A C T A A R C H A E O L O G I C A C A R P A T H I C A

VOL. L, 2015 PL ISSN 0001-5229

SYLWESTER CZOPEK, DMYTRO PAWLIW,

KATARZYNA TRYBAŁA-ZAWIŚLAK, NATALIA WOJCIESZCZUK

NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE

FROM POLISH-UKRAINIAN BORDERLAND
(SAN, BUG AND UPPER DNIESTER DRAINAGE BASIN)

ABSTRACT

S. Czopek, D. Pawliw, K. Trybała-Zawiślak, N. Wojcieszczuk 2015. New discoveries of arrowheads

of Scythian type from Polish-Ukrainian borderland (San, Bug and upper Dniester drainage basin),
AAC 50: 191–216.
The primary aim of this paper is to publish new discoveries of arrowheads of the so-called Scythian
origin that were made in recent years at the Polish-Ukrainian borderland, i.e. in the Bug, San and
upper Dniester drainage basins. These artefacts, coming from two villages in Ukraine (Arlamivs’ka
Volia and Beregove) and two in south-eastern Poland (Kozodrza, Nienowice), are presented in a broader
territorial context of similar findings. In total, the paper includes information about 107 arrowheads
from 49 sites. Verification of their typo-chronological identification was done. This allowed to arrive
at a conclusion on a dominant role of two groups of the Scythian cultural circle in the distribution of
these artefacts. In the older phase (from the end of the 8th/the beginnings of the 7th to the 6th century
BC) it was the West-Podolian group from the middle Dniester, and the arrowheads concentrated
mainly in southern Volhynia and northern Podolia. However, in the younger phase (from the end
of the 6th/the beginnings of the 5th to the 4th century) the role of the “distributor” was taken over
by the Vekerzug culture of the Carpathian Basin. This cultural entity provided arrowheads mainly
to the area of south-eastern Poland (the San and upper Bug drainage basin).
K e y w o r d s: Early Iron Age; South-Eastern Poland; South-Western Ukraine; Lusatian culture;
Wysock culture; Cherepyn-Lahodiv group; Scythians; arrowheads
Received: 15.09.2015; Revised: 11.11.2015; Revised: 2.12.2015; Accepted: 3.12.2015

PRELIMINARY REMARKS

For a long time Scythian-type weapons aroused the interest of researchers

of the Early Iron Age both in Polish lands as well as in the neighbouring
areas (B u k o w s k i 1960; 1977; 1979; 1982; C h o c h o r o w s k i 1974; C z o p e k
1995; G a w l i k 2005)1. These weapons were believed to be valuable both for

1 Article prepared within the framework of a research grant National Science Centre Cultural

and settlement changes in the Wisznia river basin in the Bronze age and early Iron age in the
context of changes of prehistoric and early medieval oecumene, No. 2013/09/B/HS3/04277.
The way of writing the names of Ukrainian authors complies with their request (editor’s note).
192 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

their highly informative nature (e.g. the possibility of precise dating), but also
owing to diverse contexts in which they are found within the discussed area.
This group consists of specimens cropping up in settlement materials, burial
contexts and also as the so-called stray finds. Of course, particularly valu-
able are those which are found within burnt down settlements, strongholds
or even caves where there is a clear indication of the military nature of such
destruction, caused by warriors using “Scythian” weapons (C h o c h o r o w s k i
2014, 32–36). Obviously, the entire group of weaponry is internally varied. For
example, we know both impressive objects — swords, daggers, knobbed shaft-
-hole axes, as well as the most numerous ones — small arrowheads. Here we
will try to focus on these latter ones in the context of several recent finds.
However, it is worth to remember that in the current literature on the subject
the majority of militaria from the Lusatian cultural circle interesting for us is
interpreted as signs of Scythian invasion (B u k o w s k i 1979, 201) or invasions
(C h o c h o r o w s k i 1974, 176–178). Currently, their chronology is established for
between the end of the 7th (the end of the 7th/beginnings of the 6th?) century
and the last quarter of the 6th century (C h o c h o r o w s k i 2014, 41). However,
considering south-eastern Poland – the San and Bug river basin, chronologi-
cal inconsistencies and a longer period of their inflow (from the 7th to the 4th
century) is emphasised. Thus, it is pointed out that they might rather have
been imported “[…] probably from the area of or through the Scythian West
Podolian group” (B u k o w s k i 1982, 250) or from broadly understood forest-
-steppe zone of Eastern Europe (C z o p e k 2008; K ł o s i ń s k a 2013a, 360). In
this case, the most important is the distinctiveness of the finds from the east
of Poland; they should be considered in the context of similar findings from
Volhynia and northern Podolia, and thus from the areas directly bordering
with the territory of the Lusatian culture.

