Mi

cropr
ocessorLabVi
vaQuest
ionswi
thAnswer
s

Mi
cropr
ocessorLabVi
vaQuest
ionswi
thAnswer
s

1.
Whati
saMi
cropr
ocessor
?

Micr
opr
ocessori
saCPUf abr
icatedonasingl
echip,pr
ogr
am-cont
roll
eddev
ice,
whi
chf
etches
t
heinst
ruct
ionsf
rom memory,decodesandexecut
esthei
nst
ructi
ons.

2.Whati
sInst
ruct
ionSet
?

I
tist
hesetoft
hei
nst
ruct
ionst
hatt
heMi
cropr
ocessorcanexecut
e.

3.Whati
sBandwi
dth?

Thenumberofbi
tspr
ocessedbyt
hepr
ocessori
nasi
ngl
einst
ruct
ion.

4.Whati
sCl
ockSpeed?

Clockspeedismeasuredint
heMHzanditdet
erminest
hathowmanyi
nst
ruct
ionsapr
ocessor
canprocessed.Thespeedoft
hemi
cropr
ocessori
smeasuredi
ntheMHzorGHz.

5.Whatar
ethef
eat
uresofI
ntel
8086?

Feat
ures:

· Rel
easedbyI
ntel
in1978

· Pr
oducedf
rom 1978t
o1990s

· A16-
bitmi
cropr
ocessorchi
p.
· Max.CPUcl
ockr
ate:
5MHzt
o10MHz

· I
nst
ruct
ionset
:x86-
16

· Package:
40pi
nDI
P

· 16-
bitAr
it
hmet
icLogi
cUni
t

· 16-
bitdat
abus(
8088has8-
bitdat
abus)

· 20-
bitaddr
essbus-220=1,
048,
576=1meg

· Theaddr
essr
efer
stoaby
tei
nmemor
y.

· I
nthe8088,t
hesebytescomeinonthe8-
bitdat
abus.Inthe8086,by
tesateven
addr
essescomeinonthelowhalfofthedat
abus(bi
ts0-7)andby
tesatoddaddressescome
i
nont heupperhal
fofthedat
abus( bi
ts8-
15).

· The8086canreada16-
bitwor
datanev
enaddressi
noneoper at
ionandatanodd
addr
essint
wooperat
ions.The8088needst
wooper
ati
onsinei
thercase.

· Thel
eastsi
gni
fi
cantby
teofawor
donan8086f
ami
l
ymi
cropr
ocessori
satt
hel
ower
addr
ess.

6.Whati
sLogi
cal
Addr
ess:
?

• Amemor yaddr
essont he8086consistsoft
wonumbers,usual
lywrit
teninhexadeci
mal
andsepar
atedbyacolon,represent
ingthesegmentandt
heoff
set.Thiscombinati
onof
segmentandoff
seti
sr ef
erredtoasal ogi
caladdr
ess

• Logi
cal
addr
ess=segment
:of
fset

7.Whati
sTheEf
fect
iveAddr
ess:

• I
ngener
al,
memor
yaccessest
aket
hef
orm oft
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e:

• Movax,
[baseReg+i
ndexReg+const
ant
]

• Thi
sexampl
ecopi
esawor
dsi
zedv
aluei
ntot
her
egi
sterAX.

• Combi
ned,t
hethr
eeparametersinbracket
sdeter
minewhati
scal
l
edt
heef
fect
ive
addr
ess,
whi
chissimpl
ytheoff
setrefer
encedbyt hei
nstr
uct
ion
8.Whati
sPhy
sical
Addr
ess?

Phy
sical
memor
yaddr
esspoi
ntedbySEGMENT:
OFFSETpai
riscal
cul
atedas:

Phy
sical
addr
ess=(
<SegmentAddr
>*10)+<Of
fsetAddr
>

9.
Whatar
ethef
lagsi
n8086?

I
n8086Carryf
lag,
Parit
yflag,
Auxi
li
arycar
ryf
lag,
Zer
ofl
ag,
Over
fl
owf
lag,
Tracef
lag,
Int
err
upt
f
lag,
Dir
ect
ionfl
ag,andSignfl
ag.

10.
Whycr
yst
ali
sapr
efer
redcl
ocksour
ce?

Becauseofhi
ghst
abi
l
ity
,lar
geQ(Quali
tyFact
or)&t
hef
requencyt
hatdoesn’
tdr
if
twi
thagi
ng.
Cryst
ali
susedasacl
ocksourcemostoftheti
mes.

11.
Whati
sTr
i-
stat
elogi
c?

ThreeLogi
cLevel
sareusedandtheyareHi
gh,Low,Hi
ghimpedancestat
e.Thehighandlow
arenormall
ogi
clevel
s&highimpedancest
ateisel
ect
ri
calopenci
rcui
tcondi
ti
ons.Tr
i-
state
l
ogichasathir
dli
necall
edenabl
eli
ne.

12.
WhathappenswhenHLTi
nst
ruct
ioni
sexecut
edi
npr
ocessor
?

TheMi
croPr
ocessorent
ersi
ntoHal
t-
Stat
eandt
hebusesar
etr
i-
stat
ed.

13.
Whati
sPr
ogr
am count
er?

Program counterhol
dst headdr
essofei
t herthef i
rstbyt
eofthenextinstructi
ontobefetched
forexecuti
onort headdressoft
henextby teofamul t
ibytei
nstr
uct
ion, whichhasnotbeen
compl et
elyfet
ched.Inboththecasesi
tget si
ncr ementedautomati
callyonebyoneast he
i
nstructi
onby t
esgetf et
ched.Al
soProgram registerkeepstheaddr
essoft henexti
nst
ruction.
14.
Whati
s1st/2nd/3r
d/4t
hgener
ati
onpr
ocessor
?

TheprocessormadeofPMOS/NMOS/HMOS/HCMOSt echnol
ogyi
scal
l
ed1st/2nd/3r
d/
4thgenerat
ionpr
ocessor
,andi
tismadeupof4/8/16/32bits.

15.
Namet
hepr
ocessorl
i
nesoft
womaj
ormanuf
act
urer
s?

Hi
gh-end:I
ntel-Pent
ium (
II
,I
II
,4)
,AMD-At
hlon.Low-
end:
Int
el-Cel
eron,
AMD-Dur
on.64-
bit
:
I
ntel
-Itani
um 2,AMD-Opt er
on.

16.
Howmanybi
tcombi
nat
ionsar
ether
einaby
te?

By
tecont
ains8combi
nat
ionsofbi
ts.

17.
Hav
eyoust
udi
edbuses?Whatt
ypes?

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofbuses.

Addr
essbus:
Thi
sisusedt
ocar
ryt
heAddr
esst
othememor
ytof
etchei
therI
nst
ruct
ionorDat
a.

Dat
abus:
Thi
sisusedt
ocar
ryt
heDat
afr
om t
hememor
y.

Cont
rol
bus:
Thi
sisusedt
ocar
ryt
heCont
rol
signal
sli
keRD/
WR,
Sel
ectet
c.

18.
Whati
stheMaxi
mum cl
ockf
requencyi
n8086?

5Mhzi
stheMaxi
mum cl
ockf
requencyi
n8086.

19.
Whati
smeantbyMaskabl
eint
err
upt
s?

Ani
nter
ruptt
hatcanbet
urnedof
fbyt
hepr
ogr
ammeri
sknownasMaskabl
eint
err
upt
.

