Prepared by: XII - PHYSICS

Sir Danish Ahmed COMBINED NUMERICAL PRACTICE 2020-2021

TYPE # 11.1 [THERMAL EXPANSIONS]
i) Δ L = α Li Δ T [Δ L = change in length, α = Coefficient of linear expansion in C – 1 or K – 1, Li = initial length]
ii) Δ V = β ViΔ T [ΔV = change in length, β = Coefficient of volume expansion in C – 1 or K – 1, Vi = initial volume]
iii) Lf = Li ( 1 + α Δ T) [Lf = Final length, Li = initial length, Δ T = Change in temperature]
iv) Vf = Vi ( 1 + β Δ T) [Vf = Final volume, Vi = initial volume]
v) β=3α [β & α will be in oC – 1 or K – 1]
𝟒
vi) Vi = π ri [π = 3.14, ri = initial radius of sphere, This formula can used only for sphere, r i = di / 2]
𝟑
Hints: Δ T will not converted into Kelvin it can take in oC or in K both. [Δ T =T2 – T1]
1a) A steel bar is 10 m in length at – 2.5 o C. What will be the change in its length at 25 oC? β for steel = 3.3 x 10 – 5 K – 1
[Ans: 3.025 x 10 – 3 m]
1b) A steel rod has a length of 10 m at a temperature of 25 o C. What will be the increase in length if the temperature is
raised to 35 o C? Given α = 1.1 x 10 – 5 K – 1. [Ans: 1.1 x 10 – 3 m]
1c) A steel rod has a length of exactly 0.2 cm at 30 o C. What will be its length at 60 o C? α for steel = 1.1 x 10– 5C– 1. [Ans:
0.20066 cm]
1d) A steel rod has a length of 10 m at a temperature of 25 oC. What will be the increase in length if the temperature is
raised to 35 oC? Given  = 1.1 x 10 – 5 K – 1. [Ans: 1.1 x 10 – 3]
2a) Find the change in volume of an aluminum sphere of 0.4 m radius when it is heated from 0 oC to 100 o C.
α = 2.4 x 10 – 5 C – 1. [Ans: 0.00193 m 3]
2b) Find the change in volume of brass sphere of 0.6 m diameters when it is heated from 30 oC to 100 o C.
α = 1.9 x 10 – 5 C – 1[Ans: 4.5 x 10-4 m 3]
3a) A brass ring of 20 cm diameter is to be mounted on a metallic rod of 20.02 cm diameter at 20 o C. To what
temperature should the ring be heated? α = 1.9 x 10 – 5 C – 1. [Ans: 72.63 oC]
3b) A cylinder of diameter 1 cm at 30 o C is to be slide into a hole in a steel plate. The hole has a diameter of 0.99970 cm
at 30 o C. To what temperature must the plate be heated? α = 1.1 x 10 – 5 C – 1. [Ans: 57.28 o C]
TYPE # 11.2[GAS LAWS AND GENERAL GAS EQUATION]
i) PV = nRT [When we use this formula then we use P in N/m2, V in m3, n in mol, R = 8.313 J/mol.K, T in Kelvin]
𝐏𝟏 𝐕𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐕𝟐
ii) = [For same gases before and after the change of condition]
𝐦𝟏 𝐓𝟏 𝐦𝟐 𝐓𝟐
Hints: In formula ii, we have to use the same units for each quantity e.g T 1 is in o C then T2 must be in oC similarly if P1
is in atm then P2 also be in atm. Conversion of unit in SI is not necessary.
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐲 𝟏.𝟎𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Liter or dm3⇒ m3 cm3or C.C⇒ m3 Atm⇒ N/m2
1a) Calculate the volume occupied by a gram mole of a gas at 0 oC and at a pressure of 1 atm. [Ans: 0.0224 m 3]
1b) Calculate the volume occupied by a gram mole of gas at 10 oC and pressure of one atmosphere.
1 atm = 1.01 x 10 5 N/m 2. [Ans: 0.023 m 3]
1c) One gram mole of a gas occupies a volume of 24.93 m 3 at a pressure of 500 N/m 2. Find the temperature of the gas in
centigrade. [Ans: 1226.45 oC]
2a) An air storage tank whose volume is 112 lit contains 3 kg of air at pressure of 18 atm. How much air would have to
be forced into tank to increase pressure to 21 atm, assuming no change in temperature? [Ans: 0.5 kg]
2b) An air storage tank whose volume is 110 lit contains 2 kg of air at pressure of 15 atm. How much air would have to
be forced into tank to increase pressure to 18 atm, assuming no change in temperature. [Ans: 0.4 kg]
2c) A scientist stores 22 g of a gas in tank at 1200 atm. Overnight the tank develops slight leakage and the pressure drops
to 18 atm. Calculate the mass of the gas escaped. [Ans: 4.59 g]
TYPE # 11.3 [KINETIC THEORY OF GASES]
̅̅̅̅𝟐 = √𝟑𝐏 = √𝟑𝐊𝐓[Here 𝐕
i) VRMS = √𝐕 ̅̅̅̅𝟐 in m /sec, P in N / m 2, ρ in Kg / m 3, T in Kelvin, m in Kg& K = 1.38 x 10 – 23]
𝛒 𝐦