NEW FINDINGS OF “SCYTHIAN” ARROWHEADS

Arlamivs’ka Volia, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv, Ukraine, site No. 55

In the museum in Mostyska a stray find of an arrowhead discovered on the

surface of this site is stored (Fig. 1:4). This is a relatively well-preserved
specimen, with only slight damages at the edges, especially in its lower part.
It has a clearly marked trilobate blade and a socket perceptible even above
mid-height. The length of the specimen is 2.9–3.0 cm. It represents variant 9
type 5, of II section according to A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964, Fig. 1), or variant 1,
type II of the group II according to V. G. P e t r e n k o (1967, Table 34). It can
be positioned within the II chronological group dated between the 2nd half of
the 6th and the beginnings of the 5th century B.C. (M e l y u k o v a 1964, 21,
Table 7; with later revision — R o l i n 1987).
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 193

Beregove, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv, Ukraine, site No. 2

Archaeological excavations were carried out2 in 2014 at site No. 2 in Beregove

(Fig. 2). They were a consequence of earlier discoveries, including, among others,
two pot-like vessels (Fig. 3) with cremated remains and bronze artefacts (a pin
with a loop-shaped head made of hammered wire, wire bracelets, pendants). In
the course of the excavations the existence of a cemetery and a settlement was
confirmed. Their cultural affiliation is not quite clear, which is an outcome of
results from large unification of material culture of the Early Iron Age on vast
territory of Central and Eastern Europe, and location of the site in the border
zone between the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture, Wysock culture and Cherepyn-
-Lahodiv group. This is substantiated by the pottery finds (Fig. 3) with no clear
cultural characteristics, but which undoubtedly determine chronology pointing
to the Early Iron Age (younger phase of the Hallstatt Period). The most inte-
resting artefacts seem to be 3 bronze arrowheads of the so-called Scythian type
(Fig. 1:1–3). Unfortunately, they were found as stray finds (the first two before
the commencement of the excavations, and the third in their course, but without
context), and therefore they are not associated with any feature or a group of
other materials. However, their cognitive value is high, due to the broader refe-
rences and the potential they offer for more detailed chronological determinations.
Arrowhead No. 1 (Fig. 1:1) is a partly damaged artefact, trilobate. Its
lower sections of blades and socket are broken off. The socket is clear for
about 2/3 of the length of the specimen, which is 2.9 cm. Having in mind
the state of preservation of the artefact, its most distinctive characteristics
are the shape of the tip and a clearly distinguishable socket. They allow to
classify the specimen as belonging to section II type 3–4 according to syste-
matics of A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964), and to type IV in section I according to
V. G. P e t r e n k o (1967, Table 34). Due to the state of preservation a more
detailed classification — particular variants — is not possible. The arrowhead
should probably be assigned to second (II) chronological group according to
A. I. Melyukova, and hence be dated between the beginnings of the 6th and
the beginnings of the 5th century BC.
Arrowhead No. 2 (Fig. 1:2) is in a much better state of preservation. In
principle, one can only talk about damage to the lower part of the spur-barb,
extending from the socket at the base of the blade. It is a bilobate arrowhead
with clearly marked, though asymmetrical, diamond outline of the blade. It is
3.8 cm long. Considering the shape of the blade and the barb on the socket
it represents Zhabotyn type of arrowheads, especially the younger varieties
(I l l i n s ’ k a 1975). In this case, it is possible to determine the exact typological
assignment to variant 1 within type I in section I according to A. I. M e l y u -
k o v a (1964, Fig. 1). Representing a not very often found type, it is a classic

2 Studies were carried out thanks to the financial resources allocated for the implementation

of the National Science Center research grant (see footnote No. 1).
194 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

Fig. 1. Bronze arrowheads from the research area; drawn by N. Wojcieszczuk,

K. Trybała-Zawiślak.
1–3 Beregove, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv, Ukraine, site No. 2; 4 — Arlamivs’ka Volia, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv,
Ukraina, site No. 55; 5 — Kozodrza, powiat Ropczyce-Sędziszów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland, site No. 6.

example of an arrowhead belonging to I chronological group dated to 7th and

6th centuries BC. According to the later proposal of S. V. R o l i n (1987, 20–21),
this group should be dated back to the period from the 7th to the 1st quarter
of the 6th century BC. The specimen analysed has analogies among the oldest
inventories of the Scythian culture, known e.g. from Kelermes kurgans, dated as
far back as the 2nd half of the 7th century (G a l a n i n a 1995, 42). Undoubtedly,
this artefact should be associated with the oldest horizon of Scythian weapons
inflow in the upper Dniester and San river basin. It should be mentioned that
a typologically close analogue is known from Lviv (K r u s h e l ’ n i t s ’ k a 1976,
123; G a w l i k 2005, 205).
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 195

Fig. 2. Beregove, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv, Ukraine, site No. 2. Location of the site;
computer design by N. Wojcieszczuk.

Arrowhead No. 3 (Fig. 1:3) is also well preserved, with only a small amount
of damage in the lower section of the socket and partly broken off spur-barb. It
is a trilobate specimen, slender, and with clearly distinguishable socket in the
lower part of the blade. Its length is 3.5 cm. It can be included in section II,
type 2, variant 5 according to classification by A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964,
Fig. 1), or in type I section II of the alternative classification (P e t r e n k o
1967, Table 34). One should refer this artefact to the materials of I chronologi-
cal group (from the 7th to the 6th century BC) according to A. I. M e l y u k o v a
(1964, 19, Table 6). However, longer persistence even up to the end of the 5th
and the beginning of the 4th century BC is suggested for similar arrowheads
196 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

Fig. 3. Beregove, rajon Mostyska, oblast Lviv, Ukraine, site No. 2. Pottery vessels
from the excavations in 2014; drawn by N. Wojcieszczuk.

(P e t r e n k o 1967, 45). Taking into consideration the context of the entire set of
the artefacts discussed here such late dating should be disregarded. Rather, it
seems justified to accept dating corresponding to the one for arrowhead No. 2.