20.
Whati
sNon-
Maskabl
eint
err
upt
s?

Ani
nter
ruptwhi
chcanbenev
erbet
urnedof
f(i
e.di
sabl
ed)i
sknownasNon-
Maskabl
eint
err
upt
21.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentf
unct
ional
uni
tsi
n8086?

BusI
nter
faceUni
tandExecut
ionuni
t,ar
ethet
wodi
ff
erentf
unct
ional
uni
tsi
n8086.

22.
Whatar
ethev
ari
oussegmentr
egi
ster
sin8086?

Code,
Dat
a,St
ack,
Ext
raSegmentr
egi
ster
sin8086.

23.
WhatdoesEUdo?

Executi
onUnitr
ecei
vesprogram i
nstr
uct
ioncodesanddat
afr
om BI
U,execut
est
hese
i
nstruct
ionsandst
oretheresul
tingener
alregi
ster
s.

24.
Whi
chSt
acki
susedi
n8086?ki
susedi
n8086?

FIFO(Fir
stInFir
stOut
)st
acki
susedi
n8086.
Int
hist
ypeofSt
ackt
hef
ir
stst
oredi
nfor
mat
ioni
s
retr
iev
edf i
rst
.

25.
Whatar
ethef
lagsi
n8086?

I
n8086Carryf
lag,
Parit
yflag,
Auxi
li
arycar
ryf
lag,
Zer
ofl
ag,
Over
fl
owf
lag,
Tracef
lag,
Int
err
upt
f
lag,
Dir
ect
ionfl
ag,andSignfl
ag.

26.
Whati
sSI
M andRI
Minst
ruct
ions?

SI
MisSetI
nter
ruptMask.Usedt
omaskt
hehar
dwar
eint
err
upt
s.

RI
MisReadI
nter
ruptMask.Usedt
ocheckwhet
hert
hei
nter
rupti
sMaskedornot
.

27.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofAddr
essi
ngModes?

A:
-Ther
ear
e12di
ff
erentt
ypesofAddr
essi
ngModes.
Theyar
e:-

<1>Immediat
e:-
TheI
mmedi
atedat
aisapar
tofi
nst
ruct
ion,
andappear
sint
hef
orm of
successi
veby
tes.
<2>Di
rect
:-
A16-
bitmemor
yaddr
ess(
off
set
)isdi
rect
lyspeci
fi
edi
nthei
nst
ruct
ionasapar
tofi
t.

<3>Regi
ster
:-
Dat
aisst
oredi
nar
egi
sterandi
tisr
efer
redusi
ngt
hepar
ti
cul
arr
egi
ster(
except
IP)
.

<4>Regist
erIndi
rect
:-
Theaddressoft
hememor
ylocat
ionwhi
chcont
ainsdat
aoroper
andi
s
det
erminedinanindir
ectway.

<5>I
ndexed:
-of
fsetoft
heoper
andi
sst
oredi
noneoft
hei
ndexr
egi
ster
s.

<6>RegisterRel
ati
ve:
-Thedataisavail
abl
eataneef
ect
iveaddr
essf
ormedbyaddi
ngan8-bi
tor
16-bi
tdispl
acementwiththecontentofanyoneoft
her
egist
ersBX,
BP,
SIandDIi
nthedef
aul
t
(ei
therDSorES)segment .

<7>BasedI
ndexed:
-Theef
fecti
veaddressofthedatai
sfor
med,inthi
saddr
essi
ngmode,
by
addi
ngcont
entofabaseregist
ertothecontentofani
ndexregi
ster
.

<8>Relati
veBasedIndexed:
-Theeffect
iveaddr
essi
sformedbyaddi
ngan8or16-bi
t
displ
acementwi t
hthesum ofcont
entsofanyoneofthebaser
egi
ster
sandanyoneoft
he
i
ndexr egi
ster
s,i
nthedefaul
tsegment.

<9>IntrasegmentDirectMode:
-I
nthi
smode, t
headdresst
owhichthecontr
oli
stobve
tr
ansferredliesint
hesegmentinwhichthecontr
olt
ransf
eri
nstr
ucti
onli
esandappear
sdi
rect
ly
i
nt heinstructi
onasanimmediatedi
splacementval
ue.

<10>IntrasegmentIndirectMode:
-I
nthi
smode,t
hedispl
acementt
owhichthecont
roli
stobe
tr
ansferr
ed, i
sinthesamesegmenti nwhgi
chthecontr
oltr
ansf
eri
nst
ruct
ionli
es,
buti
tispassed
totheinstructi
onindi
rectly
.

<11>Inter
segmentDir
ect
:-
Int
hismode,
theaddr
esst
owhi
cht
hecont
rol
ist
obet
ransf
err
edi
sin
adif
ferentsegment
.
<12>Int
ersegmentIndi
rect
:-
Int
hismode,t
headdr
esstowhichthecontr
oli
stobet r
ansf
err
ed
l
iesinadiff
erentsegmentandi
tispassedtot
heinst
ruct
ioni
ndir
ectl
ysequent
ial
l
y.

28.
Whatar
etheGener
alDat
aRegi
ster
s&t
hei
ruses?

A:-TheRegi
st ersAX,BX,CX,
DXarethegeneral Purpose16-bi
tregi
ster
s.AXr
egisteras16-bit
accumulat
or.BXr egi
sterisusedasanoffsetStorage.CXregi
steri
susedasdef aultori
mplied
counter
.Dxregisteri
susedasani mpli
citoperandordestinat
ionincaseofafewi nstr
ucti
ons.

29.
Whatar
eSegmentRegi
ster
s&t
hei
ruses?

A:-
Thereare4SegmentRegister
sCodeSegment(CS),
DataSegment (
DS),
Ext
raSegment
(ES)&
StackSegment(
SS)regi
ster
s.CSisusedf
oraddressi
ngmemor ylocati
oni
ncode.
DSisusedto
point
sthedata.
ESrefer
stoasegmentwhichisessenti
all
yinanotherdat
asegment.
SSi
sused
fopraddr
essi
ngstacksegmentofmemor y
.

30.
Whatar
eFl
agr
egi
ster
s?

A:
-Di
vi
dedi
nto2par
ts:
-Condi
ti
oncodeorst
atusf
lagsandmachi
necont
rol
flags.

S-
SignFl
ag:
-I
stosetwhent
her
esul
tofanycomput
ati
oni
snegat
ive.

Z-
ZeroFlag:
-I
stoseti
fther
esul
toft
hecomput
ati
onorcompar
isi
onper
for
medbyt
hepr
evi
ous
i
nstr
uct
ioniszero.

C-Carr
yFlag:
-I
ssetwhent
her
eiscar
ryoutofMSBi
ncaseofaddi
ti
onorabor
rowi
ncaseof
subtr
acti
on.

T-
TrapFl
ag:
-I
sset
,t
hepr
ocessorent
erst
hesi
ngl
est
epexecut
ionmode.

I
-I
nter
ruptFl
ag:
-I
sset
,t
hemaskabl
eint
err
upt
sar
erecogni
sedbyt
heCPU.

D-
Dir
ecti
onFlag:
-I
ssetf
oraut
oincr
ement
ingoraut
odecr
ement
ingmodei
nst
ri
ngmani
pul
ati
on
i
nst
ruct
ions.

