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python notes
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/ 46
"nal nates nea
ae
TYPES, OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
o &
Variables can hold values, and every value has a data
type. Python is a dynamically typed languagei hence
we do not need to define the type ofthe variable while pene si
declaring it, The interpreter implicitly binds the value Python ate
with its type. data types o .
By 1S — a
+ The variable a holds integer value five and we did not
define its type. Python interpreter will automatically ‘ype.
interpret variables a as an integer tyPe
+ Python enables us to check the type of the vars fcr
used in the program. Python provides us the type( eovildae ef introduction of the
See Reece sed: | ite. cteniaresee aay
Consider the following example to define the values of (gnuneeers
maine OS ee e Number stores numeric values. ‘The integer, float, and
ee complex values belong to 2 Python Numbers data-
ation 2 type. Python provides the typeO function to know the
= 105: data-type of the variable. Similarly, the isinstanceQ)
print(type(a)) function is used to check an object belongs to 4
print(type(b)) particular class.
print(type(e)) Python creates Number objects when a number is
assigned to a variable. For example;
one ee
type 'st’> print("The type of a", type(a))
b= 405
Standard Data Types
* A variable can hold different types of values. For
‘example, a person's name must be stored as a string
whereas its id must be stored as an integer.
© Python provides various standard data types that
define the storage method on each of them. The data
types defined in Python are given below.
1. Numbers
2) Sequence Type
3. Boolean
4, Set
Dictionary 1 of numeric data.
bbe any length such as integers
ae spatatsn ce yin has eticon onthe
Jenatn of an integer Its value belong
12 Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers
Ike 19, 9.902, 152, ete. It is accurate upto 15 decimal
Ean ymplex number contains an ordered
imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers
like 2.14), 2.0 + 23}, ete
(6) Strings
+ The string can be defined as the sequence of
characters represented in the quotation marks. In
Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to
define a string.
* String handling in Python is a straightforward task
since Python provides built-in functions and operators
to perform operations in the string,
*+ In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to
concatenate two strings as the operation “hello'+*
python” returns “hello python”.
+ The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the
operation “Python” *2 returns 'Python Python’
The following example illustrates the string in Python.
Example 1:
StF = "String Using double quotes"
print(str)
3=!""""A multiline
string’”"
print(s)
Output:
string using double quotes
A multiline
| string
Consider the following example of string handling,
Example 2:
‘strl= ‘hello pythonpoint’ #string strt
supports three tYPes
1. int Integer value can
(Stri[0'2)) #printing first two character using
ae atest
Drint (str4[4)) #printing 4th character of the string
Print (str1%2) #printing the string twice
trl + str2) #printing the ‘concatenation of trl
output:
he
hellopythonpeinthellopythonpoint
hellopythonpoint how are You
(© Booleans
+ Boolean type P'
rovides two built-in values}
d to determine
Ise, These values are use
rae nt re. denotes by the
True can be represented by any non-zero
whereas false can be represented by the
Consider the following example.
+# ython program to check the boolean type
print(type(True))
print(type(False))
print( false)
Output :
Nametrror: name ‘false’ is not defined
+ The truth values of an expression is stored a5}
data type called bool. There are only two such}
this data type. True and False,
Boolean Data Types
In the below program we find out the data
and False Boolean values.
print(True)
print(type(True))
print(False)
rint(type(False))
Output:
False
Boolean Expression 3 sit
“TYPES, OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
PYTHON PROGRAMMING (DBATU) 23)
Example RATORS
‘Syntxbool (el) , The operator can be defined as a symbel which 1
ReturnsTrucif X evoluates to trveelsefalse. responsible. for particular operation, between M0
Without parameters it returns false. peands. Operators are the plas of» program on we
Below we nave examples which use numbers seams and | the logic is bull in a specie. progremrind, Cae
Senter tee ee roraetan tothe boo! function. The | Python provides a variety of operators: whch are
results come out us tre or fale depending on the | as follows.
parameter 1. Arithmetic operators
ample 2. Comparison operators
bata 3. Assignment Operators
print(booKa)) 4, Logical Operators =
+ Check folse 5. Bitwise Operators _
6. Membership Operators |
7. Identity Operators )
1. Arithmetic Operators "4
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic p=
operations between two operands. It includes + (addition), |
“eubtraction) * (multiplication, / (divide), % (reminder), // |
itor divsion, and exponent (operator i
Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of | |_
arithmetic operators. |
ieee), Table 2.1 y
# Check None. | [Operator Description t
a:None . |
printtoro() | + (Asin) tis used oad wo operands, For example,
# Check an empty sequence Ls a=20,
e ubtacton) | tis used to subtract the second of
aed sub perand from
air agones the frst operand, ifthe fst operand is less than,
a mopping the second operand, the vale results negative,
ie For example ifa=20,b=10=>a-b= 10
Fic on ony ing 7) le returns the quotient after dividing the frst
@="Tutorilepoint” operand by the second operand For .
rint(bocl(a)) =20,b=10=>ab=20 eanee. iL
eres * (Mutipicaton) | Wis used
Running the above code gives us the flloning resuk ~ | 8 sed to mutpy one operand with theater
True For example, ifa=20,b=10=>a*b=200
False % reminder) | Wet
ES ms the reminder after dividing the fist
Opt bye sein cpr Far
Tue a=20,b= oa
We b= 10 =>9%b =o fe
jase * (Exponent a
false ") | Its an exponent operator represented es
False Calas the fs operand
False i SPREE 00 a ll
Te een) st PYTHON PROGRAMMING (DBATU)
‘Comparison (Relational) Operators
ep
following table.
Table 2.2
Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of
the two operands and returns Boolean true or falce
‘accordingly. The comparison operators are described in the
Operator Description
condition becomes true
If the value of two operands is equal, then the
ie
‘Alsb vill be equal toa ab tr
b=3, alleb wll assign 4
condition becomes tue
‘second operand, then the contion becomes re,
Wie frst operand is greater than or equal fo the
second operand, then the codon becomes tue.
Whe frst operand is greater than the second
‘operand, then the condition becomes tue.
Ifthe value of two operands is not equal, then the
Ifthe first operand ls less than or equal fo the
evaluation to
4. Logical Operators
The logical operators are used primarily in the
make a decision. Python st
following logical operators.
sextevanmbonss tin
| rentwcritnisonests
3) Asclonment Operators
operators are described in the following table.