Kozodrza, powiat Ropczyce-Sędziszów, województwo podkarpackie,

Poland, site No. 6

From open-area excavations, carried out in the years 2007 and 2008 on account
of the construction of A4 motorway, came single arrowhead of Scythian type
(L i g o d a, P o d g ó r s k a - C z o p e k 2011, 175–177, Fig. 37:5). It was found in
a feature — settlement pit No. 433, and was accompanied by ceramic material
(fragments of vessels with plastic strips decorated with finger dents) typical
of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture (L a s o t a - K u ś, K u ś 2011). This artefact
(Fig. 1:5) is partly damaged in the lower section of the blades and socket. The
point is clearly blunted. When assessed from the typological perspective it
can be assigned to type 4 in section II according to A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964,
Fig. 1), or to type IV in section I according to V. G. P e t r e n k o (1967, 45).
More accurate classification — on the level of variants — is not possible due to
the specimen’s state of preservation. Regarding the classification of arrowheads
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 197

from the inventories of the Vekerzug culture (C h o c h o r o w s k i 1985, 87–91) the

discussed specimen can be assigned to types 25 and 26. The artefact should be
related to III–IV chronological groups according to A. I. Melyukova, i.e. within
rather broad chronological limits between the 5th and the 3rd century BC.

Nienowice, powiat Jarosław, województwo podkarpackie, Poland, site No. 24

In the course of excavations on account of the construction of A4 motorway

(J a n c z e w s k i 2013), 3 fragmentarily preserved bronze arrowheads were found
at a settlement of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Two of them came from
a cultural layer, and one from feature No. 377. From material analysis (J a n -
c z e w s k i 2013) it can be concluded that all of them belong to section III of
classification by A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964) and also the one by V. G. P e t r e n k o
(1967), and thus that they are trilobate specimens. Only in relation to the best
preserved artefact can one try to determine a more accurate typological assi-
gnation. It is a piece closely resembling: types 2 and 3 according to A. I. Mely-
ukova, type III (variant 1?) according to V. G. Petrenko, and type 36 according
to J. Chochorowski. These types ought to be placed in III and IV chronological
groups, and hence be dated as from the end of the 6th/beginnings of the 5th up
to the 3rd century BC. Probably similar dating should be offered for the other
two specimens found at the site, whose only tip sections are preserved.

DISCUSSION

New finds of arrowheads, after tabulation (Tab. 13; Fig. 4), and taking into
account similar artefacts existing for a long time in the literature on the subject
(B u k o w s k i 1977) or published in recent years (C z o p e k 1995; 2007b; M a c h -
n i k, P a v l i v, P e t e g i r i c h 2003; G a w l i k, 2005; K ł o s i ń s k a 2007a; 2007b;
2008; 2013; 2013b; K o z a k 2012), offer an opportunity for some conclusions
and comparisons. Within the entire large area of the upper Bug, Dniester and
San river basins as well as in the neighbouring areas such artefacts are fairly
common. We have their presence confirmed in the case of 107 specimens origi-
nating from 49 sites (Tab. 2). The so-called stray finds without context strongly
dominate. The localization of some of them might even be doubtful, not to
mention the very nature of the finds themselves (cf. B u k o w s k i, 1977, 65–68),
confirmed by a very wide chronology of the alleged inventories (see Tab. 1:
Kłodnica and Stary Machnów). When it comes to excavated sites, and therefore
the ones with certain contexts, arrowheads are relatively more likely to occur
at cemeteries than settlements, which should be considered very symptomatic.
3 In Table 1 a uniform, revised typological assignation of the artefacts was adopted, and thus

in some cases their dating was verified. Therefore, at times, the dating might quite significantly
differ from the one present in the earlier studies.
 Table 1
198

Tabulation of sites with bronze Scythian-type arrowheads (ChLG — Cherepyn-Lahodiv group; LC — Lusatian culture; WC — Wysock culture;
TLC — Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture; r. — rajon; o. — oblast; p. — powiat; w. — województwo); prepared by S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak.
Typology Chronology:
Find Chocho- G (chronological group Bibliography/
No. Site Context
No. M e l y u k o - P e t r e n - rowski according to Melyukova): /collection
v a 1964 k o 1967 absolute chronology
1985
Arlamivs’ka Vol’a, GII: from the beginnings
Museum in
1. r. Mostyska, 1 II/5/9 II/II/1 17/31 of the 6th to the begin- Stray find
Mostyska
o. Lviv, Ukraine nings of the 5th cent.
GIII: from the end of
Bachórz, the 6th/the beginnings
p. Rzeszów, of the 5th to the end Settlement Parczewski
2. 1 II/10/4 I/III/5 —
w. podkarpackie, of the 5th/beginnings of TLC 1992, Fig. 1
Poland the 4th cent. (1st half of
the 5th cent.?)
GII: from the beginnings
1 II/3–4? I/IV/? — of the 6th to the begin-
Beregove, nings of the 5th cent. Settlement/
Museum in
3. r. Mostyska, cemetary from
2 I/1/1 — — GI: from the 7th Mostyska
o. Lviv, Ukraine Early Iron Age
to the 1st quarter of
3 II/2/5 I/I 7?
SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

the 6th cent.

