross join customer where custname like 'a%';

select * from orders cross join customer where custname like '%a';

select * from orders cross join customer where custname like '%s%';

select * from customer where custname like 'a%';

select * from customer where custname like '%a';

select * from customer where custname like '%a%';

select * from customer where custname like 'a_______';

select * from customer where custname like 's____';

/* self join */

select * from customer;

select A.custname as CustomerA, B.custname as CustomerB, A.address, B.address

from customer A, customer B
where A.custname <> B.custname and A.address = B.address;

select A.empname , B.designation

from employee A, employee B
where A.exprience = '5years' ;

select * from student1;

select A.studname as StudentA, B.studname as StudentB, A.marks as MarksA, B.marks

as MarksB
from student1 A, student1 B
where A.marks > B.marks;

/* top limit */
select * from student1;

select top [limit] columnnames from tablename;

select top 1 * from student1;

select top 5 * from student1;

select top 3 * from student1 order by marks desc;

/* database refresh or random data */

select * from student1;

for mysql RAND() for oracle n sqlserver NEWID()

select * from student1 order by newid();

select top 5 * from student1 order by newid();

/* auto increment */

for mysql AUTO_INCREMENT() for sql server IDENTITY(1st value, incrementing value)

create table autoid

(
id int identity(1,1),
name char(30),
mobile bigint
);

select * from autoid;

insert into autoid values ( 'ram', 7878787878);

create table autoid1

(
id int identity(10,5),
name char(30),
mobile bigint
);

select * from autoid1;

insert into autoid1 values ( 'ram', 7878787878);

/* index */

create index index_name on tablename (columnnames);

create unique index index_name on tablename (columnnames);

create index idx_id on center(id, center);

create unique index idx_custid on cust(id);

select * from cust;

/* drop index */

drop index tablename.indexname;

drop index cust.idx_custid;

/* stored procedure */

create procedure procedurename

as sql_statement
go;

create procedure studentdata

as select * from tblstudent1
go
;

exec procedurename;

exec studentdata;

/* sql view */

create view view_name as

select columnnames
from tablename
where condition;

create view viewcustaddress as

select custid, custname, address, mobno, email
from customer
where address like 'pune';

select * from viewcustaddress;

/* drop view */

drop view viewname;

drop view viewcustaddress;

select * from customer;