Table 2.3
Description
2 ofthe right expression tothe lft
Ht inreases the value ofthe left operand by the
Walle of the right operand and assigns the modified
Value back to lft operand. For example, if a = 10,
b= 20 => at = b will be equal to a = a+ b and
therefore, a= 30
| lt decreases the value ofthe lft operand by the
| Value of the right operand and assigns the modified
walue back to left operand. For example, if a = 20,
b= 10 => a= b wil be equal to a= & b and
therefore, a= 10,
| It mulipies the value of the lett operand by the
Value ofthe right operand and assigns the modified
Value back to then he left operand. For example, if
a= 10, b= 20=>a*= bwillbe equal to a=atb and
therefore, a= 200,
Ite st operand is less than the second operand,
The assignment operators are used to assign the value of
the right expression to the left operand, The assignment
Table 2.4 Y
ante Description
‘aed | it both tre exresion are te, then the o
be tue. a and b are the to expression, a
= tue = a and b te.
or | fone ofthe expressions iste, then te cong .
be tue. I’ and bare the two expression, a. ee
| = false => aor — te.
Tot | fan expression ae tue, then not (a) willbe d
vice versa, le :
5, Bitwise Operators oe ae
‘The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation @nifl element certal
values of the two operands. Consider the fell
example.
For Example, c
ifa=7
eee ‘isnot
then, binary (a)
binary (b) = Expressions
8. Operat
hence, a & b = 0011 ‘The preced
a|b= 0111 since it en
evaluated |
a%b=0100
~a=1000 Python
Table 2.5
& (binary and) | If both the bits at the same place int
‘are 1, then 1 is copied to the O
is copied. ‘4
| (binary of) ‘The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bi
ctherwise, the resulting bit willbe 1
fas,
Pres
nts
se an}
1 on
low
See
: ,
“TVPES, OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
PYTHON PROGRAMMING (OBATU) os)
aaa Binary ps, and mies
neal Loti and ight ti |
* a [uenanin and gitar
(binary x0") | The resulting bt wil bo 1 i bo the Bis F
erent tert, the resling bt ib 0. Bina
be Binary xo, and oF
~(nepaton) | eaeules the neaton of each i lf
operand, # be bs 0, bers Bt WP ‘Comparison operators (ess than fess than equal :
1 and ve versa, to, gostor tan, greater then equa) S
~<(et shit) | The lett operand vave is moved lef by He avy operators.
ube of is presentn tera operand ‘Assignment operators
> (ight sit) | The et operand is moved rgb he number of
tis rosea inte rah operand |
6. Membership Operators
Python membership operators are usec
membership of value inside a Python data structure. If the
value is present in the data structure, then the resulting
d to check the
| found inthe second operand (stun, o ctona).
7. Identity Operators
The identity operators are used to decide whether an
element certain class or type
Table 2.7
Operator Description
is | itis erabated to be we fhe reerence present at | | *
| both sides point othe same obec.
isnot | iis evaluated tobe tue if the reference present at
bath sides do not pont othe same objec. |
Expressions and order of evaluations
‘Operator Precedence
The precedence of the operators is essential to find out
since it enables us to know which operator should be
evaluated first. The precedence table of the operators in
aaa
ryoperate” | Sh | 5
Innotin
totorand
vemberstip operators
Logial operators
value is true otherwise it returns false. Consider this expression
Table 26 a
Operator Deseiton Ty | 5 >>20+470
in| itis evaluated tbe tue he fist operandi found in| | 60
the second operand (st ple, or cctiona) There is ambiguity here. Should Python perform the
retin | I's evauated to be tue Ihe fst operand is ro jdcition 20 + 4 frst and then multiply the sum by 10?
Or should the multiplication 4 * 10 be performed first
and the addition of 20 second?
Clearly, since the result is 60, Python has chosen the
er i it had chosen the former, the result would be
found
0. This is standard algebraic procedure
Universally in virtually all programming languages.
All operators that the language supports are assigned
a precedence. In an expression, all operators of highest
precedence are performed first. Once those results are
obtained, operators of the next highest precedence are.
performed. So it continues, until the expression is fully
evaluated. Any operators of equal precedence are
performed in left-to-right order.
Here is the order of precedence of the Python
‘operators you have seen so far, from lowest to highest:
|
—
Python is given below. Ae
Table 28
Operator Description cee
+ | The exponent operaioris given prioty over a rocevonee
the others used in he expression
== |The negation, unary ps, and minus
*/%i1 | The multiplication, divide, modules, reminder,
and floor dion
=Conti. bitwise XOR,
bovis AND
bishits
aon, subtraction
‘mutipleaion, division,
oor division, modvlo
‘unary postive, unary
negation, bitwise
negation
Highest
precedence
jee oles aes]
‘exponentiation
* Operators at the top of the table have the lowest
precedence, and those at the bottom of the table have
the highest. Any operators in the same row of the table
have equal precedence.
* It is clear why multiplication is performed first in the
example above: multiplication has a higher precedence
than addition,
+ Similary, in the example below, 3 is raised to the
power of 4 first. which equals 81, and then the
multiplications are carried out in order from left to
Fright (2 81*5 = 810)
>>oz3a's
810
Operator precedence can
Parentheses. Expressions in parentheses are always
Performed first, before expressions that are not
Perenthesized, Thus, the following happens:
>>>20+4410
60
>>>(20+4)"10
240
>>>
p>o2034'5
#10
>>>293"(445)
6973568802
In the first example, 20 + 4 is com
‘result is multiplied by 10. In the s
is calculated first, then 3 is raised to
the results multiplied by 2.
be overridden using
puted first, then the
econd example, 4 * 5
that power, then
oe
wo a
evaluation. In fact, it is coq
anne
best
ye the order of
Shara ase hen ete
ae cakes te cadet of
reat ar edence OM. EMO
folowns
+ Here the
rereparson operators
re pe would have been be
ane oes rome might consider the
anton and warion more immediate ob
this version without parentheses: ane
os certain ¢
‘ad Oandb>30 cen
«On the other hand, there are probably
would prefer the latter, its a matter of
preference, The point is, you can at
parentheses if you feel it makes the code
readable, even if they aren't necessary to
order of evaluation.
Control Flow
«A program's control flow is the order in
program's code executes.