1 III/2/6 III/II/4 —
GI: from the 7th M a c h n i k,
Bíkiv, r. Drogobych, 2 III/2/6 III/II/4 — to the 1st quarter Grave of West- P a v l i v, P e t e -
4. of the 6th cent.
o. Lviv, Ukraine 3 I/2–3 — 3? Podolian grup g i r i c h 2003,
537, Fig. 6
4 ? ? ? ?
1 I/2/2–3 — 3–4? GI: from the 7th Bukowski
Chełm, p. Chełm, Stray find,
5. to the 1st quarter of 1977, 40–41,
w. lubelskie, Poland 2 II/2/1? — 7? LC zone
the 6th cent. Pl. I:3–4
 Bukowski
GII: from the beginnings
Lugove, r. Brodi, Cemetary 1977, 86;
6. 1 II/4/? I/IV/? 10 of the 6th to the begin-
o. Lviv, Ukraine of WC G a w l i k 2005,
nings of the 5th cent.
208–209
GI: from the beginnings Kłosińska
Stray find,
1 I/2/2? — — of the 7th to the 1st quar- 2013a, 356–357,
Dorohusk, LC zone
ter of the 6th cent. Fig. 4
7. p. Chełm,
w. lubelskie, Poland G I-II: from the 7th
2 III/1/4 III/II/1 — to the beginnings of
the 5th cent.
Grodzisko Dolne, GII: from the beginnings
C z o p e k 2007a,
site No. 22, of the 6th to the begin- Settlement
8. 1 II/5/11 II/II/1 26? 180–181; 2007b,
p. Leżajsk, w. pod- nings of the 5th cent. of TLC
69, Fig. 2
karpackie, Poland (1st half of the 5th cent.?)
1 II/4/7? I/IV/7 11 GIII: from the end of
the 6th /the beginnings
Gródek nad of the 5th to the end of
2 II/4/7 I/IV/7 11 the 5th/the beginnings of
Bugiem, p. Hrubie- Stray find, Kłosińska
9. the 4th cent.
szów, w. lubelskie, LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
Poland GII: from the beginnings
3 III/4/1 IV/I/1 37? of the 6th to the begin-
nings of the 5th cent.
Hrebenne, p. Hru- GII: from the beginnings
Stray find, Kłosińska
10. bieszów, w. lubel- 1 III/4/1 IV/I/1? 37? of the 6th to the begin-
LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
skie, Poland nings of the 5th cent.
Settlement of
GII: from the beginnings
Hrinniki, r. Dubno, („Volhynian K o z a k 2012, 31,
11. 1 II/5/2? II/II/1 17/31 of the 6th to the begin-
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE...

o. Lviv, Ukraine culture of early Fig. 10:4

nings of the 5th cent.
Iron age”)
Jarosław, p. Jaro-
Stray find, Bukowski
12. sław, w. lubelskie, 1 ? ? ? ?
TLC zone 1977, 58
Poland
199
 Typology Chronology:
200

Find Chocho- G (chronological group Bibliography/

No. Site Context
No. M e l y u k o - P e t r e n - rowski according to Melyukova): /collection
v a 1964 k o 1967 absolute chronology
1985
GI: from the 7th
1 II/2/2 — — to the 1st quarter of
the 6th cent.
GI–II: from the 7th
2 II/3/? I/IV/1? ? to the beginnings of
the 5th cent. Bukowski
Ăseniw, r. Brodi, Cemetary 1977, 59–62;
13. GII: from the beginnings
o. Lviv, Ukraine of WC G a w l i k 2005,
3 III/2/1 IV/II/1? — of the 6th to the begin- 207–209, Fig. 2
nings of the 5th cent.
4 I/3/2 — 3?
GI: from the 7th
5 I/2/2 — 3? to the 1st quarter of
the 6th cent.
6 I/2/2 — —
1 K 2 — 41?
6th and 5th cent.?
2 K 2 — 41?
3 III/8/2 IV/II/4 ?
SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

4 ? ? ?
5 II/6/7–8 II/II/2 ? Bukowski
1977, 65–67;
Kłodnica, p. Opole 6 II/6/7–8 II/II/2 ? Stray find,
Kłosińska
14. Lubelskie, LC zone
7 II/6/7–8 II/II/2 ? GIII–IV: from the end of 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
w. lubelskie, Poland
the 6th/the beginnings of (find circumstanc-
8 II/6/7–8 II/II/2 ? the 5th to the 3rd cent. es are unclear!)
9 II/6/? II/II/2 ?
10 II/6/7–8 II/II/2 ?
11 II/4/4 I/IV/7 11
12 II/4/5 I/IV/7 11
 13 II/3/3 I/III/1 — GI: from the 7th
to the 1st quarter of
14 I/2/2 — 3 the 6th cent.
1 II/5/6 II/3/5 ? GIII: from the end of
the 6th/the beginnings
of the 5th to the end of Bukowski
2 II/8/2 II/2/1 33 the 5th/beginnings of the
Kosin, p. Kraśnik, Cemetary of 1977, 72–73;
15. 4th cent.
w. lubelskie, Poland TLC, grave 8 Kłosińska
GII: from the beginnings 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
3 II/2/4 I/1 6–7 of the 6th to the begin-
nings of the 5th cent.
L a s o t a - K u ś,
Kozodrza, site K u ś 2011;
Settlement
No. 6, p. Ropczyce- GIII–IV: from the 5th L i g o d a,
16. 1 II/4/? I/IV/? 25/26 of TLC,
-Sędziszów, w. pod- to the 3rd cent. Podgórska-
feature 433
karpackie, Poland - C z o p e k 2011,
175, 177.
GI: from the 7th to
Kremjanetz, o. Ter- Stray find, Bukowski
17. 1 II/2/? — — the 1st quarter of the
nopil, Ukraine WC zone 1977, 76–77
6th cent.
Krushel’nit-
GI: older part –
Lviv, o. Lviv, Stray find, s ’ k a 1976, 123,
18. 1 I/1/4 — — the beginnings of the
Ukraine WC/ChLG zone Fig. 51; G a w l i k
7th cent. (8th/7th cent.?)
2005, 205, Fig. 2
1 I/2/? — — GI: from the 7th to
the 1st quarter of the Krushel’nit-
6th cent. (the 1st half of s ’ k a 1976, 123,
Lagodiv, r. 2 I/2/? — —
the 7th cent.) Settlement Fig. 39; 1993,
19. Peremyshliany,
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE...