AC-Auxi
li
aryCar
ryFlag:
-I
sseti
fther
eisacar
ryf
rom t
hel
owestni
bbl
edur
ingaddi
ti
onorbor
row
fort
helowestni
bble.

O-
Ov er
fl
owFlag:-
Isset
ift
her
esul
tofasi
gnedoper
ati
oni
slar
geenought
obeaccommodat
edi
n
adesti
nati
onregi
ster
.
31.
Whatdoest
he8086Ar
chi
tect
urecont
ain?

A:-
Thecomplet
ear
chi
tect
ureof8086canbedi
vi
dedi
nto2t
ypes:
-BusI
nter
faceUni
t(
BIU)&
Execut
ionUni
t.

TheBIUcont
ainst
heci
rcui
tforphy
sicaladdresscal
cul
ati
onsandapr
ecodi
nginst
ruct
ionby
te
queue&itmakest
hebussignal
savail
ableforext
ernal
int
erf
aci
ngoft
hedevi
ces.

TheEUcont
ainstheregi
stersetof8086exceptsegmentr
egi
ster
sandI
P.I
thasa16-
bit
ALU,
abl
etoperfor
m ari
thmeticandLogicoperat
ions.

32)Whatar
eDat
aCopy
/Tr
ansf
erI
nst
ruct
ions?

A:
-Mov

Push

Pop

Xchg

I
n

Out

Xl
at

Lea

Lds/
Les

Lahf

Sahf

Pushf

Popf
33.Whatar
eMachi
neCont
rol
Inst
ruct
ions?

A:
-Nop

Hl
t

Wai
t

Lock

34)Whatar
eFl
agMani
pul
ati
onI
nst
ruct
ions?

A:
-Cl
d

St
d

Cl
i

St
i

35)Whatar
eSt
ri
ngI
nst
ruct
ions?

A:
-Rep

Mov
SB/
Mov
SW

Cmps

Scas

Lods

St
os

36)Whatar
edi
ff
erentpar
tsf
or8086ar
chi
tect
ure?

A:-Thecompl
etear
chi
tect
ureof8086canbedi
vi
dedi
nto2t
ypes:
-BusI
nter
faceUni
t(
BIU)&
Executi
onUni
t.

TheBIUcont
ainst
heci
rcui
tforphy
sicaladdresscal
cul
ati
onsandapr
ecodi
nginst
ruct
ionby
te
queue&itmakest
hebussignal
savail
ableforext
ernal
int
erf
aci
ngoft
hedevi
ces.
TheEUcont
ainstheregi
stersetof8086exceptsegmentr
egi
ster
sandI
P.I
thasa16-
bit
ALU,
abl
etoperfor
m ari
thmeticandLogicoperat
ions.

37.
Whati
sanI
nter
rupt
s

Def:-Anint
erruptoperati
onsuspendsexecutionofapr
ogram sothatthesyst
em cantake
specialact
ion.Theint
erruptr
outi
neexecutesandnormall
yretur
nscont r
olt
otheint
err
upted
procedure,whichthenresumesexecuti
on.BIOShandl
esInt00H-1FH,whereasDOShandlesINT
20H- 3FH.

38.Whati
sanOpcode?

A:
-Thepartoft
heinst
ruct
iont
hatspeci
fi
est
heoper
ati
ont
obeper
for
medi
scal
l
edt
he
Operat
ioncodeorOpcode.

39.
Whati
sanOper
and?

A:
-Thedat
aonwhi
cht
heoper
ati
oni
stobeper
for
medi
scal
l
edasanOper
and.

40.
Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenaJMPandCALLi
nst
ruct
ion?

A:
-AJMPi
nst
ruct
ionper
mant
elychangest
hepr
ogr
am count
er.

ACALLi nst
ruct
ionl
eavesi
nfor
mat
ionont
hest
acksot
hatt
heor
igi
nal
progr
am execut
ion
sequencecanberesumed.

41.
Whati
smeantbyPol
l
ing?

A:
-Poll
i
ngordev i
cePol
l
ingi
sapr
ocesswhi
chi
denf
iest
hedev
icet
hathasi
nter
rupt
edt
he
mi
croprocessor
.

42.
Whati
smeantbyI
nter
rupt
?

A:
-I
nter
rupti
sanext
ernal
signal
thatcausesami
cropr
ocessort
ojumpt
oaspeci
fi
csubr
out
ine.
43.
Whati
sanI
nst
ruct
ion?

A:
-Aninst
ructi
onisabi
nar
ypatter
neneteredt
hroughani
nputdev
icet
ocommandt
he
mi
croprocessort
operf
ormthatspeci
fi
cfunct
ion.

44.
Whati
sMi
crocont
rol
l
erandMi
crocomput
er?

A:
-Micr
ocontrol
lerisadevi
cet
hati
ncludesmicr
opr
ocessor
:memor
yandI
/Osi
gnal
li
nesona
si
ngl
echip,
fabri
catedusi
ngVLSIt
echnology
.

Mi
crocomput eri
sacomputert
hati
sdesi
gnedusi
ngmi
cropr
ocessorasi
tsCPU.
Iti
ncl
udes
mi
croprocessor,
memoryandI/
O.

45.
Whati
sAssembl
er?

A:-
Theassemblert
ransl
atest
heassemblyl
anguageprogram t
extwhi
chi
sgi
venasi
nputt
othe
assembl
ertothei
rbinar
yequi
val
entsknownasobjectcode.

Theti
merequir
edtotr
ansl
atet
heassemblycodetoobjectcodei
scal
l
edaccesst i
me.
The
assembl
erchecksf
orsynt
axer
ror
s&displ
aysthem bef
oregivi
ngt
heobjectcode.

46.
Def
ineVar
iabl
e?

A:
-AVar
iabl
eisani
dent
if
iert
hati
sassoci
atedwi
tht
hef
ir
stby
teofdat
ait
em.

47.
Expl
ainDup?

A:
-TheDUPdi
rect
ivecanbeusedt
oini
ti
ali
zesev
eral
locat
ion&t
oassi
gnv
aluest
othese
l
ocati
ons.

48.
Def
inePi
pel
i
ning?

A:
-I
n8086,t
ospeeduptheexecut
ionpr
ogram,
thei
nst
ruct
ionsfetchi
ngandexecut
ionof
i
nst
ruct
ionsar
eoverl
appedeachother
.t
hisi
sknownasPipel
ining.
49.
Whati
stheuseofHLDA?

A:-HLDAi
stheacknowl
edgmentsi
gnal
forHOLD.I
tindi
cat
eswhet
hert
heHOLDsi
gnal
is
receiv
edornot
.

HOLDandHLDAar
eusedast
hecont
rol
signal
sforDMAoper
ati
ons.

50.Expl
ainabout"
LEA"
?

A:
-LEA(
LoadEf
fect
iveAddr
ess)i
susedf
ori
nit
ial
i
zingar
egi
sterwi
thanof
fsetaddr
ess.

Acommonusef
orLEAi
stoi
nti
ali
zeanof
fseti
nBX,
DIorSIf
ori
ndexi
nganaddr
essi
nmemor
y.

Anequiv
alentoper
ati
ontoLEAi
sMOVwi
tht
heOFFSEToper
ator
,whi
chgener
atessl
i
ght
ly
shor
termachinecode.

51.Di
ff
erencebet
ween"
Shi
ft
"and"
Rot
ate"
.

A:
-Shi
ftandRotatecommandsar
eusedt
oconv
ertanumbert
oanot
herf
orm wher
esomebi
ts
ar
eshift
edorrotated.