‘+The control flow of a Python program is
conditional statements, loops, and function calls
Python has three types of control structures:
1, Sequential - default mode
2. Selection - used for decisions and br
3. Repetition - used for looping, i
piece of code multiple times.
1. Sequential
Sequential statements are a set of state
with sequential statements is that if the logi
any one of the lines, then the compl
execution will break. ‘ @
PYTHON PROGRAMMING (OBATU) “
The selection statement allows 8
several conditions and execute Instruction
which condtion is tre.
+ Some Decision Conta Statements ae:
program to test
is based on
the
(2) Simple if
the (©) if-else
than (© nested if
are contro! flow statements
fag] Sl coe ben we
Certain condition is met or satisfied. A simple if only
ad has one condition to check
who
nal
Use
fore
the
iteandtion's | tfeondons | |
a false
the
by
Fig, 22
n=10
Ja, ifnm
Print(’nis an even number")
(b) if-else: The if-else statement evaluates the condition
3s@| 2d will execute the body of if if the test condition is
m| True, but ifthe condition is False, then the body of else
| isexecuted.
print('n is odd")
(@ nested if: Nested if statements are an if statement
inside another if statement.
Cnt
[ Execute ett Execute else
Fo.24
a5
b=10
F165
ifa>b:
ifarc:
print(“a value is big")
else:
rint("c value is big)
elif b> es sae
Print("b value is
else: coiiuil
(@) if-elif-else: The ifelif-else elif x>y:
rint(*x is greater than y")
else:
print("x is smaller than y")
Tf and if-elif-else
* Decision making is the most important aspect of
almost all the programming languages. As the name
implies, decision making allows us to run a particular
block of code for a particular decision.
+ Here, the decisions are made on the validity of the
particular conditions. Condition checking is the
backbone of decision making,
+ In python, decision making is performed by the
following statements.
Table 2.10
oT
Statement Description
{f Statement The if statement is used to lest a specific
condition, I the condition iste, a block of
code (bleh willbe exceed
The itelse statement is similar to
statement except the fact thal, it also
Provides the bock of he code forthe fase
ase ofthe condition to be checked. If the
condition provided inthe f statements ase,
then the els statement il be executed.
Nested if statements enable us fo use if else
stalementinsde an outer if taement
If- else Statement
Nested if Statement
For the es of programing and 6 shove
hon doesnt allow the use of parentheses
Pee ea code In Pinon indetation i
devlare a block If two statements are at t
indentation level, then they are the Part of the,
block wt
Generally, four spaces are given to i
Statements which are a typical amount of in
in python
Indentation is the most used part of the
language since it declares the block of code,
statements of one block are intended at the sa
indentation. We will see how the actual inde
takes place in decision making and other
python
The if statement
The statement is used to tet a particular condition and
the condition is true, it executes a block of cade known
ifblock. The condition of if statement can be any valid
logical expression which can be ether evaluated to true
false
Enter b? 120
Enter ¢? 130
cis largest
‘The if-else stat
+ The if-else
ohare
wie
6 :
ra.28
The syntax of the if-statement is given below.
if expression: Be
statement.
Example 1: ;
rum = int(input(“enter the!
if num%e =:
print("Number is e
Output :
enter the number?10
Number is even output:
Enter a? 1
Condition and
code known as
n be any valig | =18 ss
print("You are eligible to vote I):
else! oa
print(*Sorry! you have to wait i):
Output :
Enter your age? 90
You are eligible to vote !!
Example 2: Program to check whether a number is even or
pan int ipa enter the number?)
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even.)
else:
print("Number is odd...")
Output:
enter the number?10
| Number is
The elif statement
TF
elif statement enables us to check multiple
conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true condition among
them. We can have any number of elif statements in
‘ur program depending upon our need. However,
using elf is optional
The elif statement works like an if-else-t
ladder
statement in C It must be succeeded by an if
statement,
The syntax ofthe elif statement is given below.
if expression 1: 4
# block of statements Next statement
Fig. 2.8
Example 1
umber = int(input(“Enter the number>"))
if rumber==10:
Print(rumber is equals to 10")
elif number==50:
Print number is equal to 50"):
elif number==100;
print(*number is equal to 100"):
else:
Print(‘number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100"),
Output :
Enter the number?15
number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100
Example 2
‘marks = int(input("Enter the marks? *))
F marks > 85 and marks <= 100;
Print('Congrats | you scored grade A .,")
lif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
print("You scored grade B
lif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
| print("You scored grade 8 ..")
‘A repetition statement is used to repeat ag
\cnming instructions. n Python,
two loops/repetitve statements:
1. for loop
2. while loop :
1. for loop: A for loop is used to iterate g
that is either a list, tuple, dictionary,
execute a set of statements once for:
tuple, or dictionary.
is false
Fig. 29
2. while loop: In Python, while loops are
@ block of statements repeatedly unt
Condition is satisfied. Then, the expression
again and, if itis still true, the body is exe
This continues until the expression becomes f
Why we u
The loopin
ones. Iten
instead of
repeat the
example,
then, inst
print insid
Advantag
There are
= Itpro
+ Using
again
= Using
struct
There PrTHON PROGRAMING (OBATU?
e
toms
me
Oe ee es te cy
to execs
a ge
is cheat
ted agit
false
mes. For
ite number of t
Advantages of loops |
There are the following advantages of loops in Pythor
* Ktprovides code re-usabilty eens 4|
* Using loops, we do not need to write the sa
again ar
* Using loops, we can travers
structures
the elements of data
There are the following loop statemen
n Python
Table 2.11
Loop Statement Donation 2
foraop
| The fo iop is used in the case where we need
loerecte sme par of the cade unl he given | |
‘ondlion i satisfied. The fr lop is aio caled |
8 persed loop. tis bai to use for fop
he nano iteration i tronn in advan
The while 1op isto be used in the scenario
hare we dort know the number of erations in
‘évance, The block of statements is executed
{nthe while loop untl the condition specified in
the while loop i sae. is aso called a pre-
teste
-* ‘onal a gen
ne do-whte loop eantrne
ron sn It a el post aed
to I's used when ts necenary execute
the op at ast once (mosty menu driven
(ON FOR LOOP
ed to
erate the statements oF
eral times tis frequently used to
like list tuple, or dictionary
in python is given below.
for iterating_var in sequence:
statement(s)
ters oft in the
Example 1: iterating string using for loop
str = “Python
for iin str:
print(i)
Output x=
ifs
elif
else
pr
Ife
* The step size is used to skip the s
45
50s
Example 4: Program to print the sum of the given list.
list = (10,30,23,43,65,12)
sum =0
for jin list:
‘sum = sumsi
Print("The sum is:',sum)
Output:
The sum is: 183
For loop Using range() function
The range() function
The range() function is used to generate the sequence of
the numbers. If we pass the range(10), it will generate the
numbers from 0 to 9. The syntax of the range() function is
given below,
Syntax:
rrange(start,stop step size)
* The start represents the beginning of the iteration,
* The stop represents thatthe oop will iterate til stop-1,
The range(1,5) will generate numbers 1 to 4 iterations
Itis optional
cific numbers from
the iteration. It is optional to use. By default, the step
size is 1. Itis optional.