𝐌
ii) m = (𝐍 ) Kg [Here M is the molecular mass For H2 = 2, For N2 = 28, For O2 = 16 etc, NA = 6.02 x 10 23]
𝐀 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑
iii) K.E = K T [ Here K.E in Joule , K = 1.38 x 10 – 23& T in Kelvin]
𝟐
𝐊.𝐄 𝟑 𝐊.𝐄
iv) = RT [ Here is K.E per mole in Joule/ mol , R = 8.313 J/mol. K and T in Kelvin]
𝐧 𝟐 𝐧
Prepared by: XII - PHYSICS
Sir Danish Ahmed COMBINED NUMERICAL PRACTICE 2020-2021
Hints: In Q 3 don’t take the root of the answer because we have to find only mean square velocity]
1a) Find VRMS of hydrogen gas molecule at 100 oC take mass of the hydrogen molecule 3.32 x 10 – 27 kg. [Ans: 2156.6 m/s]
1b) Find the VRMS of the nitrogen molecule at 27 o C. Mass of nitrogen molecule is 4.67 x 10-26 kg. [Ans: 515.7 m/s]
1c) Calculate R.M.S speed of hydrogen molecule at 800 K. [Ans: 3158.6 m/s]
1d) Calculate density of hydrogen gas, considering it to be an ideal gas when the R.M.S of hydrogen molecule is 1850 m/s
at 0 oC and at 1 atm pressure. [Ans: 0.088 kg/m 3]
1f) Calculate the VRMS of hydrogen molecule at 0oC and 1 atm pressure, assuming hydrogen to be ideal gas. Under these
condition hydrogen has a density of 8.99 x 10 – 2 Kg/m 3. [Ans: 1835.86 m/sec]
2a) Determine the average value of kinetic energy of gas at 300 K. [Ans: 6.21 x 10 – 21 J]
2b) Determine the average value of the kinetic energy of the particles of an ideal gas at 0 oC and at 50 o C. [Ans: 5.65 x 10
– 21
J, 6.68 x 10 – 21 J]
2c) What is the kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas at 0 oC and 50oC [Ans: 3404.5 J/mol, 4026.2 J/mol]
3) At certain temperature the average K.E of hydrogen molecule is 6.2 x 10 – 21 J. If mass of hydrogen molecule is 3.32 x
10 – 27 kg. Find temperature & mean square velocity of H2 molecule. [Ans: 299.5 K, 3.735 x 10 6 m/s]
TYPE # 11.4 [SPECIFIC HEAT]
1a) A 50 g piece of metal is heated to 100 oC and then dropped into copper calorimeter of mass 400 g containing 400 g of
water initially at 20 o C. If the final equilibrium temperature of the system is 22.4 oC, find the specific heat of the
metal. Specific heat of the copper is 386 J/ Kg oK. [Ans: 1134.68 J/Kg oK]
1b) A 200 g piece of metal heated to 150 oC & then dropped into an aluminum calorimeter of mass 500 g containing 500g
of water initially at 25 o C. Find equilibrium temperature of system if specific heat of metal is 128.1 J / Kg K. Specific
heat of aluminum is 903 J/Kg oK, while specific heat of water 4200 J/kg oK. [Ans: 299.24 K]
TYPE # 11.5 [ FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS]
i) Δ Q = Δ U + Δ W [Here ΔQ is amount of heat absorb or leave, ΔU is the increase in internal energy and ΔW is work]
ii) ΔW = Fd = PAd = PΔV = nRΔT→ [ P is constant (isobaric)]
iii) |ΔU|P = |ΔU|V = ΔU = nCVΔT
𝟑 𝟓 𝐦
iv) CV = R & CP = R & n =
𝟐 𝟐 𝐌
Here [ΔQ, ΔU & ΔW in Joule, Force (F) in N, displacement of piston (d) in meter, Pressure (P) in N/m 2, change in
volume (ΔV) in m3, number of mole (n) in mol, R = 8.313 J/mol.K, & ΔT is oC or K]
1a) A system absorbs 1000 J of heat & delivers 600 J of work while losing 100 J of heat by conduction to the atmosphere.
Calculate change in internal energy of system. [Ans: 300 J]
1b) A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which it internal energy decreases by 300 J. If at the same time 120
J of work is done on the system, find the heat transferred to or from the system. [Ans: – 420 J]
1c) In a certain process 400 J of heat are supplied to a system & at same time 150 J of work are done by the system.
What is the increase in the internal energy of the system? [Ans: 250 J]
1d) There is an increase of internal energy by 400 J when 800 J of work is done by a system. What is the amount of heat
supplied during this process? [Ans: 1200 J]
1e) A cylinder contains an ideal gas below the gas in the cylinder in supplied 3000 J of heat and the piston rises by 0.35 m
while the internal energy of gas increases by 400 J. Calculate work done by the system. [Ans: 2600 J]
2a) 1200 J of heat energy are supplied to system at constant pressure. The internal energy of the system increased by 750
J & volume 4.5 m 3, find work done against the piston & pressure on the piston. [Ans: 450 J, 100 N/m 2]
2b) When 2000 J of heat energy is supplied to a gas in cylinder at constant pressure of 1.01 x 10 5 N/m 2, the piston of area
of cross section of 2 x 10 – 2 m 2 moves through 0.5 m calculate wok done & the increase in the internal energy. [Ans:
1010 J, 990 J]
3a) If one mole of monatomic gas is heated at constant pressure from –30 oC to 20 oC, find change in internal energy &
work done during process. [Ans: 623.5 J, 415.7 J]
TYPE # 11.6 [CARNOT ENGINE]
𝚫𝐖 𝐐𝟐 𝐓𝟐
i) η = =1− =1− [ Q1 is gain, Q2 is loss, Q1> Q2] [ T1 is hot , T2 is cold, T1> T2, T1& T2 must be in Kelvin]
𝐐𝟏 𝐐𝟏 𝐓𝟏
ii) ΔW = Q1 – Q2& ΔT = T1 – T2
𝚫𝐖
iii) P = [Here Power (P)in Watt & ΔW in Joule &time (t) insec]
𝐭