Arotat
einstr
uct
ioni
saclosedl
oopi
nst
ruct
ion.
Thati
s,
thedat
amov
edoutatoneendi
sput
backinattheot
herend.

Theshi
fti
nst
ruct
ionl
osest
hedat
athati
smov
edoutoft
hel
astbi
tlocat
ions.

Basi
cdi
ffer
encebet
weenshi
ftandr
otat
eisshi
ftcommandmakes"
fal
lof"bi
tsatt
heendof
ther
egi
ster
.

Wher
erot
atecommandmakes"
wrapar
ound"att
heendoft
her
egi
ster
.

52.Expl
ainabout.
MODELSMALL?

A:-.
MODELdirect
ive:
-Thi
ssi
mpl
i
fiedsegmentdi
rect
ivecr
eat
esdef
aul
tsegment
sandt
he
requi
redASSUMEandGROUPstatements.

I
tsf
ormati
s.MODELmemor
y-model
.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethememr
ymodel
s

Ti
ny:
-Codeanddat
ainonesegment
,for.
COM pr
ogr
ams.

Small
:-
Codeinonesegment(
<=64K)
,dat
ainonesegment(
<=64K)
.Itgener
ates16-
bitof
fset
addr
esses.
Medi
um:
-Anynumberofcodesegment
s,dat
ainonesegment(
<=64K)
.

Compact:
-Codei
nonesegment(
<=64K)
,anynumberofdat
asegment
s.I
tgener
ates32-
bit
adr
esses,
whichrequi
remor
eti
meforexecut
ion.

Lar
ge:
-Codeanddat
abot
hinanynumberofsegment
s,noar
ray>64K.

Huge:
-Codeanddat
abot
hinanynumberofsegment
s,ar
ray
smaybe>64K.

Fl
at:
-Def
inesonear
eaupto4gigabyt
esf
orbot
hcodeanddata.
Iti
sunsegment
ed.
Thepr
ogr
am
uses32-
bitadr
essi
ngandrunsunderWi
ndowsinpr
otect
edmode.

53.
Dif
fer
encebet
weenJMPandJNC?

A:
-JMPi
sUncondi
ti
onal
Branch.

JNCi
sCondi
ti
onal
Branch.

54.
Listt
heSt
ri
ngMani
pul
ati
onCommands?

A:
-REP=Repeat
.

MOVS=Mov
eBy
te/
Wor
d

CMPS=Compar
eBy
te/
Wor
d

SCAS=ScanBy
te/
Wor
d

LODS=Loadby
te/
Wdt
oAL/
AX

STOS=St
orBy
te/
Wdf
rom AL/
A

55.
Whatar
ethe4Segment
s?

A:
-CodeSegmentRegi
ster{
CS}

Dat
aSegmentRegi
ster{
DS}

Ext
raSegmentRegi
ster{
ES}

St
ackSegmentRegi
ster
{SS}
56.
Whati
sthemai
nuseofr
eadypi
n?

A:-
READYisusedbyt
hemi
cropr
ocessort
ocheckwhet
heraper
ipher
ali
sreadyt
oacceptor
tr
ansf
erdata.

Aper
ipher
almaybeaLCDdi
spl
ayoranal
ogt
odi
git
alconv
ert
eroranyot
her
.

Theseper
ipher
alsar
econnect
edt
omi
cropr
ocessorusi
ngt
heREADYpi
n.

I
fREADYi shi
ghthentheper
ipher
yisr
eadyf
ordat
atr
ansf
er.I
fnott
hemi
cropr
ocessorwai
ts
unt
ilREADYgoeshigh.

57.
Expl
ainaboutDi
rect
ionFl
ag?

A:
-Thi
sisusedbyst
ri
ngmani
pul
ati
oni
nst
ruct
ions.

Ift
hisflagbiti
s0, thest
ri
ngisprocessedbegi
nni
ngf
rom t
hel
owestt
othehi
ghest
address,i
.e.
,
.Aut
oincrementmode.

Otherwise,t
hest
ringi
spr
ocessedf
rom t
hehi
ghestt
owar
dst
hel
owest
address,i
.e.
,.
Aut
odecr
ement
ingmode.

58.
Whatar
ethebasi
cuni
tsofami
cropr
ocessor?

Thebasi
cuni
tsorbl
ocksofami
cropr
ocessorar
eALU,
anar
rayof

r
egi
ster
sandcont
rol
uni
t.

59.
whati
sSof
twar
eandHar
dwar
e?

TheSof
twar
eisasetofi
nst
ruct
ionsorcommandsneededf
or

per
for
mingaspeci
fi
ctaskbyapr
ogr
ammabl
edev
iceoracomput
ingmachi
ne.
TheHar
dwar
eref
erst
othecomponent
sordev
icesusedt
ofor
m

computi
ngmachi
neinwhi
chthesof
twar
ecanber
unandt
est
ed.Wi
thoutsof
twar
ethe
Hardwar
eisani
dlemachi
ne.

60.
Whati
sassembl
ylanguage?

Thel
anguagei
nwhi
cht
hemnemoni
cs(
shor
t-handf
orm of

i
nstr
uct
ions)ar
eusedtowri
teapr
ogr
am i
scal
l
edassembl
ylanguage.Themanuf
act
urer
sof
micr
opr
ocessorgi
vethemnemoni
cs.

61.
Whatar
emachi
nel
anguageandassembl
ylanguagepr
ogr
ams?

Thesof
twar
edev
elopedusi
ng1'
sand0'
sar
ecal
l
edmachi
nel
anguage,

pr
ogr
ams.Thesof
twar
edev
elopedusi
ngmnemoni
csar
ecal
l
edassembl
ylanguagepr
ogr
ams.

62.Whati
sthedr
awbacki
nmachi
nel
anguageandassembl
ylanguage,

pr
ogr
ams?

Themachi
nel
anguageandassembl
ylanguagepr
ogr
amsar
emachi
ne

dependent
.Thepr
ogr
amsdev
elopedusi
ngt
hesel
anguagesf
ora

par
ti
cul
armachi
necannotbedi
rect
lyr
unonanot
hermachi
ne.
63.Def
inebi
t,by
teandwor
d.

Adi
gitoft
hebi
nar
ynumberorcodei
scal
l
edbi
t.Al
so,
thebi
tist
he

f
undament
alst
orageuni
tofcomput
ermemor
y.

The8-
bit(
8-di
git
)bi
nar
ynumberorcodei
scal
l
edby
teand16-
bit

bi
nar
ynumberorcodeiscall
edword.(
Somemi
cropr
ocessormanuf
act
uresr
efert
hebasi
cdat
a
si
zeoper
atedbyt
heprocessorasword)
.

64.Whati
sabus?

Busi
sagr
oupofconduct
ingl
i
nest
hatcar
ri
esdat
a,addr
essandcont
rol
signal
s.

65.Whydat
abusi
sbi
-di
rect
ional
?

Themi
cropr
ocessorhast
ofet
ch(
read)t
hedat
afr
om memor
yori
nput

dev
iceforprocessi
ngandaf
terprocessi
ng,i
thast
ost
ore(
wri
te)t
hedat
atomemor
yorout
put
dev
ice.Hencethedatabusi
sbi-di
recti
onal
.

66.Whyaddr
essbusi
suni
dir
ect
ional
?