Consider the following examples:
Example 1: Program to print numbers in sequence,
0123456789
it:
ait number 10
jo*1=10
10*2= 20
10*3 = 30
10*4=40
10*5 = 50
10*6 = 60
10*7=70
10*8 = 80
10*9=90
10* 10 = 100
Example 3: Program to print even
in range() a
n= int(input(Enter the
for iin range(2,n,2):
print(i)
Output:
Enter the number 20
2
4
6
8
10
R Nested for loop in python _
python allows us to nest any number ot
For. ha ine loop Is eecuted 8 PURER
pe eration ofthe outer lop, The ymax
oops inside @
of times for
below.
F seating_varin sequence: outer oP
Hor iterating_var? in sequence: #inner loop.
fblock of statements
‘statements
Example 3: Nested for looP
User input for number of rows
7) ows = int(input(’Enter the rows")
| eee a for loop completely exhausted, since there is no break:
iin range(0:
ely exhausted, since there is no break.
ie os
ime ep wil pit ruber of Ate eee
age for i in range(0.5):
The for loop complete
print(*end
print(i)
break:
else:print("for loop is exhausted"); )
print(’The loop is broken due to break statement...came
cout of the loop")
In the above example, the loop is broken due to the break
statement; therefore, the else statement will not be
executed. The statement present immediate next to else
block will be executed
Output :
o
The loop is broken due to the break statement..came out
of the loop.
while break
+ The Python while loop allows a part of the code t
executed until the given condition returns false:
also known as a pre-tested loop. ~ saute
It can be viewed as a repeating if st
don't know the number of iterations then th
loop is most effective to use.
The syntax is given below.
Output:
Enter the rows
55555,
Using else statement with for loop
Unlike other languages ike C, C++, or Java, Python allows
‘must notice that if the loop contains
tement then theese statement not be suertens
ot be executed. (2) Continue Statement -
is encountered, the conti
the loop. Let's understan:
Example:
When the continue statement
rol transfer to the beginning of
d the following example,
# prints all letters except ‘a’ and 't'
i=0
‘Str = ‘pythonpoint'
while i< len(strt):
if strifi} == ‘a’ or strtfi)
it
continue
Print(‘Current Letter ;', afi)
jet
Output :
Current Letter :j
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : p
Current Letter : 0
Current Letter :
Current Letter: n
ie
‘break
Output :
Example:
while i
In the above example, we have created the lists which
Consist of the employee and department details and
vrinted the corresponding details. Observe the above code
to understand the concept of the list better.
Operations
(2) List indexing and splitting
© The g is processed in the same way as it
happens with the strings. The elements of the list can
be accessed by using the slice operator [}.
The index starts from 0 and goes to length - 1. The first
element of the list is stored at the Oth index the
second element of the list is stored at the 1st index,
ind
and so on.
0 1
List(o] = 0 List{0:] =
List(1 Listf] = 10.1.2.3.4,5]
Listi2}= 2 List(2s4] = [2.3]
Listig] = 3 List{1:3) = [1.2]
List{a] = 4
List(5) = 5 ae SHATNER
+) The star denotes the starting index posit
‘+The stop denotes the last index position
+ The step is used to skip the nth ele
startstop
Consider the following example:
list = 11.2,
of the list
Print(ist{3})
# Slicing the elements
Print(list[0:6})
‘# By default the index
‘an get the sub-lst of the lst using the folowing
We can
ion of the list
Ment within a
(220)
5
B45)
02.3.4)
84)
‘As we discussed above, we can get an
Using negative indexing. In the above
print statement returned the rightmost
list. The second print statement returned
and so on.
(b) Updating List values
* Lists are the most versatile data structures
since they are mutable, and their values
updated by using the slice and assignment op
+ Prthon also provides append) and insert
Oth element end een te #0 s0its start from te |” Can be used to add values to thelist
¢lement and go for index -1
: Consider the following example to update the value
pemrtstD thelist.
premiere) list = 1, 2, 3,4, 5/6] 7"
Print(list[is6:2))
Output :
her languages, Py
to use the negative indexin,
thon provides the flexibility
19 also. The negative indices
fae coed from: the’ right The’ tast’"elamert
(ahtmost) ofthe list has the index -1: is adjacent left
clement is present at the index -2 and so on until the
left-most elements are encountered,
Fema 4g gd
CEEPETE
65 4
~1— Backward
direction
ere we will
the list
Let's have a look at the following example whe
use negative indexing to access the elements of
list = (12,345)
print(list[-1])
print(list[-3:])
print(list{:-1))
print(list[-3:-1])
print(list)
Print(lst)
# Adding multiple-element
list {3} = 89, 78)
print(list)
# Tt will add value at the end of 1
listl-1]= 25
Print(list)
Output:
11,2,3,4,5,6)
(1, 2, 10,4, 5,6]
1, 89, 78, 4,5, 6)
(1, 89, 78, 4, 5,25)
The list elements can also be deleted by
keyword, Python also provides us the
if we do not know which element is to b
the lis. :
Consider the following example to delete thel
list = (1, 2, 3, 4)5)6y
print(list) a :
1.2345
2,104,
0, 89, 78, 4
(2, 89, 78,4
Python Lis
© The
work i
strings
Let's see he
Consider a
perform of 1,210.45.6)
(189,784.56)
(89,784 5,251
python List Operations
strings.
Let's see how the list
Consider a lists 11 = [1, 2, 3, 4], and [2 =
The concatenation (+) and
work in the same way as th
perform operation.
Table 2.12
sey were working with the
‘esponds to various operators.
repetition (*) operators
5 67, 8) to
Operator
Description
Example
Repetition
The repetition
‘operator enables
thelist elements to
be repeated multiple
tines.