of ChLG 51, Fig. 109;

o. Lviv, Ukraine GI: from the 7thto G a w l i k 2005,
3 I/5/1 — — the 1st quarter of the 205–206, Fig. 2
6th cent.
201
 Typology Chronology:
202

Find Chocho- G (chronological group Bibliography/

No. Site Context
No. M e l y u k o - P e t r e n - rowski according to Melyukova): /collection
v a 1964 k o 1967 absolute chronology
1985
1 ? ? ? ?
Loshniv, r. Terebo-
Cemetary of Bukowski
20. vlya, o. Ternopil, 2 ? ? ? ?
WC 1977, 81
Ukraine
3 ? ? ? ?
Luck, r. Luck,
Stray find, K Bukowski
21. o. Volhynia, 1 ? ? ? ?
zone? 1977, 86
Ukraine
GIII: from the end of
Maziły, p. Toma- the 6th/the beginnings
Stray find, LC Kłosińska
22. szów Lubelski, 1 III/2/5 III/II/2? — of the 5th to the end of
zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
w. lubelskie, Poland the 5th/beginnings of the
4th cent.
Nienowice, 1 III/? III–IV/? ?
GIII-IV: from the end of
p. Jarosław, w. pod- Settlement of Janczewski
23. 2 III/2–3/? III/III/1? 36 the 6th/the beginnings of
karpackie, Poland, TLC 2013
the 5th to the 3rd cent.
site No. 24 3 III/3? III/II? ?
GIII: from the end of
Nowosiółki Kardy-
SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

the 6th/the beginnings

nalskie, p. Toma- Stray find, LC Kłosińska
24. 1 III/2/4? III/II/1? — of the 5th to the end
szów Lubelskie, zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
of the 5th/beginnings of
w. lubelskie, Poland
the 4th cent.
Obojna-Zaosie, Szarek-Wasz-
Cemetary of
p. Stalowa Wola, k o w s k a 1973;
25. 1 II/5/5(9) II/2/2 31 GII–III: 6th–5th/4th cent. TLC — stray
w. podkarpackie, pl. V; B u k o w -
find
site No. 1 s k i 1977, 96–97
Stray find, WC
Peresopnytsa, r. Bukowski
26. 1 ? ? ? ? zone
Rivne, o. Rivne 1977, 99
 GI: from the 7th to
1 II/II/1 I/I — the 1st quarter of
the 6th cent.
GI-II: from the 7th
2 I/II/2 I/I — to the beginnings of Bukowski
Pochapi, r. Zolochiv, the 5th cent. Settlement of 1977, 102; G a w -
27.
o. Lviv, Ukraine GI-II: from the 7th WC l i k 2005, 207–
3 I/II/2 I/I — to the beginnings of 209, Fig. 2
the 5th cent.
GI: from the 7th to
4 III/2/1? III/II/4? — the 1st quarter of
the 6th cent.
GI-II: from the 7th
Pidzamche, G a w l i k 2005,
28. 1 I/II/1 — — to the beginnings of ?
r. Dubno, o. Rivne 207–209, Fig. 2
the 5th cent.
Przemyśl, p. Prze- Bukowski
1 I/2/1 I/I — GI: from the 7th to
myśl, w. podkar- Stray find: 1977, 103–105;
29. packie, Poland, site the 1st quarter of
TLC zone K o p e r s k i 2001,
No. 288 (surroun- 2 II/2/3? — — the 6th cent.
120
ding area)
Róża, p. Tomaszów
GI: from the 7th to
Lubelski, w. lubel- Stray find, LC Kłosińska 2013a,
30. 1 III/2/5 III/II/4 — the 1st quarter of the
skie, Poland zone 356, Fig. 4
6th cent.
Tomaszów Lub.
1 I/2/? — GI: from the 7th to the
2 I/2/2 I/I 1st half of the 6th cent.
Stary Machnów,
GIII: from the end of Kłosińska
p. Tomaszów Lubel-
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE...

the 6th/the beginnings Stray finds, LC 2007a, 273–274;

31. ski, w. lubelskie,
3 II/6/2? II/II/2 of the 5th to the end of zone 2008, 244–245;
Poland
the 5th/beginnings of the 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
Tomaszów Lub.
4th cent.
4 ? ? ? ?
203
 Typology Chronology:
204