Theaddr
essi
sani
dent
if
icat
ionnumberusedbyt
hemi
cropr
ocessort
o

i
denti
fyoraccessamemoryl
ocati
onorI/Odev
ice.I
tisanout
putsi
gnal
from t
hepr
ocessor
.
Hencetheaddressbusi
suni
dir
ect
ional
.

67.Whati
sthef
unct
ionofmi
cropr
ocessori
nasy
stem?

Themi
cropr
ocessori
sthemast
eri
nthesy
stem,
whi
chcont
rol
sal
lthe

acti
vi
tyoft
hesystem.Iti
ssuesaddr
essandcontr
ol si
gnal
sandfetchesthei
nst
ruct
ionanddat
a
fr
om memor y
.Thenitexecut
esthei
nstr
uct
iontotakeappropr
iat
eaction.
68.Whatar
ethemodesi
nwhi
ch8086canoper
ate?

The8086canoper
atei
ntwomodesandt
heyar
emi
nimum (
or

uni
processor
)modeandmaxi
mum (ormul
ti
processor
)mode.

69.Whati
sthedat
aandaddr
esssi
zei
n8086?

The8086canoper
ateonei
ther8-
bitor16-
bitdat
a.The8086uses20

bi
taddr
esst
oaccessmemor
yand16-
bitaddr
esst
oaccess1/
0dev
ices.

Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionofM/
IOi
n8086.

Thesi
gnal
M/I
Oisusedt
odi
ff
erent
iat
ememor
yaddr
essand1/
0

addr
essWhenthepr
ocessori
saccessi
ngmemoryl
ocat
ionsMI10i
sasser
tedhi
ghandwheni
t
i
saccessi
ng1/
0mappeddev i
cesi
tisasser
tedl
ow.

Wr
it
ethef
lagsof8086.

The8086hasni
nef
lagsandt
heyar
e

1.Car
ryFl
ag(
CF)6.Ov
erf
lowFl
ag(
OF)

2.Par
it
yFl
ag(
PF)7.Tr
aceFl
ag(
TF)

3.Auxi
l
iar
ycar
ryFl
ag(
AF)8.I
nter
ruptFl
ag(
IF)

4.Zer
oFl
ag(
ZF)9.Di
rect
ionFl
ag(
DF)

5.Si
gnFl
ag(
SF)
16.Whatar
ethei
nter
rupt
sof8086?

Thei
nter
rupt
sof8085ar
eINTRandNMI
.TheI
NTRi
sgener
al

maskabl
eint
err
uptandNMIi
snon-
maskabl
eint
err
upt
.

17.Howcl
ocksi
gnal
isgener
atedi
n8086?Whati
sthemaxi
mum i
nter
nal

cl
ockf
requencyof8086?

The8086doesnothav
eon-
chi
pcl
ockgener
ati
onci
rcui
t.Hencet
he

cl
ockgener
atorchi
p,8284isconnect
edtotheCLKpi
nof8086.Thecl
ocksi
gnalsuppli
edby
8284i
sdivi
dedbythreefori
nter
naluse.Themaxi
mum i
nter
nalcl
ockfr
equencyof8086is5MHz.

18.Wr
it
ethespeci
alf
unct
ionscar
ri
edbyt
hegener
alpur
poser
egi
ster
sof

8086.

Thespeci
alf
unct
ionscar
ri
edbyt
her
egi
ster
sof8086ar
ethef
oll
owi
ng.

Regi
sterSpeci
alf
unct
ion

1.AX16-
bitAccumul
ator

2.AL8-
bitAccumul
ator
3.BXBaseRegi
ster4.CXCountRegi
ster5.DX.
Dat
aRegi
ster

19.Whati
spi
pel
i
nedar
chi
tect
ure?

I
npi
pel
i
nedar
chi
tect
uret
hepr
ocessorwi
l
lhav
enumberoff
unct
ional

uni
tsandtheexecut
ionti
meoffunct
ional
uni
tsar
eov
erl
apped.Eachf
unct
ional
uni
twor
ks
i
ndependent
lymostoftheti
me.

20.Whatar
ethef
unct
ional
uni
tsav
ail
abl
ein8086ar
chi
tect
ure?

Thebusi
nter
faceuni
tandexecut
ionuni
tar
ethet
wof
unct
ional
uni
ts

av
ail
abl
ein8086ar
chi
tect
ure.

21.Li
stt
hesegmentr
egi
ster
sof8086.

Thesegmentr
egi
ster
sof8086ar
eCodesegment
,Dat
asegment
,St
ack

segmentandExt
rasegmentr
egi
ster
s.
22.Def
inemachi
necy
cle.

Machi
necy
clei
sdef
inedast
het
imer
equi
redt
ocompl
eteone

operati
onofaccessi
ngmemory,I
/O,
oracknowl
edgi
nganext
ernal
request
.Thi
scy
clemay
consistoft
hreetosi
xT-
stat
es.

23.Def
ineT-
Stat
e.

T-
Stat
eisdef
inedasonesubdi
vi
sionoft
heoper
ati
onper
for
medi
n

onecl
ockperi
od.Thesesubdiv
isi
onsar
eint
ernal
statessy
nchr
oni
zedwi
tht
hesy
stem cl
ock,
andeachT-
Statei
spreci
selyequalt
oonecl
ockperiod.

24.Li
stt
hecomponent
sofmi
cropr
ocessor(
singl
eboar
dmi
crocomput
er)

basedsy
stem
Themi
cropr
ocessorbasedsy
stem consi
stofmi
cropr
ocessorasCPU,

semiconduct
ormemor
iesl
i
keEPROM andRAM,
inputdev
ice,
out
putdev
iceandi
nter
faci
ng
devi
ces.

25.Whyi
nter
faci
ngi
sneededf
or1/
0dev
ices?

Gener
all
yI/
Odev
icesar
esl
owdev
ices.Ther
efor
ethespeedofI
/O

dev
icesdoesnotmatchwit
hthespeedofmi
cropr
ocessor
.Andsoani
nter
facei
spr
ovi
ded
bet
weensystem busandI
/Odevi
ces.

26.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenCPUbusandsy
stem bus?

TheCPUbushasmul
ti
plexedl
i
nesbutt
hesy
stem bushassepar
ate

l
i
nesforeachsignal
.(Themul
ti
plexedCPUl
i
nesar
edemul
ti
plexedbyt
heCPUi
nter
faceci
rcui
t
t
ofor
m system bus)
.

27.
.Whatdoesmemor
y-mappi
ngmean?
Thememor
ymappi
ngi
sthepr
ocessofi
nter
faci
ngmemor
iest
o

mi
cropr
ocessorandal
l
ocat
ingaddr
essest
oeachmemor
ylocat
ions.

28.
.Whati
sint
err
upt1/
0?

I
fthe1/
0dev
icei
nit
iat
ethedat
atr
ansf
ert
hroughi
nter
ruptt
hent
he1/
0

i
scal
l
edi
nter
ruptdr
iven1/
0.

29.WhyEPROM i
smappedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofmemor
yspacei
n8085

sy
stem?

I
n8085mi
cropr
ocessor
,af
terar
eset
,thepr
ogr
am count
erwi
l
lhav
e

OOOOHaddress.I
fthemonit
orpr
ogram i
sst
oredf
rom t
hisaddr
esst
henaf
terar
eset
,itwi
l
lbe
execut
edaut
omati
call
y.Themoni
tor

pr
ogr
am i
saper
manentpr
ogr
am andst
oredi
nEPROM memor
y.I
f

EPROM memor
yismappedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofmemor
yspace,
i.
e.,
atOOOOH,
thent
hemoni
tor
pr
ogr
am wi
l
lbeexecut
edaut
omat
ical
l
yaf
terar
eset
.