L42=[1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4)
Concatenation
Itconcatenaes the
list mentioned on
either side ofthe
operator.
He2=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Membership
At retums tue ia
pertalar item
xsi ina paricular
list otherise false
Print2in I) prints True,
eration
The for loop is used
to terate over the
list elements
foriinit
Print)
Output
1
23)
“TYPES, OPERATORS AND
(©) Rerating a List
A be iterated by using a for
containing four strings, which can be iterated as follows.
list = "ohn", "David", "Tames", "Tona
for iin i
# The i variable will iterate
List and contains each element i
print(i)
Output:
John
David
James
Jonathan
(d) Adding elements to the list
«Python provides append() function which is Used! to
‘add an element to the list. However, the append)
function can only add value to the end of the list.
Consider the following example in which, we are taking
the elements of the list from the user and printing the:
list on the console.
‘#Declaring the empty list
I=)
#Number of elements will be entered by the user
n= int(input("Enter the number of elements in the
lists"))
# for loop to take the input
for i in range(O,n): ;
+# The input is taken from the user and added to the
list as the item i
\append(input("Enter the item:!)) i
print("printing the list items")
# traversal loop to print the list
for i in|: ae
Enter the number of elements in the list5
Enter the item:25 hel ,
Enter the item:46
Enter the item:12_ from the list
joving elements
eRe ObaG UNTeete0 eter ich wuses
remove the element from the list. Consider the
following example to understand this concept
Example :
list.remove(2)
Brint("Anprinting the list after the removal of first
element..."
Printing original list:
01234
Printing the list after the removal
0134
Python List Built-in functions
* Python provides the followin
can be used with the lists,
Table 2.13
of first element,
19 built-in functions, which
Example
Cmpist,ist2) | iteompares the | This method s not
elements of both | used inthe Python 3
thelist. | and the above
| versions
len(ist)
Itis used to
caloulate the
length of thelist
Itretums the
1=[1,2,3.456,7.8]
| nen)
8
t
max(ist)
maximum 112,34,26,48,72)
element ofthe | print(max(L1))
list. 72
[4 min(lst) | itretuns the l=
minimum element | [12,34,26 48,72)
ofthe lis Print(min(L)
12
5 | listseq) | ttconverts any | str= *Johnson*
sequence fo the | ¢= lists)
list print(type(s))
(2.22)
‘TYPES, OPERAT
Let's have a look at the few list exarnph
Example 1: Write the program to
element of the lst.
é| +
Oe
for iinlistt:
if {not in ist2:
list2.append(i)
print(list2)
Output:
(0, 2,3, 55, 98, 65, 13, 29)
Example 2 : Write a program to find the
element in the list.
listl = (3.459101 247
sum
for in listt:
Sum = sumsi_
print("The sum is:",sum)
Output:
The sum is: 67
Example 3 : Write the program to find the lists cons
at least one common element.
listt = (1.2.3,45,6)
list2 = [7.8.9,2,10)
for x in list:
for y in list2:
ifx=zy:
print('The common element
Output :
The common element is: 2
(d) Slicing
* Python sliced function is used to. get
elements from the collection of
provides two overloaded slice
get first two elements from the |
slice can be used, The signature
given below.
Bs | parameters
rant: Starting index of slicing
stop’ End index of the slice
sep: The number of steps fo JUmP-
Return
+ Iereturns asic object
Lets see some exemple
understand it’s functionality
py sice() Function Exomle 1
# Python slice) function example
+# Calling function
| cenit sce) # returns 5
1) pesutt2 = slice(0,5,3) # refurt
# Displaying result
peint(resuit)
prin(cesult2)
‘Output
slceyNone, 5, None)
sicel0,5, 3)
Python sliceQ Function Example 2
# Python dlice() function example
| # Calling function
! -Javatpoint*
slic = sice(010,3) # returns slice object
sic2 = sice(-10-3) # returns slice object
| # We canuse this slice object to get elements
| str2= strifsic]
str3 = strifsic2] # returns elements in reverse order
| Displaying result
| print(str2)
print(str3)
Output :
Jaot
p=
Python slice() Function Example 3
# Python slice() function example
# Calling function
‘Tup = (45,68,955,1214 41,558 636,66)
slic slice(0,10,3) # returns slice object
ee lice(-1,0-3) # returns slice object
fecan use this slice object to get elements
ae
‘S103 = tuplslic2] # returns elements in reverse order
of sliced function *°
ice object
ns slice object
+# Displaying result
print(str2)
print(str3)
output
(as, 1214, 636)
(65, 41, 68)
python sliced Function Example 4
python slice() function exemple
# Calling function
tup + 45,68,958,1214 41,950,636 66)
ie = slige(0.10,3) # returns slice oBlest
lie? = tup[0:10:3] # fetch the some elements
ie we can use this slice object to Sek elias
str2 = tuptslic]
# Displaying result
print(str2)
print(slic2)
important aspect of an
n be defined as the organized
can be called whenever
block of reusable code, whi
required.
ython allows us to divide a large program into the
basic building blocks known as a function. The function
contains the set of programming statements enclosed
by (A function can be called multiple times to
provide reusability and modularity to the Python
program.
+ The Function helps to programmer to break the
program into the smaller part. It organizes the code
very effectively and avoids the repetition of the code.
As the program grows, function makes the program
more organized.
+ Python provide us various inbuilt funetions like range
or print). Although, the user can create its functions,
which can be called user-defined functions; © 7
There are mainly two types of functions. %
1, User-define functions - The user-defined «pen tutorial we wl discuss the user define functions
Advantage of Functions in Python
There are the following advantages of Python functions
+ Using functions, we can avoid rewriting the same
Jogie/code again and again ina program,
+ We can call Python functions multiple times in a
program and anywhere in program,
‘+ We can track a large Python program easily when ite
| divided into multiple functions,
Reusability is the main achievement of Python
functions.
* However, Function calling is always overhead in a
Python program,
2.7.1 Creating a Function
Python provides the def Keyword to define the function
The syntax of the define function is given below.
Syntax:
ef imy_Finction(parameters):
function_block
return expression
Let's understand the syntax of functions definition.
* The def keyword, along with the function name is used
to define the function,
* The identifier rule must follow the function name.
* A function accepts the parameter (argument), and they
can be optional
* The function block is started with the colon (), and
block statements must be at the same indentation.