1a) Find efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 100 oC and 50 oC [Ans: 13.4%]
1b) The efficiency of heat engine is 50%. If the temperature of the cold reservoir is 300 K, find the temperature of the hot
reservoir. [Ans: 600 K]
Prepared by: XII - PHYSICS
Sir Danish Ahmed COMBINED NUMERICAL PRACTICE 2020-2021
1c) Find efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 150 oC and 50 oC [Ans: 23.6%]
1d) A heat engine operates b/w two reservoir at temperatures of 25 oC and 300 oC. What is efficiency? [Ans: 48%]
2a) An ideal heat engine operates in Carnot’s cycle between temperature 227 oC and 127 oC and its absorbs 600 J of heat
energy, find (i) work done per cycle (ii) efficiency of the engine. [Ans: 20%, 120 J]
2b) A heat engine performing 400 J of work in each cycle has an efficiency of 25%. How much heat is absorbed and
rejected in each cycle? [Ans: 1600 J, 1200 J]
2c) A heat engine performing 200 J of work in each cycle has an efficiency of 20%. How much heat is absorbed and
expelled in each cycle? [Ans: 1000 J, 800 J]
3a) A heat engine performs work 0.4166 watts in one hour and rejects 4500 J of heat energy to the sink. What is the
efficiency of the engine? [Ans: 25%]
3b) A heat engine performs works at the rate of 500 KW. The efficiency of the engine is 30%, calculate the loss of heat
per hour. [Ans: 4.2 x 10 9 J]
4a) A Carnot engine performs 2000 J of work and rejects 4000 J of heat to the sink. If difference of temperature between
the source and the sink is 85 oC, find the temperature of source and sink. [Ans: 255 K, 170 K]
4b) A heat engine performs 1000 J of work at the same time rejects 4000 J of heat energy to the cold reservoir. What is
the efficiency of the engine? If the difference of temperature b/w the sink & the source of this engine is 75 oC, find
temperature of its source. [Ans: 20%, 375 K]
4c) The difference of temperature of hot and cold body is 120 oC. If heat engine is 30 % efficient, find the temperature of
hot and cold body.
5a) A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is 7 oC has an efficiency of 40%. It is desired to increase the
efficiency to 50%. How much degree must temperature of high temperature reservoir increased? [Ans: 93.4 oC]
5b) A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is 200 K has an efficiency of 50 %. It is desired to increase it to 75
%. By how many degrees must temperature of low temperature reservoir be decreased if temperature of higher
reservoir remains constant? [Ans: 100 K]
5c) The low temperature reservoir of Carnot engine is at – 3 oC & has efficiency of 40%. It is desired to increase
efficiency to 50%. By how many degrees should the temperature of hot reservoir be increased? [Ans: 90 oC]

TYPE # 11.7 [ENTROPY]

1a) 2 kg iron block is taken from furnace when its temperature was 650 oC &place on a large block of ice at0 o C.
Assuming that all the heat given up by the iron is used to melt the ice. How much ice is melted? [Ans: 1.93 Kg]