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Lecture2 Vectors

The document discusses basic vector operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot products, lengths of vectors, unit vectors, angles between vectors, orthogonality, and orthogonal projections. Key concepts covered are defining and calculating dot products, lengths of vectors, unit vectors, angles between vectors using dot products and cosines, determining orthogonality using dot products equaling zero, and decomposing a vector into orthogonal components.

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bangtanmochiman
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

Lecture2 Vectors

The document discusses basic vector operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot products, lengths of vectors, unit vectors, angles between vectors, orthogonality, and orthogonal projections. Key concepts covered are defining and calculating dot products, lengths of vectors, unit vectors, angles between vectors using dot products and cosines, determining orthogonality using dot products equaling zero, and decomposing a vector into orthogonal components.

Uploaded by

bangtanmochiman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

2.1.2 Basic Vector Operations Scalar Multiplication

Consider two vectors a = (xa, ya) and


b = (xb, yb) a b

Equality

a b

a b

Zero Vector
2

Addition and Subtraction • a+b

Given two vectors

a = (xa, ya)

• a−b
b = (xb, yb)
3

Example

Given a = (2, −1, 1), b = (1, 2, −3) and


c = (0, 1, −3), find c − 2a + 3b
4

2.1.3 The Dot (Scalar) Product Example

Given two vectors in Rn Given two vectors u = (2, 1, 3) and


v = (−1, 1, 3), determine u · v
u = (u1, u2, . . . , un), v = (v1, v2, . . . , vn)

the dot product is defined as

u · v = (u1v1 + u2v2 + · · · + unvn)

• Multiply the corresponding elements of


u and v.
• The result is a scalar.
5

The Length of a Vector Example

Given a vector u = (u1, u2, . . . , un) in Rn, Determine the length of the vector
the length or norm of u is defined as u = (2, 3, −1)

√ √
|u| = u·u= u1u1 + u2u2 + · · · + unun

and

|u|2 = u · u
6

Unit Vectors Example

A unit vector û is a vector with the same Find a unit vector in the direction of
direction as u, but with a length of 1 u = (2, 3, −1)

u
û =
|u|
7

Angles Between Vectors

Given vectors u and v

the angle θ between u and v is given by

u · v = |u| |v| cos θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π


8

Example

Find the angle θ between the vectors


u = (2, 1, 3) and v = (−1, 1, 1)
9

Orthogonality Example

If two vectors u and v are orthogonal Show that the vectors u = (1, 1, 5) and
(perpendicular) v = (2, 3, −1) are orthogonal

v
1
(1 )
then θ = 2 π, and cos 2 π = 0.
Hence,

u·v =0
10

Example

Find t if u = (3, t, −2) is orthogonal to


v = (1 − t, −2, 4)
11

Orthogonal Projection

Consider the vector problem

P v S R

−→
Write the vector u = P Q as the sum of two
vectors:
−→
• P S that is parallel to v
−→
• SQ that is perpendicular to v
12

Example (b) Find the vector component of u


orthogonal to v
Consider the two vectors u = (−1, −2) and
v = (−2, 3)
(a) Find the orthogonal projection of u on
to v

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