* The return statement is used to return the value. A
function can have only one return
2.7.2 Function Calling
* An Python, after the function is created, we can call it
from another function. A function must be defined
before the function call; otherwise, the Python
interpreter gives an error. To call the function, use the
function name followed by the parentheses,
Consider the following example of a simple example that
prints the message "Hello World
#function definition
def hello_world():
print(‘hello world")
# function calling
hello_world()
Dutput :
ello world
224)
‘The return statement
The return statement is used at the e
‘and returns the result of the function.
function execution and transfers the
function is called, The return statement ca
‘outside of the function.
Syntax.
return fexpression jist]
It can contain the expression which gets
value is returned to the caller function,
statement has no expression or does not
the function then it returns the None object,
Consider the following example:
Example 1
# Defining function’
def sum():
a=10
b=20
Fab
‘return €
# calling sum() function in print statement
print(*The sum is:",sum0) ij
Output:
The sum is: 30
+ In the above code, we have defined #
by the return statement to the caller function,
Example 2 : Creating function without retumn stater
# Defining function
def sum():
a=10
b=20
c= orb. ieee
# calling sum()
print(sumQ) ‘s
Output :
None
* In the above code, we have defined the
without the return statement as
sum() function returned the Not ‘Arguments in Function.
1 of infor
gumen
ss any
fe them with &
273
The arguments are tyP'
the function. The 2
theses, We can Pas:
t be separat
passed into
in the paren
arguments, but they must
comma.
Consider the following example. whe
thot accepts a string as the argument
Example 1
‘defining the funtion
def func (name):
print(“Hi*name)
‘ealing the function
fune(Devansh")
Output:
Hi Devansh
example 2
function to calcul
‘#defining the Function
def sum (2.0):
return arb;
Jr contains a function
late the sum of two variables
‘#toking values from ‘the user
b= int(input (Enter @:))
be int(input(*Enter b:"))
Nt) ritng the sum ofa and b
red) mt’Sum =" sun(a))
Output:
enter 10
Enter b: 20
‘Sum = 30
Call by reference in Python
* In Python, call by reference means passing the actual
value as an argument in the function. All the functions
are called by reference, ie, all the changes made to
the reference inside the function revert back to the
‘original value referred by the reference.
Example 1 : Passing Immutable Object (List)
‘#defining the function
#calling the function
change_list(list!)
print(list outside function =
‘output:
list inside function
side function =
assing Muti
11 = (10, 30, 40, 50, 20, 30)
{10, 30, 40, 50, 20, 301
list outs
jable Object (String)
Example
#defining the function
def change_string (str):
" Hows you"
strestrt eg
¢ string inside function :" str)
print( "printing th
stringi = "Hi Zam there”
#calling the function
change_string(string!)
print(printing the string outside function * string!)
Output :
printing the string inside function ; Hi am there Hows you
printing the string outside function : Hil am there:
Types of Arguments
There may be several types of arguments which can be
passed at the time of function call
1. Required arguments
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4, Variable-length arguments
1. Required Arguments
Python. However,
time of the function call. As far as the
arguments are concemed, these are the
which are required to be passed at the
calling with the exaet match of their pasitio
ef change_list(listt):
ee re
Print(list inside function = "listl)
‘ebuton thie
function call and function definition. If ‘argument: 'b’
2. Default Arguments
Enter the name: John
Hi John
Example 2
return (p*t*r)/100
P= Float(input(“Enter the
Principle amount? *))
= float(input("Enter the
rate of interest? "))
Enter the principle amount: 5000
Enter the rate of interest: §
Enter the time in years: 3
Simple Interest: 750.0
Example 3
#the function calculate
‘arguments a and b
def calculate(a,b):
return arb
calculate(10) # this causes
required arguments b.
Output:
Typetrror: calculate
‘eturns the sum of two
an error as we are missing a
missing 1 required positional
Python allows us to initialize the arguments at the
function definition. Ifthe value of any of the arguments
'5 not provided at the time of function call, then that
argument can be initialized with the value given in the
definition even if the argument is not specified at the
function call.
‘My name is john and age is 22
My name is David and age is 10
3. Variable-length Arguments (‘args)
* In large projects, sometimes we may not
umber of arguments to be passed in advance. j
Cases, Python provides us the flexibility to 9
comma-separated values which are internall
2s tuples at the function call. By using the
length arguments, we can pass any nur nl
arguments,
However, at the function definition, we d
Warible-length argument using the *args (
*.
Consider the following example,
Example
def printme(*names): Bioeet
Print('type of passed argument i
Print("printing the passed
for name in names:
rint(name) a
Printme(*john""David® smith ticks)
Output :
‘type of passed argument is
ill cause an error since a local
his TYPES, 0
Creating a tuple ad
ion | A tuple can be writen as the collect
separated () values enclosed with the small ¢
parentheses are optional but it is good Pn
with the two types
brint(type(T3))
Output :
Note: The tuple which is created
Parentheses js also known as tuple packing.
* Creating @ tuple with single element is
different. We will need to put comma after the el
to declare the tuple.
tup! = ("JavaTpoint")
Print(type(tupi))
Output:
A tuple is indexed in the same way as the
items in the tuple can be accessed by
specific index value.
Consider the following example of tuple;
Example 1:
tuplet = (10, 20, 30) 40
print(tuplet)
count = 0
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60)
‘ple Ca
tuple cannot be changed.