31.
Whati
sDMA?

Thedi
rectdat
atr
ansf
erbet
weenI
/Odev
iceandmemor
yiscal
l
ed

DMA.

32.Whati
stheneedf
orPor
t?

TheI
/Odev
icesar
egener
all
ysl
owdev
icesandt
hei
rti
ming

char
act
erist
icsdonotmatchwi
thpr
ocessort
imi
ngs.Hencet
heI
/Odev
icesar
econnect
edt
o
syst
em busthrought
heport
s.

33.
Whati
sapor
t?

Thepor
tisabuf
fer
edI
/O,
whi
chi
susedt
ohol
dthedat
atr
ansmi
tt
ed

f
rom t
hemi
cropr
ocessort
oI/
Odev
iceorv
ice-
ver
sa.

34.
Giv
esomeexampl
esofpor
tdev
icesusedi
n8085mi
cropr
ocessorbased
sy
stem?

Thev
ari
ousI
NTELI
/Opor
tdev
icesusedi
n8085mi
cropr
ocessor

basedsy
stem ar
e8212,
8155,
8156,
8255,
8355and8755.

35.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eonI
NTEL8255?

TheI
NTEL8255i
saI
/Opor
tdev
iceconsi
sti
ngof3number
sof8-
bit

par
all
elI
/Oports.Theport
scanbeprogrammedtofuncti
oneitherasai
nputportorasaoutput
por
tindi
ffer
entoperat
ingmodes.I
trequi
res4i
nter
naladdressesandhasonelogicLOW chi
p
sel
ectpi
n.

36.
Whati
sthedr
awbacki
nmemor
ymappedI
/0?

WhenI
/Odev
icesar
ememor
ymapped,
someoft
headdr
essesar
e

al
lott
edtoI/
Odevicesandsot hefull
addressspacecannotbeusedf
oraddr
essingmemory(i
.e.
,
physi
calmemoryaddressspacewi l
lbereduced)
.Hencememor ymappi
ngisuseful
onl
yfor
smallsy
stems,
wher ethememor yrequi
rementisless.
37.HowDMAi
sini
ti
ated?

Whent
heI
/Odev
iceneedsaDMAt
ransf
er,
itwi
l
lsendaDMA

requestsi
gnaltoDMAcont rol
ler
.TheDMAcont roll
erint
urnsendsaHOLDr equesttot
he
processor
.Whent heprocessorr
eceivesaHOLDr equest
,itwil
ldri
veit
str
i-
stat
edpinstohigh
i
mpedancest ateattheendofcurrentinst
ructi
onexecuti
onandsendanacknowl edgesignal
to
DMAcont rol
ler
.Nowt heDMAcont roll
erwillper
form DMAt r
ansfer.

38.Whati
spr
ocessorcy
cle(
Machi
necy
cle)
?

Thepr
ocessorcy
cleormachi
necy
clei
sthebasi
coper
ati
onper
for
med

byt
heprocessor
.Toexecut
eani
nst
ruct
ion,
thepr
ocessorwi
l
lrunoneormor
emachi
necy
cles
i
napart
icul
arorder
.

39.Whati
sInst
ruct
ioncy
cle?

Thesequenceofoper
ati
onst
hatapr
ocessorhast
ocar
ryoutwhi
l
e

execut
ingtheinst
ruct
ioni
scal
l
edInst
ruct
ioncycl
e.Eachi
nst
ruct
ioncy
cleofapr
ocessor
i
ndium consi
stsofanumberofmachi
necy cl
es.
40.Whati
sfet
chandexecut
ecy
cle?

I
ngener
al,
thei
nst
ruct
ioncy
cleofani
nst
ruct
ioncanbedi
vi
dedi
nto

fet
chandexecut
ecy cl
es.Thefet
chcycl
eisexecut
edt
ofet
cht
heopcodef
rom memor
y.The
execut
ecycl
eisexecutedtodecodet
he

i
nst
ruct
ionandt
oper
for
mthewor
kinst
ruct
edbyt
hei
nst
ruct
ion.

41.
Whati
sBl
ockandDemandt
ransf
ermodeDMA?

I
nBl
ockt
ransf
ermode,
theDMAcont
rol
l
erwi
l
ltr
ansf
erabl
ockof

dat
aandr
eli
evet
hebusf
orpr
ocessor
.Af
tersomet
imeanot
herbl
ockofdat
aist
ransf
err
edby
DMAandsoon.

I
nDemandt
ransf
ermodet
heDMAcont
rol
l
erwi
l
lcompl
etet
heent
ir
e

.
dat
atr
ansf
eratast
ret
chandt
henr
eli
evet
hebust
opr
ocessor
.

42.Whati
stheneedf
ort
imi
ngdi
agr
am?

Thet
imi
ngdi
agr
am pr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
hest
atusof
vari
oussignals,whenamachi necycleisexecut
ed.Theknowledgeofti
mingdi
agram is
essent
ialforsystem desi
gnertoselectmatchedperi
pher
aldevicesl
i
kememories,l
atches,
port
s,etc.
,toform ami cr
oprocessorsyst
em.

43.Howmanymachi
necy
clesconst
it
uteonei
nst
ruct
ioncy
clei
n8085?

Eachi
nst
ruct
ionoft
he8085pr
ocessorconsi
stsofonet
ofi
vemachi
ne

cy
cles.

44.Def
ineopcodeandoper
and.

Opcode(
Oper
ati
oncode)i
sthepar
tofani
nst
ruct
ion/di
rect
ivet
hat

i
dent
if
iesaspeci
fi
coper
ati
on.

Oper
andi
sapar
tofani
nst
ruct
ion/di
rect
ivet
hatr
epr
esent
sav
alue

onwhi
cht
hei
nst
ruct
ionact
s.
45.Whati
sopcodef
etchcy
cle?

Theopcodef
etchcy
clei
samachi
necy
cleexecut
edt
ofet
cht
heopcode

ofani
nst
ruct
ionst
oredi
nmemor
y.Ev
eryi
nst
ruct
ionst
art
swi
thopcodef
etchmachi
necy
cle.

46.Whatoper
ati
oni
sper
for
meddur
ingf
ir
stT-
stat
eofev
erymachi
necy
cle

i
n8085?

I
n8085,
dur
ingt
hef
ir
stT-
stat
eofev
erymachi
necy
clet
hel
owby
te

addr
essi
slat
chedi
ntoanext
ernal
lat
chusi
ngALEsi
gnal
.

47.Whyst
atussi
gnal
sar
epr
ovi
dedi
nmi
cropr
ocessor
?

Thest
atussi
gnal
scanbeusedbyt
hesy
stem desi
gnert
otr
ackt
he

i
nternaloper
ati
onsoftheprocessor
.Also,
itcanbeusedformemoryexpansi
on(
byprovi
ding
separat
ememor ybanksforprogram &dat
aandselecti
ngthebankusi
ngstat
ussi
gnal
s).

48.Howt
he8085pr
ocessordi
ff
erent
iat
esamemor
yaccess(
read/
wri
te)

and1/
0access(
read/
wri
te)
?