Find Chocho- G (chronological group Bibliography/

No. Site Context
No. M e l y u k o - P e t r e n - rowski according to Melyukova): /collection
v a 1964 k o 1967 absolute chronology
1985
1 II/4/7 I/IV/7 —
Swaryczów, 2 III/2/5–6 III/II/4 — GI–II: from the 7th
Stray find, Kłosińska
32. p. Zamość, w. lubel- to the beginnings of
3 III/2/5–6 III/II/4 — LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
skie, Poland the 5th cent.
4 III/2/5–6 III/II/4 —
Bukowski
Ternopil, r. Ter- GI (?):from the 7th
Stray find, 1977, 119–120;
33. nopil, o. Ternopil, 1 II/I/3? — — to the 1st quarter of
WC zone G a w l i k 205,
Ukraine the 6th cent.
Fig. 2
GII: from the beginnings
Topornica, p. of the 6th to the begin- Kłosińska
Stray find,
34. Zamość, w. lubel- 1 III/4/2–3 IV/2/1 37 nings of the 5th cent. 2007b, Fig. 8;
LC zone
skie, Poland (the beginnings of 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
the 5th cent.?)
1 II? ? ? ? Bukowski
Trójczyce, p. Prze- Cemetary
2 II/7/3–4 II/2/3–4 21 GII: from the beginnings 1977, 120
35. myśl, w. podkarpac- of TLC,
of the 6th to the begin- P o r a d y ł o 2001,
SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

kie, Poland grave 102

3 II/7/3–4 II/2/3–4 21 nings of the 5th cent. 79, pl. IX

1 ? ? ? ?
Ulanów, p. Nisko,
2 II/5/5 II/2/1 25–26 GII: from the beginnings Cemetary Bukowski
36. w. podkaprackie,
of the 6th to the begin- of TLC 1977, 123
Poland
3 III/4/2 IV/1/1 37 nings of the 5th cent.
Verben, r. Dubno, Stray find- Bukowski
37. 1 ? ? ? ?
o. Rivne, Ukraine WC zone 1977, 127
Wieprzec (?), GI: from the 7th to Kłosińska
Stray find,
38. p. Zamość, w. lubel- 1 I/2–3 — — the 1st quarter of 2007b, Fig. 8;
LC zone
skie, Poland the 6th cent. 2013a, 356, Fig. 2
 Wieprzec, Zamość, GI: from the 7th to
Stray find, Kłosińska
39. w. lubelskie, 1 I/2–3 — — the 1st quarter of
LC zone 2007b, Fig. 8
Poland, site No. 48 the 6th cent.
Velikí Víknini, r. GII: from the beginnings
Settlement Bukowski
40. Zbarazh, o. Terno- 1 II/2/? — — of the 6th to the begin-
of WC 1977, 98
pil, Ukraine nings of the 5th cent.
Wolica Śniatycka, GI: from the 7th to
Stray find, Kłosińska
41. p. Zamość, w. lubel- 1 I/2? — — the 1st quarter of
LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
skie, Poland the 6th cent.
GI–II: from the 7th
1 I/II/1 — — to the beginnings of
the 5th cent.
Vorochiv, r. Yavo-
Settlement G a w l i k 2005,
42. riv, o. Lviv, Ukra- GII: from the beginnings
of WC 207–209, Fig. 2
ine 2 III/6/4 II/III/4 — of the 6th to the begin-
nings of the 5th cent.
3 IV — — ?
Zaczernie, p. Rze-
GIV: from the middle of Stray find, C z o p e k 1996,
43. szów, w. podkarpac- 1 III/7/3 IV/I/3 36
the 4th to the 3rd cent. TLC zone 117
kie, Poland
Zolochiv, r. Zolo- 1 I/2? — — GI ?: from the 7th
Cemetary G a w l i k 2005,
44. chiv, o. Lviv, Ukra- to the 1st quarter of
2 I/2? — — of WC 07–209, Fig. 2
ine the 6th cent.
Zvenyhorod, r. GI–II (?):from the 7th
Settlement G a w l i k 2005,
45. Pustomyty, o. Lviv, 1 I? ? ? to the beginnings of
of WC Fig. 2
Ukraine the 5th cent.
1 II/9/8 II/I 15–16
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE...

2 II/9/8 II/I 15–16

Żulice, p. Tomaszów GII: from the beginnings
Grave (?) of Kłosińska
46. Lubelski, w. lubel- 3 II/9? II/I? 15–16 of the 6th to the begin-
LC 2013b
ski, Poland nings of the 5th cent.
4 II/9? II/I? 15–16
5 II/9? II/I? 15–16
205
 Typology Chronology:
206

Find Chocho- G (chronological group Bibliography/

No. Site Context
No. M e l y u k o - P e t r e n - rowski according to Melyukova): /collection
v a 1964 k o 1967 absolute chronology
1985
Żulice, p. Tomaszów 1 III/2/7 I/IV/7 — GI–II: from the 7th to
Stray find, Kłosińska
47. Lubelski, w. lubel- the beginnings of the
2 III/2/1 III/II/4 — TLC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
ski, Poland 5th cent.
Żyłka, p. Tomaszów 1 III/4/2–3 IV/II/1 37 GII: from the beginnings
Stray find, Kłosińska
48. Lubelski, w. lubel- of the 6th to the begin-
2 III/4/2–3 IV/II/1 37 LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
ski, Poland nings of the 5th cent.
GIII–IV: from the end of
Stray find, Kłosińska
49. Lublin area, Poland 1 II/3/2? I/IV/1 11 the 6th/the beginnings of
LC zone 2013a, 356, Fig. 4
the 5th to the 3rd cent.
SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 207

Fig. 4. Map of sites with Scythian-type arrowheads. Numbering according to the order
from Table 1; drawn by I. Jordan, S. Czopek and A. Nowak.
208 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

Table 2
Tabulation of the arrowheads in terms of the context of their occurrence;
prepared by S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak.
Number Number
Context of arrowheads of sites
N % N %
Settlements 19 17.7 10 20.4
Settlement/Cemetery 3 2.8 1 2.1
Cemeteries 31 29.0 10 20.4
Stray finds 54 50.5 28 57.1
TOTAL 107 100.0 49 100.0