hiple.cannol.be changed) °si=- aerate)
tuplen(aj =20
sah ck ig PYTHON PROGRAMMING (BATU)
tuplel[2] = 30
> wupletl3)
‘upledfa) = 50
tuplen(S} = 60
inpitC*Enter the tuple elements »")) F
ple index out of range
a the above code, the tuple has 7 elements which
Re 6. We tried to access an element outside
, denote 0 to
(%d} = %es"e(count, i)) of tuple that raised an IndexError. aed
count = counted fuple = (12,345.67) ep re
Output: #element 1 to end eer
: ae
mtr the tuple elements 123456 ieee
1, 2,314, 5,8) #element 0 to 3 element 4
tuplel(0] = 2 print(tuplef:4])
t Using) UPI = 2 #element 1 to 4 element
m0) ple = 3 print(tuplef1:51)
slightly # element 0 to 6 and take step of 2
element print(tuple[0:6:2])
Output:
Tuple Indexing and Slicing fe A Bae
The indexing and slicing inthe tuple are similar to list. aS
The indexing and slicing ple are page
The indexing in the tuple starts from 0 and goes to
lengthtupl) -1 .2:3,4)
+The items in the tuple can be accessed by using the | 1, 3,5)
index [] operator. Python also allows us to use the
colon operator to access multiple items in the tuple. ND ht tele
Consider the following image to understand the indexing | * The tuple element can also access by using negative
2.8.2 Negative Indexing
and slicing in detail indexing. The index of -1 denotes the rightmost
Tuple = (0,1.2.34.5) element and -2 to the second last item and so on,
ther} [Co [7 2 3 4 e * The elements from left to right are traversed using the _
negative indexing. Consider the following example:
Tuple(O]=0. Tuple(0} = (0,1,2:34,5) tuplel = (1, 2,3, 4, 5) a
Tule]
Pec “is print(tuplei[-1))
print(tuple1{-4))
print(tuplei-3:-1)
y print(tuplet(-1))
Tilt=4 Tata (0129) print(tuplei(-2))
Output :
Tuplels}= 5 5 a
Consider the following example: 2
: sath 4)
,2,3,4)
45)
(0.1.2,
Tuplel2]=2 _ Tuple(2:4] = (2,3)
Tuple]=3° Type) = lists, the tuple items cannot be deleted by using
the del keyword as tuples are immutable. To delete an
entire tuple, we can use the del keyword with the tuple
nam
Consider the following example,
1,2, 3,4,5,6)
Output:
2,345.6)
Traceback (most recent call last:
File “tuple.py’, line 4, in
print(tuple1)
Name€rror: name ‘tuplel' is not defined
Basic Tuple operations
The operators like concatenation (+), repetition (+,
Membership (in) works in the same way as they work with
the list. Consider the following table for more detail
Let's say Tuple t = (1, 2,3, 4, 5) and Tuple tl = (6, 7, 8 9)
are declared.
Table 2.14
Operator Description
Repetion | The repetition
operator enables the
tuple elements to be
repeated multiple
times,
Itconcatenates the
tuple mentioned on
either side of the
operator.
Itretums true ifa
Particular item exists
in the tuple otherwise
false
The for loop is used
toiterate over the
tuple elements,
Example ]
TH2=(1,2.3,4,5, 1,2,
34,5)
‘Concatenation |TH12=(1,2.3,4,5.6 |
7.8.9)
Membership
print (2 in TA) prints
True,
Iteration foriin Tt
print)
Output :
a
len(T1)=5
Length itis used to get the
Python Tuple inbuilt functions
Table 2.15
Using
2 Ty
[a01, "
Wo, |
+ | emp(tuplet, tuple2)
2 | Nen(tuple)
3 | max(upe) Itretums the maximum
the tuple
4 | min(tuple) Itreturns the minimum,
tuple.
5 | tuple(seq) Itconverts the specified:
the tuple.
Where use tuple?
1. Using tuple instead of list gives us a cleat i
the following nested structure, which can be usee
dictionary.
tuple instead of ist is used in the following se
ple can simulate a dictionary without keys. Ca
"John", 22), (102, "Mike
28), (103, "Dustin", 30
length of the tuple.
st vs. Tuple
Table 2:16
Sr List :
No.
1._| The literal syntax oflistis | The literal syntax
shown by the [) is shown by the
2_| The Listis mutable The tuple is immutab
3_| The Listhas the a variable
length length.
4 | The list provides more ‘The tuple provid
functionality than a tuple. i
5 | The lists used in the The tuple is
scenario in which we need to | cases where
store the simple collections _| store the read
with no constraints where the | colections
value of the items can be the items
changed. changed,
the key ir
6 | The ists ae ess memory
efficent than a tuple, jered items.
the collection of the unord
immutable,
| + APython set is
st must be unique,
ach element in the se
and the sets remove the dU
mutable which means we ¢2r
creation.
‘+ Unlike other coll
attached to the elements
Girectly access any element of th
fer, we can print them all together
of the set, hes
Howev
the listof el
The set can be creat
immutable items with the ¢
provides the set method, which can Ps
fet by the passed sequence
Example 4: Using curly braces :
Monday’. "Tuesday", “Wednesday”.
rrhursday*,*Friday’, "Saturday", “Sunday")
e used to create the
for |
‘we cannot | loopini
etter by the index | Friday
ror we can 9et | wednesday
lements by looping through the set
ts by looping through the ervey
29.1 Creating a Set saturday
ed by encosing the comma-seP2"ated | Monday
rly braces). Python also
surly braces (. Pyt qessy
sunday
of element such as integer,
# Creating a set which hav
1g through the set elements
it can contain any *yPe
ote, But mutable elements (ist, dictionary,
of set. Consider the following
float, tuple
set) can't be a member
example.
¢ immutable elements
print(Days)
print(type(Days))
rClaning through te set elements") sett = (12.3, "JavaTpoint”, 20.5, 14)
fori in Days: print(type(set1))
pein) #Creating a set which have mutable element
Output: set2 = (1.2.3 ["Javatpoint’ 4D)
359M print(type(set2))
639 Output :
History of Java
{Friday, ‘Tuesday, ‘Monday’, ‘Saturday’, ‘Thursday’
Traceback (most recent call last)
‘Sunday, Wednesday’)
< with the sets by using which we can
ccheck whether a set is
to other set
The boolean true or false is returned depending upon
the items present inside the sets.
a subset, superset, or equivalent
P
Consider the following example.
Dayst = ("Monday “Tuesday”, Wednesday",
*Thursday"}
Days2 = {"Monday”, "Tuesday")
Days3 = ("Monday", "Tuesday", "Friday")
#Dayst is the superset of
true.
print (Dayst»Days2)
Days2 hence it will print | Fi
At
Hprints false since Days! is not the subset of Days2
print (Dayst
Traceback (most recent call last):
Frozenset.add(6) #gives an error since we
Content of Frozenset after creation
Frozenset for the dictionary
aaa
Example 2:
Pe
seti = set(]
net
cutee
Example 3
rinting the content of frozen set.
ile "set py’, line 6, in
tributeError: rozenset’ object has no
IF we pass the dictionary as the seque
frozenset() method, it will take only the!
dictionary and Teturns a frozenset
of the dictionary as its elements, ny) aan “TYPES, OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS,
[PROGRAMMING (DBA eS
PYTHON PROG!