Thememor
yaccessand1/
0accessi
sdi
ff
erent
iat
edusi
ng10IM si
gnal
.

The8085pr
ocessorasser
ts10IM l
owf
ormemor
yread/
wri
teoper
ati
onand10IM i
sasser
ted
hi
ghf
or1/
0read/
wri
teoper
ati
on.

49.Whent
he8085pr
ocessorchecksf
orani
nter
rupt
?

I
nthesecondT-
stat
eoft
hel
astmachi
necy
cleofev
eryi
nst
ruct
ion,
the

8085pr
ocessorcheckswhet
herani
nter
ruptr
equesti
smadeornot
.

50.Whati
sint
err
uptacknowl
edgecy
cle?

Thei
nter
ruptacknowl
edgecy
clei
samachi
necy
cleexecut
edby8085

processort
ogett
headdr
essoft
hei
nter
ruptser
vicer
out
inei
n-or
dert
oser
vicet
hei
nter
rupt
device.

51.Howt
hei
nter
rupt
sar
eaf
fect
edbysy
stem r
eset
?

Whenev
ert
hepr
ocessororsy
stem i
sreset
ted,
all
thei
nter
rupt
sexcept

TRAParedi
sabl
ed.f
uor
dert
oenabl
ethei
nter
rupt
s,El
inst
ruct
ionhast
obeexecut
edaf
tera
reset
.
52.Whati
sSof
twar
eint
err
upt
s?

TheSof
twar
eint
err
upt
sar
epr
ogr
am i
nst
ruct
ions.Thesei
nst
ruct
ions

ar
einser
tedatdesir
edlocat
ionsinapr
ogram.Whi l
er unni
ngaprogr
am,ifsoft
wareint
err
upt
i
nstr
ucti
onisencounter
edthenthepr
ocessorexecutesanint
err
uptser
vicerouti
ne.

53.Whati
sHar
dwar
eint
err
upt
?

I
fani
nter
rupti
sini
ti
atedi
napr
ocessorbyanappr
opr
iat
esi
gnal
att
he

i
nter
ruptpi
n,t
hent
hei
nter
rupti
scal
l
edHar
dwar
eint
err
upt
.

74.Wher
eist
heREADYsi
gnal
used?

READYi
sani
nputsi
gnal
tot
hepr
ocessor
,usedbyt
hememor
yorI
/O

dev
icest
ogetext
rat
imef
ordat
atr
ansf
erort
oint
roducewai
tst
atesi
nthebuscy
cles.
75.Whati
sHOLDandHLDAandhowi
tisused?

Hol
dandhol
dacknowl
edgesi
gnal
sar
eusedf
ort
heDi
rectMemor
y

Access(DMA)t ypeofdatatransf
er.TheDMAcontrol
l
erpl
aceahighonHOLDpininorderto
takecont
rolofthesystem bus.TheHOLDrequesti
sacknowl
edgedbythe8085bydr
ivingal
lit
s
tri
stat
edpinstohighimpedancestateandasser
ti
ngHLDAsignalhi
gh.

76.
Whati
sPol
l
ing?

Pol
l
ingi
saschemeoranal
gor
it
hm t
oident
if
ythedev
icesi
nter
rupt
ing

t
heprocessor
.Poll
i
ngisempl oy
edwhenmul
ti
pledev
icesi
nter
ruptt
hepr
ocessort
hroughone
i
nter
ruptpi
noftheprocessor
.

77.Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofPol
l
ing?

Thepol
l
ingcanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntosof
twar
eandhar
dwar
epol
l
ing.I
n

softwarepoll
i
ngtheent
ir
epoll
ingprocessisgovernbyaprograr
n.1nhar
dwar
epoll
i
ng,t
he
hardwaretakescar
eofchecki
ngthestatusofint
errupt
ingdev
icesandall
owi
ngonebyonet
o
theprocessor.
78.
Whati
stheneedf
ori
nter
ruptcont
rol
l
er?

Thei
nter
ruptcont
rol
l
eri
sempl
oyedt
oexpandt
hei
nter
rupti
nput
s.I
t

canhandl
ethei
nter
ruptr
equestf
rom v
ari
ousdev
icesandal
l
owonebyonet
othepr
ocessor
.

79.Li
stsomeoft
hef
eat
uresofI
NTEL8259(
Progr
ammabl
eInt
err
upt

Cont
rol
l
er)

1. I
tmanageei
ghti
nter
ruptr
equest

2. Thei
nter
ruptv
ect
oraddr
essesar
epr
ogr
ammabl
e.

3. Thepr
ior
it
iesofi
nter
rupt
sar
epr
ogr
ammabl
e.

4. Thei
nter
ruptcanbemaskedorunmaskedi
ndi
vi
dual
l
y.

80.Whati
sapr
ogr
ammabl
eper
ipher
aldev
ice?

I
fthef
unct
ionsper
for
medbyaper
ipher
aldev
icecanbeal
ter
edor

changedbyapr ogram i
nst
ruct
ionthentheperi
pheraldevi
ceiscal l
edprogr
ammabledevi
ce.
Usuall
ytheprogrammabledeviceswil
lhavecontr
ol r
egist
ers.Thedev i
cecanbepr
ogrammed
bysendingcontrol
wordintheprescri
bedfor
matt othecontrolregist
er.
81.Whati
ssy
nchr
onousdat
atr
ansf
erscheme?

Forsy
nchr
onousdat
atr
ansf
erscheme,
thepr
ocessordoesnotcheckt
he

r
eadi
nessoft
hedev
iceaf
teracommandhav
ebeeni
ssuedf
or

read/wri
teoper
ation.f
ut hi
sschemet heprocessorwill
requestt
hedevi
cetogetreadyandt
hen
read/W1.i
tetothedeviceimmediatel
yaft
erther equest
.Insomesynchr
onousschemesasmall
delayisal
lowedaftert
her equest
.

82.Whati
sasy
nchr
onousdat
atr
ansf
erscheme?

I
nasy
nchr
onousdat
atr
ansf
erscheme,
fir
stt
hepr
ocessorsendsa

requestt
ot hedevi
ceforread/wri
teoper
ati
on.Thenthepr ocessorkeepsonpol
li
ngthest
atus
ofthedevice.Oncethedevicei
sready,t
heprocessorexecuteadat atr
ansf
eri
nstr
ucti
ont
o
completetheprocess.

83.Whatar
etheoper
ati
ngmodesof8212?

The8212canbehar
dwi
redt
owor
kei
therasal
atchort
ri
-st
atebuf
fer
.
I
fmode(
MD)pi
nist
iedHI
GHt
heni
twi
l
lwor
kasal
atchandsoi
t

canbeusedasout
putpor
t.I
fmode(
MD)pi
nist
iedLOW t
heni
t

wor
kast
ri
-st
atebuf
ferandsoi
tcanbeusedasi
nputpor
t.

84.Expl
aint
hewor
kingofahandshakeout
putpor
t

I
nhandshakeout
putoper
ati
on,
thepr
ocessorwi
l
lloadadat
atopor
t.

Whent heportr
ecei
vesthedata,itwi
l
linfor
mt heoutputdevi
cetocol
lectthedat
a.Oncethe
outputdevi
ceaccept
sthedata,theportwil
linformtheprocessort
hatiti
sempt y
.Nowt he
processorcanl
oadanotherdatatoportandt heaboveprocessisr
epeated.