The sites that are of interest to us are distributed quite evenly. However,
some concentrations (groupings) can be distinguished, as, for instance, in the area
between the Wieprz and Bug rivers (Fig. 4). Until recently, all the arrowheads
in this area should have been/had to be considered as imports. However, our
perception was changed by the site in Byków in the vicinity of Drohobycz upon
the upper Dniester, where an interesting funerary complex of the West-Podolian
group of the Scythian cultural circle had been discovered (M a c h n i k, P a v l i v,
P e t e g i r i c h 2003). This is a site of this group located western-most, more than
100 km away from the compact range of other sites upon the middle Dniester.
It should therefore be considered as either an exception or an indicator of the
need for further research and verification of existing determinations. In the
immediate vicinity of the site in Byków, on both sides of the upper Dniester
river, no other finds of arrowheads are recorded, which would indicate the first
possibility. In this case, the remaining arrowheads in south-eastern Poland,
Volhynia and northen Podolia should probably be interpreted as imports from
enclaves of the Scythian cultural circle placed further off.
Closest to the area of our interest we have the West-Podolian group (recently
also referred to as the Middle Dniestre; B a n d r i v s ’ k y y 2010) and the Veker-
zug culture. The former one, dated back to the period from the end of the 8th
or the beginnings of the 7th century to the 1st half or the last quarter of the
6th century B.C. (B a n d r i v s ’ k y y 2010, 77; K o w a l s k i - B i ł o k r y ł y y 2012,
183–184; 2014, 21, 25) is, in fact, entirely correlated with the early Scythian
phase (russian: rannaya skifska kultura//early Scythian culture; cf. M e d v e d s -
k a y a 1992; A l e k s e e v 2003, 27–29 [archaicheskaya skifiya//archaic Scythians];
A v r a g a n 2005, 15–16). The Vekerzug culture is dated between the end of
the 7th/the beginnings of the 6th and the end of the 5th/the beginnings of the
4th century B.C., and the participation of the population of the West-Podolian
group in its genesis has been considered (C h o c h o r o w s k i 1985, 128–130; 2014,
27–31). It is very tempting to accept an assumption that the oldest arrowheads
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 209

from the discussed area are the imports from west Podolia, while the younger
ones come from the Carpathian Basin area. Mapping (Fig. 5) of the oldest
artefacts (I chronological group and I–II chronological group — cf. below) and
the youngest (III–IV chronological groups), with the exclusion of numerous
and not very precisely dated II chronological group (mainly arrowheads with
inner socket, the so-called “Basovka”) clearly confirms such supposition. The
older arrowheads occur primarily in Volhynia and northern Podolia, in the
zone of the Wysock culture. The youngest types are not present in this area.
On the other hand, in south-eastern Poland and in the Lublin region (zone
of the Lusatian culture) specimens of groups III and IV are more numerous,
although there are also older ones (especially in the Lublin region). Considering
the density of occurence of the older forms in the area between the upper Bug
and Dniester rivers it can be inferred that there were two directions of the
inflow of the specimens we discuss into the Vistula river basin, and therefore
into the zone of the Lusatian culture. One was through the so-called Przemyśl
Gate (Wisznia valley) towards the San, and the other, circumnavigating the
hills of Roztocze towards the upper Wieprz and middle Bug. Of course, this
picture can be much simplified. It can be assumed that groups located further
away, especially those in the broadly understood East European forest-steppe
zone played a certain role in the relationships. The inflow of arrowheads from
the Scytho-Thracian zone had to take place from the Tisza river through the
Carpathian Mountains passes.
Chronology of the arrowheads from the discussed area (Tab. 1) is very broad.
This is because here we have specimens from every chronological group (Tab. 3),
as proposed by A. I. M e l y u k o v a (1964). The most common (33 pieces) are
artefacts included in group I, which are dated, after the revision proposed by
S.V. Rolin (1987), for between the 7th and the 1st quarter of the 6th BC. Together
with the arrowheads of unspecified chronology from groups I and II (13 pieces),
they constitute almost half of all finds. Also, II chronological group, correlated
with the period between the beginnings of the 6th to the beginnings of the 5th
century BC, is represented quite numerously (23 pieces). Groups III and IV
are represented far less frequently. Therefore, it can be concluded that within
the discussed area after a phase of fairly intensive influx of the arrowheads
(7th to the beginnings of the 5th century BC) we can detect a clear decrease in
their number in the later period (from the 5th to the 3rd century BC).
Table 3 also provides interesting observations from the perspective of the
local cultural groups. These data should be supplemented by a detailed speci-
fication of the territorial affiliation (Tab. 4). In this case, separation of the
finds from unambiguous contexts (mainly excavated sites) and assignment of
stray finds to specific cultural entities based on their presence within the ter-
ritory of a given cultural unit needs to be commented on. The unquestioned
majority of the arrowheads can be associated with the Lusatian cultural circle
(in total — the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture and the Lusatian culture in the
Lublin region — almost 64% of the entire set).
210 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