‘output:
Consider the folowing example aes | (eats
Diconary = CNemeN'Tohnt, "COUMIYTUSAS | er. wyite the program to add element to the
poHnon frozenset.
Ban Greer sot will | sett = (23445667 9045,"Javatpeint')
Fratanset = frozensen(leionay) #7F02 get2 = (13:28,56,76,"Sochin")
ee etd = setLintersection(set2)
rtrpetProzenset)) print(set3)
fori Frozenset: ee
2% Piimeror trozenset’ object does not support item
eae se frozensets are
eee, + Above code raed an vor becuse fez
roca ees amutable and can't be changed after ci
county
set ae issubset an
D
f=
‘et Programming Example sett: Peri
n set. | ample 1: Write a program to remove the given number | set((Pete chy "Dona
fromthe set | set2 =set(t"camroon’ Washington" Peter"D)
: set =(12,3,4,5,6,12.24) set3 = set({"Peter"})
Pimnpur'Enter the number you want Yo remove"))
msetiscard(o) issubset = seti>= set2
print*AFter Removing" my_set) print(isubéet)
cae, owe issuperset = setl <= set2
Enter the number you want to remove:l2
After Removing: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 24)
Example 2: Wie @ program to add multiple elements to
the set.
Setl = set([1,2,4"John","CS"]) ninfliesuberset
dethapdetel Ape Mere Srpee) tiuleaestasth
| Prnicety sau
|
print(issuperset)
issubset = set < set2
print(issubset)
issuperset = set2 >= set3
False
Output i
Pl False
{1,24 ‘Apple’ ‘John’ 'CS', Mango, Grapes’)
Example 3: Write 2 program to find the union between | \U°
True
Seth = Set({'Peter" Joseph", 65 59,96)) Pylon ulin sot aia ised with the
Lee rnimisr ae Python contains the following methods to be used witht
s2f9 = set! nion(set2) a
5 Table 2.37
get) output.
{96,65,2, Joseph, 1, Peter, 59)
= eons 1 | edo)
tea # prowam to fd the intersect
between two sets. oa
Set] = (23,44,5667,90 45, 'Javatpoint")
se12 = (13,23,56,76 "Sact
‘$13 = set! intersection(set2)
Print(set3) ofthese
Itmodifis this set by
Femovng all he items
‘hat ar aso presentin
the specitog sos
fates a!
‘ttetums a shatow copy
6 | update)
Itremoves the specified
itm from the st
returns @ new sot that
contains oly the
| common lomens of
both the sets, al the
ses ifmore than two are
specified
7 | intersection update...) | Itremoves the tems ftom
i
| | teopelseitae
rsneent nine
| sn (olthe set ne
juno | hencne specie,
| 8 | tsdisioin..)
| Return True iftwo sets
| have a nullintersecton
| Report whether an
contains this
[2 essary
fee
| 10 | issuperset )
|
her
pond)
rbtary set element that
| i the lest element of the
lal | set Ralses KeyErorif
| tesetisempty. |
12 | remove(item) | Remove an element from
| | aset it mstbe a
| member. Ifthe element is
| nota member, raise a
KeyEror.
symmetio_ditference..) Remove an element from
a setyit must bea
member. Ifthe element is
hot amember, raise a
KeyEnor
Update a set with the
symmettic difference of
itself and another,
[2.11 DICTIONARIES
‘© Python Dictionary is used to store the data
vvalue pair format. The dictionary is the data.
Python, which can simulate the realife:
arrangement where some specific value exists fg
particular key. It is the mutable data-str
dictionary is defined into element Keys and.
Keys must be a single element
Value can be any type such as lis, tuple, integer
In other words, we can say that a dictionary’
collection of key-value pairs where the value e
‘any Python object. In contrast, the keys
immutable Python object, ie, Numbers,
tuple
2.11.1 Creating the Dictionary
The dictionary can be created by using multiple
value pairs enclosed with the curly brackets {},
each key is separated fom its value by the colon
syntax to define the dictionary fe given below
Syntax
ai
753
‘Java Try Catch
Dict = (’Name: "Tom", "Age": 22} %
In the above dictionary Dict, The keys Name and
the string that is an immutable object. Let's see an:
to create a dictionary and print its content.
Employee
*salary":25000,'Co
print(type(Employee))
print("printing Employ
Output :
Printing Employee data
{Name’: ‘John’, ‘Age!
'GOOGLE)
Create Die
savas
a3
Dictionan
(2: "Devar
241.2 |
We have
and tuple
However
Using the
The dict pyTHON PROGRAMMING (BATU)
ins hinenonatewor Tete
python provides the built ret
which is also used to create dictionary.
braces 0 is used to create empty diction2
# Creating an empty Dictionary
pict =O
print Empty Dictionary
print(Dict)
NY Bete cocimer
y= | gewith dict method 4
in| picts det ‘Teva 2:7, 3:Peint ))
ta | print("\nGreate Dictionary by using dict0:")
| print)
| creating a Dictionary
| HwitheachitemasaPoir n
fe | Dict dent, *Devansh’), (2, Sharma')))
ve | print\nbietionary with each item as a pair’ ")
ne | _rint(Diet)
or Output
| Empty Dictionary:
s o
y-|
id | Greate Dictionary by using dit:
1€ {Java', 2:'T, 3:'Point'}
Dictionary with each iter as a par:
{1Devansh’, 2:'Sharma}
2.11.2 Accessing the Dictionary Values
We have discussed how the data can be accessed in the list
and tuple by using the indexing
2 | However, the values can be accessed in the dictionary by
2 | using the keys as keys are unique in the dictionary.
The dictionary values can be accessed in the following way.
/ Employee = ['Name": "John", “Age's 29,
'salary":25000,"Company":"GOOGLE")
Print(type(Employee))
| Print("printing Employee data.....")
Print(’Name : Yas" Employeet*Name"])
print(“Age : Yd Employee(" Age")
Print(*Salary: Yad” %Employee[ salary")
brint(*Company : %s" %Employee["Company"])
Output :
(239)
printing Employee data
Name: John
Age :29
Salary : 25000
pany ;GOOGLE
com des usw an aenntve oust 0
aod to access the dictionary values, t would
Traome result as given by the indexing
2.11.3 Adding Dictionary Values
2:17 gicionary is» routable data type, and IS VSHiGs
veated by using the specific Keys. The vale