85.
Whatar
ethei
nter
nal
dev
icesof8255?

Thei
nter
nal
dev
icesof8255ar
epor
t-
A,por
t-
Bandpor
t-
C.Thepor
ts

canbepr
ogr
ammedf
orei
theri
nputorout
putf
unct
ioni
ndi
ff
erentoper
ati
ngmodes.
86.Whati
sbaudr
ate?

Thebaudr
atei
sther
ateatwhi
cht
heser
ial
dat
aar
etr
ansmi
tt
ed.Baud

r
atei
sdef
inedasl/
(Thetimeforabi
tcel
l
).I
nsomesy
stemsonebi
tcel
lhasonedat
abi
t,t
hen
t
hebaudr
ateandbi
ts/secar
esame.

87.Whati
sUSART?

Thedev
icewhi
chcanbepr
ogr
ammedt
oper
for
m Sy
nchr
onousor

Asynchr
onousser
ial
communicat
ioni
scal
l
edUSART(
Uni
ver
sal
Synchr
onousAsy
nchr
onous
Recei
verTr
ansmit
ter
).TheI
NTEL8251A

i
sanexampl
eofUSART.

88.Whatar
ethef
unct
ionsper
for
medbyI
NTEL8251A?

TheI
NTEL825l
Aisusedf
orconv
ert
ingpar
all
eldat
atoser
ial
orv
ice

versa.Thedatatr
ansmissi
onorrecept
ioncanbeei
therasynchr
onousl
yorsynchronousl
y.The
8251Acanbeusedt ointer
faceMODEM andestabl
i
shser i
alcommunicat
ionthr
oughMODEM
overtelephonel
i
nes.
89.Whati
sanI
nter
rupt
?

I
nter
rupti
sasi
gnal
sendbyanext
ernal
dev
icet
othepr
ocessorsoast
o

r
equestt
hepr
ocessort
oper
for
m apar
ti
cul
art
askorwor
k.

90.Whatar
ethecont
rol
wor
dsof8251Aandwhatar
eit
sfunct
ions?

Thecont
rol
wor
dsof8251Aar
eModewor
dandCommandwor
d.

Themodewor
dinf
orms8251aboutt
hebaudrat
e,char
act
erl
engt
h, par
it
yandst
opbi
ts.The
commandwor
dcanbesendtoenabl
ethedat
atransmi
ssi
onandrecepti
on.

91.Whatar
ethei
nfor
mat
iont
hatcanbeobt
ainedf
rom t
hest
atuswor
dof

8251?

Thest
atuswor
dcanber
eadbyt
heCPUt
ocheckt
her
eadi
nessoft
he

tr
ansmit
terorrecei
verandtocheckt
hecharact
ersynchr
oni
zat
ioni
nsy nchr
onousrecept
ion.I
t
al
soprovi
desinformati
onregar
dingvar
iouser
ror
sinthedat
arecei
ved.Thevari
ouserror
condi
ti
onsthatcanbe
checkedf
rom t
hest
atuswor
dar
epar
it
yer
ror
,ov
err
uner
rorand

f
rami
nger
ror
.

92.Gi
vesomeexampl
esofi
nputdev
icest
omi
cropr
ocessor
-basedsy
stem.

Thei
nputdev
icesusedi
nthemi
cropr
ocessor
-basedsy
stem ar
e

Key
boar
ds,
DIPswi
tches,
ADC,
Floppydi
sc,
etc.

93.Whatar
ethet
asksi
nvol
vedi
nkey
boar
dint
erf
ace?

Thet
aski
nvol
vedi
nkey
boar
dint
erf
aci
ngar
esensi
ngakeyact
uat
ion,

DebouncingthekeyandGenerat
ingkeycodes(
Decodi
ngthekey)
.Theset
askar
eperformed
sof
twareifthekeyboar
disint
erf
acedthr
oughport
sandtheyareper
for
medbyhardwareift
he
keyboar
di si
nter
facedthr
ough8279.

94.Howakey
boar
dmat
ri
xisf
ormedi
nkey
boar
dint
erf
aceusi
ng8279?
Ther
etur
nli
nes,
RLot
oRL7of8279ar
eusedt
ofor
mthecol
umnsof

keyboar
dmat r
ix.I
ndecodedscanthescanl
i
nesSLotoSL3of8279areusedtoformtherows
ofkeyboar
dmat ri
x.I
nencodedscanmode,t
heoutputl
i
nesofext
ernal
decoderareusedas
rowsofkeyboardmatri
x.

95.Whati
sscanni
ngi
nkey
boar
dandwhati
sscant
ime?

Thepr
ocessofsendi
ngazer
otoeachr
owofakey
boar
dmat
ri
xand

r
eadi
ngt
hecol
umnsf
orkeyact
uat
ioni
scal
l
edscanni
ng.Thescant
ime

i
sthet
imet
akenbyt
hepr
ocessort
oscanal
lther
owsonebyone

st
art
ingf
rom f
ir
str
owandcomi
ngbackt
othef
ir
str
owagai
n.

96.Whati
sscanni
ngi
ndi
spl
ayandwhati
sthescant
ime?

I
ndi
spl
aydev
ices,
thepr
ocessofsendi
ngdi
spl
aycodest
o7-
segment
LEDstodispl
aytheLEDsonebyonei scal
ledscanni
ng(ormult
ipl
exeddi
spl
ay).Thescant
ime
i
sthetimetakentodispl
ayal
lthe7-segmentLEDsonebyone,
start
ingf
rom f
ir
stLEDand
comingbacktothefi
rstLEDagain.

97.Whatar
ethei
nter
nal
dev
icesofat
ypi
cal
DAC?

Thei
nter
nal
dev
icesofaDACar
eR/
2Rr
esi
sti
venet
wor
k,ani
nter
nal

l
atchandcur
rentt
ovol
tageconv
ert
ingampl
i
fier
.

98.Whati
sset
tl
ingorconv
ersi
ont
imei
nDAC?

Thet
imet
akenbyt
heDACt
oconv
ertagi
vendi
git
aldat
ato

cor
respondi
nganal
ogsi
gnal
iscal
l
edconv
ersi
ont
ime.
99.Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofADC?

Thedi
ff
erentt
ypesofADCar
esuccessi
veappr
oxi
mat
ionADC,

count
ert
ypeADCf
lasht
ypeADC,
int
egr
atorconv
ert
ersandv
olt
age-t
o-f
requencyconv
ert
ers.

100.Def
inest
ack

St
acki
sasequenceofRAM memor
ylocat
ionsdef
inedbyt
he

pr
ogr
ammer
.

101.Whati
spr
ogr
am count
er?Howi
situsef
uli
npr
ogr
am execut
ion?

Thepr
ogr
am count
erkeepst
rackofpr
ogr
am execut
ion.Toexecut
ea

program t
hestar
ti
ngaddressofthepr
ogram i
sloadedinprogr
am count
er.ThePCsendsoutan
addresstofet
chabyteofinst
ructi
onf
rom memor yandincr
ement
si t
scontentaut
omati
cal
ly
.

102.Howt
hemi
cropr
ocessori
ssy
nchr
oni
zedwi
thper
ipher
als?

Thet
imi
ngandcont
rol
uni
tsy
nchr
oni
zesal
lthemi
cropr
ocessor

oper
ati
onswi t
hclockandgenerat
escont
rol
signal
snecessar
yforcommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
he
micr
oprocessorandperi
pher
als.