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 What is Syntax?
Syntax comes from the greek word which means “arrange
together”.
Syntax is the study which is concerned with the way in
which words can be combined together to form phrases
and sentences (Radford, 1998). It’s concerned with the
formation and interpretation of phrase and sentence.
Syntax is part of grammar that concerns with the
structure of Phrases and sentences. (Fromkin, et.all,
1990)
 Elements of Syntax

Sentence structure
Phrase The construction of simle,
A group of words without compound, complex, or
compound-complex sentences.
a subject or predicate
Part of sentence
Subject, predicate,
object, direct object. Clause
A group of words with a
subject and verb.
 Type of Phrase
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase
A group of words with a A group of words with a A group of words which is
noun as its headword. verb as headword. modifies a noun.
eg. The young man threw the eg. He has been singing eg. She speaks quite serious
old dog a fish He will go to meet his friend

Adverb Phrase Preposition Phrase

A group of words which A group of words that
function like an adverb. begin with a preposition.
eg. He ran very quickly eg. He arrived by plane
My boss will come next month I know that man with the scar
 Example
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase
The man, some books, Will go, can be done, Too happy, very big,
good boy, those was walking, have quite serious, very
friends. woken up keen.

Adverb Phrase Preposition Phrase

Very slowly, very on Main Street, at store,
carefully, too fast. by the lake, on the
bathroom floor.
 Clause
Group of word
Combination of subject and verb
It has complete meaning itself

Clause divided into 2:

1. Dependent clause (need any other clause, no complete
thought)
2. Independent clause (no need any other clause, complete
thought)
Type of Subordinate Clause

1 2 3
Noun Clause Adjectve Clause Adverbial Clause
It’s often called a ‘relative clause’ since it’s Functions like an adverb in giving information
A group of words containing a finite usually related to a noun whose meaning it about when, where, how or if an action occurred.
verb and functioning like a noun. modifies.
eg. When he arrived, we were all watching TV
She got present because she was the best
eg. The book (whom) we met was my sister
eg. He said that he was tired The dog which take my fish
student
What she said was not true
 Sentence
A sentence is a syntactic unit composed of
fundamental constituents, which are usually a
clause, equipped with conjunctions when needed,
and accompanied by a final intonation.

The sentence is a complete thought

(traditional)
 Type of Sentence

Imperative Interrogative
An imperative sentence issues a command or An interrogative sentence asks a question.
a request to the reader directly. This This sentence might begin with words, such
sentence can end in a period or an as who, what, where, when or why. It ends
exclamation point. with a question mark.
eg. Lock the door when you leave the house. eg. Why do you like pineapples on your
Don't walk around with scissors in your hand! pizza?

Declarative Exclamatory
A declarative sentence makes a An exclamatory sentence illustrates great
declaration or a statement. It can also emotion, such as surprise, excitement and
express an opinion. This sentence ends anger. It ends with an exclamation point.
in a period. eg. We didn't know you were
eg. Vanilla is the best ice cream planning this party for us!
flavor.
Constituent Analysis
A General Theory of Phrases
We can revise our original NP and VP rules to reflect our intermediate
N’ and V’ nodes:
A General Theory of Phrases
X-bar theory explores the similarity between NP and VP rules.
 Determiner
A determiner is a word that sits right before
a noun (N’) in a noun phrase (NP). A
determiner gives information about a noun,
generally about its possession or quantity.
 Deep strcuture
A girl has seen the man
 Deep strcuture
The bell rang and a student entered the building
 X-bar theory
I bought this big book of poems with the red cover
 E S T I O N
Q U
T I M E
 H A N K
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