Fig. 5. Spread of the arrowheads of chronological groups I and I–II (1) and groups III–IV (2);
drawn by I. Jordan, S. Czopek and A. Nowak.
 Table 3
Chronological tabulation of the number of arrowheads associated with particular cultures/groups (Note! Chronological groups are as defined
by A. I. M e l y u k o v a [1964] and with dating revision [groups I–III] proposed by S. V. R o l i n [1987]);
prepared by S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak.
III
II chronological III–IV
II–III
I I–II chronological group chronological
chronological
chronological chronological group the end groups IV
groups
group groups the begin- th of the 6th/ the end chronological
Culture 6 to the
7th to 7th to the nings of beginnings of the 6th/ group ?
Cultural group st th end of the
the 1 quart. beginnings the 6 to th of the 5th to beginnings 4th and 3rd
5 /begin-
of the of the 5th the begin- the end of of the 5th to centuries
th nings of the
6 century century nings of the th the 5th/begin- the 3rd cen-
4 century
5th century nings of the tury
4th century
West-Podolian group 3 — — — — — — 1
Wysock culture 11 5 4 — — — — 6
post-Wysock culture
4 — 1 — — — — —
groups
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian
2 — 6 1 3 4 1 3
culture
Lusatian culture
11 7 10 — 5 11 — 3
in the Lublin region
Undetermined 2 1 2 — — — — —
Total 33 13 23 1 8 15 1 13
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE...
211
212 SYLWESTER CZOPEK ET AL.

Table 4
Tabulation of the arrowheads in terms of their local cultural context;
prepared by S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak.
Alleged finds
Certain finds
(located only
(at sites,
Culture/ within the territory Total
in complexes, within
/cultural group of a particular
cultural layers)
cultural unit)
N % N % N %
West-Podolian group 4 7.5 — — 4 3.7
Wysock culture 21 39.7 5 9.3 26 24.3
Post-Wysock culture
4 7.5 1 1.8 5 4.7
group
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian
16 30.2 4 7.4 20 18.7
culture
Lusatian culture in
5 9.4 42 77.8 47 43.9
the Lublin region
Undetermined 3 5.7 2 3.7 5 4.7
TOTAL 53 100.0 54 100.0 107 100.0

Considering the number of the arrowheads found so far, as well as the

sites at which they cropped up, we can consider this group of artefacts to be
quite common for all cultural units distinguished within the analysed area. If
so, a question might be formulated whether the arrowheads can act as a kind
of chronological determinant (for periodization?) that would allow for chrono-
logical comparisons between Central European cultural province, represented
by the eastern branches of the Lusatian cultural circle, and entities related to
Eastern European tradition. The area in question is indeed such borderland
between the two zones. We must approach the subject with great caution,
since not all types of arrowheads have clear chronological connotations; that
is especially important in the evaluation of single finds, and these are most
commonly encountered in the area of our interest. It has to be remembered
that the analysis of the artefacts from funerary inventories indicates the pos-
sibility of prolonged existence of certain types, or, in fact, the occurrence of
earlier artefacts in complexes dated to the later times (cf. A l e k s e e v 1983,
76). Similar remarks can be made with respect to the arrowheads found within
burned down remains of settlements and strongholds, identified with a sin-
gle act of destruction, and hence used contemporaneously. In such contexts
arrowheads of different types, attributed to various chronological groups were
found (C h o c h o r o w s k i, 1974, 164–172; 2014, 41; M i c h a l a k 2011, 52; 2013,
222). One also should bear in mind that other artefacts, such as weaponry and
ornaments, but also wheel-made pottery of Scythian provenance, are recorded
in this area. Therefore, the arrowheads cannot constitute the sole dimension
for assessing the infiltration and the impact of the Scythian cultural circle.
 NEW DISCOVERIES OF ARROWHEADS OF SCYTHIAN TYPE... 213

CONCLUSIONS

Even though the recent discoveries of bronze arrowheads of Scythian origin

significantly complemented the long-familiar list of similar finds from this part
of Central and Eastern Europe, they did not significantly alter the picture that
is well established in the literature of the subject (B u k o w s k i 1977; G a w l i k
2005). These artefacts are present here in a variety of cultural contexts, which
positions them in a group of independent chronological determinants, though
not always accurate. Very interesting is the fact that they are encountered both
at settlements (but without any clear signs of an armed infiltration), as well
as at cemeteries. Unfortunately, a large part of the arrowheads is made up
of the so-called stray finds, whose cognitive value is limited. Dating suggests
a wide chronological range between the 7th and the end of 4th/beginnings of
the 3rd century BC. These facts confirm earlier determinations, considering the
character of the presence of artefacts of Scythian origin in eastern (the effects
of long-lasting contacts) and western (traces of armed infiltration) Poland. When
it comes to the distribution of the arrowheads into the San, upper Dniester
and Bug river basins, then the prominent role of the West-Podolian group
of the Scythian cultural circle during the first phase should be emphasised.
After the disappearance of this cultural unit its dominating position was taken
over by Scytho-Thracian entity from the Carpathian Basin (Vekerzug culture).
The continuity of the flow of the arrowheads is noted only in the area of the
Lusatian culture zone.

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Addresses of the Authors Natalia Wojcieszczuk

Sylwester Czopek Naukovo-doslidnyi tsentr
Katarzyna Trybała-Zawiślak Ryativna arkheologichna sluzhba
Instytut Archeologii Instituta arkheologii Natsional’noy
Uniwerstytet Rzeszowski akademii nauk Ukrainy,
St. Moniuszki 10 Vynnychenka 24
35-015 Rzeszów; Poland 79008, Lviv, Ukraina
e-mail: sycz@archeologia.rzeszow.pl e-mail: natawi@ukr.net
e-mail: katarzyna.trybala@archeologia.rzeszow.pl

Dmytro Pawliw
Viddil arkheologii Institutu Ukraynoznavstva
imeni I. Kripyakevicha Natsional’noy
akademii nauk Ukrainy
Vynnychenka 24
79008 Lviv, Ukraina
e-mail: natawi@ukr.net